IEEE TRANSACTIONSON CIRCUIT THEORY

VOL. CT-13, NO. 1

MARCH 1966

A General Matching Theory and Its Application

to Tunnel Diode Amplifiers
Y.

T. CHAN,

MEMBER,

IEEE,

AND

Abstract-In
this paper we generalize Youlas theory of broadband matching to include both passive and active l-port load impedances. The design philosophy of lossless coupling networks for an
active load is different from that of a passive load; however, the
design theory is quite similar. The theory is illustrated in a detailed
example with a tunnel diode as the active load. Both series resistance
and inductance are used in the equivalent circuit representation.
New results in terms of theoretical limitation on gain-bandwidth
and a sufhcient condition for potential stability are obtained.

E. s. KUH, FELLOW,

IEEE

plete treatment. The existing status of tunnel diode

amplifier theory is not satisfactory, since all work on
gain-bandwidth
limitation
and optimum
design are
based on a simplified equivalent circuit representation
which is valid only at low frequencies [4]-[6]. In the
present paper the complete equivalent circuit as shown
in Fig. 1 is used. Based on the complete equivalent circuit we derived the theoretical limitation on gain-bandwidth and optimum coupling networks. As a by-product
we have shown that the necessary conditions for potential
stability due to Smilen and Youla are also sufficient

I. INTR~D~TIoN
HE CLASSICAL problem of broadband matching
was first introduced by Bode in the study of
coupling network design for vacuum tubes [l],
Fano later extended Bodes result to arbitrary passive
load impedances and derived a set of integral constraints
on the reflection coelhcient [a]. Fanos method depends
on, as a crucial step, the Darlington equivalent representation of a passive load. The design procedures for
the optimum matching network was worked out, but
only for a few classes of simple impedances. Recently,
Youla developed an alternative theory of broadband
matching which bypassed the step of finding the Darlington equivalent, and consequently, was able to handle,
more complex impedances with relative ease [3]. The
present paper is a generalization of Youlas work to
include both passive and active load impedances.
The design philosophy for obtaining a coupling network for an active load is different from that for a passive
load; however, the theory involved and the design procedure are quite similar. These concepts are brought out
in Section II along with some preliminary notions of
importance. The necessary constraints on the complex
reflection coefficient and the sufficient conditions for
the realization of the coupling network are introduced
in Section III. The presentation is maintained in a simplified form deliberately so that readers can follow the
physical significance of each step without being bogged
down by the details which are necessary for the general
theory. As a matter of fact, the succeeding four sections
are devoted to a special, but important, example using
the tunnel diode to illustrate the main ideas, while the
general matching theory is postponed until Section VIII.
For those who are specially interested in the tunnel
diode amplifier problem, this paper gives a fairly com-

[71-POI.

Fig. 1. Tunnel diode equivalent circuit.

In Section IV we derive the simple constraints on the

complex reflection coefhcient from which the drivingpoint impedance of the passive coupling network which
is faced by the tunnel diode is obtained. In Section V
we introduce the integral constraints on the reflection
coefficient
and establish the theoretical limitation
on
gain-bandwidth. The approximation problem is discussed
in Section VI and a proof is given to show that the
necessary conditions for potential stability are sufficient.
In Section VII we discuss again the approximation problem and give an illustrative design of a Chebyshev-type,
low-pass, tunnel diode amplifier.
II. PRELIMINARY

CONCEPTS

Consider the circuit in Fig. 2, where z is a given lumped

impedance which can be either passive or active, Z is a
passive impedance to be designed. Let p(s) be the complex reflection coefficient and s be the complex frequency.
Then

Z(s) - z(7s)
p(s) = Z(s) + z(s) *

0)

Let S(s) designate the complex reflection coefficient at

the input of the coupling network normalized with respect to a one-ohm resistance as shown in Fig. 2. If z is
passive and lossy, the conventional broadband matching
theory as developed by Youla can be outlined in the
following steps:

Manuscript received August 13, 1965; revised November 8, 1965.

This work was supported in part by the Joint Services Electronics
Program (U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, and U. S. Air Force) under Grant
AF-AFOSR-139-65 and by the National Science Foundation under
Grant GP-2684.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

1) Obtain the constraints

passive load z from (1).
6

on p(s) imposed

by the

1966

CHAN AND KUH:

MATCHING

THEORY FOR TUNNEL

2) Determine a realizable p(s) which satisfies the

above constraints. Meanwhile, the magnitude Ip(jw) 1
must approximate a constant which is kept as small
as possible over the desired band.
3) Obtain the passive impedance Z(s) from (1) and
realize the coupling network of Fig. 2.
Since the a-port network is lossless, IX(jw) 1 = Ip(jw) I.
Hence, at the input of the coupling network, a broadband match to the one-ohm resistance is obtained.

Fig. 2. General matching problem.

this point. These constraints will be treated in

Sections IV, V, and VIII.
3) From p(s) obtain Z(s) using (1). The constraints on
p(s) guarantee the realizability of Z(s). Synthesize
the lossless 2-port.
III.

SIMPLIFIED
CONSTRAINTS
ON THE
REFLECTION
COEFFICIENT

The crux of the whole matching problem is to determine various necessary constraints on p(s), which
are imposed by z. From these necessary constraints a
set of sufficient conditions is obtained which guarantees
that Z(s) of (l), expressed in the following form, is a
positive real function
Z(s) = 44 + d-4
1 -

If the given z is an active impedance, the problem

can be similarly stated as above. The main differences
are the following:

1) In

deriving the constants on p(s), we must consider

the stability of the over all circuit.
2) In determining p(j,), we must keep in mind that
the aim is to have a magnitude function which
approximates as large a constant as possible over a
given frequency band.
We named the lossless 2-port in Fig. 2 a coupling network rather than a matching network because, in actuality,
a complete mismatch is desired if z is active. In the
Appendix we show that the condition Ip(
= IS(
is true even if z is an active impedance. Thus by maximizing Ip(j
the input is completely mismatched. A
reflection-type amplifier is obtained by means of a 3port coupling network such as a circulator as shown in
Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Reflection-type amplifier.

The design procedure for either a passive or an active
load can be briefly outlined as follows:
1) Choose a desirable magnitude square function
Ip(jw) 1 which satisfies certain necessary constraints
to be discussed later. (This is an approximation
problem. Usually either a Butterworthor Chebyshev-type function may be used. Information, such,
as possible bandwidth and the level of the pass band
constant, will be studied for the tunnel diode amplifier problem).
2) Determine p(s) from Ip(j
= p(s)p(--s)l,+,.
Additional constraints on p(s) must be imposed at

DIODE AMPLIFIERS

_ z(s).

