Solution Samanual

M16FMR
m16fmr@hotmail.co.uk
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
Analysis and Design

Sixth Edition
Faye C. McQuiston
16
Jerald D. Parker
Jeffrey D. Spitler
John Wiley & Sons

2004
R
FM
USE IT WITH YOUR MIND
M16FMR
PREFACE
This manual consists of solutions for the text problems, Chapters 1
through 15. Many of the problems with a design orientation have more
than one acceptable solution. Therefore, when an acceptable solution

may be quite variable or closely follows an example, the solution may be
omitted or only general guidelines given.
16
The degree of difficulty and length of the problems vary
considerably. In many cases the problem statement should be discussed

in class prior to assignment. This manual should be helpful in this
respect.
The use of computer software is strongly encouraged. Many
R
FM
problems can be solved by hand or computer calculations. Most of these

problems are in Chapters 3, 7, 8, 10, 12 and 14. A number of problems
are designed for solution using the software distributed with the website.
A great effort has been made to eliminate errors in the solutions;

however, some probably still exist. Please see the addendum to this
manual for assumptions used in problems 6-10, 7-9, 7-14, 8-25, and 8-26.
The authors would appreciate notification of any errors discovered.
Faye C. McQuiston
Jerald D. Parker
Jeffrey D. Spitler
M16FMR
M
R
FM
16
M16FMR
CONTENTS
Introduction
1-6
Chapter 2
Air-Conditioning Systems
Moist Air Properties and Conditioning
8-65
Chapter 1
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Processes
Comfort and Health Indoor Environmental 66-78
16
Quality
Chapter 5
Heat Transmission in Building Structures
Chapter 6 Space Heat Load 93-105

Chapter 7
Solar Radiation
79-92
106-129
The Cooling Load
Chapter 9
Energy Calculations and Building Simulation 184-188
Chapter 10
Flow, Pumps, and Piping Design
189-210
Chapter 11
Space Air Diffusion
211-219
Chapter 12
Fans and Building Air Distribution
220-259
Chapter 13
Direct Contact Heat and Mass Transfer
260-265
Chapter 14
Extended Surface Heat Exchangers
266-298
Chapter 15
Refrigeration
299-310
Addendum
130-183
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FM
Chapter 8
311-312
M16FMR
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or
108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Permission Department,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030.
PREFACE
This manual consists of solutions for the text problems, Chapters 1
16
through 15. Many of the problems with a design orientation have more
than one acceptable solution. Therefore, when an acceptable solution
may be quite variable or closely follows an example, the solution may be
omitted or only general guidelines given.
R
FM
The degree of difficulty and length of the problems vary
considerably. In many cases the problem statement should be discussed

in class prior to assignment. This manual should be helpful in this
respect.
The use of computer software is strongly encouraged. Many
problems can be solved by hand or computer calculations. Most of these

problems are in Chapters 3, 7, 8, 10, 12 and 14. A number of problems
are designed for solution using the software distributed with the website.
A great effort has been made to eliminate errors in the solutions;

however, some probably still exist. Please see the addendum to this
M16FMR
manual for assumptions used in problems 6-10, 7-9, 7-14, 8-25, and 8-26.
The authors would appreciate notification of any errors discovered.
Faye C. McQuiston
Jerald D. Parker
Jeffrey D. Spitler
R
FM
16
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes
only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work
beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner
is unlawful.
M16FMR
311
ADDENDUM
to
Solutions Manual for McQuiston, HVAC 6e
Problem 6-10
For the floor, it is unclear what 2 in. vertical edge insulation means (whether 2 in. is the
thickness of insulation or the depth of the edge insulated).
The solution assumes that the insulation has R-value of 5.4 hr-ft-F/Btu and the
depth of the edge is 2 ft.
For the door, Table 5-8 in the 6th edition does not have U-value for the wood storm door
and there are three types of the wood door with 1 in. thickness.
The solution assumes that the doors are panel doors with metal storm door; hence,
its U-value is 0.28 But/hr-ft-F.
16
Problem 7-9
The standard time zone for Ottawa, Ontario is Eastern Standard Time instead of Central
Standard Time.
The solution uses Eastern Standard Time.
Problem 7-14
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FM
For the specified location, the sunset occurs before 9:00 p.m. CDST on June 21.
The solution uses 8:00 p.m. CDST instead of 9:00 p.m.
Problems 8-25 and 8-26
Both problems do not specify the window orientation.

The solutions assume the west-facing window for both problems.
Table 8-20
Recommended radiative and convective fractions for solar heat gains should be revised
since the 6th edition uses the SHGC values in the calculation of the (combined) solar heat
gain for the RTS method.
Example 8-16
The example actually uses 90%/10% of radiative/convective split of the combined solar
heat gain. However, the text (page 270) says 100%/0% for the transmitted solar heat gain
and 63%/37% for the absorbed solar heat gain.
M16FMR
312
Problems 8-25 and 8-26
The solutions for both problems use 90%/10% for the combined solar heat gain.
Example 9-1
The calculation for this example should be
M
F=
(24)(3725)(80,000)(0.66)
= 122,606 .
(0.55)(70 0)(1000)
(Changing 13 to 24 and 122790 to 122606).
R
FM
16
M16FMR
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030.
Chapter 1
M
1-1
(a) 98 Btu/(hr-ft-F) x1.7307 = 170 W/(m-K)

(b) 0.24 Btu/(Ibm-F) x4186.8=1.0 kJ/kg-K
0.04 Ibm/(ft-hr)
Ns
x1.488 = 16.5
3600 sec/hr
m2
16
(c)
(d) 1050
Btu
J
1
2.20462 Ibm
MJ
x
x
=
2.44
Ibm 9.48x104 Btu
kg
kg
(e) 12,000
1-2
Ibf
in2
x 6894.76 = 101 kPa
(a) 120 kPa x
(b) 100
(c) 0.8
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FM
(f) 14.7
Btu
1
x
= 3.52 kW
Ibm 3.412
lbf / in2
= 17.4 lbf/in2
6.89476kPa
W
x 0.5778 = 57.8 Btu/hr-ft-F
m K
W
2
m K
x 0.1761 = 0.14 Btu/hr-ft2-F
(d) 10-6 N-s/m2 x
1
lbm
= 6.7 x 10-7
1.488
ft sec
(e) 1200 kW x 3412 = 4.1 x 10-6 Btu/hr
M16FMR
(f) 1000
1-3
1 Btu
1 kg
Btu
kJ
x
x
= 430
1.055 kJ 2.2046 lbm
lbm
kg
Hp = 50 (ft) x 0.3048 (
M
P =
m
) = 15.2 m
ft
15.2 m
9.807 N
x
( ) x 1000 (kg/m3) = 149 kPa
1000 Pa/kPa
1
kg
m
kg
4
9.807 N
(ft) x 0.3048 ( ) x
( ) x 1000 ( 3 )
ft
12
1
kg
m
16
1-4
P =
P = 996 Pa 1.0 kPa
1-5
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FM
TOTAL BILL = ENERGY CHARGE + DEMAND CHARGE

+ METER CHARGE
( 96,000 )
kw - hrs ( 0.045 ) $ / kw hr + ( 624 ) kw (11 50 ) $ / kw
+ $68 = $4,320 + $7,176 + $68 = $11,564
1-6
7 AM to 6 PM
(11)
11 hrs/day, 5 days/wk
hrs
days
(22)
= 242 hrs / month
day
months
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted
by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
M16FMR
ratio =
1-7
( 624 ) kw
= 1.57
( 96,000 ) kw hr
242
hr
(
)
This is a trial and error solution since eq. 1-1 cannot be solved
explicitly for i.
Answer converges at just over 4.2% using eq. 1-1
1-8 Determine present worth of savings using eq. 1-1
0.012
1+
12
(12 )(12 )
16
$1000
(
) 1
P=
0.012
12
P = $134,000
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FM
1-9
= VA = 2 x 3.08 x 10-3 = 6.16 x 10-3m3/s

(a) Q
= 6.16 x 10-3 x 998 = 6.15 kg/s
= Q
m
(b) A=
(0.3)2 = 7.07 x 10-2 m2
= 7.07x10-2 x 4 = 0.283 m3 / s; = 1.255 kq/m3

Q
= 1.225 x 0.283 = 0.347 kg/s
m
1-10
V = 3x10x20 = 600m3
M16FMR
= 600 x 1 x 1 = 4.17 x 10-2 m3/s

Q
i
4 3600
1-11
p T
q = mc
c p = 4.183 kJ/(kg-K)
= 983.2 kg/m3
1-11 (contd)
16
3
q = (1) m ( 983.2 ) kg ( 4.183 ) kJ ( 5 )c = 20,564 kJ
s
kg K
s
m3
q = 20,564 kw
1-12
q wat = q air
11,200(1)(10) =
R
FM
5000x60x14.7x144x0.24(t 2 50)
(53.35x510)
11,200 = 5601.5 (t2-50); t2 = (11,200/5601.5) + 50 = 70 F

1-13 Diagram as in 1-12 above.
q wat = - q air
1.5 (4186)(90-t2) = 2.4 (1.225)(1.0)(30-20)(1000)

6279(90-t2) = 29,400
M16FMR
5
t2 = 90 -
29,400
= 85.3 C
6279
1-14 q = hA(ts- t )
A= (1/12) x 10 = 2.618 ft2
t s = t 212 F
sur
q = 10x2.618x(212-50) = 4241 Btu/hr
A= x 0.25x4 = 3.14 16 m2
16
1-15
q = hA(ts- t )
q
1250
=
; h = 4.42 W/(m2 C)
h=
A(t s -t ) 3.1416(100 10)
R
FM
x
=Q
p (t2-t1) ; m
1-16 q = mc
= P/RT = 14.7x144/53.35(76+460)
= 0.074 lbm/ft3
= 5000x0.074x60 = 22,208 lbm/hr

m
c p = 0.24 Btu/lbm-F
q = 22,208x0.24(58-76) = -95,939 Btu/hr

Negative sign indicates cooling
1cp (t3-t1) +
1-17 m
M16FMR
2cp2 (t3-t2) = 0
m
c p1 = c p2
t3 =
2t 2 )
m
2)
m
1t1 +
(m
1+
(m
= 1000x
1 = Q
m
2 1
14.7x144
= 73.5 lbm/min
53.35(460 + 50)
16
1-17 (contd)
= 600x
2 =Q
m
2 2
t3 =
14.7x144
= 46.7 lbm/min
53.35(460 + 50)
(73.5x80) + (46.7 x 50)

= 68.3 F
(73.5 + 46.7)
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FM
M16FMR
7
Chapter 2
2-1 through 2-20
Solutions are not furnished since many acceptable responses exist
16
for each problem. It is not expected that the beginning student can handle
these questions easily. The objective is to make the student think about
the complete design problem and the various functions of the system.
These problems are also intended for use in class discussions to enlarge
the text material.
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FM
M16FMR
Chapter 3
3-1
(a) Pv = r Ps = 0.45(3.17)kPa = 1.43 kPa or 0.45(0.435) = 0.196 psia

Pa = 101 1.43 = 99.57 kPa or 14.696-0.196 = 14.5 psia
16
(b)
P
1430
Pv
= 0.0104 kg/m3
= RvT or v = v ; v =
Rv T
462.5(297)
v
0.196(144)
= 0.00062 lbv/ft3
85.78(535)
or
or
3-2
0.6219 (1.43)
= 0.00893 kgv/kga
(99.57)
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FM
(c) W =
0.6219(0.196)
= 0.00854 lbv/lba
14.5
(a) English Units t = 80F; P = 14.696 psia;

Pv = 0.507 psia Table A-1a
W = 0.6219
Pv
0.6219 (0.507)
=
= 0.0222 lbv/lba
Pa (14.696 0.507)
i = 0.24t + W(1062.2 + 0.444t)
i = 0.24 (80) + 0.0222[1061.2 + 0.444(80)] = 43.55 Btu/lbm
M16FMR
Ra T
53.35(460 + 80)
=
= 13.61 ft3/lbm
Pa
(14.696 0.507)144
v=
(b) English Units 32F, 14.696 psia

Pv = 0.089 psia (Table A-1)
M
3-2 (contd)
W=
0.6219(0.089)
lbmv
= 0.00379
(14.696 0.089)
lbma
16
i = 0.24(32) + 0.00379 [1061.2 + 0.444(32)] = 11.76 Btu/lbma
53.35(492)
= 12.48 ft3/lbma
(14.696 0.089)144
v=
3-2
(a) SI Units 27C; 101.325 kPa
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FM
Pv = 3.60 kPa, Table A-1b

W = 0.6219
Pv
0.6219(3.6)
kgv
=
= 0.0229
Pa (101.325 3.6)
kga
i = 1.0t + W(2501.3 + 1.86t) kJ/kga
i = 27 + 0.0229(2501.3 + 1.86 x 27) = 85.43 kJ / kga

v=
Ra T
0.287(300)
=
=0.88 m3 /kga
Pa
(101.325 - 3.6)
(b) SI Units 0.0C; 101.325 kPa

W=
0.6219(0.61)
=0.00377 kgv/kga
(101.325 - 0.61)
M16FMR
i = 0.0 + 0.00377 (2501.3 1.86 x 0.0) = 9.42 kJ/kga
0.287(273)
= 0.778 m3 /kga
(101.325 - 0.61)
v=
M
3-3
(a) English Units 5000 ft elevation, P = 12.24 psia = 24.92 in.Hg

t = 80 F; Pv = 0.507 psia (Table A-1a)
16
W = 0.6219
Pv
0.6219(0.507)
=
= 0.0269 lbv/lba
Pa
(12.24 - 0.507)
i = 0.24(80) + 0.0269 [1061.2 + 0.444(80)] = 48.7 Btu/lbma

v=
R
FM
RaT
53.35(540)
=
= 17.05 ft3 / lbma
Pa
(12.24 - 0.507) 144
(b) English Units t = 32 F, Pv = 0.089 psia ( Table A-1a)

W=
0.6219(0.089)
= 0.00456 lbmv/lbma
(12.24 0.089)
i = 0.24(32) + 0.00456 [1061.2 + 0.444(32)] =12.58 Btu/lbma

v=
3-3
53.35(492)
= 15.00 ft3/lbma
(12.24 0.089)144
(a) SI Units -27 C, 1500 m elevation
P = 99.436 + 1500(-0.01) = 84.436 kPa

M16FMR
W=
10
0.6219x3.60
= 0.0277 kgv/kga
(84.436 3.60)
i = 27 + 0.0277 (2501.3 + 1.86 x 27) = 97.68 kJ/kga
M
3-3 (contd)
v=
0.287x300
(84.436 - 3.60)
= 1.065 m3 / kga
16
(b) SI Units 0.0C; 1500m or 84.436 kPa

Pv = 0.61 kPa; Table A-1b
W=
0.6219 x 0.61
= 0.00453 kgv / kga
(84.436 - 0.61)
i = 0.0 + 0.00453 (2501.3 0.0 x 1.86) = 11.33 kJ / kga
3-4 (a)
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FM
v=
0.287 x 273
= 0.935 m3 / kga
(84.436 - 0.61)
English Units 70F, Pv = 0.363 psia
Pv = Pg = 0.75(0.363) = 0.272 psia

W=
0.6219 (0.272)
(14.696 - 0.272)
= 0.0117 lbmv / lbma
i = 0.24 (70) + 0.0117 [1061.2 + 0.444 (70)] = 29.58 Btu / lbma

(b) Pv = 0.75 (0.363) = 0.272 psia; P = 12.24 psia
M16FMR
W=
11
0.6219 (0.272)
= 0.0141 lbmv / lbma
(12.24 - 0.272)
i = 0.24(70) + 0.0141 [1061.2 + 0.444 (70)] = 32.20 Btu/ lbma

3-4
SI Units
(a) 20C, 75% RH, Sea Level
3-4 (contd)
Ps = 2.34 kPa; Pv = 0.75 x 2.34 = 1.755 kPa
16
W=
0.6219 x 1.755
= 0.0110 kgv / kga
(101.325 - 1.755)
i = 1.0 t + W(2501.3 + 1.86t)
i = 20 + 0.0110(2501.3 + 1.86 x 20) = 47.92 kJ / kga

20C, 75% RH, 1525m
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FM
(b)
P = 99.436 0.01 x 1525 = 84.186 kPa
Ps = 2.34 KPa; Pv = 0.75 x 2.34 = 1.755 kPa

W=
0.6219 x 1.755
= 0.0132 kgv / kga
(84.186 - 1.755)
i = 20 + 0.0132(2501.3 + 1.86 x 20) = 53.51 kJ / kga

3-5 English Units
t = 72 Fdb; = 50 %; P = 14.696 psia
Pv
or Pv = Ps ; Pv = 0.5(0.3918) = 0.196 psia
Ps
M16FMR
12
Air dewpoint = saturated temp. at 0.196 psia = 52.6 F

Moisture will condense because the glass temp.
40 F is below the dew point temp.
SI Units t = 22C ; 50% ; P = 100 kPa
Pv = Ps ; Pv = 0.5(2.34) = 1.17 kPa
3-5
3-5 (contd)
Air dewpoint = sat.temp. at 1.17 kPa = 9.17 C
16
Glass temp. of 4 C is below the dewpoint of 9.17 C, therefore,

moisture will ccondense on the glass
3-6 English Units -
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FM
(a) At 55F, 80% RH, va = 13.12 ft3 / lba and a = 0.0752 lbma / ft3
a = 5000 (0.0762) = 381 lbma / min = 22,860 lbma / hr

m
(b) Using PSYCH a = 0.0610 lbma / ft3 or va = 16.4 ft3 / lba
a = 5000 (0.061) = 305 lbma / min

m
3-6 SI Units
= 18,300 lbma / hr
(a) t = 13 C and relative humidity 80%
a = 2.36 / 0.82 = 2.88 kga / s

then va 0.820 m3 / kga; m
(b) Assuming same conditions
a = 2.36 / 0.985 = 2.40 kga / s

v a = 0.985 m3 / kga ; m
M16FMR
13
3-7 English Units t = 80F, 60% RH

(a) Pv = Ps = 0.6 (0.507) = 0.304 psia
t dp = (t sat @ Pv ) = 64.5 F
(b) Same as (a) above
3-7 SI Units
16
(a) 27 C, 60% RH, Sea Level
Ps = 3.57 kPa; Pv = 0.6 x 3.57 = 2.14 kPa
t dp =(t sat at Pv ) 18.4 C
(b) Same as (a) above
42% ;
Chart 1a & 1b
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FM
3-8 t dp 9C (48F)
W 0.0071 kgv / kga (lbv / lba)
M16FMR
14
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1

R
90
AMERICAN S OCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
SEA LEVEL
1.0
1 .0
60
55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURY
Copyright 1992
50
.028
60
85
15
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2. 0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
5000
3000
0 .5
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
-2.
0. 4
0
200
0 .1
0.2
-0 .1
-0 .2
15
00
-8
-4 .0.0
0
45
85
WE
T
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
.026
.0
0 .8
80
50
0
BU
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
RA
TU
40
55
RE
- F
.022
1 000
80
.020
'h
ENTHALPY
HU MIDITY RATIO
'W
75
35
50
14 .5
.018
.016
30
PE
TI
O
HUMIDITY RATIO - POUN DS MOISTURE PER PO UND DRY AIR
-B
T
TU
SA
25
%
90
60
.5
%
50
45
A IR
50
4 0%
40
30 %
1 3.
20 %
1 2.
3-9
48 (9)
15
72 (22)
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
Y
I VE H UMIDIT
10% RE LAT
10
45
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
R
FM
35
.002
115
40
35
W=0.0071
13
45
15
Room
RY
.D
LB
ER
55
T. P
50
U.F
42 %
%
70
dp
-C
60
DR Y BUL B T EMPERAT UR E - F
ME
80
55
LU
VO
20
1 4 .0
65
60
12 0
AL
P
.014
65
TH
70
TE
PO
16
ER
Problem 3-8
TU
IR
75
70
25
ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND OF DRY AIR
(a,b,d) Using the Properties option of PSYCH:

Relative Humidity = 0.59 or 59%
Enthalpy = 30.4 Btu/lbma
Humidity Ratio = 0.0114 lbu/lba

(c) Again using the Properties option
At W=0.0114 lbv/lba; RH = 1.00 or 100%

The dew point = tdb or twb = 59.9 F
30
M16FMR
15
3-9 (contd)
(e) Using the Density of Dry Air option:
Mass Density = 0.070 lba/ft3
M
3-10
Using program PSYCH
(a) tdb = 102.6; twb = 81.1F

75 Fdb; 65 fwb; 14.2 psia
16
= 58.7 lbm/hr
(b) m
2 = 1027 cfm
Q
3-11
t1 = 80 / 67 F; t2 = 55 F and sat.; assume std. barometer
R
FM
(a) W1 W2 = 0.0112 0.0092 = 0.002 lbv / lba

(b) ql = 31.5 - 29.3 = 2.2 Btu / lba
(c) qs = 29.3 23.2 = 6.1 Btu / lba
(d) q = ql + qs = 8.3 Btu / lba
3-12
(a) W2* =
W1 =
0.6219 (0.3095)
= 0.0134 kgv / kga
(14.696 0.3095)
0.24 (65 - 80) + ( 0.0134 x 1056.5)

= 0.00993 lbv / lba
(1096 - 33)
also W1 = 0.6219 Pv1 / (P Pv1)

M16FMR
16
Pv1 = (0.00993 x 14.696) / ( 0.6219 + 0.00993) = 0.231 psia

3-12 (contd)
0.231
= 0.46 or 46%
0.507
1 =
(b) P = 29.42 (0.0009 x 5000) = 24.92 in.Hg. or P = 12.24 psia
W2* =
0.6219 x (0.3095)
= 0.01613 lbv/lba
(12.24 - 0.3095)
16
0.24(65 80) + (0.01613 x 1056.5)

= 0.01265 lbv / lba
( 1096 - 33)
or kgv / kga
W1 =
Pv1 = 0.01265 x 12.24 / ( 0.6219 + 0.01265) = 0.244 psia
1 =
(a) Sea Level
Dry
Bulb, F
Wet
Bulb, F
85
75
74.6
88.6
100
60
59.6
65.1
70
85.8
R
FM
3-13
0.244
= 0.48 or 48%
0.507
Dew
point
F
40.6
49.2
60.1
60.9
81.7
Humid.
Ratio, lba/lbv
0.0053
0.0074
0.0111
0.01143
0.0235
Mass
Enthalpy
Rel.
Density
Btu/lba Humid., %
lba/ft3
26.6
21
0.072
26.1
40
0.073
30
60
0.073
33.8
40
0.071
50
56
0.068
M16FMR
17
(a) 5000 ft.

Wet
Bulb, F
85
75
71.2
102.7
100
60
58.6
61.6
70
81.3
Dry
Bulb, F
Dew
point
F
45.1
49.2
56.7
55.8
76.1
Humid.
Ratio, lba/lbv
0.0076
0.0089
0.0118
0.01143
0.0235
Mass
Enthalpy
Rel.
Density
Btu/lba Humid., %
lba/ft3
28.7
25
0.060
27.7
40
0.061
30
60
0.061
37.3
22
0.058
50
47
0.057
R
FM
16
(c) Note effect of barometric pressure.
M16FMR
18
3-14
55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
AMERICAN S OCIETY OF HEATING , REFRIG ERATING AND AIR-CONDITIO NING ENGINEERS, INC.
1.0
1 .0
50
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
-2.
0. 4
0
200
80
50
0
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
RE
- F
.022
80
1 000
'W
.020
75
35
50
14 .5
.018
70
IR
75
.016
30
ER
PO
70
TE
PE
TI
O
.014
TU
SA
25
Max RH=49.6 %
13
.5
50
%
50
45
35
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
35
72 (22)
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
3-15
52 (11)
15
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
70
1 2.
10% RE LAT
10
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
25
Use Chart 1b, SI
(a) td = 10 C; SHF = 0.62

(i1 i2 ) =
(b) q = m
2.4
(57.1 - 34) = 63.95 kJ / s = 63.95 k W
0.867
q s = 63.95 (0.62) = 39.65 kW

3-15
.012
R
FM
20 %
115
40
IR
YA
45
15
W=0.0083
Room
DR Y BUL B T EMPERATUR E - F
60
R
B. D
RL
PE
55
dp
T.
50
U.F
%
70
-C
60
ME
U
OL
80
55
.0 V
%
90
14
65
60
20
45
65
-B
T
AL
P
BU
40
16
TH
WE
T
'h
ENTHAL PY
HU MIDITY RAT IO
Problem 3-14
85
TU
0 .1
0.2
-0 .1
-0 .2
15
00
-8
-4 .0.0
0
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1
.0
.026
45
HUMIDITY RATIO - POUN DS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR
SEA LEVEL
60
12 0
Use Chart 1a, IP
(a) td = 52 F; SHF = 0.63
30
M16FMR
19
3-15 (contd)
5000(60)
(32 - 22.6)= 203,317. Btu/hr
13.87
q =
(b)

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE

Copyright 1992
90
1 .0
50
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
0. 4
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
-2.
-1.
-8
-4 .0.0
0
85
WE
T
0
200
0 .1
0.2
-0 .1
-0 .2
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
16
15
00
80
50
0
BU
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
40
RE
- F
.022
1 000
80
.020
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
'W
75
35
50
14 .5
.018
IR
75
TU
ER
PO
70
TE
PE
TI
O
.014
TU
SA
25
IR
YA
1 3.
30%
20 %
52 (10) 55 (13)
15
80 (27)
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
10
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
70
1 2.
10% RE LAT
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
115
%
50
4 0%
40
35
DR
35
L B.
ER
50
45
T. P
55
1 3 .5
45
40
U.F
%
70
60
15
60
-C
50
ME
ADP
LU
VO
80
55
1 4 .0
20
65
%
90
R
FM
60
45
65
-B
T
AL
P
.016
30
TH
70
Problem 3-15
.026
45
SEA LEVEL
1.0
60
12 0
30
25
q s = 203,317 (0.63) = 128,089. Btu/hr

3-16
(a) i1 = 30 Btu / lba; v1 = 13.78 ft3 / lba; W = 0.0103
lbv
; 1 = 50%
lba
(b) i1 = 51.6 kJ / kga
v1 = 0.86 m3 / kga
M16FMR
20
3-16 (contd)
W1 = 0.0103
kgv
kga
1 = 50%
M
3-17
Use the Heat Transfer option of program PSYCH:
q = 148,239 Btu/hr
16
q s = 102,235 Btu/hr
SHF = 0.69
3-18 Use the Heat Transfer option of program PSYCH for sensible heat
transfer only:
R
FM
q s = 178,911 Btu/hr
Negative sign indicates heating.
3-19 Use the program PSYC to compute the various

properties at 85/68 F; sea level and
6000 ft elevation.
Elevation
ft
0
6000
Enthalpy
Btu/lbm
32.2
36.3
Rel. Hum
percent
42
45
Hum. Ratio
lbv/lba
0.0107
0.0144
Density
lba/ft3
0.072
0.058
a = 5000 x 0.072 x 60 = 21,600 lba/hr

At sea level: m
M16FMR
21
3-19 (contd)
a = 5000 x 0.057 x 60 = 17,100 lba/hr

At 6000 feet:: m
Percent Decrease at 6000 ft:
(21,600 17,100)100
= 20.8%
21,600
PD =
3-20
Use the program PSYC to compute the heat transfer

rates at 1000 and 6000 feet elevation:
16
(a) at 1000 ft, q = 200,534 Btu/hr
= 190,224 Btu/hr
(b) at 6000 ft, q
(c) PD =
(200,534 190,224)100
= 5.1 %
200,543
R
FM
3-21 (a) English Units
PB = 29.92 in.Hg. ; q = 0
i
= iw = 180.2 + 0.8 (970.2)
W
iw = 956.4 Btu / lbv
From chart 1a; t2 = 91.5 F
M16FMR
22

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
SEA LEVEL
1.0
1 .0
50
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
-8
-4 .0.0
-2.0
0.4
0
200
0.2
0 .1
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
M
0
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
RE
- F
.022
80
1 000
'W
.020
75
35
50
14 .5
70
IR
75
.018
60 %
TU
.016
70
.014
TU
ME
60
-C
80
55
U
OL
%
90
.0 V
20
14
65
60
U.F
55
60
.5
50
%
50
45
A IR
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
35
20 %
1 2.
15
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
10
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
.010
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
91.5 (32) 98 (38)
25
3-21 (a)
SI Units
PB = 101.325 kPa
i
= iw = 419.04 + (0.8 x 2257)
W
iW = 2224.6 kJ / kg
From chart 1b; t2 = 32 C
(b) Use Humidification (adiabatic) option to obtain 91.5 F db.

