APUSH Chapter 2

Englands Imperial Stirrings

- Previously America conquered by Spanish, N.A empty
- New World already transformed
- crops livestock brought
- disease, conquest decimated native peoples
- African slaves brought to plantations
- Controlled by Spain
- from Florida South, under rule of imperial Spain
- N.A unclaimed by Euros until 17th century
- 3 Euro powers establish outposts
- Spanish, Santa Fe (1610)
- French, Quebec (1608)
- English, Jamestown, Virginia (1607)
Foundations
- English previously unmotivated to compete w/ Spain; changed by religious conflicts
- (1500s) no effort to beat or outdo Spanish Empires colonies
- allies for first half
- Religious conflict began changing political and power landscape
- King Henry VIII broke w/ Catholic Church (1530s)
> Protestant Reformation
PROTESTANT: group of Christians separate from the Catholic Church, after
rejecting the authority of what they thought to be a corrupt papacy
- Catholics warred with Protestants
- Religious power went from one to other
- Elizabeth gained power, Protestant (1558)
> Protestantism now dominant religion
> at ends with Spain due to rivaling religions
- Rivalry continued to show itself in Ireland
- Catholic Irish wanted to refuse power of the Protestant queen
- Looked to Spain for help
- Defeated by Elizabeth and conquered
- Not much help from Spain

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- (1570-80s) Elizabeths troops defeated Irish

- replaced with Protestant lords from Scotland, England
> soldiers in Ireland looked down on natives
- same attitude in New World
#1 : For half of the 1500s the English were allies of Spain. Due to this, they had no reason to
compete with them by establishing their own colonies in the New World. This changed when
they were rivals after having established a Protestant nation at odds with Catholic Spain.

Elizabeth Energizes England

English Against the Spanish
- English sought to promote Protestantism + plunder Spanish treasure under Elizabeth
- English buccaneers in shipping lanes
BUCCANEERS: a pirate off the Spanish American coasts
- among them Francis Drake
- Plundered Spanish across the world
PLUNDER: steal goods from someone with the use of force
- Returned with 4600% profits for his investors
- Elizabeth a secret investor
> knighted by Elizabeth
- English attempted colonization multiple times with failures
- Newfoundland first attempt
- failed after death of promoter Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1583)
- Sir Walter Raleigh tried again in better climate
- North Carolina Roanoke Island (1585)
- Near Virginia, named for the Virgin Queen
- Roanoke colony fails after many false starts
- mysteriously vanishes into wilderness
- English defeat of Spain beginning of end for Spain
- Phillip II of Spain used New World profits to amass armada of ships
ARMADA: a fleet of warships
FLOTILLA: fleet of ships
- to use against England
- (1588) 130 strong Spanish invaded the English Channel
- defeated Spanish, scattered by storm
- Defeat beginning of the diminishing of Spain
- Holland would have independence in few decades
- much of Caribbean also gone

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- Arrogant w/ riches, overreached

- English spirit rekindled with energy
- England naval dominance in Atlantic
- beginning of English mastery over the oceans
- Strong monarch over strong country
- Religious unity
- Ready for colonization
- Nationalistic people and strong sense of national destiny
NATIONAL DESTINY: the future of a nation
- Peace Treaty w/ Spain (1604)
#2 : The strength of Queen Elizabeth encouraged ambitions of the country, leading to
plundering of Spanish loot for riches. The Spanish Armadas defeat was central in the path
towards colonization of the New World. The Spanish Empires imperial power was on the
decline with its defeat, and England established strong national fighting spirit. It had a unified
nation and religion, and ideas of nationalism were widespread, with strong ideas for the future of
the nation.