PC4

In this section we will derive these conditions in an

intuitive fashion. We further restrict our consideration
to the special case for which all relevant poles and zeros
of various functions in (1) and (2) are simple. The general
theory is presented in Section VIII with its proof.
Type 1 constraints deal with the zeros of the function
z(s) + x( -8). The study is based on considerations of
stability and passivity. Let us digress for a moment
to introduce some definitions. Following Smilen and
Youla we say that an active, l-port with impedance
z(s) is potentially stable if there exists a passive imbedding
network with impedance Z(s), such that the zeros of
z(s) + Z(s) (see Fig. 2) are not in the closed RHP (righthalf plane) Re s 2 0. Under such a passive imbedding
the overall circuit is called absolutely stable.
The absolute stability requirement immediately imposes certain constraints on p(s). Equation (1) can be
rewritten in the following form:
z(s) + 2(--s)
1 - p(s) = --a
Z(s) + 44
We are particularly interested here in the restriction on
the zeros of 1 - p(s). Let us call the zeros of x(s) + 2(--s)
the transmission zeros, and let us denote transmission
zero by s,. At s, in the open RHP (Re s, > 0), since
z(s) + Z(s) cannot be zero, the function 1 - p(s) must
be zero. On the other hand, at other frequencies in the
open RHP, since Z(s) is regular, the function 1 - p(s)
cannot be zero except possibly at poles of x(s). The latter
case will be included in the type 3 constraints.
On the jw-axis, Z(jw) may have a simple pole at jmi
and it behaves as K-,(s - jw,)- with K-, real and
positive. Z(jw) may have a simple zero at jw, and it
behaves as K,(s - jw,) with K1 real and positive. From
the absolute stability point of view, two degenerate
cases are allowed, namely: the cases where Z(s) and Z(S)
have common poles and common zeros. At a transmission
zero jwr the function 1 - .p(s) may have a second-order
zero due to the common pole of Z(s) and z(s), the function may contain no zero because of the common zero
of Z(s) and z(s). However, the behavior of 1 - p(ju,) is

IEEE TRAPiSACTIONS ON CIRCUIT THEORT

restricted by the fact that K-, and K, are real and

positive. Finally, the function 1 - p(jm) may also have
a zero which is not caused by a transmission zero but is
due to a pole of Z(jw). These restrictions in a precise
form will be stated in Section VIII.
Type 2 constraints are based on the behavior of p(s)
on the jw-axis. Let z(jw) = RL + jX, and Z(j,)
=
R + jX. From (1) we have
PW

R + jX -RL + 3,
R + jX + RL -I- jXL

(44

(R - RJ2 + (X + X,)
= (R + R,) + (X + X,)

(4b)

and
(jw)

We say that an active impedance is active at a point

jw, if RL(uO) < 0, and passive at a point jw, if RL(uO) 2 0.
Thus from (4), since R 2 0, we conclude that
]p(jwO)] > 1,

if

z(juO)

Ip(jb.hJI I

if

z(jmO) is passive.

1,

is active,
(5)

Type 3 constraints are introduced to p(s) from the

poles of x(s) and 2(--s) in the closed RHP. Refer to (1)
and consider the open RHP. At a pole of z(s), where
z(-s) is regular, p(s) must be zero since Z(s) is regular.
Similarly at a pole of 2(--s), where z(s) is regular, p(s)
must have a pole. On the jw-axis, since a pole of e(s) is a
pole of .2(-s), p(ju) is regular at a pole of x(s). It is also
clear from (1) that p(s) may not have poles in the closed
RHP other than the poles of x(-s), where x(s) is regular.
Type 4 constraints deal with zeros of p(s) in the closed
RHP, which are contributed by the numerator of (1).
At a point so in the open RHP, p(so) = 0 if Z(s,) = x(-so).
Since 2 is a passive impedance, Z(s,) satisfies the angle
condition for passivity [ll], [12], i.e.,

IL .GJI 5 11 sol.

(f-3

Thus, in order that p(s) have a zero in the open RHP

at so which is not a pole of Z(S), Z(S) must be passive
at so, i.e.,

IL 4---so)1
5 IL sol.

Re [Z(ju)] = Ev Z(S)~.,~,

= MS)+ +s)1[,-lp(s)+ 1- Ip(-s)

- 1]i8.w
= Re [z(ju)] w.

Using the type 2 constraints, i.e., (5), we obtain immediately Re [Z(jw)] 2 0, for all w.
Next, let us investigate the open RHP behavior of
Z(s). From (2) we see that poles of Z(s) are contributed
by zeros of 1 - p(s), poles of Z(S) and poles of 2(--s).
In the type 1 constraints, we rule out zeros of 1 - p(s)
in the open RHP except at a transmission zero, where the
zero is cancelled out by the transmission zero. In the
type 3 constraints we have restricted p(s) to be a zero
at a pole of z(s), where x(-s) is regular. Thus from (2),
Z(s) = x(-s) is regular at that frequency. Similarly,
we have restricted p(s) to have a pole at a pole of x(-s),
where z(s) is regular. Thus the poles of p(s) and 2(--s)
cancel, hence, Z(s) is also regular. Therefore, Z(s) is
analytic in the open RHP.
Finally, we must check the jw-axis poles of Z(s) and
the residues. Since we have not expressed explicit conditions on the constraints ,in terms of Km,, K, etc., we
cannot give a proof at this moment. However, it is
reasonable to believe that since constraints on p(ju) are
determined from the conditions that the jw-axis poles
and zeros of Z must be simple and K-, and K, must be
real and positive, we only need to trace it backward to
complete the proof of positive reality.
We will assume, therefore, that the constraints of
types 1, 2, and 3 are necessary and sufficient for a positive
real Z(s). The complete statement is given in Section
VIII as a theorem with its proof. The purpose of this
rather crude presentation in this section is to give the
reader various concepts of the general matching theory,
which are needed for the tunnel diode problem to be
treated in the next four sections.
IV.