3-22
40
30
R
FM
35
10% RE LAT
.012
115
40
35
13
45
15
RY
.D
LB
ER
50
T. P
%
70
DR Y BULB T EMPERATUR E - F
SA
25
45
65
-B
T
TI
O
PE
TE
PO
ER
30
AL
P
BU
40
16
TH
WE
T
80
50
0
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDITY RATIO
Problem 3-21
85
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
.026
45
60
12 0
PB = 29.92 in.Hg.; q = 0
(a) Using chart 1a
M16FMR
23
3-22 (contd)
i
= iw = 1090 Btu / lbm
W
From table A-1
i-if
1090 - 196.1
=
ifg
960.1
x=
x = 0.931 or about 93 %
x will be the same
16
(b)
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
AMERICAN S OCIETY OF HEATING , REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIO NING ENGINEERS, INC.
SEA LEVEL
1.0
1 .0
60
55
90
50
.028
60
85
15
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
0. 6
50 00
300 0
0 .5
0. 4
0
200
0 .1
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
0.2
.026
45
85
WE
T
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
4 .0
8 .0

-8
-4 .0.0
-2.
0
Qs
Qt
FM
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
.0
0 .8
80
50
0
40
BU
LB
TE
MP
E
1090
RA
TU
RE
.024
55
- F
.022
1 000
80
.020
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RATIO
'W
75
35
50
14 .5
.018
TU
70
TI
O
60
U.F
L B.
ER
DR
13
15
80
90
85
80
75
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
5
10
Y
I VE H UM IDIT
70
1 2.
10% RE LAT
40
20
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
115
20 %
110
30%
1 3.
35
105
40
100
4 0%
IR
%
50
YA
.5
50
45
95
60
T. P
55
.010
-C
50
45
45
.012
12 0
ME
80
LU
VO
%
90
%
70
35
HUMI DITY RATIO - POUN DS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR
TU
SA
65
60
55
40
.014
65
1 4 .0
60
20
15
.016
TE
R
PE
U
-B
T
Y
AL
P
25
TH
30
PO
Problem 3-22
ER
IR
75
70
25
30
M16FMR
24
3-23 Assume PB = 101.325 kPa; q = 0
i
272.1
= iw =
kJ / kg
W
1000
iw = 0.272 (on scale)

t2 = 22.6 C

11 0
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 101.325 kPa
Copyright 1992
30
10 0
0 .8
0.7
28
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
-5. 0
4 .0
Qs
Qt
5.0
0. 4
0.0
4. 0
0 .1
2.5
70
25
20
10 0
25
16
O
F
TU
20
50
ER
20
90
EM
AM
R
IL
O
G
K
R
14
-K
TI
O
0 .9
AI
R
18
TU
SA
90
20
80 %
0 .8
LP
Y
11 0
22
R
FM
%
80
0 .8
15
6V
U
OL
70
UB
IC M
ET
0%
4
0. 8
10
-C
%
60
20
ME
10
D RY BU LB TEMPERA TU RE - C
30
ER
0 .8
R
gD
Rk
PE
40 %
3 0%
YA
IR
20
15
10
10
HU MID ITY
25
0 .7
IVE
10% RE LAT
20
22.6
35
0 .8
20 %
30
E-
'W
15
10
UR
2 .0
3 .0
40
TH
24
AT
'h
60
3-24
PE
R
0 .9
ENTHALPY
HU MIDITY RAT IO
Problem 3-23
EM
-0.2
0.2
WE
TB
UL
BT
80
1 .0
-0 .5
0. 3
-1
.0
30
-2.0
0.272
-4.0
-2
.0
30
38
12
80
10
70
60
40
ENTHALPY - KJ PER KILOGRAM OF DRY AIR
For adia. humidification

(a)
12 0
26
90
HUMI DITY RATIO - GRAM S M OISTURE PER KI LOGR AM D RY AIR
10 .0
0.5
1 .5
2. 0
30
50
0. 6
40
1 .0
1.0
0 .9
SEA LEVEL
16

45
12
i
= iw = 1131 Btu / lbw
W
50
M16FMR
25
3-24 (contd)
a (i2 - i1)
q c = m
a = 2000 x 60 / 13.14
m
a = 9132 lba / hr
m
i1 = 18.1 Btu / lba ; i2 = 29.7 Btu / hr
16
q c = 9132 (29.7 - 18.1) = 105,931 Btu / hr
w = m
a (W3 - W2 ) ; W3 = 0.0167; W2 = 0.0032 lbv/lba
m
w = 9132 (0.01 67 - 0.0032) = 123.3 lbw / hr

m
R
FM
M16FMR
26

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
SEA LEVEL
1.0
1 .0
50
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-200 0
-1 00 0
2.0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
-4 .0.0
-2.0
0.4
0
200
0 .1
0.2
- 0.4
-0.3
-0 .1
-0 .2
15
00
1131
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
40
RE
- F
.022
80
1 000
'W
.020
75
35
50
14 .5
.018
70
IR
75
.016
PE
TE
PO
ER
TU
30
70
TI
O
.014
TU
%
90
50
%
50
45
35
4 0%
40
1 3.
30%
35
20 %
15
60 (16)
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
5
35
.010
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
25
110 (43)
(b) Solution similar to (a)

3-25 English Units
40
R
FM
1 2.
10% REL ATI
10
Y
VE H UM IDIT
.012
115
40
IR
YA
1 3 .5
45
15
DR
L B.
ER
60
T. P
55
U.F
%
70
50
30 %
-C
60
ME
80
55
LU
VO
20
1 4 .0
65
60
DR Y BULB TEMPERATUR E - F
SA
25
45
65
-B
T
AL
P
BU
80
50
0
16
TH
WE
T
'h
ENTHALPY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
Problem 3-24
85
-0 .5
0. 3
-1.
.026
45

-8
60
12 0
See diagram for construction on chart 1a.

32 2000 Q
2
=
= 1=
12 3000 Q3 3
Layout 2L/3 on the chart and read:

W3 = 0.007 lbv/lba
30
M16FMR
27
I3 = 22.2 Btu/lba
55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
SEA LEVEL
1.0
1 .0
50
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-200 0
-1 00 0
2.0
50 00
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
300 0
0 .5
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
-4 .0.0
-2.0
0.4
0
200
0 .1
0.2
- 0.4
-0.3
-0 .1
-0 .2
15
00
80
50
0
77
1 000
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
RE
- F
.022
'W
80
.020
75
35
50
14 .5
.018
70
IR
75
30
.016
TU
ER
PO
TE
70
PE
TI
O
.014
TU
SA
25
%
90
IR
YA
4 0%
40
40 (4)
SI Units
15
58.4 (15)
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
Y
VE H UM IDIT
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
10% REL ATI
10
.012
.010
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
25
100 (38)
Same procedure as above, read:
i3 = 34 kJ / kga
W3 = 0.007 kgv / kga

3-26
40
R
FM
20 %
1 2.
35
30%
1 3.
35
115
35
DR
L B.
ER
%
50
T. P
50
45
35
3-25
1 3 .5
45
U.F
60
-C
55
40
60
%
70
50
15
ME
80
55
LU
VO
52
1 4 .0
65
60
20
45
65
-B
T
AL
P
BU
40
16
TH
WE
T
'h
ENTHALPY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
Problem 3-25
85
-0 .5
0. 3
-1.
.026
45

-8
60
12 0
English Units
Layout the given data on Chart 1a as shown for problem 3-25.
a1 = 2000(60) 12.66 = 9,479lba hr

m
30
M16FMR
28
3-26 (contd)
a2 = 1000(60) 14.44 = 4,155lba hr

m
a1
m
32
9479
=
=
= 0.695
a1+m
a2 9479 + 4155
12 m
Layout distance 32 on line from 1 to 2 to locate point 3 for the

mixture.
Read: i3 = 21.5 Btu/lbm
16
W3 = 0.0067 lbu/lba
For W, % Error =
For I, % Error =
(22.2 21.5)100
= 3.3
21.5
R
FM
3-27 SHF =
(0.007 0.0067)100
= 4.5
0.0067
250,000
= 0.8
200,000
or SHF =
59
= .81
73
M16FMR
29

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2. 0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
-2.
0. 4
0
200
0 .1
0.2
-0 .1
-0 .2
80
50
0
1 000
35
- F
.022
.020
.018
IR
A
70
R
D
E
R
.016
TU
F
O
D
N
ER
28.2
PO
TE
70
RE
75
.014
TU
SA
25
-C
60
ME
LU
VO
80
1 4 .0
50 %
65
%
90
55
U .F
55
60
50
IR
YA
1 3 .5
DR
L B.
ER
50
T. P
%
70
45
%
50
45
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
35
53 (12)
15
75 (24)
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
75
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
10% RE LAT
70
1 2.
3-28
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
R
FM
20 %
10
45
65
-B
T
TI
O
PE
55
RA
TU
14 .5
AL
P
MP
E
50
16
TH
TE
75
30
20
35
.024
LB
80
'W
21.5
40
BU
40
60
15
WE
T
'h
ENTHALPY
HU MIDITY RATIO
Problem 3-27
85
15
00
-8
-4 .0.0
0
-0 .5 4
- 0.
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
0
.026
45
.002
12 0
0.8
1 .0
115
SEA LEVEL
1.0
50
DR Y BULB T EMPERATUR E - F
60
25
ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND O F DRY AIR
Refer to diagram for 3-27
a (i1 - i2 ); i1 = 28.2; i2 = 21.5

(a) q = m
a = 250,000 / (28.2 - 21.5) = 37,313 lba / hr

m
=m
a v 2 = 37,313 x 13.09 / 60 = 8,140 ft 3 / min
Q
= 3.85 m3 / s
(b) similar procedure; Q
30
M16FMR
30
3-29 (a) Use the AirQuantity option of program PSYCH, iterating on the
relative humidity and setting the minimum outdoor Air Quantity to
0.01, NOT ZERO.
Use the properties option to find the entering wet bulb

temperature of 62.6F. Then
= 0.852
(iterated)
16
ts = 56F
= 9,360 cfm
Q
s
(b) Proceed as above
= 0.882
R
FM
ts = 56F
= 10,014 cfm
Q
s
3-30
Proceed as in 3-29 above.
= 0.92
ts = 56.1 56 F
= 11,303 cfm
Q
s
3-31
(a) SHF =
500,000
= 0.91
550,000
M16FMR
31
3-31 (contd)
(b)
a (i2 -i1)
q = m
a = q/(i
2 -i1)
or m
M
a =
m
550,000
(34.3 22.8)
a =47,826lba hr
m
16
a v 2 47,826
=m
Q
=
x 14.62=11,654 cfm or 5.5 m3/s
2
60
60
R
FM
M16FMR
32

R
90
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0.91
1.0
0.8
-2000
2. 0
0. 6
SENSIBLE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
5000
300 0
0 .5
-1.
0
200
0. 3
0 .1
-0 .5 4
- 0.
-0.3
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
RA
TU
40
55
RE
- F
.022
80
1 000
34.3
'W
.020
75
35
50
.018
70
.016
30
PO
ER
IR
75
70
TE
PE
TI
O
.014
TU
SA
25
U.F
50
40
50 %
45
35
IR
YA
1 3 .5
45
15
4 0%
40
30 %
1 3.
35
FM
20 %
1 2.
10
=m
a (i2 -i1)
3-32 q
i2 =
q
+i
a 1
m
1400 x 60
= 5,915.5
14.2
i2 =
-5 x 12,000
+38.5
5,915.5
15
20
105
100
95
90
85
80
70
75
72 (22)
25
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
30
115 (46)
a
m
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
Y
IVE H UMIDIT
10% RE LAT
115
60
DR
L B.
ER
55
T. P
%
70
50
30 %
-C
60
ME
80
55
LU
VO
20
%
90
1 4 .0
65
60
110
22.8
45
65
-B
T
AL
P
BU
TU
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
80
50
0
16
TH
WE
T
14 .5
M
0.2
85
'h
ENTHALPY
HU MIDITY RATIO
Problem 3-31
-8
-4 .0.0
0
.026
45
-2.
0.4
-1 00 0
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
SEA LEVEL
1.0
50
12 0
60
55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
i 2 = 2 8 .3 6 Btu/lba
M16FMR
33
Then from Chart 1a, t2= 67F

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
SEA LEVEL
1.0
1 .0
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2. 0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
0
200
0 .1
80
50
0
'W
75
35
MP
E
55
RA
TU
RE
- F
.022
.020
75
50
.018
70
IR
75
30
.016
TU
28.4
ER
70
.014
TU
.0 V
U
OL
%
90
14
65
60
ME
60
-C
80
ADP55
U .F
55
60
%
50
45
4 0%
30%
1 3.
35
20 %
15
67
20
90
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
55
Y
I VE H UM IDIT
75
1 2.
10% RE LAT
10
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
R
FM
40
IR
YA
.5
50
40
35
13
45
15
R
.D
LB
ER
50
T. P
%
70
.002
115
20
DR Y BULB T EMPERAT UR E - F
SA
25
45
65
-B
T
TI
O
TE
PO
TE
14 .5
PE
.024
LB
80
1 000
AL
P
BU
40
16
TH
WE
T
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
0.2
85
'h
ENTHALPY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
Problem 3-32
-8
-4 .0.0
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
45
-2.
0. 4
.026
50
12 0
60
25
ENTHALPY - BT U PER PO UND O F DRY AIR
3-33 Use Adiabatic Mixing option of PSYCH with the Properties option to
enter requested data. Assume volume flow rates of 3 to 1 to obtain.

Tmix,db = 84.2 F
Tmix,wb = 71.3 F
3-34 Use Program PSYCH at Sea Level elevation
Iteration on the supply volume flow rate is required. This is the same as the
leaving air quantity for the coil.
30
M16FMR
34
3-34 (contd)
(a) Supply air quantity is 9,384 cfm.

(b) The outdoor air quantity is 938 cfm.
(c) Air enters the coil at 74.6 F db, 60.5 F wb at a rate of 9,740 cfm
(d) The coil capacity is 248,256 Btu/hr.

The amount of air returned is: (9,740 939) = 8,802 cfm.
16
3-35 Use Program PSYCH at 5,000 ft elevation
Iteration on the supply volume flow rate is required. This is the same as the
leaving air quantity for the coil.
(a) Supply air quantity is 11,267 cfm.
R
FM
(b) The outdoor air quantity is 1,127 cfm.
(c) Air enters the coil at 74.6 F db, 62.1 F wb at a rate of 11,697 cfm
(d) The coil capacity is 334,143 Btu/hr.
The amount of air returned is: (11,697 1,127) = 10,570 cfm.
3-36
= 1000 cfm
Q
0
(a) From Chart 1a
t s =120 / 74 F
s=
m
q
200,000
=
(is -ir ) (37.2 22.8)
M16FMR
35
1
= 13,889 lb/hr = m
=m
sv s = m
s (14.78)/60 = 3,421 ft 3 / min
Q
s
/v = 1000 x 60 / 12.61 = 4758 lb/hr

o= Q
(b) m
o o
r 13,889 4758
m
=
= 0.66; From Chart 1a t1 = 61/ 47 F
1
m
13,889
t 3 - t1 = (119 61)
16
w= m
s (Ws -W2 ) = 13,889 (0.0075 - 0.0036) = 54.2 lbm/hr
(c) m
1(i3 -i1) =13,889 (32.8 18.6) = 197,224 Btu/hr

(d) q f = m
R
FM
M16FMR
36

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
SEA LEVEL
1.0
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0.8
1 .0
50
0 .8
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
-8
-4 .0.0
-2.0
0.4
85
0
200
0.2
0 .1
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
50
0
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
RE
- F
.022
80
'W
.020
75
35
50
14 .5
.018
70
IR
75
TU
.016
70
TU
U.F
55
60
DR
IR
YA
.5
50
40
%
50
45
35
13
45
15
B.
RL
PE
50
T.
47
30 %
-C
60
%
70
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
35
20 %
(a) t s = 120 / 71.4 F
15
61
72
110
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
.010
.008
40
.006
35
.004
3
.002
30
R
FM
3-37
105
40
10
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
100
1 2.
10% RE LAT
.012
115
ME
80
55
U
OL
%
90
.0 V
20
14
65
60
SA
25
45
.014
65
-B
T
TI
O
PE
TE
PO
ER
30
AL
P
.024
LB
40
16
TH
BU
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
Problem 3-36
WE
T
80
1 000
1150
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1
.0
.026
45
60
12 0
20
25
120
Use Chart 1Ha
s = 200,000 /(38.7 24.0) = 13,605 lba/hr = m

1
m
= 13,605 x 17.85 / 60 = 4048 cfm
Q
s
0 = (1000 / 15 .2) x 60 = 3947 lba/hr

(b) m
r 13,605 3947
m
=
= 0.71; t1 = 62.8 / 47 F
1
m
13,605
t 3 -t1 = (119.5 62.8)
w =m
s (w s -W1) = 13,605 (0.0088 - 0.0046) = 57.14 lbw/hr
(c) m
M16FMR
(d)
3-38
37
q f = 13,605 (33.8 - 20.2) = 185,028 Btu/hr
Assume fan power and

heat gain are load on the space
M
s =
m
9384
x 60 = 42,915 lbm/hr; Prob 3-34
13.12

W
fan + qduct = ms (is ic )
16
= (4 x 2545) + 1000 = 11,180 Btu / hr

ic = 20.8
11,180
= 20.54 Btu/lbm
42,915
State c is required condition leaving coil

Part a, b, and c are same as prob. 3-34;
R
FM
1(i1-ic ) = 42,915 (26.8 - 20.54) = 268,648 Btu/hr

(d) q coil =m
M16FMR
38

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
1.0
1 .0
50
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
-2.
0. 4
0
200
80
50
0
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
RE
- F
.022
80
1 000
.020
'h
'W
75
35
50
14 .5
.018
70
IR
75
.016
50 %
70
PE
TE
PO
ER
30
TI
O
65
.014
-B
T
TU
25
%
90
60
-C
80
55
ME
20
U
OL
.0 V
U.F
20.54
14
65
60
55
60
IR
%
50
45
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
35
20 %
3-39
55
15
72
20
100
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
10
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
45
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
R
FM
1 2.
10% RE LAT
115
35
YA
.5
s 50
40
13
45
15
DR
B.
RL
PE
50
T.
%
70
SA
AL
P
BU
40
16
TH
WE
T
ENTHAL PY
HU MIDITY RAT IO
Problem 3-38
85
TU
0 .1
0.2
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
-8
-4 .0.0
0
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1
.0
.026
45
SEA LEVEL
60
12 0
25

s (i r i s ); W
s (i s i c )
q r = m
fan = m
(a) ic = 28 Btu/lbm; ir = 33.7 Btu/lbm

Using Chart 1Ha
q r = 1,320,000 Btu/hr

W
fan = 30 x 2545 = 76350 Btu/hr

W
fan = 30 x 2545 = 76,350 = ma (is -ic )
30
M16FMR
39
a(ir -is )
q s = 1,320,000 = m
55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
60
85

Copyright 1992
50
80
1 .0
60
0 .8
0 .6
50 00
300 0
0 .5
0. 4
0
200
AT
U
RE
55
-
F
.022
.020
'h
35
70
50
AI
R
.018
70
UR
RY
AT
ER
65
.016
SA
LP
Y
TU
-B
RA
TU
TI
O
PE
R
TE
PO
ND
30
59 (15)
65
50 %
17 .0
.024
ER
10 00
TH
TE
MP
40
16
EN
LB
75
50
0
'W
25
.014
60
%
90
55
16
%
80
.5 V
ME
-C
%
60
U .F
50
45
U
OL
55
50
70
T. P
45
R
.D
LB
30 %
20%
10
15
62.5 (17)
80 (27)
20
90 (32)
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
I TY
TIV E HUMID
10% RELA
40
.008
.006
35
.004
25
Two unknowns & two equations

Solve simultaneous:

W
fa n + q s = m a (ir -i c )
a=
m
.010
.002
115
IR
YA
4 0%
1 5 .5
35
50
.012
R
FM
40
ER
40
35
16 .0
15
45
60
20
BU
75
ENTHALPY
HU MIDIT Y RATIO
Problem 3-39
ET
17 .5
0 .1
0.2
-0 .1
15
00
80
W
.0
-0 .5
-0 .4
- 0.3
-0 .2
0. 3
-1
.026
-1 000
4 .0
8 .0

-8
-4.0.0
-2.
0
Qs
Qt
45
-2 000
2. 0
SENSIBL E HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER PO UND DRY AIR
0.8
1.0
.028
1 8 .0
5000 FEET
12 0
1 ,3 2 0 ,0 0 + 7 6 ,3 5 0
(3 3 .7 -2 8 )
a = 2 4 4 ,9 7 4 lb a /h r
m
30
M16FMR
40
a)
is = ir - ( q s m
is = 33.7 -
1,320,000
=28.3 Btu/lba
244,974
Locate points on the condition line on Chart 1 Ha and point c is on
cooler process line horz. to left of points.

Read ts = 62.5 F, tc = 61.6F.
16
= 244,974 x16.2 = 66,143cfm

(a) Q
s
60
= 31.2 m 3 s
(b) Q
s
3-40
English Units Tucson, Arizona, Elevation 2,556 ft.
imin =i0 =31.1 Btu/lba and sat. air ; t min =64.5 F; PSYCH
R
FM
Shreveport, Louisiana, Elevation 259 ft.
imin =i0 = 42.5 Btu/lba and sat. air ; tmin = 76.8 F; PSYCH
SI Units Tucson, Arizona
imin =i0 = 51.5 kJ/kga ; tmin =18.1 C; Chart 1b

Shreveport, Louisiana
imin =i0 =75.5 kJ/kga ; tmin =24.8 C; Chart 1b
M16FMR
41

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
1.0
1 .0
.028
60
85
15 .0
0 .8
SENSIBL E HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
0
200
0.2
85
0
-0 .5
80
50
0
55
UR
EF
.022
.020
75
'W
35
50
.018
70
SL
.016
30
70
O
N
ER
TE
M
PE
PO
-
F
AI
R
75
14 .5
.014
AT
25
65
60
%
90
UM
OL
0V
60
50
50
1 3.
35
IR
YA
45
4 0%
40
30%
1 3 .0
20 %
15
76.8
20
95
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
HUMIDITY
75
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
10
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
R
FM
IVE
10% RE LAT
70
35
115
40
DR
LB .
ER
.P
45
15
.FT
%
60
CU
55
E-
70
50
1 4.
80
55
20
45
65
AT
I
TU
-B
LP
AT
80
10 00
PE
R
TLO
16
TH
.024
BT
EM
40
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
WE
TB
UL
AT
U
0 .1
-8
-4.0.0
-2.
0
.0
-0 .4
- 0.3
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
0. 3
-1
Problem 3-40
Shreveport, LA
45
0. 4
-1 000
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
.026
-2 000
2.0
0 .6
259 FEET
50
12 0
60
25
30
M16FMR
42

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
85
50
2556 FEET
1 .0
.028
85
0 .8
SENSIBL E HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
0. 4
80
40
ER
A
TU
RE
- F
1 6 .0
.020
50
.018
IR
A
Y
O
F
.016
70
65
TU
TI
O
PE
EM
O
U
ER
30
TLO
SA
TU
-B
.014
25
65
EN
60
60
55
%
80
1 5.
50
%
60
CU
15
E-
45
UM
OL
0V
%
7 055
50
1 4.
.
LB
ER
.P
.FT
%
50
45
4 0%
40
TA
DR
1 4 .0
IR
YA
30 %
35
20%
15
64.6
20
102
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
45
.012
.010
40
.00 8
.00 6
35
.00 4
R
FM
ITY
TIV E HU MID
10% RELA
10
0
200
LP
Y
EM
P
1 5 .5
BT
75
16
TH
UL
.022
70
20
35
TB
10 00
35
'W
90
40
WE
'h
TU
0 .1
55
50
0
75
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
Problem 3-40
Tucson, Arizona
.024
50 00
300 0
0.2
80
.0
-0 .5
-0 .4
- 0.3
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
0. 3
-1
45
-1 000
4 .0
8 .0
-8
-4.0.0
-2.
0
Qs
Qt
.026
-2 000
2. 0
0 .6
.00 2
115
0 .5
3-41
60
12 0
1.0
5
16 .
60
25
s (ir i s )
q = m
s = 12,000 /(28.2 19.1) = 1,319 lba/hr ton

(a) m
= 1319 x 15.6 = 343 cfm/ton
Q
s
60
o r1
m
13
= =
= 0.55 or 55%
s r0 23.5
m
0.046 m3 / s - kW
(b) Q
s
0 /m
s 55%
m
30
M16FMR
43

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
60
85
50
5000 FEET
1.0
.028
80
1 .0
0 .8
SENSIBL E HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
0
200
0 .1
55
- F
.022
.020
35
'W
70
50
70
TU
DR
RE
AI
R
.018
PE
RA
30
65
.016
TE
PO
UN
RE
75
AT
IO
PE
R
UR
65
SA
T
TU
AT
U
.014
40 %
60
%
90
55
T. P
10 %
L B.
50
ER
45
DR
40
16 .0
40
%
60
U.F
-C
50
45
ME
70
LU
VO
55
50
IR
YA
4 0%
30 %
1 5 .5
35
1 6 .5
%
80
20
20%
50 (10)
2 (i2 i3 ); m
2 =
3-42 q = m
15
75 (24)
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
HUMIDI TY
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
R
FM
IVE
10% REL AT
10
45
60
25
115
300 0
-B
.024
ER
17 .0
AL
PY
TE
MP
10 00
TH
LB
40
16
EN
BU
17 .5
15
00
-0.1
M
0.2
75
50
0
'h
ENT HALPY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
35
ET
.0
.5
-0
-0 .4
- 0.3
-0 .2
0. 3
-1
Problem 3-41
80
W