England on the Eve of Empire

- Economic/social change set in motion factors needed for colonies
- Population changes affected make up of the nation
- 3 mil (1550) - 4 mil (1600)
- Lands turned for sheep, pushed out smaller farmers
- Economic depression in woolen trade (late-1500s) > farmers
unemployed
- moved across England; became beggars paupers in cities
PAUPERS: very poor person; recipient of government/charity relief
- wandering people lead belief in surplus population
- Financial means for colonies created by change in investment environment
- Primogeniture laws; only eldest could inherit estates
PRIMOGENITURE: being the firstborn child and the rights related
> younger sons; ie. Gilbert, Raleigh, Drake looked for other means of
money
- joint-stock companies now perfected (1600s)
- allowed investors to pool their capital together for investments
- All came together to allow for colony
- Population provided workers
- Unemployment, need for religious freedom motives for colonizers
- Joint-stock companies = financial means

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#3: Multiple factors converged to create conditions ripe for colonization. Firstly, the surplus
population provided the workers and colonists needed for the New World. Many of the
wandering population needed a source of employment, and the colonies was a chance for that.
English ambition, spearheaded by a strong monarch also contributed to many potential colonists
motivation and willingness to go to the New World. Finally the introduction of joint-stock
companies meant many investors could pool their money to fund the colonies.

England Plants the Jamestown Seedling

- Original colony product of investment opportunity; supposedly temporary
- Joint-stock company behind colonization
- Virgin Company of London
- charter from Kings James I
CHARTER: a written grant defining an institutions rights and privileges are
defined
- looked for gold + passage to Indies
- Companies only intended for few years
- afterwards to be liquidated for stockholders profits
LIQUIDATED: convert company assets to cash
> meant colonists had to find riches quick
- All short-term colonization
- Charter of company became document for colonists
- Guaranteed settlers same rights of those in England
- Extended across colonies
- Made them feel still in English soil
- Later caused protest in wanting these rights

- Efforts by leaders to turn around colonies largely failed; constant problem of starvation
- First attempt close to collapse
- Bad environment and luck
- (1606) Ships attacked near Chesapeake Bay by Indians
- at James River, easy to defend but mosquitos, and squalor
- Created Jamestown (May 24, 1607)
> died by disease, malnutrition
- swells, burning fevers
- 40 died during voyage (1606-1607)
- Another lost leaders, supplies in shipwreck; Bermuda
- Reticent colonists to do work; greedy for gold
- Starved regardless of availability of food in woods/rivers
- greenhorn gentlemen wasted time for gold
GREENHORN: new, inexperienced in activity

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- John Smith tried to turn it around (1608)

- Remedied gentlemen colonists
- Rule: No food w/o work
- Created peace with Indians, got support from them
- Captured (Dec, 1607), mock execution by Chieftain Powhatan
- Solely to impress Smith with Indian power
- Pocahontas saves him; symbolize desire for peace
- Pocahontas intermediary; preserve peace, supplied food to them
INTERMEDIARY: a person who acts as a link between groups in
order to bring about an agreement or reconciliation
- Regardless of efforts still starvation
- Desperate in finding food
- Ate dogs, cats, rats, mice
- Some dug up corpses for food, one to live cannibalism
- Died in huge numbers
- 400 made to 1609, 60 survived starving time winter
> remaining colonists boarded ships home (Spring 2010)
- met w/ relief party, Lord De La Warr
- Lord De La Warr attempted iron-fisted military regime
REGIME: government, especially authoritarian one
> belligerent actions against Indians
- Harsh discipline
- One settler who criticized governor; arms broken, tongue drilled
through with awl and kicked out
- Regardless disease killed
- (1625) 1200 of 8000 left
#4 : Originally the area was easy to defend, having just been attacked by Indians on their way
into the mainland. However, it was other problems that ended up killing most colonists in
Jamestown. These included disease, stemming from the unhealthy conditions of the James
River bank, starvation, often do to the reluctance of colonists to hunt for food themselves, and
malnutrition.

Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake

War and Peace
- Powhatan supreme leader of the natives near Jamestown
- dominated native people through alliance
- few dozen small tribes under his dominion
- Called Powhatans Confederacy
- Saw colonists as chance for more power

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- English potential allies

- ended conciliatory behavior w/ English raiding of food
CONCILIATORY: intended to placate or pacify
- Colonists/Indians had constant back and forth; neither ever satisfied
- Lord De La Warr began first war
- Had orders from Virginia company
- Introduced Irish tactics against Indians
- destroyed villages, took foodstuffs, burned cornfields
- Ended with peace settlement (1614)
- Pocahontas married with John Rolfe, first interracial marriage
- Little peace, this time natives struck first
- Indians pushed back by expanding whites, disease
> 1622 series of Indian attacks
- killed 347 settlers, John Rolfe> new orders from Virginia Company
- perpetual war w/o peace or truce
PERPETUAL: never ending or changing
- raids reduced Indian pop.,
- survivors went West
- Indians made last attempt; defeat left them powerless
- Second Powhatan War (1644), again defeated
- Peace Treaty (1646) ended any possibilities of coexisting
- Banished Indians
- Powhatans declined
- 10% remaining compared to 1607
- (1685) considered extinct
- Powhatans decline owed to disease, disorganization, disposability
- like other natives died to New World diseases
- smallpox, measles killed scores
- lack of organization > little military might
- no unity compared to colonist military
- Powhatans lacked use to whites
- no economic function
- Indians w/ Spaniards could be labor, gold/silver
- Virginians started growing own crops = no trade wanted
- Stood in their way
- English wanted land

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#5: There was a constant back and forth where neither side was satisfied. The Englishs hunger
for land and disease provoked the natives into fighting, after a short peace and this time the
back and forth led to the decline of the Powhatans. The Indians were also disposable to the
English, serving no economic benefits for labor or trade, especially when Virginians started
planting their own crops. They only stood in their way of getting land, which stemmed war.

Virginia: Child of Tobacco

- Colonys economy revolved around tobacco importance and farming
- John Rolfe began tobacco revolution
- perfected (1612) methods of growing tobacco
- European demand skyrocketed
- w/ demand tobacco rush everywhere
- planted in streets, between graves
- tobacco hugely prized
- focused on planting weed; had to import food
- pushed land expansion
- needed more land for planting
- frontier pushed west against Indians
- Virginia profit on tobacco w/ consequences
- destructive to soil
- fortune of colony tied to tobacco prices

Tobacco Implications
- Slave trade began with tobacco
- tobacco started broad-acred plantation system
BROAD-ACRED: suitable for large-scale production
- needed labor
- slaves began w/ dutch sellers

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- (1619) 20 africans purchased

- seeds of future slave system
- use of slaves quickly grew in popularity
- 1650, 300 - end of century, 14% of pop.
- Virginia began to evolve politically
- govt. began in Virginia
- (1619) London Company created settlers assembly
- House of Burgesses
- precedent set for future parliaments
PARLIAMENT: highest legislature govt.
- James I hostile at colony, partly because of tobacco
- hated tobacco, settlers assembly
> revoked charter of Virginia Company (1624)
- colony now under his control
#6 : Much of what Virginia had now were the foundations for it two hundred years later. Such as
the plantation system, that began with tobacco, would continue, central to its agricultural
production and economy. Slavery also would grow with the colony, labor fueling its output of
crops. Finally its political mindset, a need to have voices represented in relation to England and
itself is evident in its very beginnings, the House of Burgesses.

Maryland: Catholic Haven

- Maryland originally created for Catholics
- Lord Baltimore founded it; English Catholic family
- for financial gain
- to create refuge for Catholics
- Protestants at time were persecuting Catholics
- discrimination; marriage by Catholic priest not legally allowed
- High hopes for colony; riddled with religious conflicts
- Lord Baltimore hoped feudal domain
FEUDAL: system of land ownership by which land was given in exchange for loyalty
- huge estates to Catholic relatives
- manor houses expected like that of British aristocracy
- land ownership attracted colonists
- Land disparities caused conflict
- most in small farms
- some big landlords, Catholic
- surrounded by Protestants