THE TUNNEL

(8)

DIODE

AMPLIFIER

PROBLEM

Consider the linear equivalent circuit of a tunnel

diode as shown in Fig. 1. Let us introduce both impedance
and frequency normalization so that C = 1 and G, = 1.
The normalized series inductance and resistance are
denoted by 1 and r, respectively. The active load impedance is, therefore,

*
x(s) = r + Is + s+

(7)

On the jw-axis the angle condition for passivity is equivalent to the non-negativeness of the real part.
The above four types of constraints in p are used in
the next four sections with the tunnel diode as the active
load.It turns out that the first three types of constraints
on p(s) represent sufficient conditions for realizability
of Z(s). We will present a reasonable justification of our
claim as follows: let us consider first the real part of Z(jm) :

MARCH

2(-s)

= r - Ls - -sfl

r<l

(94

(9b)

The even part of Z(S) is given by

$[x(s) + x(-s)]

= r + &

= rs2s~~ 1 r -

(10)

Let us go through the four types of constraints imposed on p(s) by z. For the type 1 constraints, we first
calculate the transmission zero. From (lo), the transmission zeros are found to be at
S,

= hjw,

= *j

1
;-

1 = *j

l-r
-.

1 This is a necessary condition for potential stability.

01)

1966

CHAN AND HUH:

At =tj~,,
obtain

MATCHING

THEORY FOR TUNNEL

Z(s) + z(s) in (3) is not zero, therefore, we

p(ztjwJ

= 1.

Substituting
(18) and (20) in (16), we obtain the behavior of p(s) at ~0:

(12)
PM

In addition, the function 1 - p(s) has no zeros in the

open RHP.
The type 2 constraints deal with the behavior of
IP(G

From

!++1+(2!2&$+...
!++1+(g-;);+
2r

(10)

IPGJ.4l >

(14)

0 5 a < 0,.

1,

In the region w 2 w,, Re [z(jw)] is non-negative,

is passive.
IP(i4I

(15)

w 2 0,.

1,

hence, x

The type 3 constraints are dependent upon the poles

of z(s) and 2(--s) in the closed RHP. From (9) we see
that z(s) and z( -s) have a common pole of first order
at s = a. In addition, z(s) has a first-order pole at s = 1,
where 2(--s) is regular. Let us rewrite (1) as follows:

(16)

Consider first the pole of z(s) at s, = 1. Since both Z(s,)

and 2(-s,) are regular, p(s) must have at least a simple
zero at s = s, = 1. Thus the first constraint of type 3 is
p(1) = 0.

(17)

1,-r+--&
=
Is++&

2r
=1-z+***

0%

At s = 03, 2 may either contain a simple pole or be

regular. Thus at s = a,
Z(s) = K-g

+ K, + - - * ,

(19)

a4
-=
4s)

Taylors

... ,

p(s) = 1 ++

(21)

... .

(22)

In addition, type 3 constraints state that p(s) has no

poles in the closed RHP.
The type 4 constraints put a restriction on the locations of zeros of p(s) in the RHP. We need to use (7) to
determine the allowable regions in the RHP of the zeros
of p(s). The angle of x(-s) is calculated from (9b) and
substituted in (7) to yield the following conditions [13]:
Let the allowable zeros of p(s) be denoted by so = u0 + jwO,
then
Isol2 2 @Jo + l)w,2 > w:,

(23)

and
UlJ <r-

+
With the constraints of
sider the design. The first
magnitude square-function
obvious constraints of type
IPb.4l

>

PW
IPWI

where K-, is real and positive.

Z(s)/z(s) can be expressed as

...

which represents the second constraint of type 3. If

K-, is nonzero, both e(s) and Z(s) have a pole at infinity,
we obtain a degenerate case. That is, the matching network starts with a series inductance. Intuitively,
this
additional series inductance will further degrade the
bandwidth performance. In practical design, the degenerate matching network is often used to realize a
specific gain or bandwidth which is lower than the optimum for the nondegenerate network. The constraint of
(21) becomes, for the nondegenerate case,

Consider next the common pole at s, = 00. Let us expand -z(-s)/z(s)

in Taylors series at infinity

-- 4-4
4s)

1+

=I-K-,+ls

Thus Re [Z&J)] is negative for 0 5 w < w,, hence, x is

active in the region 0 5 w < w,. From (5), we have

DIODE AMPLIFIERS

for

wo=O,

for

w,#O.

p(s) determined we can constep is to choose a rational

(p(jw)l which satisfies some
2 and type 3; i.e.,

1,

0 5 0 < WV,
w = w,,

= 1,
5

1,

w, <w

<

= 1,

w=

00.

expansion of
PW

(24)

f=Q)

A typical plot is shown in Fig. 4, where K2 > 1 represents the gain in the pass band and w, is the bandwidth.
A typical function is given below:

Km,s + K, + . . .
zs+r+*

K2 - 1

A++

(-p)f+

.. . .

IP(%412 =

(20)

1 +

EWW /WC,

(25)

IP(
lll?L

10

IEEE TRANSACTIONS

ON CIRCUIT THEORY

MARCH

V. INTEGRAL

CONSTRAINTS

GAIN-BANDWIDTH

K2

AND

LIMITATIONS

In this section we will use integral constraints similar

to those of Youla to derive the theoretical gain-bandwidth limitations on tunnel diodes. Consider (27) where

-----

OJ-

(32)

A typical gain curve.

is a rational function which is analytic and uniformly

bounded in the closed RHP. Then, from Youla, for any
s in the open RHP [3],

WC

Fig. 4.

wr

where f is to be picked such

Chebyshev approximation is
The approximation problem
tion on gain-bandwidth
will
three sections. Assume that
next step is to determine p(s)
PkdP(---s)I~=i~

that a maximally flat or a

obtained in the pass band.
and the theoretical limitabe discussed in the next
(25) has been chosen. The
from
=

IPw12.

(26)

The factorization
is not unique, we, therefore, express
p(s) in the following form:
P(S) = PO(S)PI(S)

P2W,

In

[~~(s)~2(s)l

pz(s) is another all-pass function of the form

II

9 ReX;>O,

i=l,2,..+,

where X,s are arbitrary parameters which satisfy the

constraints of type 4 as given in (23) and (24). Up to this
point p(s) has been picked from the point of view of a
desired magnitude characteristic, but in the meantime, it
satisfies constraints of type 2, type 4, and part of type 3 for
the pole of z(s) at s = 1. The remaining constraints to
be satisfied are stated below: 1 - p(s) must not have
additional poles and zeros in the closed RHP,
P(=tj%)

= 1

In

p2(s>

+fs,mhIPO(&)
s2
+&4
w2[cEw

(33)

modulo 2rj, where E is an integer equal to zero or one.