-8
0. 4
.026
-1 000
4 .0
8 .0
-4.0.0
-2.
0
Qs
Qt
HUMI DITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR
0 .5
45
-2 000
2.0
0 .6
50 00
0.7
15
60
1 8 .0
12 0
25
100 (38)
500,000
(41.1 21.9)
2 = 26,042 lba/hr
m
= 26042 x 14.55/60 = 6315 cfm

Q
2
0 = 0.25 x 26,042 = 6511 lba/hr
m
0 /m
3 = 0.25; t mix = 67.5 / 49.5 F
m
30
M16FMR
44
3-42 (contd)
Preheat Coil:
0c p (t 4 -t 0 ) = 6511 x 0.24 (60-6) = 84,383 Btu/hr

q ph = m
Heat Coil:
2 (i5 -i1) = 26,042 (28.4 - 20) = 218,753 Btu/hr

q h = m
Humidifier:
16
w= m
2 (W2 -W5 ) = 26,042 (0.0144 - 0.0035)
m
= 283.9 lbw/hr
= 2.98 m3 / s; q = 24.7 kW; q = 64.1 kW;

(b) Q
2
ph
h
R
FM
w = 0.036 kg/s
m
M16FMR
45

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
SEA LEVEL
1.0
1 .0
60
50
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-2 000
2.0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
0
200
0 .1
0.2
-0 .1
-0 .2
15
00
WE
T
BU
80
50
0
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
40
RE
- F
.022
80
1 000
M
1153
85
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
.026
45
-8
-4 .0.0
-2.0
0.4
-1 00 0
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
.020
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDITY RATIO
'W
75
35
50
14 .5
.018
E
R
TU
ER
PO
70
TE
N
TI
O
.014
A
R
TU
SA
25
16
1 4 .0
65
-C
60
U.F
55
60
50 %
45
35
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
35
IR
YA
50
40
1 3 .5
45
15
30 %
DR
L B.
ER
50
T. P
%
70
20 %
60 (16)
70 (21)
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
65
15
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
30
25
105 (40)
R
FM
3-43
60
55
50
45
40
35
10
70
1 2.
10%
H UM IDITY
REL ATI VE
115
ME
80
55
LU
VO
%
90
DR Y BUL B TEMPERATUR E - F
60
20
45
65
12 0
PE
-B
T
AL
P
TH
.016
Problem 3-42
70
IR
75
30
a (ir is )
Use Chart 1a; q d = m
a = q d /(ir i s )
or m
a = 150 x 12,000 / (28.4-22) = 28,125 lbm/hr

(a) m
= 28,125 x 13.25/60 = 61,211 cfm

Q
d
= 0.20
Q
m
= 1,242 cfm
Q
d
m = 1,242 x 60/13.5 = 5,521 lbm/hr [vm assumed]

m
im =ir 1.8 x 12,000/5,521 = 24.5 Btu/lbm; tm = 62 / 57 F
M16FMR
46
= 2.93 m3 /s; Q
= .59 m3 /s; t = 17/14 C
(b) Q
d
m
m
55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
SEA LEVEL
1.0
.028
60
85
0 .8
0. 6
50 00
300 0
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2. 0
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
0 .5
0 .1
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
0.2
85
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
40
RE
- F
.022
80
1 000
'W
.020
75
35
50
14 .5
IR
.018
75
70
70
.014
TU
T. P
L B.
ER
DR
IR
YA
30%
62 (17)
20 %
3-44
60 (16)
15
75 (24)
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
10
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
70
1 2.
10% RE LAT
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
115
4 0%
1 3.
35
U.F
40
%
50
.012
R
FM
35
-C
50
45
1 3 .5
45
ME
55
60
40
U
OL
50
60
%
70
15
m 80 %
55
.0 V
20
%
90
14
65
60
SA
25
45
65
-B
T
TI
O
PE
TE
PO
ER
.016
TU
30
AL
P
BU
80
50
0
16
TH
WE
T
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
Problem 3-43
.026
45
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
4 .0
8 .0
-8
-4 .0.0
-2.
0
Qs
Qt
0. 4
0
200
0.6
1 5 .0
0.8
1 .0
50
12 0
60
25
15.0 x 12,000
a =
(a) m
= 29,508 lba/hr
(31.2 - 25.1)
= 29,508 x 16.0/60 = 7,869 cfm; Q

= 0.2 x Q

Q
d
m
s
= 1,574 cfm
m =1,574 x 60/16.2 = 5,829 lba/hr (v massumed)

m
im = 35.7 1.8 x 12,000/5,829 = 27.5 Btu/lba;
30
M16FMR
47
tm = 62.5 / 58 F
=3.7 m3 / s; Q
= 0.74 m3 /s; t = 17 /14.4 C
(b) Q
s
m
m
3-45
Use Chart 1a;
r
m
10
= 0.8 =
1
m
0r
[Both design and min. load condition]
s
is = ir - q m / m

Q
50 x 12,000
d
=
ir i s
(29.35 - 22.3)
16
s =
m
s = 85,106 lba/hr; m
s is constant for all conditions
m
i s' = 29.35 25 x 12,000/85, 106 = 25.83 Btu/lba
R
FM
(a) From Chart 1a; t s' = 64 F
si s + m
b i1' = (m
c +m
b ) i s'
(b) m
b (i s i s' ) 24.2 25.8

m
=
= 0.271
=
c (i s' i1' ) 25.8 31.7
m
(b) From chart 1a; t d = 49 F for both cases
M16FMR
48

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
SEA LEVEL
1.0
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0.9
1 .0
50
0 .8
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
0
200
80
50
0
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
RE
- F
.022
1 000
80
'W
.020
75
35
50
14 .5
0'
.018
IR
75
70
E
R
ER
70
-B
T
TI
O
PE
TE
PO
.016
50 %
30
65
.014
1'
TU
16
25
LU
VO
%
90
1 4 .0
65
60
60
-C
80
55
ME
s'
U.F
60
IR
YA
%
50
45
35
DR
50
40
1 3 .5
45
15
55
L B.
ER
50
T. P
%
70
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
35
20 %
1 2.
3-46
15
55 (13) 64 (18)
77 (25) 85 (29)
20
95 (35)
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
10
Y
I VE H UM IDIT
45
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
R
FM
35
10% RE LAT
115
20
SA
AL
P
BU
40
TU
0 .1
0.2
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
M
TH
WE
T
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RATIO
Problem 3-45
85
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
.026
45

-8
0. 4
4 .0
8 .0
-4 .0.0
-2.
0
Qs
Qt
60
12 0
25
Refer to problem 3-45. Results are similar.
3-47 (a) It is probably impossible to cool the air from 1 to 2 in one
process. The extension of line 12 does not intersect the

saturation curve.
(b) Cool the air to state 1' and then heat to state 2.
30
M16FMR
49

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
1.0
1 .0
50
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
0. 4
0
200
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
RE
- F
.022
80
1 000
'W
.020
75
35
50
14 .5
.018
70
IR
75
67
ER
PO
TE
70
PE
.016
90 %
30
.014
TI
O
TU
ME
U
OL
.0 V
60
-C
80
55
14
%
90
U .F
54
1'
55
45
50
%
50
45
35
A IR
40
.5
15
60
13
RY
B. D
RL
PE
50
T.
%
70
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
35
20 %
3-48
52 (11) 60 (16)
15
20
80 (27)
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
10
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
25
c sh
m
= =.837
(a)
s ch
m
h cs
m
=
= 0.163
s ch
m
c 0.837
m
=
= 5.14
h 0.163
m
s (ir is )
q = m
s =
m
.012
R
FM
1 2.
10% RE LAT
115
20
65
60
SA
25
45
65
-B
T
AL
P
BU
40
16
TH
WE
T
80
50
0
TU
0 .1
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
M
0.2
85
'h
ENTHAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
Problem 3-47
.026
45
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
4 .0
8 .0
-8
-4 .0.0
-2.
0
Qs
Qt
SEA LEVEL
60
12 0
50 x 12,000
= 93,750 lba/hr
(28.2-21.8)
30
M16FMR
50
= 93,750 x 13.2/60 = 20,625 cfm

Q
s
= 9.7 m3 /s
(b) Q
s

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
SEA LEVEL
1.0
1 .0
60
50
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
0. 6
0 .5
50 00
300 0
0.65
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
-0 .1
-0 .2
0
200
0.2
85
WE
T
BU
80
50
0
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
40
RE
- F
.022
80
1 000
16
15
00
-8
-4 .0.0
-2.
0
0
.5
-0
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
.026
45
0. 4
0. 1
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
.020
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
'W
75
35
50
14 .5
.018
TU
ER
PO
70
90 %
TI
O
65
TU
SA
25
.014
TE
PE
-B
T
.0 V
%
90
4 0%
30%
1 3.
35
20 %
3-49
52 (11)
15
75 (24)
20
90 (32)
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
10
Y
VE H UM IDIT
70
1 2.
10% REL ATI
.012
.010
.008
.006
35
.004
25
ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND O F DRY AIR
See diagram of problem 3-48

(a)
c
h 10.1
m
m
36
=
= 0.9;
=
= 0.10 ;
s 46.3
s 46.3
m
m
s =
m
40
.002
115
%
50
20 %
IR
YA
40
R
.D
LB
ER
35
50
T. P
45
.5
40
60
13
45
15
U.F
55
45
R
FM
%
70
50
-C
60
ME
80
55
U
OL
20
14
65
60
12 0
AL
P
.016
TH
70
Problem 3-48
IR
75
30
c
m
0.9
=
= 9.0
h 0.10
m
50 x 12,000
= 83,333 lba/hr
(30.1 - 22.9)
=83,333 x 15.67/60 = 21,763 cfm

Q
s
30
M16FMR
51
=10.3 m3 /s
(b) Q
s
3-50
(a) See diagram for problem 3-48
c
m
c (ir -ic ); m
c = 0.714 x m
s = 0.837 x 93,750
= 0.837; q c = m
s
m
= 78,469 x 13.04/60 = 17,054 cfm

c = 78,469 lba/hr ; Q
m
c
q c = 78,469 (28.2-20.6) = 596,364 Btu/hr
16
=8.1 m3 /s; q = 175 kW
(b) Q
c
c
3-51 SI Units
(a) On the basis of volume flow rate using Chart 1b:
R
FM
= 13 Q
= 0.69 x 1.18 = 0.815 m3/s
Q
2
3
12
=Q
-Q
= 1.18 0.815 = 0.365 m3/s
and Q
1
3
2
(b)
a3 (i4 -i3 ) =
q 34 = m
q 34 =

Q
3 (i -i )
4 3
v3
1.18
(47.8-41.0) = 9.6 kW
0.835
M16FMR
52

11 0
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
SEA LEVEL
10 0
0 .8
0. 7
0. 6
Problem 3-51
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
1 .5
2. 0
-5.0
4 .0
Qs
Qt
80
1 .0
MP
ER
24
AT
UR
E-
11 0
22
0 .9
0 .1
WE
TB
UL
BT
E
-0.2
2 .0
3 .0
70
2.5
25
20
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
'W
10 0
25
60
AI
R
Y
R
TU
A
20
P
EM
TI
O
P
J
-K
TU
LP
Y
20
SA
0 .8
90
14
16
40
TH
16
50 %
O
F
AM
R
IL
O
G
50
HUMIDITY RATIO - G RAM S M OISTURE PER KILOGR AM D RY AIR
5.0
4. 0
Problem 3-51
18
0 .9
0.2
30
0.0
-0 .5
0. 3
-1
.0
-4.0
.0
U
OL
12
20
17.2
24
29
30
70
60
45
40
ENTHALPY - KJ PER KILO GRAM O F DRY AIR
= 640 cfm; q = 33,684 Btu/hr

(a) Q
1
34
3-52 (a),(b)
80
10
40
25
20
15
10
HUM ID ITY
12
R
FM
IR
YA
10
English Units
DR
0 .7
IVE
10% RE LAT
g
Rk
PE
0 .8
20 %
ER
0 .8
3 0%
ET
40 %
IC M
UB
50
4
0.8
10
-C
%
60
20
ME
10
15
6V
11
70
0 .8
%
80 3
30
35
90
30
14.7
15
10
12 0
26
90
-2.0
-2
0. 4
ER
10 .0
0.5
1 .0
28
30
0 .9
1.0
0
30
12
50
From Chart 1b, states 1.4 and ADP are known. Based on approx.
11.8 C db, 11.2 C wb, and 90% RH locate state 2.
Then for full load design condition air is cooled from 1 to 2 and the
room process proceeds from 2 to 4.
50
M16FMR
53
For the high latent load condition, the air at 2 is reheated to state 3
where it enters the space and the process proceeds to state 4.

Q
a (i4 -i2 ) = 2 (i4 -i2 )
(c) q 24 = m
v2
=35 x 0.817 (47.7-32) ;

Q
2
a (i1-i2 ) =
q 12 = m
= 1.82 m3/s
Q
2
1.82
(60.6-32)
0.817
16
q 12 = 63.7 kW
a (i4 -i3 )=
q 34 = m
1.82
(47.7-39.4)
0.817
q 34 = 18.5 kW
q 23 = q 24 - q 34 = 35-18.5=16.5 kW
R
FM
M16FMR
54

11 0
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
SEA LEVEL
10 0
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
-2
0.0
AI
R
E
R
TU
A
21
16
90
14
-K
TU
20
SA
90
%
80
UB
IC M
ET
-C
%
50
4
0 .8
10
ME
%
60
U
OL
6V
15
70
0 .8
14
17
ER
0 .8
R
gD
Rk
PE
40 %
3 0%
IR
YA
0 .8
20
15
10
12
80
10
70
60
R
FM
11.8
English Units
HU MID ITY
30
0 .7
IVE
10% RE LAT
25
20 %
10
HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAM S M OISTURE PER KILOGR AM D RY AIR
TI
O
EM
ER
20
50
0 .1
O
F
AM
IL
O
G
0 .9
50
0 .8
LP
Y
18
45
4. 0
0.2
2.5
10 0
25
16
TH
11 0
22
25
60
10
20
11
3-52
E-
'W
30
UR
0 .9
2 .0
3 .0
70
15
10
24
AT
'h
40
ADP
MP
ER
-0.2
M
0
ENTHALPY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
20
WE
TB
UL
BT
E
80
1 .0
-0 .5
0. 3
-1.
-4.0
.0
5.0
0. 4
Problem 3-52
30
-2.0
35
10 .0
0.5
12 0
26
90
-5. 0
4 .0
Qs
Qt
40
0. 6
1 .5
2.0
0.7
0 .9
1 .0
0 .8
28
30
Problem 3-52
1.0
12
30

Copyright 1992
19
20
23
27
30
40
(a),(b) See above
= 4103cfm ; q
12 =221,243 Btu/hr
(c) Q
2
q 34 = 67,498 Btu/hr; q 23 = 52,502 Btu/hr

3-53 English Units
(a)
s (ir -is ); m
s = 5000 x 60/13.2 = 22,727 lba/hr
q=m
(specific volume value of 13.2 ft3/lbm is assumed.)
50
M16FMR
55
s =28.2 10 x 12,000 / 22,727 = 22.9 Btu/lba

is = ir - q /m
t s = to = 57.5 F; Ws =Wo = 0.0083 lbv/lba

(b)
r 0m

m
m
=
= 0.462 r
m 0r
s
m
m
r =0.462 x 22,727 = 10,500 lba/hr

m
o = 22,727 10,500 = 12,227 lba/hr
m
16
= 10,500 x 13.68/60 = 2,394 cfm

Q
r
= 12,227 x 12.11/60 = 2,468 cfm
Q
o
r 0'm'
m
=
=0.578
(c)
m'
m
0'r

R
FM
r =0.578 x 22,727 = 13,131 lba/hr; m

o' = 9,596 lba/hr
m
=13,131 x 13.68/60 = 2,994 cfm; Q

= 9,596 x 13.48/60
Q
r
o'
= 2,156 cfm
s (im' -is ) = 22,727 (28.4 - 22.8) = 127,271 Btu/hr

(d) q c = m
M16FMR
56

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
1 .0
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
300 0
0 .5
0. 4
0
200
1 000
35
RE
- F
.022
.020
14 .5
.018
70
IR
75
E
R
.016
90 %
PE
TE
PO
ER
30
70
.014
TI
O
TU
SA
0'
-C
60
ME
U
OL
.0 V
50 %
m'
14
65
%
90
80
U.F
60
DR
L B.
ER
55
T. P
50
13
.5
50
YA
45
ADP
IR
%
50
45
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
43 (6)
20 %
40 (4)
3-53 SI Units
15
57.5 (14)
65 (18)
75 (24)
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
10% RE LAT
10
70 (21)
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
25
(a) ts = 14.2C; Ws = 0.0083 kgv/kga
=1.17m3 s
=1.13m3 s ; Q
(b) Q
r
o
=1.41m3 s ; Q
=1.02m3 s
(c) Q
r
o'
(d) q c = 37.3 kW
3-54
.012
R
FM
1 2.
45
65
-B
T
AL
P
55
RA
TU
50
16
TH
MP
E
75
%
70
35
TE
80
'W
55
35
.024
LB
40
25
20
40
BU
80
50
0
60
15
WE
T
'h
ENTHAL PY
HU MIDITY RAT IO
Problem 3-53
85
TU
0 .1
0.2
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
1150
.026
45
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
4 .0
8 .0
-8
-4 .0.0
-2.
0
Qs
Qt
12 0
50 00
0.8
1.0
50
115
SEA LEVEL
60
(a) Any combination that will yield
an enthalpy less than 57.0 kJ/kga or 33 Btu/lba

30
M16FMR
57
s = 5 / 0.84 = 5.95 kga/s = m

r
(b) m
o mr
m
=
=0.36
r 0r
m
o = 0.36 x 5.95 = 2.14 kga/s

m
= 2.14 x 0.852 = 1.82 m3 /s = 3,857cfm
Q
o
(c) tad = 15.4 C or 60F
16
o /q n = (im -is )/(ir -is ) = 1.0 (Essentially, no difference)

(d) q
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
SEA LEVEL
-5.0
4 .0
Qs
Qt
-4.0
-2 .0
30
0.0
WE
TB
UL
BT
80
1 .0
EM
PE
R
24
AT
UR
E-
11 0
22
0 .9
10 .0
5.0
4. 0
0 .1
12 0
26
90
-0.2
0.2
28
-2.0
-1.
0
0. 3
1 .5
2. 0
-0 .5
0.6
0. 4
R
FM
SENSIB LE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
0.5
1 .0
0.7
0. 6
30
30
0 .8
0 .9
1.0
12
10 0
11 0
2 .0
3 .0
2.5
70
25
20
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RATIO
'W
10 0
25
60
Y
R
D
16
TU
O
F
20
90
SA
s%
90
15
%
80
6V
U
OL
ME
UB
IC M
ET
ER
0 .8
3 0%
18 (64)
20
25 (77)
35
20
15
10
HUM ID ITY
25
0 .7
5
A IR
20 (68)
IVE
10% RE LAT
10
RY
0 .8
20 %
30
gD
Rk
PE
40 %
30
12
80
10
70
60
45
0%
4
0. 8
10
-C
%
60
20
10
0 .8
15
70
40
30
10
HUMIDITY RATIO - G RAM S M OISTURE PER KI LO GR AM D RY AIR
TU
m2
TH
40
50
J
-K
14
TI
O
EM
ER
AM
R
IL
O
G
50
0 .8
LP
Y
Problem 3-54
0 .9
AI
R
57
18
40
ENTHALPY - KJ PER KI LO GRAM O F DRY AIR
50
M16FMR
SHF =
3-55
58
424,000
= -4
530,000 424,000
Construct condition line on

Chart 1a with preheat and
mixing processes.
sen = -424,000 = m
sc p (t r -t s )
(a) q
424,000
= 88,333 lba/hr
0.24 (75 95)
16
s =
m
=88,333 x 14.07/60 = 20,714 cfm or 9.8 m3 /s

Q
s
(b)
r hm
m
r = 0.33 x 88,333 lba/hr
=
=0.33; m

mm hr
R
FM
= 29,150 x 13.68/60 = 6,646 cfm or 3.14 m3 /s

r =29,150 lba/hr; Q
m
r
h
m
h = 0.67 x 88,333
=1 0.33 = 0.67; m
m
m
= 59,183 x 13.1/60
h = 59,183 lba/hr; Q
m
h
= 12,922 cfm or 6.1 m3 /s (at heated condition)

Q
h
hc p (th -t o ) = 59,183 x 0.24 (60-35)

(c) q ph =m
355,098 Btu/hr or 104 kW

q=
(d) q m =88,333 x 0.24 (95 - 65) = 635,998 Btu/hr or 186 kW

M16FMR
59

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
1.0
1 .0
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
M
0. 4
0
200
0 .1
80
50
0
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
RE
- F
.022
80
1 000
'W
.020
75
35
50
14 .5
.018
70
IR
75
.016
30
ER
PO
TE
70
PE
TI
O
.014
TU
ME
60
-C
80
55
LU
VO
T. P
U.F
%
70
55
60
IR
50 %
45
35
YA
50
40
1 3 .5
45
15
20 %
DR
L B.
ER
50
4 0%
40
30%
20 %
15
60 (16)
75 (24)
20
95 (35)
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
70
60
55
50
45
40
35
35 (2)
10
10% RE LAT
65
1 2.
40
.008
.006
35
.004
25
x 60 (i -i )
a3 (i4 -i3 ) = Q
q 34 = m
3
4 3
v3
x
Q
3
.010
.002
3-56 Refer to chart 1a.

(a)
.012
R
FM
1 3.
35
115
20
50 %
%
90
1 4 .0
65
60
SA
25
45
65
-B
T
AL
P
BU
40
16
TH
WE
T
TU
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
0.2
85
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
Problem 3-55
.026
45
-4
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
4 .0
8 .0

-8
-4 .0.0
-2.
0
Qs
Qt
SEA LEVEL
50
12 0
60
q 34v 3 (1750 x 13.23)

=
60(i4 -i3 ) 60(28.1-23)
= 75.7 or 76 cfm = 0.040 m3 /s

Q
3
30
M16FMR
60
(b) t3db = 58.5 F and 80% RH or 15 C
31
; Q3 = 0.754 x 75.7 = 57 cfm or 0.028 m3 /s
12
=
(c) Q
2
= 76 - 57 = 19 cfm or 0.012 m3 /s
Q
1
55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE

Copyright 1992
90
1 .0
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
-2.
0. 4
0
200
0 .1
0.2
-0 .1
-0 .2
15
00
-8
-4 .0.0
0
85
80
50
0
RE
- F
.022
.020
35
IR
70
70
ER
70
TU
SA
N
E
62
LU
VO
ME
60
-C
80
DR
IR
YA
50
%
50
4 0%
30%
1 3.
35
L B.
ER
40
1 3 .5
45
60
T. P
55
U.F
%
70
1 4 .0
65
%
90
55
50
.014
20 %
58.5
75
84
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
3-57 (a)
50
15
Y
I VE H UM IDIT
70
1 2.
10% RE LAT
10
45
65
-B
T
TI
O
PE
TE
PO
.016
50 %
TU
.018
75
30
50
90 %
14 .5
AL
P
55
RA
TU
R
FM
TH
MP
E
80
1 000
25
20
35
TE
75
60
45
.024
LB
40
'W
Problem 3-56
40
BU
'h
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RATIO
15
WE
T
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
.026
45
HUMI DITY RATIO - POUN DS MOISTURE PER PO UND DRY AIR
0. 6
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
12 0
16
0.8
SEA LEVEL
1.0
50
115
60
25
Refer to Chart 1
A reheat system is required. Process 1-2 is for the coil. Process 3-4
is defined by the SHF = 0.5
Process 2-3 represents the required heat.
30
M16FMR
61
State 3 is defined by the intersection of the reheat and space

condition lines.
(b)
a3 (i4 -i3 ) =
q 34 = m
x 60
Q
3
(i4 -i3 )
v3
16
= q 34 v 3 = 100,000 x 13.4
Q
3
60(i4 -i3 ) 60(28.2-23.9)
= 5,194 cfm or 2.5 m3 /s

Q
3
(c)
a (i1-i2 ) =
q 12 = m
R
FM
5,194 x 60
(34.2-20.2)
13.4
q 12 = 325,594 Btu/hr or 95.4 kW

q 23 =
5,194 x 60
(23.9-20.2)
13.4
q 23 =86,050 Btu/hr or 25.2 kW
M16FMR
62

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
SEA LEVEL
1 .0
50
.028
15
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2.0
SENSIB LE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
0. 4
0
200
WE
T
80
50
0
BU
.024
LB
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
40
RE
- F
.022
1 000
80
'W
.020
75
35
50
14 .5
70
70
R
D
E
R
30
.016
50 %
70
-B
T
TI
O
PE
TE
PO
ER
.018
75
IR
Problem 3-57
TU
0 .1
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
M
0.2
85
'h
ENT HALPY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
.014
62
1 4 .0
60
-C
80
SA
55
ME
U.F
56
LU
VO
%
90
55
IR
%
50
45
35
YA
50
.5
40
13
15
60
R
B. D
RL
PE
50
T.
%
70
TU
AL
P
TH
65
60
20
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
35
20 %
45 51
10
66
15
75
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
65
60
55
50
45
40
10% RE LAT
70
1 2.
35
45
65
FM
16
25
ADP45
.026
45
-0 .5
- 0.4
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
4 .0
8 .0

-8
-4 .0.0
-2.
0
Qs
Qt
HUMI DITY RATIO - POUN DS MOISTURE PER PO UND DRY AIR
0. 6
.0
0 .8
60
85
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
12 0
1.0
60
115
30
25
85
ENTHALPY - BT U PER PO UND OF DRY AIR
3-58 Assume room temperature humidity of 50%

and layout the state &
processes on
required from point c to s.
Supply Air:
sc p (t s -tr )
q sen = 120,000 x 0.5 = 60,000 Btu/hr = m
s =
m
60,000
= 53,192 lba/hr
0.24 (75-70.3)
M16FMR
63
=53,192 x 16.33/60 = 14,477 cfm or 6.8 m3 /s

Q
s
Mixed Air:
o = 53,192 x 0.333 = 17,703 lba/hr

m
= 17,713 x 17.2/60 = 5,078 cfm or 2.4 m3 /s
Q
o
r = 53,192 17,713 = 35,479 lba/hr

m
16
=35,479 x 16.5/60 = 9,757 cfm or 4.6 m3 /s

Q
r
Reheat:
c c p (t s -t c ) = 53,192 x 0.24 (70.3-55.2)

q rh = m
= 192,768 Btu/hr or 56.5 kW
R
FM
Coil:
m (im -ic ) = 53,192 (34.4 - 24.2) = 542,558 Btu/hr or 159 kW

q c =m
( 200,412 190,109 )100

= 5 .1 %
200,412
M16FMR
64

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
50
5000 FEET
1.0
.028
80
1 .0
60
1 8 .0
0 .8
SENSIBL E HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
0
200
50
0
40
75
LB
TE
MP
.024
ER
AT
U
RE
55
-
F
.022
50 %
75
10 00
.020
'h
ENTHALPY
HU MIDIT Y RATIO
35
'W
70
0
50
AI
R
.018
UR
RY
AT
90 %
.016
RA
TU
TI
O
PE
R
TE
PO
ER
30
ND
70
65
17 .0
Problem 3-58
75
BU
0 .1
0.2
-0 .1
15
00
80
WE
T
.0
-0 .5
-0 .4
- 0.3
-0 .2
0. 3
-1
17 .5
0.6
0.5
0. 4
50 00
300 0
0 .5
.026
-1 000
4 .0
8 .0

-8
-4.0.0
-2.
0
Qs
Qt
SA
LP
Y
TU
-B
16
65
.014
60
HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER PO UND DRY AIR
0 .6
45
-2 000
2. 0
EN
TH
25
60
%
90
55
ME
-C
%
60
U .F
50
45
U
OL
70
.5 V
55
50
16
%
80
20
T. P
40
IR
YA
4 0%
30 %
1 5 .5
55 (13)
15
75 (24)
20
90 (32)
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
70 (21)
75
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
I TY
TIV E HUMID
10% RELA
10
.010
R
FM
20%
70
35
R
.D
LB
50
45
ER
40
35
16 .0
15
45
.012
12 0
60
85

Copyright 1992
25
30
M16FMR
Chapter 4
M
4-1
(a) comfortable
(b) too warm
(c) comfortable
16
(d) too dry
4-2
(a) comfortable
(b) too warm
(c) comfortable
(d) too dry
R
FM
4-3
(a) Assume sedentary dry bulb of 78 F, clo = o.5, met. = 1.8;
using equation 4-4a, to,act. = 75 5.4(1 + 0.5)(1.8 1.2) = 71 F

Relative humidity should be less than 50%
(b) Should wear a sweater or light jacket and slacks.