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- caused resentment
> open rebellion at end of century
> Baltimore family temporarily lost proprietary rights in Maryland
PROPRIETARY: relating to ownership
- Maryland still economically sound
- Tobacco main source of profit
- labor came from white servants
- work in return for passage to New World
- black slaves not until 17th century
- Maryland soon become relatively religiously open w/ Christians
- Lord Baltimore attempted to receive toleration for Catholics
- permitted freedom of worship
- large number of Protestants prevent
- restrictions close to = England
- Act of Toleration created Catholic save haven
- supported by Catholics
- tolerance to all Christians
- but death penalty for those who were not
> by end most Roman Catholic colony in New
7. Maryland was founded out of a rich family looked partly for religious tolerance, different from
Virginia. Virginia was created for the sole purpose of profits for investors. This meant that later
Maryland also became a safe haven for Catholics, unlike Virginia. The Maryland Act of
Toleration was a statute granting all Christians freedom of worship, however at the same time
emplaced a death penalty on non-Christians. This was a last ditch attempt by Catholics to
prevent religious persecution and restrictions like that of England.

The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America

- West Indies investment centralized around sugar farming
- West Indies claimed by British w/ Spanish weak
- several islands, including Jamaica (1655)
- Econ. was sugar
- analog for tobacco as in Virginia colonies
- Sugar cane rich mans crop
- had to have large quantities to get profit

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- refined through sugar mill

- large spaces of land needed
- expensive land clearing
> only those with enough funds could succeed
- Sugar farming created foundations for slave labor; unjust systems
- labor intensive w/ land clearing, mills
> imported huge of amounts of African slaves
- quarter of million slaves (1640-90)
- (1700) slaves outnumber four to one
- part of African diaspora
DIASPORA: dispersion of peoples away from their homeland
- spread of Africans throughout New World post-Columbus
- to control created Barbados slave code (1661)
- defined legal status, masters rights
- slaves had virtually no rights, under complete control
- capacity for horrible punishments for slightest infractions
- whipped, nose slit and burned on second offense
- even with lose of life no liability to master
LIABILITY: state of being responsible
- Expansion of sugar farming > spreading of slave system
- West Indies holistically focused on sugar farming
- N.A supplied foodstuffs, basic supplies
- smaller farmers pushed out by sugar barons
BARONS: a person who holds land or property from higher overlord
- migrated to South colonies
- Displaced settlers spread slaves
- group of settler from Barbados arrived in Carolina (1670)
- brought slaves, and slave code
> inspired other slave codes in the mainland
- Barbados code adopted in Carolina eventually in 1696
- West Indies ended up as testing ground for future N.A slave system
#8 : Due to the labor-intensive nature of the farming of sugar, slaves were brought in that had
wide ranging implications for future slavery. Tobacco, unlike sugar, could be easily farmed with
little labor, thus not needing any slaves. With the use of slaves, systems and statutes were
developed that would be used to controlled them and later spread to the mainland

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Colonizing the Carolinas

- Carolina born out of political unrest; and aristocracy
ARISTOCRACY: the highest class in society, usually holding hereditary titles of nobility
- Parliament was revolting
- Dismissed in 1629, recalled in 1640
> mutinous
- champion became Oliver Cromwell
- beheaded Charles (1949)
- Cromwell ruled before Charles II returned (1660)
- Colonization paused until Charles II w/ Carolina
- Restoration Period began
- empire building
- Carolina created out of Kings land grants
- Gave eight court favorites (Lord Proprietors) wilderness
- Founders hoped foodstuffs for Barbados
- export wine, silk, olive oil
- Slave trade was bolstered in Carolina w/ Indians
- Close ties w/ West Indies brought slave system
- close economically
- settlers from Barbados > also brought slave system
- Main exports from Carolina were Indian slaves
- Had help of Savannah Indians
- Lord Proprietors protested; no effect
- Huge amounts of slaves sold to various places
- ten thousand Indians
- West Indian canefields/sugar mills
- New England; one Rhode Island town w/ 200
- Savannah Indians ended alliance to consequences from Carolinas
- (1707) Indians decided to go to Maryland, Pennsylvania
- new colony, Quakers, William Penn
QUAKERS: members of Christian movement of 1650 rejecting formal worship
- promised better White/Indian relations
- Carolina decided to make small ranks of Savannahs
- raided, killed most of Indian Tribes by 1710
- Carolina sustained rice exports with African slaves
- principal exported crop
- exotic in England, no seeds originally sent out