This integer is always zero unless ~~(0) is a negativereal constant, in which case e = 1. Since pi(s) and p2(s)
are all-pass functions, their magnitudes on the jw-axis
are unity, we can combine (32) and (33) to form
h.~ P(S)

Erj

(27)

where pa(s) is uniquely determined from (26) and contains

all the open LHP (left-half plane) poles and zeros. pi(s)
represents an all-pass function whose poles and zeros in
the RHP are specified by the constraints of type 3. In
the present problem, from (17)

Pzb)

(30)

and

Equations (30) and (31) impose limitations

on the
gain K2 and the bandwidth w,. If K2 and w, are picked
to be unusually large, (30) and (31) cannot be satisfied.
Thus, in a practical design, certain guide lines are required. This information will be derived in the next
section in terms of theoretical limitation on gain-bandwidth. The design details will be illustrated in Sections
VI and VII.

Jn

~~(4

In

Pi

+~~$J$b.

(34)

Consider now the following critical frequencies in the

closed RHP: the transmission zeros s, and the poles of
z(s) and 2(-s), s,. A set of constraints in terms of the
coefficients of the series expansions of those terms in (34)
with respect to these critical points can be derived. For
our present discussion of the tunnel diode amplifier, we
need to investigate the two frequencies s = a3 and
s = jw?. Note that the behavior of In p(s) at these frequencies can be obtained from (30) and (31)
hl P(S)

I*+0= F;

O(ls - jw,I).

h-l PC4 I*-&

+ o(+)
(36)

To employ (34), we must extend its validity to the jwaxis. Youla has established the following: at s = 03,
since In p(s) has a zero of order one, the first-order coefficients of Taylors expansions at infinity for all terms
in (34) must be equal. Similarly at s = jw,, since ln p(s)
has a zero of order one, the zeroth-order coefficients of
the Taylors expansions at jw, for all terms in (34) must
be equal. The expressions for In pi(s), ln p*(s), and
[2s/r(s + w)] are given below [the forms of pi(s) and
p2(s) are given in (28) and (29)]. At s = a
ln p,(s) = -;
In p2(s) = -c
2s
&2

2
+

21
w)

+ *** .

--;

(374

+ * *. .
+

**-

(37c)

1966

CHAN

AND

KUH:

MATCHING

THEORY

At s = jw,,

FOR TUNNEL

DIODE

11

AMPLIFIERS

3.000

1+
In pi(s) = j2 tan- wI

2.667

... .

(384

2.333
2.000

(38b)
.2 -. w,
2s
7r(s2+ w) = 3 ; w2 - w;
Substituting
-2r
-.=
1

(38~)

y 1.667
4 1.333
1.000
0.667
0.333

(35) and (37) in (34), we obtain

0.000

-2

- 2

Ai

0.

+ ! S,- h Ip(jo>l~WF

rr =normolized series resistance

I! = normalized series inductance

or
In \p(jw)l dw = 1 + C Xi - i*
i
Substituting

(39)

(36) and (38) in (34), we obtain

0 = j2 tan- w,
I+

j Ctanm1wz~~{-12

bandwidth in terms of o, and the given parameter r/l

of the diode. The parameters Ls are to be chosen so
that the right-hand side is maximized. From the type 4
constraints given by (23) and (24), l&l2 > wz, thus the
term containing Xi in the numerator is always negative.
Clearly the maximum bandwidth is obtained by setting
all Xi zero. Therefore, the optimum bandwidth is given
by setting Xi zero in (44) and is denoted by We

or

% m1,b(jw)[
dw
n-s0 w,- w2
= tan- 1 + 4 C tan- w; ~Y;,,z*
*
I
W,

(40)

Equations (39) and (40) give all the information

and bandwidth. Let

on gain

h-~Ip(j4l = H,
= 0,

Fig. 5. The optimum bandwidth of tunnel diode amplifier.

o<w<w,
w > w.

(41)

1
tanh- (wJw,) = wr tan-1 W,

1 -r/l
%hJ,

The solution of (45) is plotted in Fig. 5 in terms of r and

1. Interestingly,
(45), which gives the theoretical limitation on bandwidth, agrees with the necessary condition
for potential stability obtained by Youla and Smilen.
Their stability condition is given in terms of the normalized series resistance and inductance by the following:

represent the ideal amplifier. Then (39) and (40) become

W,H =1-i+
7r

CXi,
i

r < 1,

I<

and
(43)
Eliminating
H from the two equations, we obtain a
formula which gives a relation for w, in terms of the
tunnel diode parameters and the Xis to be adjusted.
L + C * tan- w4Try{. 2
tanh- (0,/w?) = or tan- w,
i
1
* (44)
WC/W,
1 -;+
pi
The left-hand side of the equation is monotonically increasing in w,/w, and is larger than unity. It gives the
1 These equations were used by Smilen
. and._.Youla
- -_in the derivation of necessary conditions for potential stability 1131.

(45)

1
1
1 - w, tan- (J-Q

(464
(46b)

The two equations are represented by the area under

the curve wb = 0 in Fig. 5. Setting wb = 0 in (45), we
obtain the upper bound of the condition (46b). The proof
of sufficiency will be given in the next section.
Finally we wish to discuss the gain limitation. Refer
to (42) with Xi zero, the gain-bandwidth limitation can
be expressed as
w,H

(innepers)

= x

(47)

It should be emphasized that by increasing 2 (using degenerate matching for example) the optimum bandwidth is reduced (see Fig. 5). However, from (47) the
gain-bandwidth measure can be increased.

12

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUIT THEORY

VI. THE APPROXIMATION PROBLEM AND THE

SUFFICIENCY PROOF OF POTENTIAL STABILITY

L p(ju) = n(0 - 4) + 2 tan- L

w

In this section we will present a simple maximally

flat approximation to the ideal behavior of the last section. Then we will demonstrate that as the number of
elements in the matching network approaches infinity,
the upper bound of potential stability, i.e., the curve
We = 0 in Fig. 5, is realized.
Referring to (25), let us introduce a special Butterworth approximation,
I&w) I2 = [ w4 j
The pass band behavior
IP(O

EZ;$

; y$twqn.

is monotonic

where 0 and 4 denote the phase combination

conjugate zeros and poles, respectively.

= [K(l

- $)

6 - 49 = -1 tan- 1 )
WV

2/

= --tan-

(50)

2Kw,w, - K 2w,2
- Kw,
= -cos -1 w,
, (59)
WV- Kw,
W,

I-

& = -tan-l

The frequency w, is a normalized cutoff frequency, however, the behavior of IpI2 at jw, deperids on the gain and
thgratio w,/w,. In the stop band
Idj412

< 1,

IPW12 = 1,

0, <w

< 00)

(51)

w = w,, 03.