(clo = 0.8)
4-4
Use fig 4-1
(a) Summer, to = 76 F or 24 C; Winter, to = 72 F or 22 C

(b) Use equation 4-4a as a guide, with clo = 0.2,
met = 3.0, t db = 76 F
M16FMR
67
t o = 76 5.4 (1 + 0.2)(3-1.2) = 64 F [winter or Summer]

4-5
From fig 4-3 temperature can rise about 3.2 F.(1.8 C)

t = 68 + 3.2 = 71.2 F or t = 20 + 1.8 = 21.8 C
From fig 4-3 @200 fpm, temp rise 5.3 F (2.9 C)
4-6
with tmr t = 9 F (5 C), temp rise 6.5 F (3.6 C)
4-7
t o = (t a + tmr ) / 2 , then using Eq. 4-1
16
1/ 2
4
Tmrt
= T4
+
CV
(Tg Ta ) = (538)4 + (0.103 x 109 ) (40)1/ 2 (78 74)
g
tmrt = 82 F or 27.8 C
t o = (74 + 82) / 2 = 78 F or 25.6 C
Compute the operative temperature, to
R
FM
4-8
4
Tmrt
= (540)4 + (0.103 x 109 )(30)1/ 2 (80 76) = 83.5 F or 28.6 C
t o = (84 + 76) / 2 = 79.8 F or 26.5 C
From Fig 4-1, t o = 79.8 F and 50 % R.H. is out of the comfort

zone. Recommend lowering to to about 77 F or 25 C.
t a 72 F
4-9
Use Eq. 4-4 to estimate a value of the operative temperature
to , active, assuming to for sedentary activities is 78 F (25.6 C)
with met = 2.0. to , active = 78 5.4 (1 + 0.5) (2 1.2) = 71.5 F, (22C)

M16FMR
68
As an approximation
1/ 2
4
Tmrt = 2To Ta and Tmrt
= Tg4 + CV
(Tg Ta )
Eq. (4-1)
eliminating Tmrt between the 2 equations
2(To Ta )4 = Tg4 + CV
1/ 2
(Tg Ta )
where all temperatures are absolute

Solve by trial and error with Tg = 72 + 460 = 532 R
16
and T0 = (71.5 + 460) = 531.5 R, C = 0.103 x 109 , V = 30
t a = 85 F (30C)
Cold surroundings require high ambient air temperature
4-10
R
FM
for comfort, even with high activity level.
(a) Most occupants will be uncomfortable because the relative

humidity is more than 60%, even with tmrt = t a
(b) The lightest weight possible. Short sleeves, shorts,

open neck, etc.
(c) Lower relative humidity if possible by adjusting the cooling
system to remove more moisture. Could also increase the

relative air motion to highest values, perhaps use fans.
4-11
(a) Even if the suit was heavy weight, many executives would be
M16FMR
69
cool if sedentary.
(b) Would definitely be cold, especially hands and feet.
(c) Probably would be comfortable in typical work clothes
(d) Probably would be comfortable since they would keep
their coats on and would be walking around.

(e) Cold to very cold
4-12
Determine relative temperatures difference between inside and outside.
16
68 45
23
=
74 45
29
74 45 29
=
68 45 23
Costs are increased by 26% if thermostat is raised.
R
FM
4-13
Costs are 79% of that for increased setting, or
Too much air motion in the cold winter months tends to cause drafts and
make people uncomfortable. Air velocity just sufficient to prevent large
temperature gradients from floor to ceiling is best for winter. The opposite
is true for hot summer months. Higher air velocity tends to compensate
for high temperature and humidity.
4-14
(a) Raising the chilled water temperature will cause the cooling coil to
operate with a higher surface temperature and the relative humidity in

the space will tend to rise if the latent heat gain is significant such as
would be the case with many occupants, this could lead to
uncomfortable conditions.
(b) Yes, during the unoccupied hours the space load may be almost totally
M16FMR
70
sensible heat gain and the load is much less than the design value. In
this case the chilled water temperature may be increased.
4-15
These fans may bring air down in the summer, increasing the
velocity of air in the occupied zone and providing improved comfort.

In the winter, air may be drawn upward, pushing the warm air at the
ceiling downward where it can increase the temperature in the
occupied zone without increasing significantly the air motion below
16
the fan.
4-16
(a) Table 4-2 gives a minimum required amount of ventilation air

of 15 ft 3 / min per occupant. this is the minimum amount of
outdoor air that should be used under any circumstances.
R
FM
o)min = 15(30) = 450 ft3/min

Therefore, ( Q
(b) On the basis of floor area, the occupancy would be 25 and the
minimum ventilation requirement would be
= 15 (25) = 375 ft 3 / min. It would be better to design for

Q
v
floor area if lowest air flow is desired. With 30 actual student air
flow is such a case would be insufficient.
4-17
Use Eq. 4-5, Solving for Cs
)
C + N)
= C + (N
/Q
/Q
Cs = (Q
t e
t
e
t
= (200/106 + (0.25/900)
= 478 x 10-6 = 478 ppm

M16FMR
71
or using SI Units
Cs = (200 / 106 ) + (0.118 / 0.472 x 900)
= (200 / 106 ) + (278 / 106 ) = 478 ppm
M
4-18
n = number of people to occupy a room
= n (5.0 ml/s)
N

Solving Eq. 4-5 for N
16
(C C ) = n (5.0) ml/s-person
=Q
N
t
s
e
(C C ) / (5.0)
n=Q
t
s
e
= 2.8 (1000-280) / 5.0
R
FM
n = 403 persons or 0.0069 m3 / s person
For English Units:
n = 6000 (1000 - 280 x 10-6 ) / 0.0107

= 404 persons or 14.8 cfm/person
4-19
Use the M-100 media of fig. 4-8. From table 4-3, select a
12 x 24 x 8 unit; 650 cfm, P = 0.4 in. wg
At P = 0.25 in. wg. each unit will handle
=Q
[0.25 / 0.40]1/2 = 650 [0.25 / 0.40]1/2
Q
1
= 514 cfm/unit. Then the number of units

M16FMR
72
is N=(2000 / 514) = 3.89 or 4. This is a satisfactory number.
4-20
Use the M-100 media from Table 4-3 select a 0.3 x 0.6 x 0.2 unit.
This is rated at 0.3 m3/s with 100 Pa pressure drop.
At P = 60 pa the allowable flow rate for each unit would be
= (0.3) (60/100)1/2 = 0.23 m 3 /s

Q
1.00 m3/s would require 1.00/0.23 = 4.34 units. This requires at
least 5 filter units, but since this is an odd number, recommend
16
using six units.
Trying the 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.2 filter the allowable flow per unit would be
= (0.62) (60/100)1/2 = 0.48 This would require more than two

Q
units of this size. Economies would determine the best choice.

Solving Eq. 4-10 for Q
R
FM
4-21
=Q
[P / P ]1/ 2 = 900 [0.1 / 0.15]1/2 = 735 cfm/module
Q
r
r
N = 5500/735 = 7.48 [must be integer] Use 8 modules

(5500)

Vel = Q/A
=
= 344 fpm = 5.7 fps
(2)(8)
4-22

Solving Eq. 4-10 for Q
=Q
[P / P ]1/ 2 = (0.42) [24 / 37.4]1/2 = 0.336
Q
r
r
m = (2.8)/0.336 = 8.3
Use 9 modules, a 3 x 3 arrangement.
M16FMR
73

Q
(2.8)m3 / s
=
= 1.73 m / s
Velocity =
FACE AREA (0.3)(0.6)(9)m2
4-23
M 200; 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.2; 0.40m3 / s / module
M
Use Eq. 4-10
/Q
]2 = 100 [ 0.40/0.42]2 = 90.7 Pa
P = Pr [Q
r
16

Q
0.4
=
= 2.22 m / s
Velocity =
A (0.3)(0.6)
4-24
No solution exists due to the fixed air quantity for the unit. This
part of the problem is intended to show the student that typical
direct expansion equipment cannot be used in this way. It also
shows that the load due to outdoor air is very large.
R
FM
4-25
66
78
0 = 0.25 m
s; Locate point 1 on psychrometric Chart at 82.4 F db and
m
66.8 F wb
i1 = 31.4 Btu / lbm and v1 = 13.9 ft 3 / lbm

M16FMR
74
/ V (60) (i i )
1 (i1 is ) = Q
q 1s = m
1 1
1 s
= 350 / 12,000 q ; = (350 / 12,000) (60 / v ) (i i )
Q
1
1s
1 1 s
12,000 (13.9)
= 23.46 Btu / lbm
60 (350)
is = 31.4
Locate on psychrometric Chart: t s = 65.6 F db, 55.5 F wb
s (ir is ) = 36,000; ir = 27.6 Btu / lbm

q sr = m
16
s =m
1 =
m
36,000
= 8695.7 lb / hr
(27.6 23.46)
8695.7
=m
s (v s ) =
Q
(13.4) = 1940 cfm
s
60
q 1s = 8695.7 (31.4 - 23.46) = 69,000 Btu / hr = 5.75 tons
R
FM
= 5.75 (350) = 2014 cfm

Q
1
(c) Design filters for 2014 cfm, use M-200 media of fig 4-8.
Try the 24x24x8 units of table 4-3. 920 cfm @ 0.4 in. wg.
For max. P of 0.125 in.wat.
= 920 [0.125 / 0.40] 1/2 = 514 cfm / module;

Q
n = 2014 / 514 = 3.92, use 4 modules
4-26
Use the M-15 media, = 93 % from fig. 4-3.
From table 4-2, 60 cfm / person is required, outdoor air.

M16FMR
75
E +Q
=Q

A fresh air balance on the filter gives Q
r f
0
s
is recirculated air, Q
is outdoor air and
where Q
r
0
is supply air.
Q
s
= (60 - 20) / 0.93 = 43.0; Q

= 43.0 + 20 = 63.0 cfm / person
Q
r
s
or the total amount of air supplied is
= 63.0 x 55 = 3465 cfm; Try the 12x24x8 unit of table 4-3

Q
T
16
/ unit = 900 [0.1 / 0.35]1/2 = 481 cfm; n = 4755 / 481

Q
= 7.2 modules
Use 8 modules [Note: The M-2A media could also be used]
= (25 - 15) / 0.8 = 12.5 cfm / person

Q
r
R
FM
4-27
= 15 + 12.5 = 27.5 cfm / person

Q
s
4-28
Filter location is B, figure 4-9
since
Use Eq. 4-12, solve for RQ
r
= { -Q
E [C (1 E )C ] + N}
/ (E E C )
RQ
r
0 v s
f
0
v f s
= {200 x 0.85 [180- (1 - 0.8) 0.0] + (10 x 150 x 35.32)} /

RQ
r
(0.85 x 0.8 x 180) where C0 = 0.0
= 185 ft 3 / min or cfm

RQ
r
M16FMR
76
= 200 cfm; Q
= (185 + 200) = 385 cfm
Q
0
s
4-29

Solve Eq. 4-11 for RQ
r
= ( Q
)(E )(C ) + N
/E EC
RQ
r
o
v
s
v f s
= [ (-20) (0.65) (220) + (125) (35.32 ft 3 /m3 )]
RQ
r
(0.65)(0.7)(220)
16
= 2860 + 4415 = 15.53 cfm/person

RQ
r
(0.65)(0.7)(220)
4-30

For filter location A, use Eq. 4-11, solving for RQ
r
= ( Q
E C + N)
/ (E E C )
RQ
r
o v s
v f s
R
FM
= [ (-200 (0.85) 180) + (10 x 120 x 35.32 ft 3 /m3 )] /

RQ
r
(0.85 x 0.8 x 180 )
= 183 cfm; Q
= 200 cfm; Q
= 383 cfm
RQ
r
o
s
4-31
(a) This type of space will require a high ventilation (supply air)
rate to handle the load, air cleanliness is not the main criterion.
Therefore, a low efficiency filter with low pressure drop is
acceptable. From table 4-2, assume occupancy will be about 30

persons / 1000 ft2. So the total design occupancy is 90
persons. The design will be based on this occupancy although

the cooling requirements may dictate a larger supply air rate.
M16FMR
77
= (Q
Q
)/E
A "fresh air" balance on the filter gives Q
r
s
o
f
= (20 15) / 0.5 = 10 cfm / person recirculation rate
Q
r
4-31 (continued)
= 10 + 15 = 25 cfm / person supply rate

Q
s
= 25 x 90 = 2250 cfm total supply rate
Q
T
Net face area, A f = 2250 / 350 = 6.43 ft 2
16
(b) A higher efficiency would reduce the total amount of air and
reduce the required face area. However this is not desirable in
this case. First the filter system would have to be enlarged to

handle the greater amount of air. A lower filter efficiency could
R
FM
be used and still maintain the required air quality.
For example, suppose the load dictates 4000 cfm instead of

2250 cfm, then for 90 people
= 4000 / 90 = 44.4 cfm / person

Q
s
Using a minimum of 15 cfm / person of outdoor air.
= 44.4 15 = 29.4 cfm / person

Q
r
= 29.4 = (20 - 15) / E

Q
r
f
Ef = 5 / 29.4 = 0.17 or 17% required
4-32 (a)
/ v) 60 (i i )
q = (Q
s
r
s
M16FMR
78
v 13 ft3 / lba
= (125,000 x 13) / [ 60 x ( 28 - 19.4 )]

Q
s
= 3,149 cfm
Q
s
(b)
=Q
= 15 x 225
Q
s
o
(c)
R
FM
16
= 3,375 cfm
Q
s
must be 3,375 cfm, find new supply air condition

Q
s
125,000 = (3,375 / 13) 60 (28 - is)
is = 28 ( 125,000 x 13 ) / ( 3,375 x 60) = 20 Btu / lba
Locate new condition on chart as shown. Coil must cool ODA

down to this new condition.
M16FMR
Chapter 5
M
5-1
(a) k = Cx = 0.2 x 4 = 0.8 (Btu - in) / ( hr - ft 2 F)

(b) k = 1.14 x 0.1 = 0.114 W / (m-C)
(a) C = k / x = 0.30 / 5.5 = 0.055 Btu / (ft 2 -hr - F)
16
5-2
(b) C = 0.043 / 0.14 = .307 W / (m2 C)
5-3
(a) R = 1/C = 1 / 0.055 = 18.3 (ft2 hr F) / Btu

R' = R / A = 1 / CA = 18.3 / 100 = 0.183 ( hr F) / Btu
R
FM
(b) R = 1 / .307 = 3.26 (m2 C) / W

R' = 3.26 / 9.3 = 0.35 C / W
5-4
R = Ri ; Rgyp = 1/ C = 1/ 3.1 = 0.32
Rbld = 1 0.33 = 3.03; Rair = 0.68
R = 0.68 + 0.32 + 3.03 + 0.32 + 0.68

R = 5.03 (hr- ft2 F) / Btu
r3
r
ln 2
r2
r1
R' =
+
2 kiL 2 kpL
ln
5-5
Assume L = 1 ft
ki = 0.2 Btu - in. / (ft 2 hr F); kp = 314 Btu-in / (ft 2 hr F)
M16FMR
80
r1 = 3.905in.; r2 = 4.125in.; r3 = r2 + 1.5 in.=5.625

A o = 2 r3L = 2 (5.625) (1) = 35.34 in2 ; A i = 2 r1L = 24.54 in2
5.625
4.125
ln
R ' = 4.125 + 3.905 = 2.96 (hr-F)/Btu
0.2
314
2
2
12
12
ln
M
5-6
Rblk = 1 0.57 = 1.77; R=R5-4 3.03 + Rblk
16
R = 5.03-3.03+1.77 = 3.77 (hr-ft 2 F) Btu
5-7
R = 5.03 0.68 + 0.17 = 4.91(hr-ft 2 -F) Btu
U = 1 R =1 4.91=0.204
1
1
1
=
+ R '+
; Base Uo on A o
Uo A o hiA i
ho A o
R
FM
5-8
1
35.34
1
=
+ (35.34 x 2.96) +
= 105.28
Uo 650 x 24.54
1.5
Uo = 0.0095 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F); Based on A o
5-9
Layer
R - (m2 C) / W
Outside Surface
0.029
Brick Venur (100 mm)
0.112
Air Space (20 mm)
0.180
Concrete Block (200 mm)
0.183
Gypsum Plaster (13 mm)
0.057
M16FMR
81
Inside Surface (7 m/s )
0.120
Overall Thermal Resis.
= 0.652 m2C / W
Between Frame
At Framing
Outside Surface
0.17
0.17
4 in. Face Brick
0.65
0.65
Sheathing
1.32
1.32
Insulation
11.0
--
2x4 stud
--
4.27
Gypsum board
0.32
0.32
Inside surface
0.68
0.68
14.14
7.41
5-10
16
Total
R
FM
UA = Ui A i + Uf A f ; U = UiA i / A + Uf A f / A
A i 14.5
A
1.5
1
=
and f =
and U =
A
16
A
16
R
1
1
14.5
1.5
U=
x
x
+
= 0.077 Btu / hr - ft 2 F
14.14
7.41
16
16
5-11
An ordinary wall with = 0.9 has a unit resistance of 0.68. A

highly reflective wall, = 0.05, has a unit resistance of 1.70.
Assume radiation heat transfer is zero for reflective wall. Then

the resistance due to convection alone is approximately
Rc = 1.7; hc = 1 / Rc = 0.59; hc + r = 1 / 0.68 = 1.47

Frac. Conv. = ha / hc + r = 0.59 / 1.47 = 0.4
M16FMR
82
5-12
Assume 15 mph wind.
R1 (2 x 6)
R2 (2 x 4)
1. Outside surface, 15 mph
0.17
0.17
2. Siding
0.79
0.79
1.32
1.32
4. Insulation,
19.0
11.0
2x4
---
4.27
2x6
6.7
---
5. Gypsum wall board
0.32
0.32
6. Inside surface
0.68
0.68
3. Sheathing
16
Total
28.98
18.55
U1 = 0.035 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F)
U2 = 0.054 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F)
0.054 0.035
% Difference =
(100) = 35.2
0.054
R
FM
5-13
Air space will be near the indoor temperature with small
t across the air space.
Use tmean = 50 F and t = 10 F and read
R = 1.02 hr ft 2 F / Btu
5-14
[Table 5-3a]
or 0.18 m2C / W
Assume tmean = 50 F; t = 10 F
R = 3.55 (hr - ft 2 F) / Btu or 0.62 (m2 C / W )

5-15
q c / A = Uc t
[Table 5-3a]
Find U for highly reflective surfaces because radiation will be
minimal. This will give a good approximation for the convection

component. From Table 5-2a, Horz., heat flow down
M16FMR
83
Uc = 1 / R = 1 / (2 x 4.55) = 0.11
q c / A = 0.11 ( 145 - 110) = 3.85 Btu/(hr ft 2 )
or
Uc =
1
= 0.625; q c / A = 0.625(63 43) = 12.5 W/m2
(2x0.8)
4
T 4
T
q / A r = ' 1 2 ;
100
100
for 1 = 2 = 0.9, E = 0.82, ' = 0.1713
16
(q / A)r = 0.1713 x 0.82 [6.05 5.7 ] = 39.9 Btu / (hr - ft 2 ) or 129
W
m2
Radiation heat transfer is about 10 times greater.
5-16
R
FM
Uw = 0.07 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F)

Ud = 0.40 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F)
Uwin = 0.81 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F)
A d = 17.78 ft 2; A win = 25.0 ft 2;

A w = 117.2 ft 2
Parallel heat flow paths
UA = Uw A w + UdA d + Uwin A win

U=
(0.07 x 117.2) + (0.4 x 17.78) + (0.81 x 25.0)

117.2
= 0.30 Btu /(hr - ft 2 F) or about 1.72 W/(m2 C)

5-17
q / A = U (ti t o )
M16FMR
84
From Table 5-4b, construction 2, R = 8.90 (hr ft2 F) / Btu
Assume insulation does not fill the airspace.
Remove R for metal bath and plaster of 0.47 hr ft 2 F / Btu and

add R for acoustical tile and insulation.
Ceiling, Rc = 1 / 0.8; insulation, R=11.00;

Rtotal=20.68; U = 1/ R = 0.048 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F)
q / A = 0.048 ( 72 - 5) = 3.22 BTU / (hr - ft 2 )
From Table 5-4a, Construction 1
16
5-18
UW =
0.171
= 0.971 W / m2 C
0.1761
Ud = 2.27 W / m2 C ; Table 5-8
Uwin = 4.62 W / m2 C ; Table 5-5b
R
FM
A w = 35 m2; A win = 8 m2; A d = 2 m2
UA = Uw A w + Ud + A d + Uwin A win
U=
5-19
(0.971x35) + (2.27x2) + (4.62x8)

= 2.16 W / m2 C
35
U = 0.14 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F)Table5 4a, Construction No. 2
R = 1/ 0.14 = 7.14 ; Rn = 7.14 (1 / 0.44) + ( 1 / 0.55) = 6.69

Un = 0.15 Btu/(hr - ft2 - F) or about 0.85 W / (m2-C)
5-20
Assume Hardwood, k = 1.25 (Btu-in) / (hr - ft2 - F)

Summer
Winter
Ri = 0.68
Ri = 0.68
M16FMR
85
Rd = 1.375 / 1.25
Rd = 1.375 / 1.25
Ro = 0.25
Ro = 0.17
Rs = 2.03
Rw = 1.95
Us = 0.49 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F)
Uw = 0.51 Btu / (hr-ft 2 F)
Both values are greater than the value given in

Table 5-8 of 0.39 Btu / (hr ft2 F), but acceptable.
5-21
Computed: Ri = 0.68; Rg = 0.03 (estimate); Ro = 0.25

Ri + Rg + Ro = 0.96 = R
16
U = 1.04 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F); or 5.92 W / m2 C
computed
Utab = 1.04 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F); Table 5-5a
or 5.91 W / m2 C ; Table 5-5b ; Same result
U=1.08 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F)
R
FM
5-22
(a) From Table 5-5
(b) Assume tmean = 50 F; t = 10 F
Rag = 1.01 hr - ft 2 F / Btu

Rn =
5-23
1
1
+ Rag =
+ 1.01 = 1.94 ; Un = 0.52 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
U
1.08
(a) Uw = 0.089 Btu /(hr - ft 2 F)
or 0.51 W / m2 C Table 5-9
Ufl = 0.029 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F) or 0.16 W / m2 C Table 5-10

(b) q = UA (ti t g ); t g = tavg A
M16FMR
86
t avg = 35.8 F (2.44 C) Table 5-11

Chicago,Illinois
A = 22 F (12 C)
Figure 5-7
5-23 (continued)
t g = 35.8 - 22 = 13.8; ti = 72 F (22 C)
q w = 0.089 (4 x 20 x 7) (72 - 13.8) = 2,900 Btu / hr or 0.85 kW

q fl = 0.029 (20 x 20) (72 - 13.8) = 675 Btu /hr or 0.2 kW
5-24
Re = R fl; Ufl = 0.029 Table 5-10
16
R fin = 1 / 0.48 Table 5-1a (Fibrous Pad)
Re =
1
+ 2.08 = 36.6
0.029
Ue = 0.027 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F) or 0.16 W / m2 C

1
+ 11 + (1 / 3.1) = 22.6
0.089
R
FM
5-25 (a) R w
Uw = 0.044 Btu/(hr-ft3-F) or 0.25 W/(m2-C)
R fl =
1
+ (1 / 0.48) = 36.6
0.029
Ufl = 0.027 Btu / (hr - ft 2 F) or 0.155 W / m2 C
(b) Refer to problem solution 5-23
q w = 0.044 (4 x 20 x 7) (72 - 13.8) = 1434 Btu / hr or 0.42 kW

q fl = 0.027 (20 x 20) (72 - 13.8) = 629 Btu / hr or 0.18 kW
5-26
Rins =
1.5
= 4.17 hr ft 2 F / Btu
0.36
C = 0.24 Btu/(hr ft 2 F) or 1.36 W / m2 C
M16FMR
87
Then from Fig. 5-8, U' = 0.85 Btu /(hr ft 2 F) or 1.47 W(m C)
q = U'P (ti t o ) = 0.85 x 300 [72 -10] = 15,810 Btu / hr or 4.63 kW

5-27
ti = 72 F (22 C) Assumed
Rc = Rb + R fin; Ub = 0.052 Btu / (hr -ft 2 F) Table 5-9
R fin = Ri + R vb + Rqyp = (5.0) + 0.0 + (1 / 2.22) = 7.22
Re =
1
+ 7.22 = 26.5
0.052
16
Ue = 0.038 Btu / (hr -ft 2 F) or 0.22 W / m2 C
5-28
Ub = 1.14 from Table 5-9