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- Needed West African slaves

- experienced in rice cultivation
- agricultural skill
- malaria immune
MALARIA: fever transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical areas
> good laborers for rice plantations
> (1710) majority of Carolinians

- Diverse population; attracted religious conflict

- Charles Town busiest seaport in the South
- Popular w/ aristocracy
- French, Protestant refugees attracted
- religious tolerance in Charleston area
- Catholic Spain incited by influx of Protestants
- Indians and Spanish warriors fought
- Two Anglo-Spanish War
- (1700) Carolina too strong to be destroyed by Spaniards
#9 : Firstly, the origins of Carolina are owed to a group of court favorites of the King, so its root
are that of the aristocracy. Black slaves came from the major rice exports of Carolina. West
Africans were best suited to work in the plantations, having agricultural skill and partial immunity
to malaria. With so many rice plantations, there were also a huge amount of black slaves.

The Emergence of North Carolinas

- Peoples of North Carolina contrast to other colonies
- Make-up consists of outcasts from Virginia
- religious dissenters, in poverty
DISSENTERS: member of a nonestablished church
- repelled by Virginias domination by big-plantation gentry
- raised tobacco on small farms; no slaves
- no legal right to land
- North Carolinas inhabitants unique, stereotyped
- irreligious, open to pirates
- isolated; wilderness, Cape Hatteras
> spirit of anti-authorities
- conflict w/ governors, > North separated from South (1712)
- area between aristocratic colonies
- dubbed vale of humility between two mountains of conceit

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CONCEIT: express pride in oneself

- similar to Rhode Island
- most democratic, independent, non-aristocratic
- North Carolina still had bloody history, took part in battle against Indians
- Tuscarora Indians attacked Newbern, began war w/ (1711)
- N.C w/ help from south retaliated and defeated them
- sold hundreds to slavery
- left survivors who went to protection of Iroquois
> became Sixth Nation of Iroquois Confederacy
- Second four years later, S.C defeated Yamasee
- now all coast Indians wiped out in South (1720)
- Cherokees, Creeks, Iroquois, remained; Appalachian
#10: North Carolina consisted of all those dissatisfied with the aristocracy of the two neighboring
colonies, Virginia and Carolina, as thus they were those that didnt take part in the bombast of
the lords and barons of those colonies. They were the vale of humility, while their two neighbors
were the two mountains of conceit.

Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony

- Georgia placed as a buffer to protect other colonies
- Last colony chronologically
- 126 years after Virginia, 52 after Pennsylvania
- Strategic position protected valuable Carolinas
- French Louisiana and Spanish Florida
- Served purpose when Spain/England war happened
> since part of imperial defense, monetary subsidies
SUBSIDIES: money granted by government to assist with service
- only one of original thirteen to get this
- Georgia centered on charity
- Created by philanthropists
PHILANTHROPISTS: someone who seeks to promote welfare of others especially
through large donations of money
- Named in honor of King George II
- Multipurposed w/ charitable functions
- produced silk and wine
- haven for people in debt
- supposed to be slavery free
- James Ogelthorpe contributed to saving people in debt
- interested in prison reform after death of friend in debtor jail

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- also repelled Spaniard attacks

- contributed own fortune
- Colony open to all > diverse
- Religious tolerance
- Christian worshippers except for Catholics welcomed
> missionaries went to work w/ those in debt, Indians
- International community
- German Lutherans and Scot Highlanders
- Slow growing colony
- Became one of the least populous
- Little economic development esp. of plantations due to:
- restrictions on slavery
- Spanish attacks
#11 : The way in which it was founded was special, firstly being created as a defense for other
colonies it had special concessions in the form of subsidies, and also its founders were mainly
philanthropists, thus it being dubbed the Charity Colony. It was also unique in that it was
against slavery, restrictions being placed on black slavery.