(52)

P(S)
I- =

= k.

(53)

The factorization
of (48) is straightforward.
Let us
denote the LHP poles and zeros by s, and so and let us
choose p2(s) = 1 in (29). We thus have, from (27),

(8 - som - soy s - 1
P(S) = (s - sJ(s - 3,) .-.s + 1

- 0: f

j$d2wrw,

+ WC,

2Kw,w, - K2wz f j$d2Kw,w,

>

or
2Kw,w, - K2w: W,

2w,w, - wf
W,

or

sin 6 -sine,=-&

1-i.

(554
$2 -1
-

WI
+ Kw,~.

(61)

-** *

2a, - 2a. = p l-i,

(

so = u. f jw,
= -$

p(s)

Equations (58) and (62) represent the two constraint

equations with two unknowns, & and 0,. Once they are
solved, w, and K can be obtained from (59) and (60) as

s, = a, =t jw,
= -3d2w7wc

of (31). Expanding

(60)

Thus

(54)

The locations of the poles and zeros are given by

-. - WC
= -co,cj -1 WI
W,

1 + [n(s, + .$J - n(s, + So) - 21 f + . . .

2r 1
= l -z+

where k is a constant. Thus the dc gain is given by the

same formula
Ip(O

Y~w,wc - 4
WV - WC

Next consider the constraint

at infinity, we have, from (54),

Thus the magnitude function satisfies the necessary

constraints. For convenience in comparing the magnitude
for different n, we further normalize the gain so that
K = k.

(5%

where

(49)
+ @I.

of a pair of

At iw,, let & and 4, be the phase angles, the constraints

become

8,

b(j412

(56)

- Kco: ) 4 = tan-l d26-w

- wf.
- w2
w,w - w2
(57)

(4%

and is given by

= K2,

MARCH

(55b)

Note that the expression for u. implies a limitation on

gain-bandwidth; i.e., Kw, < 20,. The constraints of (30)
and (31) are next introduced to determine a more precise
gain-bandwidth restriction.
Consider (30) first, which states that p(jwl) = 1. Since
in (51) we see that ]p(jw,)] = 1, we only need to calculate
the phase. From (54) and (55), we have

- cash,

and
2

= 1 - cos 0,.

(64)

Thus the quantities K and o, are expressed in terms of n

which indicates the complexity of the given network.
The solution of (58) and (62) can be expressed as
follows:

1966

CHAN AND KUH:

RIATCHIXG THEORY FOR TUNNEL DIODE AMPLIFIERS

- 1 tan- b 5 0 (65a)
n

< 0. (65b)

As n approaches infinity,
(66)

From (63) we obtain

1-i

WC
-=IWV

1
w, tan- WV

(67)

Thus, if the given tunnel diode has its parameters satisfying the necessary condition for potential stability, i.e.,
(46b) ; a finite w, can be obtained. In the limit,
1

?I

w,

tan-

Fig. 6. A typical Nyquist plot for n = 3.

VII.

EXAMPLES

Let us consider a tunnel diode with

1
WV

which represents the upper bound of the condition in

(46b). From (67) we see that w, = 0, which checks with
the plot in Fig. 5.
In the above treatment we have neglected to check the
remaining constraint on p(s). We have assumed in our
derivation that 1 - p(s) has no other poles and zeros in
the closed RHP. The fact that 1 - p(s) has no poles in
the closed RHP is obvious from (54). To prove that
1 - p(s) has no zeros other than those at s = &jw, and
s = ~0 is a little difficult. The simplest way is to construct a Nyquist plot of p(jw). The magnitude behavior
is more or less known, the phase has been given by (56)
and (57). A typical plot for n = 3 is shown in Fig. 6.
It is seen that the plot goes through the critical point
p(jw) = 1 at w = fw, and m. For other values of n it is
useful to consider separately the loci for /WI < w, and
for IwI > w,. For the former case, the locus is outside of
the unit circle; while for the latter, it is inside the unit
circle. Moreover, it can be shown from (56) and (57)
that the angle for [WI > w, never reaches f180. Since
p(s) has a zero at s = 1 in the closed RHP, the locus
p(jw) must have a net encirclement of the origin. Thus,
because of the phase behavior just mentioned, the encirclement of the origin must be contributed by the plot
for IwI < Iw,I outside the unit circle. Since the complete
locus goes through the critical point +l, at w = fw,
and 00, the net encirclement of the point +l must be
zero, for otherwise it would encircle the origin more than
or less than one, which contradicts the information on
the zero of p(s). Thus we have shown that a lumped
network exists for the upper bound of the condition of
potential stability.

ILLUSTRATIVE

r = 0.6

and

1 = 1.8.

The pertinent parameters are

0, =

1
- - 1 = 0.815,
d- r

tan-

-!- = 0.888,

W,

and
1 - ; = q.667.
First, we will use the approximating
function of the
previous section as given by (48). We need to solve for
K
and w, from the two constraint equations of (58) and
(62). They are
i (4, -

e,)

= tan- I = 0.888,
W,

and

It is not difficult to see that with n = 1, 2, no solution

exists. Thus we choose n = 3 and obtain the following:
K

= 92.7,

gain = 118 dB,

and

w, = 0.00184.

The magnitude plot is shown in Fig. 7. The synthesis

of the coupling network is straightforward since we have
already the poles and zeros of p(s) from (54) and (55).
The coupling network will contain four reactive elements. It is clear that the approximating function used
is not an efficient one in terms of bandwidth and number
of elements. For comparison let us compute the theoretical

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUIT THEORY

MARCH

II = 1.8

I249

I = 0.6

.I

(a)
dB
60

I
0

I
0.2

I1

0.4

0.6

II

0.8
W--c

1.0

Fig. 7. Magnitude plot of the reflection coefficient with n = 3.

limits on gain-bandwidth.
With a brick-wall type of
response the maximum bandwidth is given by (45),
We = 0.46 w, = 0.375. The maximum gain for the optimum bandwidth is given by (47), gain = 48.6 dB.
Obviously a more efficient approximation can be used.
Let us refer to (25) and choose f to be a Chebyshev
polynomial of fifth order. Thus
K2 - 1
~2C%JJ/Wc)

I&412 = 1 +
l +

1 -

(b)

Fig. 8.