Rn =
1
+ 0.7 + (1 / 12.6) = 1.66 (m2 -c)/W ; Un = 0.60 W/(m21.14
C)
R
FM
or Un = 0.106 Btu / (hr -ft 2 F)
This does not account for the walls above grade.
5-29
U = 0.16
Rn =
Table 5-10 (no finish)
1
+ (1 / 6.9) + (1 / 4.6) = 6.61(m2 -C) / W
0.16
Un = 0.15 W/(m2 -C)
5-30
or 0.027 Btu / (hr -ft 2 F)
q / A = Un (ti t g ) = (ti t1) / R1 = (t1 t 2 ) / R2
R1 = Rgyp + Rins + Ri; R1 = (1 / 12.6) + 0.7 + 0.12 = 0.90

t1 = ti UnR1(ti t g ) = 20 - [1.05 x 0.9 (20 - 10)]
M16FMR
88
t1 =
14.6 C or 58F
R2 = Rgyp + Ri = (1 / 12.6) + 0.12 = .20

t 2 = 20 [0.60 x 0.2 (20-10)] = 18.8 C or 65.8 F
q / A = Un (ti t g ) = (ti t1) / R1; R1 = Ri + Rc
M
5-31
= 0.12 + (1 / 4.6) = 0.34
t1 = 20 (0.15) (0.34) (20-10) = 19.5 C or 67 F
C = 0.2 Btu/(hr-ft2-F); Figure 5-8
16
5-32
q = U'P (ti t o ); Ui = 0.81 Btu/ (hr-ft-F) or 1.4 W/(m-C)
U'ni = 1.37 Btu / (hr - ft -F)
(a) q / P = 0.81 (70 - 5) = 52.7 Btu / (hr - ft) or 50.7 W/m
(b) q / P = 1.37 (70 - 5) = 89.1 Btu / (hr - ft) or 85.6 W/m
R
FM
5-33
q = t / R' ; Eq. 5-25; L >> Z: L = 100ft
2L ln (L / 2Z)
ln 1
D ln (2L /D)
R' =
2 kL
200 x 12 ln(12 x 100 / 2 x 30)

ln
1 ln (200 x 12 / 4)
4
=
(2 x 8 x 100/12)
R ' = 8.12 x 10-3 (hr - F) / Btu
Which neglects the resistance
of pipe wall.
M16FMR
89
q =
70 42
8.12 x 10-3
or q = 1.01 kW;
q / L = 34.48 Btu / (hr -ft)
q
= 33.1 W/m
L
q = t / R'
5-34
= 3,448 Btu / hr;
16
100
ln
2 x 1
2 x 100
ln
1
0.05 ln 200
0.05
R'g =
= 4.98 x 10-3 C / W
2 (1.4) 100
Neglect resistance of the inside film and the tube wall.
q =
5-35
60 5
4.98 x 10-3
= 11.04 kW
Moisture will move toward the inside. Locate the vapor
R
FM
retardent on the outer side of the insulation.
The insulation will become wet if the retardent is placed on the
inside or left out entirely and the plywood would probably warp
and rot.
5-36
(a) q / A = Uo (ti to ) = (ti t1) / R1 = (ti t 2 ) / R2
Ro = 0.68 + 0.45 + 11 + 1.0 + 0.8 + 0.17 = 14.1

Uo = 0.071 Btu /( hr - ft 2 F)
R1 = 0.68 + 0.45 = 1.13( hr - ft 2 F) / Btu
R2 = 0.68 + 0.45 + 11 = 12.13( hr - ft 2 F) / Btu
t1 = ti R1Uo (ti t o ) = 70 (1.13 x 0.071) (70-10) = 65.2 F
M16FMR
90
t 2 = 70 (12.13 x 0.071) (70-10) = 18.3 F

(b) At 70 Fdb, 30% R.H. and possible leakage of air to surfaces 1
or 2.
t dp = 37 F < 65 F ~ no condensation expected
(c) Since t2 = 18.3 F is much less than the dewpoint, condensation

would occur.
Place vapor retardent at the location of interface 1.
Assume infiltration is negligible
16
5-37
p (t c t o )
Uf A f (ti t c ) = Uw A w (t c t o ) + U'P(t c to ) = mc
p )t o
Uf A f ti + (Uw A w + U'P + mc
; ti = 72 F; t0 = 10 F
tc =
p)
(Uf A f + Uw A w + U'P + mc
Assume 1.5 in. of wood floor, Pine; Rwood = 1.5/0.8 =1.88
1
; R f = 0.92 + 1.88 + 0.92 = 3.72; Uf = 0.27
Rf
R
FM
Uf =
UfAf = 0.27 x 30 x 60 = 484 Btu/(hr-F)
Uw =
1
; R w = 0.68 + (6 /15) + 0.17 = 1.25; Uw = 0.80
Rw
UwAw = 0.80 x 2(30 + 60)2 = 288 Btu/(hr-F)

UP = 1.8 x (30 + 60)2 = 324
p = 20 x 0.075 x 60 x 0.24 = 21.6 Btu/(hr-F)

mc
tc =
5-38
484 x 72 + (288 + 324 + 21.6)10

= 36.85 F
484 + 288 + 324 + 21.6
(a) q / A = U (ti t o ) = (t1 t o ) /R1;
U2=0.112; R1=0.17 + 0.33 + 4.17 + 2.22 = 6.89 (construction 2)
M16FMR
91
t1 = (6.89 x 0.112) (72-0) = 55.6 F
(b)
U = 0.211 (construction 1)
R1 = 0.17 + 0.33 + 2.22 = 2.72
ti = t o + R1U (ti to ) = 0 + (2.72 x 0.211) ( 72 - 0) = 41.3 F
(c) If room air leaks into the air space for the case of no roof deck
insulation (b) there could be some condensation since tdp = 50
16
F at 72 F and 45% RH. With the insulation, no condensation

would be expected.
5-39
(ti to ) / Rs = (ti t1) / R1
Rs = 4.5 or 0.79 (m2 -C)/W
Table 5-4a (Const. No.1)
R
FM
R1 = 0.68 + 0.45 + 0.94 = 2.07 (hr-ft 2 -F)/Btu or 0.365 (m2 -C)/W
Between Furring and block
t1 = ti
R1
.365
(ti t o ) = 22
(22 + 17) = 3.98 C or 39 F
Rs
0.79
t dp = 9.5 C, Assuming room air can diffuse into the air space,
condensation likely will form on the concrete block surface.
Therefore, place vapor retardant on inside surface of gypsum

board. Use foil backed retardent. Retardent must not touch
concrete blocks!
M16FMR
92
U1A1(ti -tn ) + U4 A 4 (ti -tn ) = 2U3 A 3 (tn -t o ) + U2 A 2 (tn -t o )
5-40
tn =
(U1A1 + U2 A 2 )ti + 2U3 A 3 to + U2 A 2t o

2U3 A 3 + U2 A 2 + U1A1 + U4 A 4
U1A1 = 0.09 x 8 x 20 = 14.4;
U2 A 2 = 0.09 x 8.54 x 20 = 15.4;
0.09 x 3 x 8
= 1.08
2
U4 A 4 = 0.09 x 3 x 20 = 5.4
U3 A 3 =
(14.4 + 15.4)70 + (2 x 0.8 x 0) + (15.4 x 0)

= 55.8 F
(2 x 1.08) + 15.4 + 14.4 + 5.4
16
tn =
Place water pipes in this space with some caution.
Uf A f (ti -tb ) = (Uw A w + Ubf A f )(tb -t g ) ; ti = 72 F
R
FM
5-41
tg = tavg A = 37.6 23 = 14.6 F or 8 C
1
; R f = (2 x 0.92) + (1.5/0.8) + 2.1 = 5.82
Rf
Carpet and Fibrous pad assumed; Uf = 0.172 Btu/ (hr - ft2 - F)
Uf =
Uw =.164 Table 5 9; Ubf = 0.029 Table 5 10
tb =
tb =
Uf A f ti + ( Uw A w + Ubf A f )t g
Uf A f + Uw A w + Ubf A f
(0.172 x 400 x 72) + (.164 x 80 x 7 + 0.029 x 400)14.6

68.8 + 91.8 + 11.6
tb = 30.3 F or -0.95 C
M16FMR
CHAPTER 6
M
6-1
Refer to Table B-1. The computer program PSYC may be used to find the
humidity ratio from tdb and assumed 100% RH.
Wind
Direction, deg.
CCW from N
Humidity
Ratio,
lbv/lba
(a) Pendleton, OR
11
140
0.0
(b) Milwaukee, WI
-2
13
290
0.0
(c) Anchorage, AL
-9
10
0.0
(d) Norfolk, VA
24
12
340
0.003
(e) Albuquerque, NM
18
360
0.0
(f) Charleston, SC
28
20
0.003
16
tdb, F
Wind
Speed,
mph
City
R
FM
6-2
Design relative humidity is determined by possible condensation on inside

of glass. Find glass surface temperature (which is the maximum dewpoint temperature of the inside air allowed).
q /A = U(ti to) = C1(t1 to)
ti = 72F; t1 = glass surface temperature

U = 0.65 Btu/(hr-ft2-F). Table 5-5a
1
1 1
= ; hi = 1.46 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
C1 U hi
C1 = 1.172 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
M16FMR
t1 =
94
Uti + t o ( C1 U)
C1
Indoor
Tdb, F
Outdoor
Tdb, F
t1 =
tdp, F
(a) Caribou, ME
72
-10
35.5
Design or
Max.
RH ~ %
26.2
(b) Birmingham, AL
72
23
50.2
46.1
(c) Cleveland, OH
72
42.6
34.6
(d) Denver, CO
72
41.3
32.9
City
16
(e) San Francisco, CA
72
39
57.3
59.9*
(g) Boise, ID
72
-16
32.8
23.6
Rapid City
72
44.0
36.5
* RH = 60 % would probably be uncomfortable

RH = 40 to 50% would be more realistic
R
FM
6-3
Assume that the weather strip does not change the convective heat loss.
From Figure 6-2, Cp = 0.3. Using Eq. (6-7b) with the air density of 0 F,
the pressure difference due to wind is
lbm
ft / s
15mph *1.467
0.3 0.086
ft
mph
Pw =
lbm ft
2 32.17
lbf
s
in.wg
0.1924
lbf
ft
Pw = 0.037in.wg
Assuming slight stack effect, P 0.04 in. water

Using Table 6-1 and Fig. 6-1,
M16FMR

Loose fit with non-weather-stripped, K = 6; Q /L = 0.75 cfm/ft

Loose fit with weather-stripped, K = 2; Q /L = 0.24 cfm/ft
95
Total length of crack, L = [(3 x 3) + (2 x 5)] x 9 = 171 ft

Using L/2 for calculation, then

Q
Q
1 = 0.75 x 171/2 = 64.1 cfm,
2 = 0.24 x 171/2 = 20.5 cfm

Q
cp(ti to) = v cp(ti to)
Now q i = m
= 0.68
16
qi1 qi 2 Q1 Q 2 64.1 20.5

=
=
qi1
Q1
64.1
or a reduction of 68% in sensible heat loss.
Also, (K1 K2)/K1 = (6-2)/6 = 0.67 or 67% Reduction.
6-4
R
FM
From Fig. 6-2, Cp = 0.52 for windward wind.

Assuming standard sea level air density, the pressure difference due to
the wind speed of 13 m/s is
2
kg m
0.52 1.22 13
m s
Pw =
= 53.6Pa
kg m
2 1.0
N s
(a) From Table 6-2, K = 1 for tight-fitting.
/L = 0.60 L/m-s
Then, from Fig. 6-1, Q
= 0.60 x (0.9 + 2.0) x 2 = 3.48 L/s
Q
Assuming that the wind speed and wind direction are the same as the
given conditions for the bank at Rapid City, SD, the heating load (at -20.6
M16FMR
96
C outdoor temp. and 72 C indoor temp.) due to the door infiltration can
be calculating using Eq. (6-2b) as:
m
kg
J
(72 (20.6))C = 393.1W

q s = 3.48 * 0.001 1.22 1000
s
m
kg
C
(b) From Table 6-2, K = 2 for average-fitting.

/L = 1.25 L/m-s
= 1.25 x (0.9 + 2.0) x 2 = 7.25 L/s
Q
m
kg
J
(72 (20.6))C = 819.0W

qs = 7.25 * 0.001 1.22 1000
s
m
kg C
16
(c) From Table 6-2, K = 6 for average-fitting.
/L = 3.40 L/m-s
= 3.40 x (0.9 + 2.0) x 2 = 19.72 L/s
Q
m
kg
J
(72 (20.6))C = 2227.6W

qs = 19.72 * 0.001 1.22 1000
s
m
kg C
R
FM
6-5
From Figure 6-2, Cp = 0.52. Using Eq. (6-7b) with the standard air density,
the pressure difference due to wind is
lbm
ft / s
23mph *1.467
0.52 0.0765
ft
mph
Pw =
lbm ft
2 32.17
lbf
s
in.wg
0.1924
lbf / ft
Pw = 0.135in.wg
Neglecting stack effect and pressurization, P 0.135 in. water

From Table 6-1, K = 2 for average-fitting with non-weather-stripped.
/L = 0.60 cfm/ft.
From Fig. 6-1, Q
Lc = [(3 x 2.5) + (2 x 4)]x3 = 46.5 ft
M16FMR
= 0.60 x 46.5 = 27.9 cfm.

Q
97
M
6-6
(a) The wind effect is assumed to be independent of height and pressure

differences due to wind are the same as those given in Ex. 6-1.
16
3rd Floor: Ps/Cd = 0.037; Ps = 0.037 x 0.8 = 0.03 in. water

Ps
Pw
PT
Orientation
Windward
0.03
0.066
0.096
Sides
0.03
-0.066
-0.036
Leeward
0.03
-0.033
-0.003
R
FM
9th Floor: Ps/Cd = -0.100; Ps = -0.100 x 0.8 = -0.08 in. water

Ps
Pw
PT
Orientation
Windward
-0.08
0.066
-0.014
Sides
-0.08
-0.066
-0.146
Leeward
-0.08
-0.033
-0.113
(b) For Billings, MT, design conditions are to = -7F, ti = 72F, i = 28%.
From Table 6-3, K = 0.66 for conventional curtain wall.
Air will infiltrate on windward side only on 3rd floor.
Windward 3rd floor
= 0.15(120 x 10) = 180 cfm
/A = 0.15 cfm/ft2; Q
Q
Then q s = (180 x 60/12.4)(0.24)(72 (-7)) = 16,514 Btu/hr
q l = (180 x 60/12.4)(0.005 0.000)1060 = 4,616 Btu/hr
q t = q s + q l = 21,130 Btu/hr [3rd Floor]
9th Floor All exfiltration on this floor.
q t = 0.0 Btu/hr [9th Floor]
M16FMR
98
6-7
(a) Windward Doors: Double vestibule type

PT = 0.146 in. water, assume 1/8 in. cracks
/L = 16 cfm/ft [Fig. 6-7], L = 32 ft [Ex. 6-2]
Q
= 16 x 32 x 0.7 = 358 cfm
Q
(Assume 30% reduction for vestibule doors)
6-7 (Cont.)
16
Side Doors: Double vestibule type

PT = -0.052 in. water, 1/8 in. cracks
= 0.0 (negative pres. diff.)
Q
(b) Windward: PT = 0.146 in. water, K = 0.66 [Table 6-3]

/A = 0.20 cfm/ft2 [Fig. 6-6]
Q
A = 120 x 10 = 1200 ft2
= 0.29(1200) = 240 cfm
Q
R
FM
Sides: PT = -0.052 in. water, K = 0.66 [Table 6-2]

= 0.0 (negative pres. diff.)
Q
UULeeward: PT = 0.047 in. water, K = 0.66 [Fig. 6-6]

/A = 0.100 cfm/ft2, A = 1200 ft2
Q
= 0.100(1200) = 120 cfm;
Q
Total infiltration for the walls is
w = 240 + 0.0 + 120 = 360 cfm
Q
(c) Total infiltration is sum for doors and walls.

= 179 cfm.
From Ex. 6-2, for leeward door, Q
Then the total door filtration is
D = 358 + 179 = 537 cfm (neglect infil. due to traffic).
Q
T = 897 cfm
And the total wall infiltration is 360 cfm, then Q
M16FMR
99
For Charleston, WV: to = 11F, ti = 70F
q s = (897 x 60/11.72)(0.24)(70-11) = 65,025 Btu/hr
q = (897 x 60/11.72)(1060)(0.005 0.000) = 24,338 Btu/hr
q = q s + q = 89,363 Btu/hr
M
6-8
16
(a) Assuming standard sea level air density, the pressure difference due
to the wind speed of 20 m/s is
lbm
ft / s
0.0765
20mph *1.467
ft
mph
Pw
=
Cp
lbm ft
2 32.17
lbf
s
in.wg
0.1924
lbf
ft
/
= 0.197 in. water
UUWindward: Pw = 0.197 x 0.25 = 0.049 in. water
R
FM
Cp assumed
Equal for both
L and W walls
Leeward: Pw = 0.197 x (-0.5) = -0.099 in. water

Assumptions:
1) temperature difference, ti to, = 40F
2) the neutral pressure level is at floor 9,
3) the floor height is 12 ft., and
4) Cd = 0.80.
Then, from Fig. 6-5,
Floor 1: h = 108 ft., Ps/Cd = 0.13, and Ps = 0.13 x 0.80 = 0.104 in. water
Floor 5: h = 60 ft., Ps = 0.065 x 0.80 = 0.052 in. water
Floor 15: h = 72 ft., Ps = -0.085 x 0.80 = -0.068 in. water
Floor 20: h = 132 ft., Ps = -0.160 x 0.80 = -0.128 in. water
Windward
Leeward
M16FMR
100
Floor
1
5
15
20
Pw
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
Ps
0.104
0.052
-0.068
-0.128
PT
0.153
0.101
-0.019
-0.079
Pw
-0.099
-0.099
-0.099
-0.099
Ps
0.104
0.052
-0.068
-0.128
PT
0.005
-0.047
-0.167
-0.227
(b)
M
6-8 (Cont.)
R
FM
16
Infiltration Windward Sides, from 1st to 13th Floor
Leeward Sides, 1st Floor only
Exfiltration Windward Sides, from 14th to 20th Floor

Leeward Sides, from 2nd to 20th Floor
(c) 1st floor, Infiltration on all sides through doors, walls and fixed
windows
Windward Walls: from Table 6-3, K = 0.22 for tight fitting.
/A = 0.08 cfm/ft2.
From Fig. 6-6, Q
A = (100 + 60)12 = 1920 ft2
= 0.08 x 1920 = 154 cfm
Q
M16FMR
101
Leeward Walls: from Table 6-3, K = 0.22 for tight fitting.
/A = 0.005 cfm/ft2.
From Fig. 6-6, Q
A = (100 + 60)12 = 1920 ft2
= 0.005 x 1920 = 10 cfm
Q
/L = 17 cfm/ft for 1/8 in. crack.

Windward Doors: from Fig. 6-7, Q
6-8 (Cont.)
For vestibule doors, assume a 35% reduction.

/L = 17 x 0.65 = 11.05 cfm/ft
Q
L = (3 x 6.75) + (2 x 6) = 32.25 ft
= 11.05 x 32.25 = 356 cfm
Q
16
/L = 1.5 cfm/ft for 1/8 in. crack.

Leeward Doors: from Fig. 6-7, Q
For vestibule doors, assume a 35% reduction.
/L = 1.5 x 0.65 = 0.975 cfm/ft
Q
= 0.975 x 32.25 = 31 cfm
Q
R
FM
Then, total infiltration (neglecting traffic effect) is

tot = 154 + 10 + 356 + 31 = 551 cfm.
Q
(d) and (e) Infiltration rate is zero due to negative pressure differentials for
the 15th and 20th floors.
6-9
For Minneapolis, MN: to = -11F, ti = 70F.

[Note: t = 70 (-11) = 81F is inconsistent with Problem 6-8 where
t = 40F was used; however, an error is assumed to be minor]
T = 551 cfm for 1st floor.

(a) From Prob. 6-8, Q
q s = (551 x 60/12.15)(0.24)(70 (-11)) = 52,896 Btu/hr
q l = (551 x 60/12.15)(1060)(0.004 0.000) = 11,537 Btu/hr
q t = q s + q l = 64,433 Btu/hr
(b) and (c) q t = 0.0 due to zero infiltration
M16FMR
102
6-10
For Des Moines, IA: to = -4F, ti = 70F.
Transmission heat loss (neglecting infiltration) through windows, doors,

walls, and roofs can be determined by Eq. 5-19 as:
q = UA(ti to)
Windows: A = (3 x 4)12 = 144 ft2;

From Table 5-5a, U = 0.55 Btu/(hr ft2 F);
q = 0.55(144)(70 (-4)) = 5,861 Btu/hr
16
A = (3 x 6.75)12 = 243 ft2;

From Table 5-8, U = 0.28 Btu/(hr ft2 F);
(assume panel with metal storm door)
q = 0.28 (243)(70 (-4)) = 5,035 Btu/hr
Walls:
A = 8[(36 + 64)2] 144 60.75 = 1395.25 ft2;

From Table 5-4a, U = 0.14 Btu/(hr ft2 F);
q = 0.14(1395.25)(70 (-4)) = 14,455 Btu/hr
R
FM
Doors:
Roof/Ceiling: A = 36 x 64 = 2304 ft2;

From Example 5-3, U = 0.83 Btu/(hr ft2 F);
q = 0.083(2304)(70 (-4)) = 14,151 Btu/hr
Transmission heat loss through the slat-on-grade floor can be determined

by Eq. 5-23 as:
q = U'P(ti to)
P = (36 + 64)2 = 200 ft;

U' = 0.80 Btu/(hr ft F), from Fig. 5-8 (assume insulation R-value
of 5.4 (hr ft2 F)/ Btu and d = 2ft).
q = 0.8(200)(70 (-4)) = 11,840 Btu/hr
Floor:
Finally, total transmission heat loss is the sum of all heat losses;
M16FMR
103
q t = 51,342 Btu/hr
6-11
From Figure 6-2, Cp = 0.52. Using Eq. (6-7b) with the standard air density,
the pressure difference due to the wind of 15 mph is
lbm
ft / s
15mph *1.467
(0.52) 0.0765
ft
mph
Pw =
lbm ft
2 32.17
lbf
s
in.wg
0.1924
lbf / ft
16
Pw = 0.058 in. water
For a low-rise building, neglect stack effect and pressurization, thus

Pt 0.058 in. water
R
FM
From Tables 6-1 and 6-2, K = 1 for tight-fitting windows and doors.
/L = 0.13 cfm/ft.
From Fig. 6-1, Q
Lc = [(3 x 3) + (2 x 4)]x3 + (3+6.75)x2x3 = 109.5 ft
= 0.13 x 109.5 = 14.2 cfm.
Q
q s = (14.2 x 60/12.15)(0.24)(70 (-4)) = 1,245 Btu/hr

q l = (14.2 x 60/12.15)(1060)(0.005 0.000) = 372 Btu/hr
q t = q s + q l = 1,617 Btu/hr
6-12
For Halifax, Nova Scotia: to = 2F, ti = 70F.

Refer to Problem 6-10 for other data.
Windows: q = 0.55(144)(70 2) = 5,386 Btu/hr

q = 0.28 (243)(70 2) = 4,627 Btu/hr
Doors:
q = 0.14(1395.25)(70 2) = 13,283 Btu/hr
Walls:
Roof/Ceiling: q = 0.083(2304)(70 2) = 13,004 Btu/hr
q = 0.8(200)(70 2) = 10,880 Btu/hr
Floor:
M16FMR
q t = 47,180 Btu/hr
Total:
104
6-13
Memphis, TN; to = 21 F; ti = 70F

Rw = 0.92 + 1.55 + 0.99 + 1.77 + 0.17 = 5.4 (Tables 5-1a, 5-2a)
Uw = 1/5.4 = 0.185 Btu/(hr ft2 - F)
Ug = 0.81 Btu/(hr ft2 F) (Table 5-5a)
Ag = 6x3x3 = 54 ft2
Aw = (40x10)-54 = 346 ft2
q w = 0.185 x 346 x (70 21) = 3,136 Btu/hr
q g = 0.81 x 54 x (70 21) = 2,143 Btu/hr
q total = 5,279 Btu/hr
16
6-14
6-15
R
FM
Concord, NH; to = -2F; ti = 70F

Rw = 5.4 0.99 + 3.0 = 7.41
Uw = 0.135 Btu/(hr ft2 F)
Ug = 0.81 Btu/(hr ft2 F) (From problem 6-13)
q w = 0.135 x 346 x [70 (-2)] = 3,363 Btu/hr
q g = 0.81 x 54 x (72) = 3,149 Btu/hr
q total = 6,512 Btu/hr
Instructor supplies solution.
6-16
(a)
q =

Q
s (i i )
s
v
vs
M16FMR
105
s=
Q
(b)
qvs
(280,000)(14.6)
=
= 6,251 cfm
is iv (32.7 21.8)60
cp(ts tr) =
q = m
qvs
(250,000)(14.6)
=
= 5,633 cfm
c p (ts tr ) (0.24)(115 70)60
s=
Q

Q
s c (t t )
p s
r
vs
16
6-17
100,000
= -3.03
(133,000 100,000)
Locate states, and condition line and heating process on psychometric
chart.
cp(tr ts) or m
s = q s/cp(tr ts)
q s = m
s = 100,000/(0.24 x 20) = 20,833 lbm/hr
m
s=m
s x vs/60 = 20,833 x 14.05/60
Q
s = 4,878 cfm or about 4,900 cfm
Q
SHF = qs/(q + qs) =
R
FM
M16FMR
106
M
R
FM
16
M16FMR
Chapter 7
M
7-1
First, find longitude from Table B-1a

Then, convert Daylight Saving Time to Local Standard Time using Eq. 7-5
16
Next, determine the equation of time from Table 7-2
Finally, determine Local Solar Time using Eq. 7-6

The following table summarizes the solutions of the problem.
Longitude,
W
Norfolk, VA
Lincoln, NE
Casper, WY
Pendleton, OR
London, UK
76.2
96.75
106.47
118.85
0.45
Standard
Meridian,
W
Daylight
Savings
Time
Local
Standard
Time
Equation
of Time
75
90
105
120
0
9:00:00 AM
1:00:00 PM
10:00:00 AM
3:00:00 PM
7:00:00 PM
8:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
2:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
-2.41 min
-2.41 min
-2.41 min
-2.41 min
-2.41 min
Local Solar
Time
R
FM
7-2
Location
7:52:47 AM
11:30:35 AM
8:51:43 AM
2:02:11 PM
5:55:47 PM
Hour angle (negative for morning and positive for afternoon) can be
determined by
h = 15 * ( LST 12)
(a) h = 15*(8:19 - 12:00) = 15*(-3.683) = -55.25 deg.
(b) h = 15*(10:03 - 12:00) = 15*(-1.950) = -29.25 deg.