The Plantation Colonies

- Save some small differences, most colonies in South alike
- Economically, agriculturally similar
- All broad-acred plantation
- exported commercial agricultural products
- similar crops included tobacco and rice
- exception being small-farm N.C
- Slavery common everywhere
- George exception until 1750
- Landscape same
- mostly plantations and farms scattered

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> lacks of cities

- school/churches expensive and difficult
- Governor of Virginia thanked God no schools/printing
- Political and social atmosphere similar
- Plantations lorded over by few wealthy individuals common
- North Carolina and partly Georgia being the odd ones out
- Religious toleration to some degree
- Church of England dominant faith
- weak in North Carolina
- All expansionary
EXPANSIONARY: intending for political/territorial expansion
- soil made bad w/ tobacco so forced to go further west
> continual confrontation w/ Indians

#12: North Carolina was the most different Southern colony. In almost every aspect it is the
exception. Agriculturally, it doesnt use the same broad-acred plantations that are common in
other colonies, preferring instead small farms without large exports. Politically it was also
different, with little aristocracy. And finally religiously the Church of England had very little power
there, religious influence being a relative non-factor with many.

Makers of America: The Iroquois

A Distinct, Proud Nation
- Iroquois sole military power prior to Europeans arrival in America
- Power in alliance
- Iroquois Confederacy in todays New York State
CONFEDERACY: a league or alliance of states joined by treaty
- Bound five Indian nations
- Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas
- Founded in 1500s by Deganawidah and Hiawatha said by legend
- Originally fought Indians for control over territory
- later fought w/ French, English, Dutch over fur trade
- Struggled w/ Euros arrival
- decline w/ disease, alcohol, and power of muskets
- Lifestyle distinct with longhouses
- 25 width, 800-200 ft length

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- Life central around longhouses

- contained 3-5 fireplaces
- 2 nuclear families
- all families in longhouses, related by blood
- Women held power
- bloodlines passed through the maternal line
- have womans family, her mothers sisters, daughters
- oldest women leading matriarch
MATRIARCH: a woman who is the head of a family or tribe
- Men dominant, but positions owed to mothers
- Supremacy maintained with balanced alliance of five nations
- worked together but separate
- each independent
- celebrated together, common policy towards outsider nations
- had different roles to play
- Mohawks, eastern flank; middlemen with Euro trade
- Senecas, western flank; fur suppliers
- banded together to defeat rivals
- originally at war
- together defeated neighboring Hurons, Eries, Petuns
- increased ranks through absorption, warfare
- tribes sought entrance into confederacy peacefully ie. Tuscaroras
- expanded through war
- attempted to adopt captives/refugees
Disrupted by Europeans
- First able to navigate diplomatic problems of Euros, later resulted in fall
- (16-1700s) allied w/ English against French and other way
- used rivalry of nations to their advantage
- American Revolution broke them apart
- Some supported British others didnt
- British defeat fragmented confederacy
- Mohawks moved to new lands
- Existence as restricted peoples proved to be unsustainable
- after revolution some restricted to reservations in New York
RESERVATIONS: land set aside specifically for Indian Americans
> morale drop
- sank into brawling, feuding, alcoholism
- prophet rose out of falling standards of Iroquois

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- Handsome Lake (1799) saw angels warning him of dangers

> inspired tribespeople to end alcoholism, reinstate family values, old
customs
- teachings last to this day as Longhouse religion
#13 : The Confederacy was a group of five Indian nations that worked together to establish
supremacy over its rivals, something it maintained until the Europeans arrived. Their lifestyle
revolved around longhouses, where families lived together. Positions passed through bloodlines
maternally, the matriarch, the eldest women had position of power. It maintained its supremacy
through delegation of roles to the five nations, working cohesively and constantly increasing its
ranks through peaceful absorption or wars for the purpose of adopting captives or refugees.

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