(6%

Next, (70) is substituted in (68) to obtain a set of simultaneous equations. These equations together with (71),
(73), and (74) are solved with a computer. We obtain
WC =
PM

(74)

0.238,

(75)

1309s5+1922s4+1504s3+742.8s2+231.4s+37.45
1309s5+176.7s4+104.6s3+9.592s2+1.709s+0.06264
s-l
'&g-P

(76)

and
K = 599

,,+~,(~)+~2(~)2+ba(~)3+b4(;)4+b5(~)s

or

55dB.

(77)

The impedance Z(s) is next obtained from (2)

.-.s-l
s+1

are now introduced.

w, =

First

0.815,

(70)
from

(30)
(71)

Next

Z(s) =

87.66~~ + 70.28s + 22.43

872.8~~ + 699.7s2 + 293.6s + 56.27

The circuit realization

Figs. 8(a) and 8(b).
VIII.

2r 1
PCS> Is-

(a) A tunnel diode amplifier. (b) Frequency

response of the amplifier.

and

ao+a,s+a2s2+a,s3+a,s4+a,sb

p(jw,) = 1,

03 0.4

2 - wza, + w,b4 = 7 = 0.667.

We wish to determine the realizable w, and K. Using

the information on the theoretical maximum of bandwidth, we know that w,/w, is considerably smaller than
0.46. The factor 1 - (w/w,)~ will clearly introduce a
distortion in the pass band. However, since w,/w, is small,
we will neglect its effect. For a 3 dB bandwidth, we set
E = 0.99763. To determine p(s), we set

The constraints

0.2
W-

(w/wJ2

c,(x) = 5s - 20~~ + 16x5.

0.1

033)

where

()

I I I,!,
0.05

0.01

=l-Ts+

(72)

which implies that

h5
a5 = ,T
-C

(73)

(78)

and the response is shown in

A GENERAL

MATCHING

THEORY

Consider the general matching problem stated in

Section II in terms of the circuit of Fig. 2. The given
load impedance z(s) can either be active or passive but
not lossless. The main theorem is now stated and proved.
First, let us rewrite some of, the useful equations involving Z(s) and p(s) and introduce some notation for

1966

CHAN AND KUH:

MATCHING

THEORY FOR TUNNEL

the various series expansions which are needed for the

theorem. The useful equations are
p(s) = z&--;i;~

OW

15

DIODE AMPLIFIERS

Condition 1 (a) : In the open RHP, the function 1 - p(s)

is not zero except at a transmission zero-s, of order r or
possibly at poles of z(s). The latter case will be included
in Condition 3. In the former case,
d, = c, = 1,

(87)
. .

and if x(s,) is regular,

(79b)
z(s)

di = 0,

i = 1,2, **. ,r - 1.

And if x(8,) is a pole of order m,

4s) + d-s)
-

PC4

=
as>

1+- d--s)

Ci?i=Ci,

4s) .
1+z(s)
44

Z(S) = z(s)
-- + x(-s)
1

4s)

@W

4s)

(90)

Condition l(b): On the jw-axis, the function 1 - p(s)

may have a first-order zero at jwO, which is neither a
transmission zero nor a pole of x(s). Then

(814

P(S>

i=r+WZ,~**,r+2?YZ-l.

P(S)

&(s

jd

(91)

* . a ,

where d, is real and

RelN&b)l , o

(81b)

-d,

Zeros of z(s) + 2(--s) are called transmission zeros and

are denoted by s,. Poles #of x(s) and z( -s) in the closed
RHP are designated by a,. The Laurent series expansions
around si (s,, s, or other frequencies) for the following
functions are given by:

At a transmission zero, jtir of order r,

5(s) = a-,(s - s,y

and

+ a-(,-,)(S
+

2(-S)

= b-*(S -

a0

- Si)-(-

+ Ul(s -

SJ- + b-(a-l)(S

si>

+ **+ *

Si)-(n-l)

+ bo + f&b -

SJ +

= C-,(s - s,j- $ c-(k-l)(s

CL = 0,

i = 1,2,

.-a

,r

(94

19

drVl # 0 (if degenerate).

And if x(jm,) is a pole of order m,
di=C<=O,

(83)

- Si)-(k-l) + * *

+ co+ Cl(S
- Si>
+ ***
p(s) = d-,js - si): + d-,,-,,(s

K-,(s

- jwi)-'

i=l,2,a**,r+m.

1,

w-9

(85)

(83)

r+m+l,**.,r+2m-1,

d r+2m-1 = C F+P?lS--l
- K-,C,+,/a-,
where K-, is real and positive.
Condition 5: On the jw-axis, Ip(
ing :
IP(G>l

Theorem
Let z(s) be a given rational impedance which may be
either active or passive but non-Foster. Then
z(S) =

4s) + d-4
1 - p(s)

i = r + m,
(96)

and

+ K, + - . . ,

where K-, is real and positive.

di = Ci,

(84)

- s,)-(-~) + . . .

+ do + d,(s - si> + - - .
=

(93)

and if x(j,?) is regular,

and

-z( -s)
~
44

Z(s)

do = co = 1,

(82)

* a

--*

(92)

1,

if

satisfies the follow-

i.e., Re [z(ja>] < 0,

Ip(

1, if

(97)

x(jw) is active,
(984

z(j,) is passive,
i.e., Re [x(jw)] 2 0.

_ z(s)

is a positive real function and Z(s) + z(s) # 0 for

Re (s) > 0 except for degenerate cases if and only if p(s)
satisfies the following three conditions.

(if degenerate),

(98b)

Condition 3(u): In the open RHP, p(s) is analytic

except at s,, which is a pole of z(s) of qrder m and is a
pole of z( -s) of order n, m, n > 0. Then
di=O,

i<m-n-l,

(99)

16

IEEE TRANSACTIONS

ON CIRCUIT THEORY

function

and
di = Cc, i = m - n,

= 1 and

-1 2,-,-1

n)

(if m < n)

and
= Cm-l + K-,(1

- C,)/u-,

(if degenerate),
(102a)

which implies (91) and (92).