(c) h = 15*(15:46 - 12:00) = 15*(3.767) = 56.50 deg.
M16FMR
107
(d) h = 15*(12:01 - 12:00) = 15*(0.017) = 0.25 deg.
7-3
At sunset and sunrise, = 0 ; sin( ) = 0
From Eq. 7-8; cos(l ) cos(h) cos( ) = sin(l ) sin( )
cos(hss ) = cos(hsr ) = tan(l ) tan( )
The following table summarizes the solutions of the problem.
16
Location
Latitude, N
Declination
Angle,
Cos(h)
Hour
Angle,
Sunrise,
(LST)
Sunset,
(LST)
Billings, MT
Orlando, FL
Anchorage, AL
Honolulu, HI
45.8
28.43
61.17
21.35
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
-0.3865
-0.2035
-0.6829
-0.1469
112.7
101.7
133.1
98.4
4:29 AM
5:13 AM
3:07 AM
5:26 AM
7:30 AM
6:46 AM
8:52 AM
6:33 AM
Note earlier sunrise at greater latitudes
l = 33.0 deg. N
R
FM
7-4
h = 15*(9-12) = -45.0 deg.

On Sep 21, = 0.0 deg.
From Eq. 7-8; sin( ) = cos(l ) cos(h) cos( ) + sin(l ) sin( ) = 0.593
= 36.37 deg.
From Eq. 7-11; cos =
sin cos l cos sin l cos h

= -0.478
cos
= 118.57 deg. (clockwise from north)
M16FMR
108
7-5
At sunrise, = 0 ; sin( ) = 0
From Eq. 7-8; cos(l ) cos(h) cos( ) = sin(l ) sin( )
cos(hsr ) = tan(l ) tan( )
(a)
June 21: = 23.45 deg; l = 58 deg.
cos h = -0.6942; h = -133.96 deg. or -8.93 hours
16
Sunrise is at 3:04 AM (Solar Time)

= 0.751
cos
R
FM
(b)
Dec 21: = -23.45 deg; l = 58 deg.
cos h = 0.6942; h = -46.04 deg. or -3.07 hours

Sunrise is at 8:55 AM (Solar Time)

= -0.751
cos
7-6
Maximum solar altitude angle, will occur at solar noon, h = 0
M16FMR
109
From Eq. 7-10,
max = 90 Min( l )
From Table 7-2, |max| = 23.45

(a)
Denver, CO: l = 39.75 deg. N.
For north latitude, l is positive and greater than |max| so we need largest
positive value of .
From Table 7-2, max = 23.45 deg. and hence max = 73.70 deg.
Therefore, maximum solar altitude angle occurs at solar noon on June 21.
16
(b)
Lansing, MI: l = 42.77 deg. N.
For north latitude, l is positive and greater than |max| so we need largest
positive value of .
From Table 7-2, max = 23.45 deg. and hence max = 70.68 deg.
(c)
R
FM
Therefore, maximum solar altitude angle occurs at solar noon on June 21.
Sydney, Australia: l = 33.95 deg. S.
For south latitude, l is negative and |l| is greater than |max| so we need
largest negative value of .
From Table 7-2, max = -23.45 deg. and hence max = 79.50 deg.
Therefore, maximum solar altitude angle occurs at solar noon on Dec 21.
7-7
Longitude: LL = 100 deg. W
Local Standard Time: LCT = 3:30 pm

On Nov 21, EOT = 13.8 min
M16FMR
110
Using Eq. 7-6, LST = 15.50 (100-90)*4 /60+ 13.8/60 = 15.063 Hr or 3:04
pm.
Latitude: l = 37.5 deg. N
Hour angle: h = 15*(15.063-12) = 45.95 deg.
On Nov 21, = -19.8 deg.

Using Eq. 7-8 to calculate solar altitude, = 21.36 deg.
Then using Eq. 7-11 to calculate solar azimuth; = 226.56 deg. (clockwise
from north)
16
Surface azimuth; = 12+180 = 192 deg. (clockwise from north)

Finally, using Eq. 7-12 to calculate wall-solar azimuth
= |226.56-192| = 34.56 deg.
R
FM
7-8
Using Eq. 7-13b to calculate angle of incidence for a vertical surface
= 39.92 deg.
Using Eq. 7-13a to calculate angle of incidence for an inclined surface

For surface tilt = 70, = 32.30 deg.
7-9
For Ottawa, Ontario on July 21,
Longitude: LL = 75.67 deg. W

M16FMR
111
Equation of Time: EOT = -6.2 min

Declination: = 20.6 deg.
(a) Eastern Daylight Savings Time: EDST = 4:00 pm
Using Eq. 7-6, LST = 14.852 Hr or 2:51 pm.

Hour angle: h = 15*(14.852-12) = 42.78 deg.
16
Using Eq. 7-13c to calculate angle of incidence for a horizontal surface,
= cos-1(sin(47.16)) = 42.84 deg.
(b) At sunset, = 0 and sin = 0
cos(h ) = tan(l ) tan( )
R
FM
Hour angle: h = 112.34 deg.
Solar time at sunset: LST = 12 + h/15 = 19.49 hr or 7:29 pm.

Eastern Daylight Savings Time can be calculated by
EDST = LST + ( LL EST )(4 min/ degW ) EOT + 1
EDST = 19.49 +(75.67-75)*(4/60)-(-6.2/60)+1 = 20.638 hr or 8:38 pm.
7-10
For Philadelphia, PA on July 21,

Eastern Daylight Savings Time: EDST = 10:30 am
M16FMR
112
Using Eq. 7-6, LST = 15.852 Hr or 3:51 pm.

Hour angle: h = 15*(15.852-12) = 57.78 deg.
Using Eq. 7-11 to find solar azimuth; = 114.30 deg. (clockwise from north)
(a) Using Eq. 7-13c to calculate angle of incidence for a horizontal surface,
= cos-1(sin(49.42)) = 40.58 deg.
16
(b) For vertical surface facing southeast, Surface Tilt; = 90 deg., and
Surface azimuth; = 135 deg. (clockwise from north).
Using Eq. 7-12 to calculate wall-solar azimuth, = |114.3-135| = 20.7 deg.
Using Eq. 7-13b to calculate angle of incidence for a vertical surface,
R
FM
= cos-1(cos(49.42)cos(20.70)) = 52.52 deg.
(c) For inclined surface facing south, Surface Tilt; = (90-40) = 50 deg.,
and Surface azimuth; = 180 deg. (clockwise from north).
Using Eq. 7-12 to calculate wall-solar azimuth, = |114.3-180| = 65.7 deg.

Using Eq. 7-13a to calculate angle of incidence for an inclined surface,
= cos-1(cos(49.42)cos(65.70)sin(50)+sin(49.42)cos(50)) = 46.11 deg.

7-11
7-12
7-13
For Calibou, MA on July 21,
M16FMR
113

Solar Parameters; A = 346.4 Btu/hr-ft or 1093 W/m, B = 0.186,
and C = 0.138
Eastern Daylight Savings Time: EDST = 2:00 pm
Surface Tilt; = 60 deg.
Surface azimuth, SW; = 225 deg. (clockwise from north)
Using Eq. 7-6, LST = 14.72 Hr

Hour angle: h = 15*(14.72-12) = 41.58 deg.
16

Using Eq. 7-12 to calculate wall-solar azimuth, = 5.2 deg.
R
FM
Using Eq. 7-13a to calculate angle of incidence, = 7.45 deg.
Using Eq. 7-15 and clearness number of 1, GND = 252.51 Btu/hr-ft or

796.75 W/m
Using Eq. 7-16a, GD = 250.28 Btu/hr-ft or 790.03 W/m
Using Eqs. 7-18 and 7-20, Gd = 26.13 Btu/hr-ft or 82.46 W/m
Therefore, total clear sky irradiation is 276.51 Btu/hr-ft or 872.49 W/m
7-14
Given Information:
Date: June 21
M16FMR
114
and C = 0.137
Central Daylight Savings Time: CDST = 8:00 pm
Reflectance from water; g = 0.25
Using Eq. 7-6, LST = 18.58 Hr

Hour angle: h = 15*(18.58-12) = 98.65 deg.
16
Using Eq. 7-15, GND = 76.24 Btu/hr-ft or 240.5 W/m
Irradiation reflected from the ground can be determined by
GR = g Fwg (sin + C )GND
where Fwg can be determined from Eq. 7-24.
R
FM
Therefore, GR = 2.47 Btu/hr-ft or 7.8 W/m

7-15
Given Information:
Date: Mar 21
and C = 0.109
Local Solar Time: LST = 12:00 pm
Surface Azimuth, S; = 180 deg. (clockwise from north)
Clearness number; CN = 0.95
Diffuse Reflectance from snow; g = 0.7
Hour angle: h = 0.0 deg.
M16FMR
115

Using Eq. 7-13b to calculate angle of incidence, = 34.0 deg.
16
Irradiation reflected from the ground can be determined by
GR = g Fwg (sin + C )GND
where Fwg can be determined from Eq. 7-24.
R
FM
Therefore, GR = 62.8 Btu/hr-ft or 198.1 W/m

7-16
Given Information:
Date: Aug 21
and C = 0.134
Local Solar Time: LST = 10:00 am
Diffuse Reflectance from ground; g = 0.3
Hour angle: h = -30.0 deg.
M16FMR
116
Using Eq. 7-13b to calculate angle of incidence, = 61.5 deg.

16
Using Eqs. 7-23 and 7-24, GR = 11.9 Btu/hr-ft or 37.7 W/m
Using Eqs. 7-25, Gt = (134.4 + 32.2 + 11.9) = 178.6 Btu/hr-ft or

= (424.0 + 101.7 + 37.7) = 889.1 W/m
7-17
R
FM
The following results are determined from a computer program employing

equations in the book from Eqs. 7-6 to 7-26.
Following tables summarize input and output data calculated for southwestfacing vertical window at 32 deg. N latitude, 90 deg. W longitude, for all
daylight hours of a clear day on July 21 with ground reflectance of 0.2 and
clearness number of 1.
Input Data
Longitude
90
Standard Meridian
90
EOT
-6.2
Latitude
32
Declination
20.6
Surf Azimuth
225
Surf Tilt
90
A
346.4
B
0.186
C
0.138
CN
1
RHOG
0.2
deg
deg
min
deg
deg
deg
deg
Btu/hr-ft2
M16FMR
117
Output Data
CDST
LST
h,
7.00
5.90
-91.55
9.50
8.00
6.90
-76.55
21.78
9.00
7.90
-61.55
34.38
10.00
8.90
-46.55
47.09
11.00
9.90
-31.55
59.65
12.00 10.90 -16.55
71.33
13.00 11.90
-1.55
78.52
14.00 12.90
13.45
73.44
15.00 13.90
28.45
62.18
43.45
49.71
16.00 14.90
17.00 15.90
58.45
37.00
18.00 16.90
73.45
24.37
19.00 17.90
88.45
12.00
*Unit of Irradiation is Btu/hr-ft
GND*
G D*
G d*
G R*
G t*
71.57
78.63
85.69
93.60
104.24
123.59
172.69
229.79
252.83
264.52
272.79
279.93
286.94
153.43
146.37
139.31
131.40
120.76
101.41
52.31
4.79
27.83
39.52
47.79
54.93
61.94
151.90
140.64
128.74
116.76
104.98
93.63
83.01
73.49
65.62
60.08
57.55
58.44
62.60
112.19
209.84
249.18
268.71
279.23
284.65
286.52
285.30
280.70
271.44
254.30
220.69
141.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
34.88
81.05
115.85
135.41
136.46
115.51
65.16
6.97
13.03
15.47
16.69
17.34
20.57
24.03
27.54
30.36
31.69
30.69
26.33
15.97
3.40
10.68
17.51
23.39
27.95
30.90
32.03
31.28
28.70
24.45
18.81
12.15
4.90
10.37
23.71
32.98
40.07
45.29
51.46
90.94
139.87
174.91
191.54
185.97
153.99
86.03
16
7-18
R
FM
Using the developed program, following tables summarize input and output
data calculated for south-facing surface tilted at 45 deg. on Apr 21 in
Louisville, KY.
Input Data
Longitude
85.73
Standard Meridian
90
EOT
1.1
Latitude
38.18
Declination
11.6
Surf Azimuth
180
Surf Tilt
45
A
358.2
B
0.164
C
0.12
CN
1
RHOG
0.2
deg
deg
min
deg
deg
deg
deg
Btu/hr-ft2
Output Data
LST
h,
1.0
2.0
3.0
-165.0
-150.0
-135.0
-38.3
-32.9
-24.8
GND*
G D*
G d*
G R*
G t*
18.8
35.7
49.8
161.2
144.3
130.2
164.4
150.0
135.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
M16FMR
118
4.0
-120.0
-15.1
61.5
5.0
-105.0
-4.3
71.6
6.0
-90.0
7.1
80.8
7.0
-75.0
18.9
89.9
8.0
-60.0
30.6
99.7
9.0
-45.0
42.0
111.3
10.0
-30.0
52.3
126.8
11.0
-15.0
60.2
149.3
12.0
0.0
63.4
180.0
13.0
15.0
60.2
210.7
14.0
30.0
52.3
233.2
15.0
45.0
42.0
248.7
30.6
260.3
16.0
60.0
17.0
75.0
18.9
270.1
18.0
90.0
7.1
279.2
19.0
105.0
-4.3
288.4
20.0
120.0
-15.1 298.5
21.0
135.0
-24.8 310.2
22.0
150.0
-32.9 324.3
23.0
165.0
-38.3 341.2
24.0
180.0
-40.2 360.0
120.7
106.0
91.4
76.8
62.5
48.4
35.1
23.7
18.4
23.7
35.1
48.4
62.5
76.8
91.4
106.0
120.7
135.4
150.0
164.4
175.2
0.0
0.0
95.7
215.8
259.6
280.3
291.1
296.5
298.2
296.5
291.1
280.3
259.6
215.8
95.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
49.2
120.0
186.1
238.3
271.5
282.9
271.5
238.3
186.1
120.0
49.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
16
7-19
118.5
108.4
99.2
90.1
80.3
68.7
53.2
30.7
0.0
30.7
53.2
68.7
80.3
90.1
99.2
108.4
118.5
130.2
144.3
161.2
180.0
0.0
0.0
9.8
22.1
26.6
28.7
29.8
30.4
30.5
30.4
29.8
28.7
26.6
22.1
9.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
2.8
4.8
6.5
7.8
8.6
8.9
8.6
7.8
6.5
4.8
2.8
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.5
74.1
151.4
221.3
275.9
310.5
322.3
310.5
275.9
221.3
151.4
74.1
10.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
R
FM
Using the developed program, following tables summarize input and output
data calculated for an east-facing window, 3 ft. wide by 5 ft. high, with no
set back on a clear Jul 21 day in Boise, ID.
Input Data
Longitude
116.22
Standard Meridian
120
EOT
-6.2
Latitude
43.57
Declination
20.6
Surf Azimuth
90
Surf Tilt
90
A
346.4
B
0.186
C
0.138
CN
1
RHOG
0.2
deg
deg
min
deg
deg
deg
deg
Btu/hr-ft2
Output Data
LST
h,
5.0
6.0
-105.0
-90.0
3.8
14.0
GND*
G D*
G d*
G R*
G t*
E#
65.0
74.8
25.0
15.2
25.3
20.6
21.5
160.9
19.5
150.6
3.6
27.4
0.4
6.1
23.5
184.1
352.4
2761.3
M16FMR
119
7.0
-75.0
24.7
84.4
5.6
25.3
222.0
8.0
-60.0
35.6
94.8
4.8
35.8
251.6
9.0
-45.0
46.2
106.9
16.9
48.6
267.7
10.0
-30.0
56.1
123.0
33.0
62.1
276.8
11.0
-15.0
63.8
146.7
56.7
76.0
281.6
12.0
0.0
67.0
180.0
90.0
90.0
283.0
13.0
15.0
63.8
213.3
123.3
104.0
281.6
14.0
30.0
56.1
237.0
147.0
117.9
276.8
15.0
45.0
46.2
253.1
163.1
131.4
267.7
16.0
60.0
35.6
265.2
175.2
144.2
251.6
17.0
75.0
24.7
275.6
185.6
154.7
222.0
14.0
285.2
195.2
159.4
160.9
18.0
90.0
19.0
105.0
3.8
295.0
205.0
154.7
21.5
#
E is the rate at which solar energy strike the window in Btu/hr
36.8
38.5
36.1
31.4
26.2
21.5
17.5
17.2
16.6
15.6
13.8
10.0
1.3
12.3
18.1
23.0
26.8
29.2
30.0
29.2
26.8
23.0
18.1
12.3
6.1
0.4
249.9
260.6
236.3
187.8
123.6
51.4
46.6
44.0
39.7
33.7
26.1
16.1
1.8
3747.9
3908.9
3544.7
2817.2
1853.6
771.7
699.7
659.8
594.8
505.9
391.9
241.6
26.7
16
7-20
200.7
203.9
177.2
129.6
68.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Given Information:
Surface azimuth, S; = 180 deg. (clockwise from north)
Window width; W = 4 ft.
Window height; H = 6 ft.
Setback distance; b = 1 ft.
R
FM
(a) On April 21
Local Solar Time: LST = 9:00 am
Hour angle: h = 15*(9-12) = -45.0 deg.
Using Eqs. 7-28 to 7-30 to calculate shaded dimensions,
x = (1 ft.)*tan(73.73) = 3.43 ft.
y = (1 ft.)*tan(43.82)/cos(73.73) = 3.42 ft.
Shaded area can be calculated by
M16FMR
120
Ash = W * H (W x) * ( H y) = 22.52 ft
7-20 (Cont.)
Therefore, the percentage of the window that is shaded is 93.8%.
(b) On July 21
Local Solar Time: LST = 12:00 pm
Hour angle: h = 15*(12-12) = 0.0 deg.
16


Using Eqs. 7-28 to 7-30 to calculate shaded dimensions,
R
FM
x = (1 ft.)*tan(0.0) = 0.0 ft.

y = (1 ft.)*tan(78.13)/cos(0.0) = 4.76 ft.
Ash = W * H (W x) * ( H y) = 19.03 ft

(c) On Sep 21
Local Solar Time: LST = 5:00 9m
Hour angle: h = 15*(17-12) = 75.0 deg.
M16FMR
121

7-20 (Cont.)
Using Eq. 7-28 to calculate the horizontally shaded dimension, x,
x = (1 ft.)*tan(81.81) = 6.95 ft.
Since x is greater than W, the window is completely shaded.

Therefore, the percentage of the window that is shaded is 100%.
16
7-21
Given: Problem 7-20 with a long 2 ft overhang located 2 ft above the top of
the window.
For this problem, bo for overhang is the sum of the overhang depth and the
setback; hence, bo = 2+1 = 3 ft.
R
FM
(a) The vertically shaded dimension on the window due to the overhang
can be calculated by:
y0 = b0 tan / cos yow
where yo-w is the distance of the overhang above the window. Therefore,
yo = (3 ft.)*tan(43.82)/cos(73.73) - 2 = 8.27 ft.
Since yo is greater than H, the window is completely shaded.

(b) Similarly, yo = (3 ft.)* tan(78.13)/cos(0.0) 2 = 12.27 ft.
Since yo is greater than H, the window is completely shaded.
M16FMR
122
(c) Since the window is completely shaded due to the setback, there is no
need to calculate yo.
7-22
Given: Problem 7-20 with 6 in. setback instead of 1 ft. setback.
(a) Using Eqs. 7-28 to 7-30 to calculate shaded dimensions,

x = (0.5 ft.)*tan(73.73) = 1.71 ft.
y = (0.5 ft.)*tan(43.82)/cos(73.73) = 1.71 ft.
16
Ash = W * H (W x) * ( H y) = 14.19 ft

(b) Using Eqs. 7-28 to 7-30 to calculate shaded dimensions,
R
FM
x = (0.5 ft.)*tan(0.0) = 0.0 ft.

y = (0.5 ft.)*tan(78.13)/cos(0.0) = 2.38 ft.
Ash = W * H (W x) * ( H y) = 9.52 ft

(c) Using Eqs. 7-28 to 7-30 to calculate shaded dimensions,
x = (0.5 ft.)*tan(81.81) = 3.48 ft.
y = (0.5 ft.)*tan(12.61)/cos(81.81) = 0.79 ft.
Ash = W * H (W x) * ( H y) = 21.27 ft
M16FMR
123
7-23
On December 21, Declination: = -23.45 deg. Using the same procedure

as described in Problem 7-20, the following table summarizes the
calculated data.
Hour
Angle,
Solar
Altitude,
Solar
Azimuth,
SurfaceSolar
Azimuth,
Horizontally
Shaded
Dimension
(x), ft
Vertically
Shaded
Dimension
(y), ft
Shaded
Area, ft
%Shaded
Area
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
-60.00
-45.00
-30.00
-15.00
0.00
15.00
30.00
45.00
60.00
9.98
19.49
27.17
32.27
34.08
32.27
27.17
19.49
9.98
126.22
136.52
148.96
163.69
180.00
196.31
211.04
223.48
233.78
53.78
43.48
31.04
16.31
0.00
16.31
31.04
43.48
53.78
1.37
0.95
0.60
0.29
0.00
0.29
0.60
0.95
1.37
0.30
0.49
0.60
0.66
0.68
0.66
0.60
0.49
0.30
8.98
7.18
5.65
4.20
2.71
4.20
5.65
7.18
8.98
37.4
29.9
23.5
17.5
11.3
17.5
23.5
29.9
37.4
7-24
R
FM
16
Local
Solar
Time,
hr
This problem is similar to Problem 7-21 but the overhang depth is 3 ft

instead of 2 ft. Since the window in Problem 7-21 is completely shaded in
all cases. The window in this problem is also completely shaded in all
cases since the overhang depth is greater in this problem.
7-25
7-26
7-27
First, we need to know angle of incidence and solar irradiation. Using Eqs.
7-8 to 7-26 (or a computer program developed for previous problem),
M16FMR
124
incidence angle and solar irradiation on a southwest-facing window for
Boise, ID on a clear July 21 day at 3:00 pm solar time are
Angle of Incidence: = 52.4 deg.,

Direct Solar Irradiation: GD = 163.4 Btu/hr-ft,
Diffuse Solar Irradiation: Gd + GR = 34.5 + 23.0 = 57.3 Btu/hr-ft, and
Total Solar Irradiation: Gt = 163.4 + 57.3 = 220.9 Btu/hr-ft.
Then, the area of the glazing and of the frame is calculated to be 12.44 ft
and 2.56 ft, respectively.
From Table 7-3, solar heat gain coefficients for the glazing system ID 21c
are
16
SHGGgD(52.4) = 0.548 and SHGGgd = 0.52.
From Table 5-2, the outside surface conductance may be estimated to be

4.0 Btu/hr-ft-F.
R
FM
From Table 5-6, the U-value for the fixed, double glazed window having
aluminum frame with thermal break utilizing metal spacers is 1.13 Btu/hrft-F.
From Table 7-1, solar absorptance of the aluminum frame (assuming the
window is not a new one) is 0.8.
Assuming the window with no setback (Aframe = Asurf), the SHGC for the
frame can be calculated using Eq. 7-31 as:
SHGGf = 0.8*(1.13/4.0) = 0.226.
Then, using Eq. 7-32, the total solar heat gain is
q SHG = (0.548*12.44 + 0.226*2.56)*163.4
+ (0.52*12.44 + 0.226*2.56)*57.5 = 1613.68 Btu/hr.

7-28
From Table 7-3, the glazing transmittance and absorptances for the glazing
system ID 21c are
M16FMR
125
7-28 (Cont.)
TD (52.4) = 0.4156, Af1D (52.4) = 0.140, Af2D (52.4) = 0.1524,
Td = 0.40, Af1d = 0.13, and Af2d = 0.15.
Using Eq. 7-35, total transmitted solar heat gain is
qTSHG,g = (0.4156*163.4 + 0.40*57.5)*12.44 = 1130.91 Btu/hr.
Using Eq. 7-36, total solar heat gain absorbed by the glazing is
q ASHG,g = [163.4*(0.14+0.1524) + 57.5*(0.13+0.15)]*12.44
16
= 794.64 Btu/hr.
From Table 5-5a, the U-value for the center of glass is 0.42 Btu/hr-ft-F.
Similar to the previous problem, the outside surface conductance may be
estimated to be 4.0 Btu/hr-ft-F.
Then, the inward flowing fraction for glazing layer 1 can be calculated by:
R
FM
N1 = 0.42 / 4.0 = 0.105
From Table 5-2a, the inside surface conductance may be estimated to be

1.46 Btu/hr-ft-F.
The conductance from the inner pane to the outdoor air can be calculated
by:
ho, 2 =
1
1 1
U hi
1
1 = 0.59 Btu/hr-ft-F
0.42 1.46
N2 = 0.42 / 0.59 = 0.71
M16FMR
126
7-28 (Cont.)
Using Eq. 7-38, the inward flowing fraction of the glazing system is
N = [163.4*(0.105*0.14+0.71*0.1524) +
57.5*(0.105*0.13+0.71*0.15)] / 220.9
= 0.122
Using Eq. 7-39 and the SHGGf calculated from the previous problem, the
solar irradiation absorbed by the frame is
q ASHG, f = (163.4 + 57.5)*2.56*0.226 = 127.80 Btu/hr.
16
Using Eq. 7-40, the total absorbed solar heat gain of the fenestration
system is
q ASHG,gf = 794.64*0.122 + 127.80 = 224.75 Btu/hr.
The total solar heat gain is then
7-29
R
FM
q SHG = 1130.91 + 224.75 = 1355.66 Btu/hr.
From Table 7-4, IAC for a lighted-color Venetian blind installed on a

residential double-pane window is 0.66.
Using Eq. 7-41, the total solar heat gain is
q SHG = (0.226*2.56*220.9)
+ [0.548*12.44*163.4 + 0.52*12.44*57.5]*0.66
= 1108.48 Btu/hr.
7-30
From Table 7-6, for a lighted-color Venetian blind, shade transmittance,

reflectance, and absorptance are 0.05, 0.55, and 0.40, respectively.
Using Eq. 7-42, the transmitted solar heat gain is
M16FMR
127
7-30 (Cont.)
qTSHG = 0.05*1130.91 = 56.55 Btu/hr.

Using Eq. 7-43, the absorbed solar heat gain is
q ASHG = 224.75 + 0.40*1130.91
+ 0.55*1130.91*0.122*(0.13+0.15)
= 698.36 Btu/hr.
7-31
From Table 7-3, solar heat gain coefficients for the glazing system ID 5b
are
16
Similar to Problem 7-27, SHGGf = 0.226.
Then, using Eq. 7-32, the total solar heat gain is
q SHG = (0.6256*12.44 + 0.226*2.56)*163.4
7-32
R
FM
+ (0.60*12.44 + 0.226*2.56)*57.5 = 1828.64 Btu/hr.
From Table 7-3, the glazing transmittance and absorptances for the glazing
system ID 5b are
TD (52.4) = 0.5332, Af1D (52.4) = 0.1924, Af2D (52.4) = 0.12,
Td = 0.51, Af1d = 0.19, and Af2d = 0.11.
Using Eq. 7-35, total transmitted solar heat gain is
qTSHG,g = (0.5332*163.4 + 0.51*57.5)*12.44 = 1448.64 Btu/hr.

Using Eq. 7-36, total solar heat gain absorbed by the glazing is
q ASHG,g = [163.4*(0.1924+0.12) + 57.5*(0.19+0.11)]*12.44
M16FMR
128
7-32 (Cont.)
= 849.60 Btu/hr.
From Table 5-5a, the U-value for the center of glass is 0.55 Btu/hr-ft-F.
Similar to the previous problem, the outside surface conductance may be

N1 = 0.55 / 4.0 = 0.1375
16
Similar to the previous problem, the inside surface conductance may be

The conductance from the inner pane to the outdoor air can be calculated
by:
ho, 2 =
1
1 = 0.88 Btu/hr-ft-F
0.55 1.46
R
FM
1 1
U hi
N2 = 0.55 / 0.88 = 0.625
Using Eq. 7-38, the inward flowing fraction of the glazing system is
N = [163.4*(0.1375*0.1924+0.625*0.12) +
57.5*(0.1375*0.19+0.625*0.11)] / 220.9
= 0.100
The solar irradiation absorbed by the frame is the same as the previous
problem, and is equal to 127.80 Btu/hr.
Using Eq. 7-40, the total absorbed solar heat gain of the fenestration
system is
M16FMR
129
7-32 (Cont.)
q ASHG,gf = 849.60*0.100 + 127.80 = 212.76 Btu/hr.

The total solar heat gain is then
q SHG = 1448.64 + 212.76 = 1661.4 Btu/hr.
M
R
FM
16
M16FMR
Chapter 8
M
8-1
R
FM
16
a) The heat gain is generally greater than the cooling load during the
morning hours when sunlight first strikes a building and the internal
loads first begin. Heat is being stored in the building structure,
furnishings, etc.
b) Late at night when occupants are not present, lights and equipment are
off and solar radiation is zero, the building gives up stored heat to the
air, which the equipment removes as cooling load. The heat gain may
be quite small, zero, or negative.
c) At some time during the day, probably early evening, as heat gain is
decreasing, and equilibrium condition can be established when heat
gain and cooling load are equal. Or, some interior zones, where the
cooling load is driven only by internal heat gains may reach equilibrium if
the heat gain remains constant for a number of hours.
8-2
Multiple design conditions should be checked, including peak dry bulb

along with mean coincident wet bulb, and peak wet bulb along with mean
coincident dry bulb temperature.
8-3
ASHRAE 90.1 specified the 2.5% design conditions, which roughly

corresponds to the 1% design conditions in the current Handbook of
Fundamentals and the textbook.
Location
Norfolk, VA
Outdoor
DB, F
91
Outdoor
WB, F
76
Indoor
DB, F
75
Indoor
RH, %
50
Elevation, ft
30
Latitude,
N
36.90
M16FMR
131
Pendleton, OR
Casper, WY
Shreveport, LA
93
89
95
63
58
77
75
75
75
50
50
50
1496
5289
259
45.68
52.92
32.47
8-4
Select materials; some may need to be entered into the layer library. The
resulting wall construction appears as shown here. (Note that not
everything is specified exactly, so that a student using a density of 120
lb/ft3 for brick will get a different set of CTF coefficients.)
R
FM
16
After running the HvacLoadExplorer program in execute for room mode, we
obtain the following CTF coefficients for this wall.
Yn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
0.000445
Zn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
0.642344
Xn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
4.276507
-5.36497
0.011581
-0.98287
0.638772
1.141149
0.011845
0.376555
-0.02179
-0.02759
0.001134
-0.01101
-7.7E-05
0.000017
-5E-06
8-5
This problem is solved in the same way as Problem 8-4, except that the R13 insulation is changed to 5.5 thick R-19 insulation.
M16FMR
132
The following CTF coefficients are obtained:

Yn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
0.000071
Zn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
0.644513
Xn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
4.277384
-5.95084
0.004622
-1.08666
0.779066
1.847897
0.008936
0.510931
-0.10021
-0.16027
0.001835
-0.05401
0.001435
0.001331
0.00004
0.000734
8-6
R
FM
16
Again, this problem follows the procedure of the last two problems. The
thickness of the roll roofing must be estimated, and the conductivity chosen
to match the overall conductance. (k=thickness*conductance)

M16FMR
133
Yn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
0.006092
Zn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
0.644513
Xn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
1.014657
-1.09939
0.029838
-0.6816
0.150594
0.126521
0.006044
0.079104
0.000256
0.000071
0.00003
M
8-7
R
FM
16
In this case, a reasonable value for the resistance of the air-space must be
selected. For the air-space, an R-value of 1 is chosen; thus conductivity is
set to 12 Btu-in/hr- ft2- F, and the thickness is set to 12 in. Density and Cp
are set to zero and 0.24, respectively.

Yn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
0.00468
Zn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
0.654471
Xn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
1.014651
-1.12785
0.027234
-0.71129
0.178159
0.151609
0.00674
0.095526
0.000351
0.000106
0.000053
M16FMR
134
8-8
Again, reasonable values must be assumed for the density of the
acoustical tile and the specific heat of the limestone concrete.
M
16
Zn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
0.285116
-3.76069
0.01895
-0.38995
0.710366
0.633425
0.007779
0.137459
-0.01912
-0.00642
0.000149
-0.00352
8-9
R
FM
Yn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
0.002232
Xn,
Btu/h-ft2-F
3.162792
First, apply the exterior convective heat transfer correlation, Equation 818a, to determine hc. Assume the 15 mph wind is windward on the surface,
which results in hc = 2.3 Btu/(h-ft2-F).
Estimate the sky temperature as 10.8 R below the outdoor ambient
temperature = 546.87 R. Then estimate the effective sky temperature for a
vertical surface from Equation 8-25
tsky, = cos (90/2)tsky +(1-cos(90/2))to = 550.0 R
M16FMR
135
Make an initial guess at the surface temperature, say 120 F = 579.67 R,
and determine the surface-to-sky and surface-to-ground radiation
coefficients from Eqns. 8-22 and 8-23:
hr,sky= 0.556 Btu/(h-ft2-F) hr,grd= 0.568 Btu/(h-ft2-F)
Then, use Equation 8-29 to determine a new and better estimate of the
exterior surface temperature:
tos= 146.96 F
Then repeat the calculation of the radiation coefficients and surface

temperature.
16
hr,sky= 0.598 Btu/(h-ft2-F) hr,grd= 0.610 Btu/(h-ft2-F) tos= 145.54 F

And again:

And again:
R
FM
At which point, we may consider the solution essentially converged. The

conduction heat flux is then:
qconduction=U(tos-tis) = 0.1*(145.61-72)= 7.36 Btu/(h-ft2)
8-10
This problem follows the same solution approach as Problem 8-9, except
that, first, the solar irradiation must be determined for each hour, and
second, the heat balance must be performed for each hour. The solar
irradiation is obtained in the same manner as the solution for Problem 7-17.
Input Data
Longitude
106.62
Standard Meridian
105
EOT
-6.2
Latitude
35.05
deg
deg
min
deg
M16FMR
136
Declination
Surf Azimuth
Surf Tilt
A
B
C
CN
RHOG
20.6
270
90
346.4
0.186
0.138
1
0.2
M
MDST
LST
h,
deg
deg
deg
Btu/hr-ft2
Output Data
GND*
G D*
G d*
G R*
G t*
356.41
13.26
28.82
42.20
53.39
62.87
71.22
79.02
86.89
95.77
107.55
127.34
168.24
218.87
245.60
259.78
269.56
277.71
285.45
293.49
302.43
312.83
325.24
339.93
86.41
256.74
241.18
227.80
216.61
207.13
198.78
190.98
183.11
174.23
162.45
142.66
101.76
51.13
24.40
10.22
0.44
7.71
15.45
23.49
32.43
42.83
55.24
69.93
87.03
101.06
114.99
128.63
141.58
152.80
159.17
156.37
146.65
134.23
120.81
106.97
92.97
78.94
65.01
51.37
38.42
27.20
20.83
23.63
33.35
45.77
59.19
73.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
108.07
206.38
246.69
266.87
277.85
283.62
285.80
284.93
280.80
272.32
256.78
227.20
161.85
5.53
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
54.68
118.63
170.01
201.20
202.07
151.27
5.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.71
12.82
15.32
16.57
17.25
17.61
20.83
25.38
30.63
35.51
38.43
37.19
27.51
0.93
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.22
10.26
16.92
22.71
27.27
30.29
31.59
31.06
28.75
24.81
19.50
13.16
6.19
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.93
23.08
32.24
39.29
44.53
47.91
52.42
111.11
178.01
230.32
259.13
252.42
184.97
6.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
R
FM
16
1.00
23.79 176.83 -34.27
2.00
0.79 -168.17 -33.23
3.00
1.79 -153.17 -28.80
4.00
2.79 -138.17 -21.65
5.00
3.79 -123.17 -12.54
6.00
4.79 -108.17
-2.11
7.00
5.79
-93.17
9.19
8.00
6.79
-78.17
21.05
9.00
7.79
-63.17
33.22
10.00
8.79
-48.17
45.49
11.00
9.79
-33.17
57.51
12.00 10.79 -18.17
68.46
75.28
13.00 11.79
-3.17
14.00 12.79
11.83
72.19
15.00 13.79
26.83
62.36
16.00 14.79
41.83
50.63
17.00 15.79
56.83
38.41
18.00 16.79
71.83
26.17
19.00 17.79
86.83
14.15
20.00 18.79 101.83
2.58
21.00 19.79 116.83
-8.27
22.00 20.79 131.83 -18.00
23.00 21.79 146.83 -26.06
24.00 22.79 161.83 -31.74
The hourly dry-bulb temperature is calculated using Equation 8-2. Here,

the hour nearest to the local solar time has been used to determine the
temperature. A spreadsheet is used to obtain the solution. Iteration is
accomplished by simply pasting the calculated values of Tos back into the
Tos, estimated column.
U-Value
Solar absorptivity
Thermal emissivity
Input Data
0.1
0.8
0.9
Btu/(h-ft2-F)
M16FMR
137
Tis
Peak temperature
Daily Range
Mean Wind Speed
72.0
96.0
25.4
10.0
F
F
F
mph
Output Data
Outdoor
Effective
hc
hrsky
hrgrd
Local
Sky
Tos,
Clock
Dry-bulb
Sky
Solar
estimated (Btu/(h- (Btu/(h (Btu/(hTemp.
Time
Temp.
Temp.
(F)
ft2-F)) -ft2-F)) ft2-F))
Time
(F)
(F)
(F)
23.79
0.79
1.79
2.79
3.79
4.79
5.79
6.79
7.79
8.79
9.79
10.79
11.79
12.79
13.79
14.79
15.79
16.79
17.79
18.79
19.79
20.79
21.79
22.79
75.2
73.9
72.6
71.6
70.9
70.6
71.1
72.4
74.7
78.0
81.8
86.1
90.2
93.2
95.2
96.0
95.2
93.5
90.7
87.4
84.1
81.3
78.7
76.7
64.4
63.1
61.8
60.8
60.1
59.8
60.3
61.6
63.9
67.2
71.0
75.3
79.4
82.4
84.4
85.2
84.4
82.7
79.9
76.6
73.3
70.5
67.9
65.9
67.5
66.3
65.0
64.0
63.2
63.0
63.5
64.7
67.0
70.3
74.1
78.5
82.5
85.6
87.6
88.4
87.6
85.8
83.0
79.7
76.4
73.6
71.1
69.1
74.60
73.15
71.94
70.72
69.75
69.03
69.18
74.55
78.99
83.53
88.42
93.24
98.33
109.05
131.23
148.77
159.92
162.49
153.00
118.72
84.81
81.65
78.97
76.55
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.61
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.60
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.62
0.60
0.54
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.47
8-11
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.58
0.61
0.63
0.63
0.61
0.55
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.48
73.14
71.93
70.72
69.75
69.02
68.78
72.34
77.55
82.47
87.66
92.76
97.77
102.84
122.43
142.11
155.98
162.15
158.51
138.39
86.48
81.63
78.96
76.54
74.60
0.11
-0.01
-0.13
-0.23
-0.30
-0.32
0.03
0.56
1.05
1.57
2.08
2.58
3.08
5.04
7.01
8.40
9.02
8.65
6.64
1.45
0.96
0.70
0.45
0.26
R
FM
16
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
Tos,
q
calculated conduction
(Btu/(hfrom 8-24
ft2))
(F)
This problem uses the same solution procedure as Problem 8-10.

Input Data
Longitude
116.22
Standard Meridian
105
EOT
-6.2
Latitude
43.57
Declination
20.6
deg
deg
min
deg
deg
M16FMR
138
Surf Azimuth
Surf Tilt
A
B
C
CN
RHOG
180
90
346.4
0.186
0.138
1
0.2
deg
deg
Btu/hr-ft2
Output Data
M
MDST
LST
h,
GND*
G D*
G d*
G R*
G t*
346.83
2.32
17.66
31.94
44.76
56.15
66.47
76.20
85.92
96.42
108.99
125.92
151.07
185.34
217.50
239.78
255.07
266.84
277.01
286.67
296.51
307.11
318.90
332.16
166.83
177.68
162.34
148.06
135.24
123.85
113.53
103.80
94.08
83.58
71.01
54.08
28.93
5.34
37.50
59.78
75.07
86.84
97.01
106.67
116.51
127.11
138.90
152.16
152.14
154.11
150.59
143.20
133.87
123.75
113.42
103.29
93.66
84.88
77.37
71.58
68.02
67.06
68.82
73.09
79.44
87.38
96.45
106.26
116.49
126.80
136.76
145.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
46.47
173.45
227.72
254.61
269.45
277.79
281.98
283.00
281.09
275.81
265.88
248.28
215.64
146.49
3.97
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
22.70
58.92
87.76
105.54
110.30
101.56
80.22
48.70
11.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.89
10.77
16.45
20.78
24.56
27.57
29.47
29.99
29.04
26.78
23.50
19.55
15.02
9.10
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.07
7.06
13.24
18.90
23.67
27.24
29.38
29.95
28.90
26.32
22.36
17.29
11.44
5.19
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.96
17.83
29.69
62.38
107.15
142.58
164.39
170.24
159.50
133.31
94.57
48.18
26.46
14.28
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
U-Value
Solar absorptivity
Thermal emissivity
Tis
Peak temperature
Daily Range
Mean Wind Speed
R
FM
16
1.00
23.15 167.23 -24.77
2.00
0.15 -177.77 -25.80
3.00
1.15 -162.77 -23.91
4.00
2.15 -147.77 -19.34
5.00
3.15 -132.77 -12.59
6.00
4.15 -117.77
-4.21
5.31
7.00
5.15 -102.77
8.00
6.15
-87.77
15.60
9.00
7.15
-72.77
26.32
10.00
8.15
-57.77
37.17
11.00
9.15
-42.77
47.76
12.00 10.15 -27.77
57.42
13.00 11.15 -12.77
64.68
14.00 12.15
2.23
66.95
15.00 13.15
17.23
62.91
16.00 14.15
32.23
54.71
17.00 15.15
47.23
44.67
18.00 16.15
62.23
33.95
77.23
23.10
19.00 17.15
92.23
12.48
20.00 18.15
2.38
21.00 19.15 107.23
-6.85
22.00 20.15 122.23
23.00 21.15 137.23 -14.79
24.00 22.15 152.23 -20.95
Input Data
0.1
0.9
0.9
72.0
96.0
30.3
11.0
Btu/(h-ft2-F)
F
F
F
mph
Output Data
M16FMR
139
Outdoor
Effective
Local
Sky
Tos,
hc
hrsky
hrgrd
Clock
Sky
Dry-bulb
Solar
estimated (Btu/(h- (Btu/(h (Btu/(hTemp.
Temp.
Temp.
Time
(F)
(F)
ft2-F)) -ft2-F)) ft2-F))
Time
(F)
(F)
23.15
0.15
1.15
2.15
3.15
4.15
5.15
6.15
7.15
8.15
9.15
10.15
11.15
12.15
13.15
14.15
15.15
16.15
17.15
18.15
19.15
20.15
21.15
22.15
73.0
71.2
69.6
68.1
66.9
66.0
65.7
66.3
67.8
70.5
74.5
79.0
84.2
89.0
92.7
95.1
96.0
95.1
93.0
89.6
85.7
81.8
78.4
75.4
62.2
60.4
58.8
57.3
56.1
55.2
54.9
55.5
57.0
59.7
63.7
68.2
73.4
78.2
81.9
84.3
85.2
84.3
82.2
78.8
74.9
71.0
67.6
64.6
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
71.15
69.41
67.96
66.51
65.35
64.48
64.19
68.60
74.15
81.31
99.67
116.02
129.01
137.21
139.67
136.52
127.91
114.37
100.24
93.64
85.63
79.56
76.37
73.47
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.58
0.57
0.54
0.52
0.51
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.46
8-12
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.50
0.53
0.56
0.58
0.59
0.59
0.58
0.55
0.53
0.52
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
71.15
69.41
67.96
66.51
65.35
64.48
65.51
70.67
75.96
89.08
106.51
121.05
131.75
137.47
137.47
132.07
121.67
107.09
98.57
91.61
83.43
79.56
76.37
73.47
-0.09
-0.26
-0.40
-0.55
-0.67
-0.75
-0.65
-0.13
0.40
1.71
3.45
4.90
5.97
6.55
6.55
6.01
4.97
3.51
2.66
1.96
1.14
0.76
0.44
0.15
R
FM
16
65.3
63.5
62.0
60.5
59.3
58.4
58.1
58.7
60.2
62.9
66.9
71.4
76.5
81.4
85.0
87.5
88.4
87.5
85.3
82.0
78.1
74.1
70.8
67.8
Tos,
q
calculated conduction
(Btu/(hfrom 8-24
ft2))
(F)
This problem is solved in the same manner as Example 8-2. The results
(conduction heat fluxes for each hour in Btu/(hr-ft2)) may be summarized in
tabular form as:
Hour
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.312
0.463
0.508
0.494
0.454
0.410
0.387
0.402
0.473
1.126
0.954
0.804
0.673
0.561
0.475
0.426
0.426
0.487
1.126
0.954
0.804
0.673
0.561
0.475
0.426
0.426
0.487
M16FMR
140
0.612
0.820
1.089
1.399
1.715
1.998
2.223
2.362
2.405
2.352
2.215
2.016
1.786
1.551
1.327
0.620
0.825
1.092
1.401
1.716
1.999
2.223
2.362
2.405
2.353
2.215
2.016
1.786
1.551
1.327
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
0.620
0.825
1.092
1.401
1.716
1.999
2.223
2.362
2.405
2.353
2.215
2.016
1.786
1.551
1.327
8-13
16
Because the wall is lightweight, the results converge rapidly.
This problem is solved in the same way as the previous problem. Note that
the additional insulation substantially reduces the conduction heat flux, as
expected. The results (conduction heat fluxes for each hour in Btu/(hr-ft2))
may be summarized in tabular form as:
Day 1
0.203
0.329
0.379
0.380
0.356
0.323
0.298
0.296
0.328
0.407
0.535
0.711
0.925
1.154
1.373
1.559
1.691
1.757
1.754
1.685
1.562
1.406
R
FM
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Day 2
0.915
0.778
0.659
0.554
0.464
0.390
0.340
0.322
0.344
0.417
0.542
0.715
0.927
1.156
1.374
1.559
1.692
1.758
1.754
1.685
1.562
1.406
Day 3
0.915
0.778
0.659
0.554
0.464
0.390
0.340
0.322
0.344
0.417
0.542
0.715
0.927
1.156
1.374
1.559
1.692
1.758
1.754
1.685
1.562
1.406
M16FMR
141
23
24
1.237
1.070
1.237
1.070
1.237
1.070
8-14
The solution to this problem is similar to that of Problem 8-9, except that to
estimate the maximum possible surface temperature, the surface may be
assumed to be adiabatic, and U is then zero. Also, the surface-to-ground
radiation coefficient is zero, and no correction is necessary for the sky
temperature, as the surface is assumed to be horizontal. Assume the wind
is windward, hc= 1.3 Btu/(h-ft2-F). Then, the final converged answer for the
surface temperature is:
8-15
16
hr,sky= 1.361 Btu/(h-ft2-F)
tos= 201.0 F
From Table 8-2, heat gain for occupants that are Seated, very light work
have 245 Btu/hr (72 W) sensible heat gain, and 155 Btu/hr (45 W) latent
heat gain. The sensible portion is assumed to be 70% radiative/ 30%
convective.
R
FM
The sensible heat gain from people is 72 W/person x 30 people = 2160 W.

The radiative portion is 0.7 x 2160 = 1512 W.
The convective portion is 0.3 x 2160 = 648 W.
The latent heat gain from people is 45 W/person x 30 people = 1350 W.
The sensible heat gain from lighting is 1.5 W/ft2 x 4000 sq. ft. = 6000 W;
20% is assumed to enter the plenum space directly, leaving 4800 W which
is assumed to be 59% radiative / 41% convective.
The sensible heat gain from equipment is 1 W/ft2 x 4000 sq. ft. = 4000 W,
which is assumed to be 20% radiative / 80% convective. (Note this
M16FMR
142
assumption is based on the assumption that most of the equipment is fancooled. Students are likely to make varying assumptions.)
The total sensible heat gain is 2160 + 4800 + 4000 = 10960 W.

The radiative portion is 1512 + 2832 + 800 = 5144 W.
The convective portion is 648 + 1968 + 3200 = 5816 W.
16
The total latent heat gain is 1350 W.
8-16
From Table 8-2, heat gain for occupants that are involved in Sedentary
work is 275 Btu/hr (81 W) sensible heat gain, and 275 Btu/hr (81 W) latent
heat gain. The sensible portion is assumed to be 70% radiative/ 30%
convective.
R
FM
The sensible heat gain from people is 81 W/person x 35 people = 2835 W.

The radiative portion is 0.7 x 2835 = 1984.5 W.
The convective portion is 0.3 x 2835 = 850.5 W.
The latent heat gain from people is 81 W/person x 35 people = 2835 W.
The sensible heat gain from lighting is 15 W/m2 x 750 m2 = 11250 W; 50%
is assumed to enter the plenum space directly, leaving 5625 W that is
assumed to be 59% radiative / 41% convective.
The sensible heat gain from office equipment is 7000 W, which is assumed
to be 20% radiative / 80% convective. (Note this assumption is based on
M16FMR
143
the assumption that most of the equipment is fan-cooled. Students are
likely to make varying assumptions.)
The total sensible heat gain is 2835 + 5625 + 7000 = 15460 W.
The radiative portion is 1984.5 + 3319 + 1400 = 6703.5 W.