At a transmission zero, jwr of order r, if z(s) is regular,
(8Oa) requires that 1 - p(s) has a zero of the same order.
However, in the degenerate case, 1 - p(s) has a zero of
order r - 1 due to cancellation. Thus we have shown
(93) and (94).
At a transmission zero, jwr of order r, if x(s) has a pole
of order m, the situation is similar to that of (105). However, we must consider the degenerate case. If we substitute Z(s,) by K-,(s - jwI)-l in (105), we obtain
1

P(s)]~+~.

and if
Co = 1 and

Ci = 0,

di = Ci,

[-C,+Js

* 1 [

i = 1, 2, . . . , q.

i = 0, 1, 0.. , m + q,

(102b)

= landCo

= l,d,
d, =

(s -

jw,>+

(103a)

(degenerate),
= Co = land

a-ICI
a-, + K-1

(103b)

jm,)m-l

d r+2m--1= C 7+2n--l -

and if m = 1,

andifm

...

1
,

(107)

C,+mK-1
fLf8

(138)

Thus we have proved (95)-(97) of Condition l(b).

Condition W: This has been proved in Section III.
Condition Z(u): In the open RHP, Z(s) is regular
and nonzero. Consider that (79a), due to stability p(s),
cannot have a pole except at a pole of x(-s). At a pole of
x(s), s, of order m (also a pole of 2(--s) of order n),
-z( -s)
~
= CmJS - S,)4s)

where K-, is real and positive.

Proof

-1

..

which gives

d m+sl= Cm+a - K-G+,Ia-m,

d = Coa-, + K-1
0
a-, + K-1

(106)

WQ

and if m = 0, the second equation is not needed.

Condition S(b): On the jw-axis, p(s) is analytic. At
s = jw,, which is a pole of z(s) and x(-s) of order m, we
have
di = Cc, i = 0, 1, *a. , m - 1,
(101)

d,-I

zero, and

= 2 Re$m+O)l (s - jwo) + . . . ,

I cmmn+i = 0, i = 1, 2 * * * ) qI
m - n (if m 2.

p(s) will then have a first-order

4jwo) + 4--ho)
1 - P(S)Is=i,,= K-,(s - jwo)- + . . .

m - n + 1, ***

if m 2 n, C,-,

an-n+,

1 -

MARCH

+ *- * .

(109)

Using (79b), we obtain

A. Necessity
PC3

Condition 1 (a): In the open RHP, Z(s) is regular

and nonzero. Consider (SOa), due to stability, the function
1 - p(s) cannot have a zero except when z(s) + z(-s)
is zero or z(s) has poles. In the former case, 1 - p(s)
must have a zero of the same order as the transmission
zero s,. But if at s,, z(s) has a pole of order m, then z(s)
and -2(--s)
must have identical first m + r - 1 terms
in their Laurent series expansions with respect to s,.
Thus
-z( -s)
~
= 1 + Cr+JS - s,)r+m + **. .
(104)
44

PCS> I-

[-Cr+JS

- spy-
+-**]+[e (s- s,)
+*--1
=[c&s
+...j
1+[F (s_s,)m
(110)

Thus if m = 0, we have di = 0, i < -n.

have
P(S)

sJr+m

--*I

* 1 - E@J (s - s,) + * * *
a-,
[

1
,

(105)

which implies (89) and (90) of Condition la.

Condition 1(b): On the jw-axis Z(s) may have a
pole at jwo which is not a pole of z(s). From (80a), the

If m # 0, we

- spy- + **-1
I**lip= [Cm-,(s

+ [(s

Using (80b), we obtain

=

I *-a.

- spy+ - *-]}{l - 2

(s- s,)+ - - .},

(111)

which implies (99) and (100).

Condition S(b): On the jw-axis, p(s) is analytic because Z(s) + z(s) cannot have a zero due to stability.
In the degenerate case, if Z(s) and z(s) have a common
zero, Z(s) and -2(--s) also have a common zero, hence,

1966

CHAN AND KUH:

they cancel out in (79a). At a pole of x(s), jwp of order m,

which is also a pole of x(-s) of order m, we use (111) and
substitute Z(s,) by K-,(s - jw,)- + . . . .
P(S)la-rjwp

[Co

CI(S

jw,)

(112)

Z(s) I*-+*p= [a-,(s - SJ- + - - e-j

(113)

.w III-W. = [a-,(s - SD)- + * - *]

(114)

In both cases the poles and zeros cancel, hence, Z(s) is

analytic.
On the jw-axis, Condition l(b) states that 1 - p(s)
may have a first-order zero at jwo, which is not a transmission zero and which is not a pole of z(s). Using (81a)
and (go), we have
z(s)I

*/loo

= 4jwo) + 4--jwo)
- 4jw0),
-4s
- jwo)
= 2

(&+2m--l
-

into (81b), we obtain,

- - a]

Cr+2m-1)(~ -

Re W41 cs _ jwo)-' + . . . .
-4

Equation (92), that restricts the residue, is real and

positive.
At a transmission zero jw, of order r, 1 - p(s) has the
same zero of order r or r - 1, thus Z(s) is analytic at
jwr. At a transmission zero jw, of order r, where z(s) has
a pole of order m, we have constraints given by (95)-(97).

jwX1 + * *- .

(116)

Equation (97) guarantees that the residue is real and

positive.
Finally, at the poles of z(s) and 2(--s) at jwp of order
m, we have restrictions given by Condition 3(b). Substituting (101) and (102) in (81b), we have

z(s)
=[a-,(~
- jw,Jmm
+..-1(dm-1
,?GftT.Fm-l
= fi

(dm-1 - Cm-,)(s - jwp)-' + -- - .

(117)

Equation (102a) guarantees that the residue is real and

positive. Similar treatment can be given for the case
Co = 1. Form = 1,
Z(s) = [a-,(s - jw,)-' + - . a] 2 12
do

Co

= a-, l--d,

J sme*e'

(s - jw,>-' + - - - .

(1 W

Equation (103) guarantees that the residue is real and

positive. This completes the proof of the theorem.
IX.

For m < n, we have

- C,,-J(s - sJ2- + . - . .
- [CL,(s - SJ+ - * *]

- jw,)-m +
.w Is+.= [a-,(~
=*

which implies (101) and (102). However if m = 1, we

use (110) directly to obtain (103).
B. Xuficiency: To prove that Z(s) is a positive real
function we need to check 1) Re [Z(jw)] 2 0, 2) the
analyticity of Z(s) in the open RHP, and 3) the jw-axis
poles of Z(s) and the residues. The fact that Re [Z(jw)] 2. 0
has already been proved in Section III. We thus proceed
to show the other two.
In the open RHP, we saw from (8la), that poles of Z(s)
are due to zeros of 1 - p(s), poles of z(s) and poles of
2(--s). Condition l(a) rules out zeros of 1 - p(s) in the
open RHP except at a transmission zero of order r and
possibly the poles of z(s). In the former case, 1 - p(s)
has a zero of the same order, hence from (81a), the zeros
cancel and Z(s) is analytic at the transmission zeros.
In Condition 3(a), (99) and (100) restrict the nature of
p(s) at a pole of z(s) of order m which is simultaneously
a pole of 2(--s) or order n. Let us consider (81b). For
m 2 n, we have
(d, - C,)(s - sJ + . . .
- 1 - [C,-,(s - &Jrn-- + * * -1.

Substituting
(93) and (95)-(97)
for the degenerate case

e(d,+2,-1 - C,+2m-I)(~ - jw,)r+2m-1 + - - -Cl+m(~ - jw,)r+m + -- -

-**I

+C5 (8- jwp)m-l

+...I)
.{1-Y?(s- jwJm--l
+...},

&n--n

17

MATCHING THEORY FOR TUNNEL DIODE AMPLIFIERS

CONCLUSION

In this paper we have extended Youlas broadband

matching theory to include both passive and active load
impedances. The main theorem which gives the necessary and sufficient conditions on the complex reflection
coefficient is stated and proved in Section VIII, while its
special application to the tunnel diode amplifier problem
is treated in detail from Sections IV to VII. New results
for tunnel diode amplifiers in terms of the theoretical
limitations on gain-bandwidth
and sufficient conditions
for potential stability are obtained. We acknowledge the
editor and the reviewers for their useful comments.
APPENDIX

Consider the jw-axis behavior of the active impedance

z. At frequencies where Re [z(jw)] > 0, z is said to be
passive, and clearly Ip(
= IS(j
We only need to
consider the frequencies where Re [z(jw)] < 0, i.e., z is
active. Let z(jw) be active at jw,, then -z( - jw.) = - Z(jw,)
is passive. Let
s

p1

Sl2l

Ls21 s221
by the scattering matrix of a lossless 2-port with respect
to passive reference impedances 1 and -~(jw,). Thus the
incident and reflected waves are related by

IEEE

TRANS.4CTIONS

ON

CIRCUIT

VOL.

THEORY

CT-13,

NO.

hfARCH

1966

REFERENCES

111H. W. Bode, Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier

Design.

Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand, 1945.

121R. M. Fano, Theoretical limitation on the broadband matching
of arbitrary impedances, J. Franklin Inst., vol. 249, pp. 57-83,
139-154; January, February 1950.
[31 D. C. Youla, A new theory of broadband matching, IEEE
Trans. on Circuit Theory, vol. CT-11, pp. 30-50, March 1964.
[41 D. C. Youla and L: I. Smilen, Optimum negative-resistance
amplifiers, 1960 Proc. Symp. on Active Networks and Feedback
Systems, pp. 241-318.
r51 E. S. Kuh and J. D. Patterson, Design theory of optimum
negative-resistance amplifiers, Proc. IRE, vol. 49.. RD.
_^ 10431050, June 1961.

F31E. W. Sard. Gain-bandwidth performance of maximum flat

negative-conductance amplifiers; 1960 Proc. Symp. on Active
Networks and Feedback Systems, pp. 319-344.
171 L. I. Smilen and D. C. Youla, Stability criteria for tunnel
diodes, Proc. IRE, vol. 49, pp. 1206-1207, July 1961.
PI M. E. Hines, High frequency negative resistance principles
for Esaki diode applications, Bell Sys. Tech. J., vol. 39, pp.
471-513, May 1960.
WI L. A. Davidson? Optimum stability criterion for tunnel diodes
shunted by resistance and capacitance, Proc. IEEE (Correspondence), vol. 51, p. 1233, September 1963.
I
[lOI T. Frisch, A stability criterion for tunnel diodes, PTOC.
IEE,
vol. 52,.pp. 922-923, August 1964.
1111E. A. Guillemm, The Mathematics of Circuit Analysis. New
York: Wiley, 1949.
WI C. A. Desoer and E. S. Kuh, Bound on natural frequencies of
linear active networks, 1960 Proc. Symp. on Active Networks
and Feedback Systems, pp. 415-436.
[I31 L. I. Smilen and D. C. Youla, On the stability of tunnel
diodes, Microwave Res. Inst., Polytechnic Inst. of Brooklyn,
Brooklyn, N. Y., mm 49, January 30, 1962.

In the actual situation, port-2 is terminated by z&J

which is the negative conjugate of the passive reference.
Under such a termination, b, = 0, and the input reflection coefficient is

But by definition,

Therefore,

Thus, for all w,

Two Theorems on Positive-Real Functions and Their

Application to the Synthesis of Symmetric
and Antimetric Filters
DANTE

G. YOULA,

Abstract-It
is iirst shown that the power gain of a filter which
has been partitioned into two component parts may be expressed in
terms of a formula involving only the two impedances seen looking
to the left and the right of the common junction. By imposing the
constraints of symmetry and antimetry this formula leads quite
naturally to two global equations for positive-real (pr) functions.
Theorems 1 and 2 present necessary and suf6cient conditions for
the existence of solutions. Moreover, the construction of these pr
functions is made to depend on two algorithms of an extremely
simple character. The theory is fully illustrated by means of four
worked, nontrivial examples. Finally, it is pointed out that synthesis
by bisection is often wasteful of reactsnces (especially in the symmetric case), and a careful count of elements is presented for antimetric filters.

FELLO\v,

IEEE

I. INTRODUCTION
HE PROBLEM
of synthesizing, by physical bisection, the transducer power gains of electrically
symmetric
and antimetric filters has been treated
by several authors [l]-[3]. Recently, Navot and Zeheb
[2] and Navot [4] pointed out that the method of polynomial identification advocated by Guillemin [l] is valid
only for a restricted class of power gains. In [4] Navot
described algorithms (his generalized even and odd theorems) which are applicable in the general case.
In this paper an entirely different approach is taken.
It is first shown that the power gain of a filter which
has been partitioned into two component parts may be
expressed in terms of a formula involving only the two
impedances seen looking to the left and the right of the
common junction. By imposing the constraints of symmetry and antimetry, this formula leads quite naturally

Manuscript received March 23, 1965; revised July 21, 1965.

This report is part of an Air Force research program performed under
Contract AF30 (602) 3951, with Rome Air Development Center, by
the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, N. Y., Secondary
Rept. PIBMRI 1252-65.
The author is with the Department of Electrophysics, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (Graduate Center), Farmingdale, N. Y.
IS