The convective portion is 850.5 + 2306 + 5600 = 8756.5 W.
The total latent heat gain is 2835 W.
16
8-17
Heat gain to the space = 0.8 x 6000 W = 4800 W
Problem 8-18
R
FM
At 4:00 p.m., 70 people are present. Assuming seated, light office work,
the sensible heat gain per person is 245 Btu/hr (72 W) and the latent heat
gain per person is 200 Btu/hr (59 W).
Sensible heat gain = 245 Btu/hr/person x 70 people = 17150 Btu/hr.
Latent heat gain = 200 Btu/hr/person x 70 people = 14000 Btu/hr.
At 6:00 p.m., no one is present; sensible and latent heat gains are 0 Btu/hr.
8-19
M16FMR
144
First, compute the properties of the corresponding fictitious surfaces, using
Eqns 8-35, 8-36, 8-37. Results are shown in the shaded table entries,
below.
1
2
3
4
5
Surface Area (ft2)

North roof 639.7
South roof 639.7
West wall
84.0
East wall
84.0
Attic floor 1176.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
A-
575.8
575.8
75.6
75.6
1058.4
T(F)
122
143
102
92
95
A- -T
70241.8
82332.6
7711.2
6955.2
100548.0
Af
1983.7
1983.7
2539.4
2539.4
1447.4
f
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
Tfv(F)
110.6
103.9
113.8
114.1
128.4
16
Then, compute the radiant interchange factor and radiation heat transfer
coefficient using Eqns. 8-38 and 8-39. Using Eqn. 8-40, estimate the
radiative heat flux from each surface (qrad), then determine the radiative
heat transfer from each surface (Qrad). Then, compute the total radiative
heat transfer from all surfaces = -69,769.5 Btu/hr. Divide by the total
surface area, 2623.4 ft2, to get the balancing factor, -26.6 Btu/(hr-ft2), which
must be subtracted from the previously calculated heat flux from each
surface to determine the balanced radiation heat flux from each surface
(qrad/bal). Multiply by the area to determine the radiation heat transfer from
each surface (Qrad/bal). Check to see that they now sum to zero.
Fif
North roof
South roof
West wall
East wall
Attic floor
0.872
0.872
0.897
0.897
0.832
8-20
qrad
(Btu/
(hr-ft2))
129.7
463.7
-132.6
-242.5
-355.3
Qrad
(Btu/hr)
qrad/bal
Qrad/bal
(Btu/
(Btu/hr)
2
(hr-ft ))
156.3 99964.1
490.3 313637.9
-106.0 -8906.1
-215.9 -18134.2
-328.7 -386561.8
R
FM
1
2
3
4
5
Surface
Tavg (R)
hri
576.0
583.1
567.6
562.7
571.4
11.4
11.9
11.2
11.0
10.6
82950.9
296624.7
-11140.0
-20368.1
-417837.0
First, compute the properties of the corresponding fictitious surfaces, using

Eqns 8-35, 8-36, 8-37. Results are shown in the shaded table entries,
below.
Surface
1
North roof
Area
(m2)
120.7
A-
T(C)
A- -T
Af
Tf (C)
0.9
108.7
43
4672.9
372.7
0.9
38.3
M16FMR
145
2
3
4
5
South roof
West wall
East wall
Attic floor
120.7
18.0
18.0
216.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
108.7
16.2
16.2
194.4
50
36
38
32
5433.6
583.2
615.6
6220.8
372.7
475.5
475.5
277.5
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
36.0
39.6
39.5
45.3
Then, compute the radiant interchange factor and radiation heat transfer
coefficient using Eqns. 8-38 and 8-39. Using Eqn. 8-40, estimate the
radiative heat flux from each surface (qrad), then determine the radiative
heat transfer from each surface (Qrad). Then, compute the total radiative
heat transfer from all surfaces = -3027.9 W. Divide by the total surface
area, 493.5 m2, to get the balancing factor, -6.1 W/m2, which must be
subtracted from the previously calculated heat flux from each surface to
determine the balanced radiation heat flux from each surface (qrad/bal).
Multiply by the area to determine the radiation heat transfer from each
surface (Qrad/bal). Check to see that they now sum to zero.
16
1
2
3
4
5
Surface
Fif
Tavg (K)
hri
North roof
South roof
West wall
East wall
Attic floor
0.872
0.872
0.897
0.897
0.835
313.8
316.2
310.9
311.9
311.8
6.1
6.3
6.1
6.2
5.7
R
FM
8-21
qrad/bal Qrad/bal
qrad
Qrad (W)
(W/m2)
(W/m2)
(W)
28.6
3459.0
34.8
4199.9
87.2
10534.5
93.4
11275.4
-22.0
-395.4
-15.8
-285.0
-9.4
-168.4
-3.2
-58.0
-76.2 -16457.6 -70.1 -15132.3
The solution procedure is identical to that of Problem 8-19, except the

emissivities for surfaces 1 and 2 are 0.1. Fictitious surface properties are
shown in the first table.
1
2
3
4
5
Surface Area (ft2)

North roof 639.7
South roof 639.7
West wall
84.0
East wall
84.0
Attic floor 1176.0
0.1
0.1
0.9
0.9
0.9
A-
64.0
64.0
75.6
75.6
1058.4
T(F)
122
143
102
92
95
A- -T
7804.6
9148.1
7711.2
6955.2
100548.0
Af
1983.7
1983.7
2539.4
2539.4
1447.4
f
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.2
Tfv(F)
97.6
96.6
98.6
99.2
113.3
The total radiative heat transfer from all surfaces = -3476.1 Btu/hr. The
balancing factor is -1. 3 Btu/(hr-ft2).
Surface
Fif
Tavg (R)
hri
qrad
(Btu/
Qrad
(Btu/hr)
qrad/bal
(Btu/
Qrad/bal
(Btu/hr)
M16FMR
146
1
2
3
4
5
North roof
South roof
West wall
East wall
Attic floor
0.098
0.098
0.874
0.874
0.222
569.5
579.5
560.0
555.3
563.8
1.2
1.3
10.5
10.3
2.7
(hr-ft2))
(hr-ft2))
30.3
19378.4
31.6
20226.0
60.8
38903.3
62.1
39751.0
35.5
2984.3
36.9
3095.6
-74.1
-6220.9
-72.7
-6109.6
-49.8 -58521.2 -48.4 -56963.0
Note that the radiative heat fluxes from surfaces 1 and 2, and to surface 5
are significantly lower. (The heat flux incident on surface 5 has been
reduced by 85%.) The catch is that in real life, everything else does not
remain the same. In particular, the temperatures would change
significantly.
16
8-22
The solution procedure is identical to that of Problem 8-20, except the

emissivities for surfaces 1 and 2 are 0.1. Fictitious surface properties are
shown in the first table.
Surface
North roof
South roof
West wall
East wall
Attic floor
A-
T(C)
A- -T
Af
Tf (C)
0.1
0.1
0.9
0.9
0.9
12.1
12.1
16.2
16.2
194.4
43
50
36
38
32
519.2
603.7
583.2
615.6
6220.8
372.7
372.7
475.5
475.5
277.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.2
33.6
33.2
33.9
33.8
41.1
R
FM
1
2
3
4
5
Area
(m2)
120.7
120.7
18.0
18.0
216.0
The total radiative heat transfer from all surfaces = -341.5 W. The
balancing factor is -0.7 W/m2.
1
2
3
4
5
8-23
Surface
Fif
North roof
South roof
West wall
East wall
Attic floor
0.098
0.098
0.870
0.870
0.241
Tavg (K)
hri
311.4
314.8
308.1
309.0
309.7
0.7
0.7
5.8
5.8
1.6
qrad
(W/m2)
6.3
11.7
12.1
24.6
-14.7
Qrad (W)
765.2
1407.1
217.6
443.7
-3175.0
qrad/bal
(W/m2)
7.0
12.3
12.8
25.3
-14.0
Qrad/bal
(W)
848.7
1490.7
230.0
456.1
-3025.6
M16FMR
147
Convective heat transfer coefficients are determined from Table 8-8.
Coefficients for the pitched roof surfaces are based on the Sloping 45
degrees surface position. A more sophisticated approach would involve
interpolation. The results are summarized below.
Surface
T(F)
North roof
639.7
122
South roof
639.7
143
3
4
5
West wall
East wall
Attic floor
84.0
84.0
1176.0
102
92
95
Surface
Position
Sloping 45 degrees
Sloping 45 degrees
Vertical
Vertical
Horizontal
q"convection
Direction of
hc
Heat Flow (Btu/(hr-ft2-F)) (Btu/(hr-ft2))
Downward
0.42
15.54
Downward
0.42
24.36
Horizontal
Horizontal
Downward
0.56
0.56
0.18
9.52
3.92
1.80
16
8-24
Area (ft2)
Convective heat transfer coefficients are determined from Table 8-8.

Coefficients for the pitched roof surfaces are based on the Sloping 45
degrees surface position. A more sophisticated approach would involve
interpolation. The results are summarized below.
R
FM
Surface
Area (m2)
T(C)
North roof
120.7
43
South roof
120.7
50
3
4
5
West wall
East wall
Attic floor
18.0
18.0
216.0
36
38
32
Surface
Position
Sloping 45 degrees
Sloping 45 degrees
Vertical
Vertical
Horizontal
Direction of
Heat Flow
hc
(W/m2-K)
q"convection
(W/m2)
Downward
2.39
33.46
Downward
2.39
50.19
Horizontal
Horizontal
Downward
3.18
3.18
1.02
22.26
28.62
3.06
8-25
M16FMR
148
First, the solar irradiation on the window is obtained in the same manner as
the solution for Problem 7-17. The following tables show results for the
west-facing window.
Input Data
Longitude
101.7
Standard Meridian
90
EOT
-6.2
Latitude
35.23
Declination
20.6
Surf Azimuth
270
Surf Tilt
90
A
346.4
B
0.186
C
0.138
CN
1
0.2
RHOG
deg
deg
min
deg
deg
deg
deg
Btu/hr-ft2
16
Output Data
CDST
LST
h,
GND*
G D*
G d*
G R*
G t*
15.00
13.12
16.75
69.25
229.59
40.41
74.35
283.92
76.59
27.06
30.47
134.12
The layer absorptances of the double-pane window with 1/8 in. sheet glass
(ID5a) can be found from Table 7-3 as:
R
FM
Direct,outer = Af1(74 deg) = 0.13 diffuse,outer = Af1,diffuse = 0.11

Direct,inner = Af2(74 deg) = 0.06 diffuse,inner = Af2,diffuse = 0.07
Then, the solar radiation absorbed by each pane of the double-pane

window may be determined by (neglecting incident solar radiation from the
inside):
qit absorbed,outer, j, = 0.13(76.59) + 0.11(57.53) = 16.29 Btu/(hr-ft2)
qit absorbed,inner, j, = 0.06(76.59) + 0.07(57.53) = 8.62 Btu/(hr-ft2)
8-26
M16FMR
149
First, the solar irradiation on the window is obtained in the same manner as
the solution for Problem 7-17. The following tables show results for the
west-facing window.
Input Data
Longitude
108.53
Standard Meridian
105
EOT
-6.2
Latitude
45.8
Declination
20.6
Surf Azimuth
270
Surf Tilt
90
A
346.4
B
0.186
C
0.138
CN
1
0.2
RHOG
deg
deg
min
deg
deg
deg
deg
Btu/hr-ft2
16
Output Data
MDST
LST
h,
GND*
G D*
G d*
G R*
G t*
15.00
13.66
24.92
57.57
227.35
42.65
66.77
277.89
109.60
29.57
27.29
166.46
The layer absorptances of the double-pane window with 1/8 in. sheet glass
(ID5a) can be found from Table 7-3 as:
R
FM
Direct,outer = Af1(67 deg) = 0.127

Direct,inner = Af2(67 deg) = 0.073
diffuse,outer = Af1,diffuse = 0.11

diffuse,inner = Af2,diffuse = 0.07
Then, the solar radiation absorbed by each pane of the double-pane

window may be determined by (neglecting incident solar radiation from the
inside):
qit absorbed,outer, j, = 0.127(109.6) + 0.11(56.86) = 20.17 Btu/(hr-ft2)
qit absorbed,inner, j, = 0.073(109.6) + 0.07(56.86) = 11.98 Btu/(hr-ft2)
8-27
RESULTS BY THE HB METHOD USING THE HVACEXPLORER

PROBRMA ARE HIGHER THAN RESULTS BY THE RTS METHOD
USING THE SPREADSHEET.
8-28
M16FMR
150
The RTS method is used to obtain the cooling load results for this problem.
The following table shows total cooling loads and cooling loads due to
window heat gains for both low-e and regular double-pane windows. All
cooling loads due to other heat gains are the same as those shown in
Example 8-16.
Low-E Windows
(from Example 8-16)
Window
Window
Total
Conduction
SHG
(Btu/hr)
(Btu/hr)
(Btu/hr)
Hour
186
146
110
79
58
52
61
92
145
215
300
389
469
533
577
593
585
553
503
444
386
327
274
228
364
299
246
203
167
138
254
465
710
978
1247
1492
1694
1833
1897
1881
1787
1624
1391
1089
839
674
546
445
4418
3843
3352
2940
2623
2419
2465
2737
8190
9562
10883
12143
13275
14250
15007
15486
15701
10635
9550
8460
7477
6588
5777
5057
Window
Conduction
(Btu/hr)
Window
SHG
(Btu/hr)
Total
(Btu/hr)
228
179
135
97
72
63
75
112
178
263
368
477
574
654
707
726
717
677
616
544
472
401
336
279
420
345
284
234
193
159
293
537
820
1129
1437
1720
1951
2111
2185
2167
2060
1873
1604
1256
968
777
629
513
4516
3921
3414
2989
2662
2452
2518
2829
8333
9761
11141
12458
13637
14648
15425
15905
16105
11008
9877
8727
7692
6765
5922
5176
R
FM
16
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Regular Windows
As shown in the above table, using the regular window would result in
slightly higher cooling loads than using the low-e window. The following
figure illustrates the increase in cooling loads due to changing the type of
window from the low-e window to the regular window.
M16FMR
151
Cooling Load Comparison
15000
12000
Cooling Load, Btu/hr
18000
Low-E
9000
Regular
6000
3000
16
0
10
13
16
19
22
Time , Hour
8-29
R
FM
Solution to be provided by an instructor.

8-30
First, the solar irradiation must be determined and is the same as that
shown for Problem 8-10. Then, the hourly dry bulb temperature is
calculated using Equation 8-2. Here, the hour nearest to the local solar
time has been used to determine the temperature. Finally, the sol-air
temperature is calculated using Equation 8-63 with the thermal radiation
correction term being zero for a vertical surface.
Clock Time
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Local
Solar
Time
23.79
0.79
1.79
2.79
3.79
4.79
Insolation
(Btu/hft2)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Outdoor
Drybulb
Temp (F)
75.2
73.9
72.6
71.6
70.9
70.6
Sol-air
Temp
(F)
75.2
73.9
72.6
71.6
70.9
70.6
M16FMR
152
5.79
6.79
7.79
8.79
9.79
10.79
11.79
12.79
13.79
14.79
15.79
16.79
17.79
18.79
19.79
20.79
21.79
22.79
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
71.1
72.4
74.7
78.0
81.8
86.1
90.2
93.2
95.2
96.0
95.2
93.5
90.7
87.4
84.1
81.3
78.7
76.7
73.1
77.0
81.1
85.8
90.7
95.7
100.6
115.4
130.8
142.1
147.1
143.9
127.7
88.6
84.1
81.3
78.7
76.7
16
8-31
9.93
23.08
32.24
39.29
44.53
47.91
52.42
111.11
178.01
230.32
259.13
252.42
184.97
6.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
This problem uses the same solution procedure as Problem 8-30. Note
that the solar irradiation is the same as that shown for Problem 8-11.
Local
Solar
Time
23.15
0.15
1.15
2.15
3.15
4.15
5.15
6.15
7.15
8.15
9.15
10.15
11.15
12.15
13.15
14.15
15.15
16.15
17.15
18.15
19.15
20.15
Insolation
(Btu/h-ft2)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.96
17.83
29.69
62.38
107.15
142.58
164.39
170.24
159.50
133.31
94.57
48.18
26.46
14.28
0.32
0.00
Outdoor
Drybulb
Temp (F)
73.0
71.2
69.6
68.1
66.9
66.0
65.7
66.3
67.8
70.5
74.5
79.0
84.2
89.0
92.7
95.1
96.0
95.1
93.0
89.6
85.7
81.8
Sol-air
Temp (F)
73.0
71.2
69.6
68.1
66.9
66.0
66.3
69.0
72.3
79.9
90.6
100.4
108.8
114.6
116.6
115.1
110.2
102.3
96.9
91.8
85.7
81.8
R
FM
Clock
Time
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
M16FMR
153
23.00
24.00
21.15
22.15
0.00
0.00
78.4
75.4
78.4
75.4
8-32
This problem uses the similar solution procedure as Problem 8-30. First,
the solar irradiation is determined for the flat roof using the procedure
described in Chapter 7. The results are shown below.
deg
deg
min
deg
deg
deg
deg
Btu/hr-ft2
16
Input Data
Longitude
106.62
105
Standard Meridian
EOT
-6.2
Latitude
35.05
20.6
Declination
0
Surf Azimuth
0
Surf Tilt
Apar
346.4
Bpar
0.186
Cpar
0.138
CN
1
RHOG
0.2
Output Data
LST
h,
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
23.79
0.79
1.79
2.79
3.79
4.79
5.79
6.79
7.79
8.79
9.79
10.79
11.79
12.79
13.79
14.79
15.79
16.79
17.79
18.79
19.79
20.79
21.79
176.83
-168.17
-153.17
-138.17
-123.17
-108.17
-93.17
-78.17
-63.17
-48.17
-33.17
-18.17
-3.17
11.83
26.83
41.83
56.83
71.83
86.83
101.83
116.83
131.83
146.83
-34.27
-33.23
-28.80
-21.65
-12.54
-2.11
9.19
21.05
33.22
45.49
57.51
68.46
75.28
72.19
62.36
50.63
38.41
26.17
14.15
2.58
-8.27
-18.00
-26.06
GND*
G D*
G d*
G R*
G t*
R
FM
MDST
356.41
13.26
28.82
42.20
53.39
62.87
71.22
79.02
86.89
95.77
107.55
127.34
168.24
218.87
245.60
259.78
269.56
277.71
285.45
293.49
302.43
312.83
325.24
356.41
13.26
28.82
42.20
53.39
62.87
71.22
79.02
86.89
95.77
107.55
127.34
168.24
218.87
245.60
259.78
269.56
277.71
285.45
293.49
302.43
312.83
325.24
124.27
123.23
118.80
111.65
102.54
92.11
80.81
68.95
56.78
44.51
32.49
21.54
14.72
17.81
27.64
39.37
51.59
63.83
75.85
87.42
98.27
108.00
116.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
108.07
206.38
246.69
266.87
277.85
283.62
285.80
284.93
280.80
272.32
256.78
227.20
161.85
5.53
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
17.26
74.12
135.17
190.31
234.37
263.81
276.42
271.28
248.75
210.52
159.55
100.20
39.56
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
14.91
28.48
34.04
36.83
38.34
39.14
39.44
39.32
38.75
37.58
35.44
31.35
22.33
0.76
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
32.17
102.60
169.21
227.14
272.71
302.95
315.86
310.60
287.50
248.10
194.98
131.56
61.90
1.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
M16FMR
154
24.00 22.79 161.83 -31.74
339.93
339.93
121.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Then, the sol-air temperature is determined using Equation 8-63 with the
thermal radiation correction term being 7 F for a horizontal surface.
Local
Solar
Time
23.79
0.79
1.79
2.79
3.79
4.79
5.79
6.79
7.79
8.79
9.79
10.79
11.79
12.79
13.79
14.79
15.79
16.79
17.79
18.79
19.79
20.79
21.79
22.79
Outdoor
Drybulb
Temp (F)
75.2
73.9
72.6
71.6
70.9
70.6
71.1
72.4
74.7
78.0
81.8
86.1
90.2
93.2
95.2
96.0
95.2
93.5
90.7
87.4
84.1
81.3
78.7
76.7
Sol-air
Temp
(F)
68.2
66.9
65.6
64.6
63.9
63.6
70.5
85.9
101.5
116.4
129.3
139.7
146.3
148.3
145.7
138.6
127.2
112.8
96.0
80.6
77.1
74.3
71.7
69.7
8-33
R
FM
16
Clock Time
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
Insolation
(Btu/hft2)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
32.17
102.60
169.21
227.14
272.71
302.95
315.86
310.60
287.50
248.10
194.98
131.56
61.90
1.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
For hour 15, Equation 8-64 is used to find the conduction heat flux.
qconduction = .0052 x (151.2-74) + .00144 x (138.1-74) +
.00645 x (120.3-74)
= 2.897 Btu/(hr-ft2)
M16FMR
155
8-34
Equation 8-64 is used to find the conduction heat flux for each hour.
q"
(Btu/(hrft2))
Hour
q"
(Btu/(hrft2))
1.835
13
0.828
1.824
14
0.798
1.772
15
0.791
1.693
16
0.810
1.595
17
0.861
1.486
18
0.948
1.372
19
1.071
1.259
20
1.225
1.149
21
1.396
10
1.047
22
1.563
11
0.956
23
1.704
12
0.882
24
1.797
Hour
R
FM
16
8-35
For hour 12, Equation 8-64 is used to find the conduction heat flux.
qconduction = 0.006192 x (143.9-72) + 0.044510 x (134.3-72) +
0.047321 x (121.4-72)
= 7.028 Btu/(hr-ft2)
8-36
Equation 8-64 is used to find the conduction heat flux for each hour.
Hour
q"
(Btu/(hrft2))
Hour
0.674
13
0.401
14
0.199
15
2.012
0.051
16
2.409
q"
(Btu/(hrft2))
1.050
1.544
M16FMR
156
-0.058
17
2.694
-0.138
18
2.841
-0.197
19
2.834
-0.232
20
2.671
-0.209
21
2.361
10
-0.075
22
1.936
11
0.194
23
1.466
12
0.583
24
1.031
8-37
Equation 8-64 is used to find the conduction heat flux for each hour with
sol-air temperatures calculated in Problem 8-31.
16
Hour
q"
(Btu/(hrft2))
3.492
13
-0.055
3.147
14
0.165
2.758
15
0.563
2.348
16
1.112
1.937
17
1.754
1.536
18
1.154
19
0.796
20
0.472
21
10
0.199
22
11
0.000
23
12
-0.098
24
R
FM
8-38
Hour
q"
(Btu/(hrft2))
2.417
3.026
3.510
3.823
3.958
3.931
3.765
Using the simplified approach, the solution procedure is the same as that of
Problem 7-27. First, we need to know angle of incidence and solar
irradiation. Assuming a west-facing window, the incidence angle and solar
irradiation for Albuquerque, NM on a clear July 21 day at 3:00 pm solar
time are (see solution in Problem 8-10 for reference)
M16FMR
157
Diffuse Solar Irradiation: Gd + GR = 30.6 + 28.9 = 59.4 Btu/hr-ft
Then, the area of the glazing and of the frame is calculated to be 27.2 ft
and 4.8 ft, respectively.
From Table 7-3, solar heat gain coefficients for the glazing system ID 5b
are
SHGGgD(65) = 0.515 and SHGGgd = 0.60.
From Table 5-2, the outside surface conductance may be estimated to be

4.0 Btu/hr-ft-F.
16
From Table 5-6, the U-value for the fixed, double glazed window having
aluminum-clad wood/vinyl frame with insulated spacers is 0.48 Btu/hr-ft-F.
From Table 7-1, solar absorptance of the vinyl frame painted white is 0.26.
SHGGf = 0.26*(0.48/4.0) = 0.031.
R
FM
For an unshaded window, the total solar heat gain is calculated using Eq.
7-32 as:
q SHG = (0.515*27.2 + 0.031*4.8)*118.6
+ (0.60*27.2 + 0.031*4.8)*59.4 = 2657.2 Btu/hr.
8-39
This problem uses the same solution procedure as the previous problem.
Assuming a south-facing window, the incidence angle and solar irradiation
for Boise, ID on a clear July 21 day at 3:00 pm solar time are (see solution
in Problem 8-11 for reference)

Diffuse Solar Irradiation: Gd + GR = 29.0 + 28.9 = 57.9 Btu/hr-ft, and
M16FMR
158
The area of the glazing and of the frame is the same as that calculated in
Problem 8-38.
From Table 7-3, solar heat gain coefficients for the glazing system ID 29a
are
From Table 5-6, the U-value for the fixed, triple glazed window having
aluminum-clad wood/vinyl frame with insulated spacers is 0.44 Btu/hr-ft-F.
The outside surface conductance and solar absorptance of the frame are
assumed to be the same as those in Problem 8-38.
16
SHGGf = 0.26*(0.44/4.0) = 0.029.
For an unshaded window, the total solar heat gain is calculated using Eq.
7-32 as:
R
FM
q SHG = (0.408*27.2 + 0.029*4.8)*101.6
+ (0.57*27.2 + 0.029*4.8)*57.9 = 2047.4 Btu/hr.
8-40
First, determine conduction heat gain by multiplying fluxes from Problem 833 by the surface area, 800 ft2. Then, from Table 8-20, select the
radiative/convective split to be 63%/37%. Apply the split to determine the
convective and radiative heat gains. Then, apply Equation 8-67 to the
radiative heat gains to determine the radiative cooling load. Sum the
radiative cooling load and the convective heat gain to get the cooling load.
M16FMR
159
Conduction
Heat Gain
(Btu/hr)
Convective
HG
Radiative
HG
Radiative
Cooling
Load
Cooling
Load
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
5462.3
4899.6
4334.5
3796.4
3300.5
2854.1
2460.6
2123.8
1854.2
1673.6
1598.0
1629.0
1759.4
1983.0
2318.0
2803.7
3450.5
4215.9
5016.0
5741.3
6266.5
6473.8
6345.1
5971.2
2021.0
1812.8
1603.8
1404.7
1221.2
1056.0
910.4
785.8
686.1
619.2
591.3
602.7
651.0
733.7
857.6
1037.4
1276.7
1559.9
1855.9
2124.3
2318.6
2395.3
2347.7
2209.4
3441.2
3086.7
2730.7
2391.7
2079.3
1798.1
1550.2
1338.0
1168.2
1054.4
1006.7
1026.3
1108.4
1249.3
1460.3
1766.3
2173.8
2656.0
3160.1
3617.0
3947.9
4078.5
3997.4
3761.9
2903.7
2813.1
2702.9
2583.0
2460.2
2339.0
2222.4
2113.0
2014.0
1930.6
1868.0
1829.3
1815.8
1827.8
1868.9
1947.4
2068.9
2230.3
2419.2
2614.7
2789.4
2913.3
2969.4
2961.2
4924.7
4625.9
4306.7
3987.7
3681.4
3395.0
3132.9
2898.9
2700.1
2549.9
2459.2
2432.1
2466.8
2561.5
2726.6
2984.8
3345.5
3790.2
4275.2
4739.0
5108.0
5308.6
5317.1
5170.6
Hour
R
FM
16
Cooling Loads and Heat Gains
7000.0
Load & Heat Gain (Btu/hr)
6000.0
5000.0
Conduction Heat Gain

(Btu/hr)
4000.0
Cooling Load
3000.0
2000.0
1000.0
0.0
1
11 13
15 17 19 21
23
Hour
M16FMR
160
8-41
Conduction
Heat Gain
(Btu/hr)
Convective
HG
Radiative
HG
Radiative
Cooling
Load
Cooling
Load
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
2227.2
1338.2
627.7
57.3
-397.4
-746.0
-935.8
-610.8
507.2
2313.5
4567.1
7028.4
9455.0
11609.7
13293.3
14350.1
14672.7
14222.5
13018.3
11142.9
8809.6
6593.1
4782.8
3353.1
356.4
214.1
100.4
9.2
-63.6
-119.4
-149.7
-97.7
81.2
370.2
730.7
1124.5
1512.8
1857.6
2126.9
2296.0
2347.6
2275.6
2082.9
1782.9
1409.5
1054.9
765.3
536.5
1870.8
1124.1
527.3
48.2
-333.8
-626.7
-786.0
-513.1
426.1
1943.3
3836.3
5903.8
7942.2
9752.2
11166.3
12054.1
12325.1
11946.9
10935.4
9360.0
7400.1
5538.2
4017.6
2816.6
4864.4
4530.5
4222.8
3938.6
3676.2
3436.0
3228.9
3120.5
3179.7
3417.1
3808.3
4316.0
4893.4
5486.8
6042.8
6511.5
6849.5
7024.8
7018.0
6824.5
6467.5
6042.8
5622.2
5228.0
5220.7
4744.6
4323.2
3947.7
3612.7
3316.7
3079.2
3022.8
3260.8
3787.2
4539.0
5440.6
6406.2
7344.4
8169.7
8807.6
9197.1
9300.4
9101.0
8607.3
7877.0
7097.7
6387.5
5764.5
R
FM
16
Hour
M16FMR
161
16000.0
12000.0
10000.0
14000.0
8000.0

(Btu/hr)
6000.0
Cooling Load
4000.0
2000.0
16
0.0
-2000.0
11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour
8-42
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Conduction
Heat Gain
(Btu/hr)
809.2
481.0
238.5
61.2
-69.3
-166.0
-237.0
-278.7
-250.9
-90.4
233.3
700.2
R
FM
Convective
HG
129.5
77.0
38.2
9.8
-11.1
-26.6
-37.9
-44.6
-40.2
-14.5
37.3
112.0
Radiative
HG
679.7
404.1
200.4
51.4
-58.2
-139.5
-199.0
-234.1
-210.8
-75.9
196.0
588.2
Radiative
Cooling
Load
1203.0
1105.3
1018.3
941.3
872.8
811.4
756.2
707.9
674.0
667.9
699.7
771.3
Cooling
Load
1332.4
1182.3
1056.5
951.1
861.7
784.9
718.3
663.3
633.8
653.4
737.1
883.3
M16FMR
162
1260.3
1852.6
2414.9
2890.5
3233.3
3409.7
3401.3
3205.0
2833.6
2323.3
1759.4
1237.6
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
201.6
296.4
386.4
462.5
517.3
545.6
544.2
512.8
453.4
371.7
281.5
198.0
1058.6
1556.2
2028.5
2428.0
2716.0
2864.2
2857.1
2692.2
2380.2
1951.6
1477.9
1039.6
877.1
1007.4
1149.7
1290.4
1416.6
1516.5
1580.7
1602.7
1579.7
1513.7
1417.5
1309.3
1078.8
1303.8
1536.1
1752.9
1933.9
2062.0
2124.9
2115.5
2033.0
1885.5
1699.0
1507.3
16
4000.0
3000.0
2500.0
2000.0

(Btu/hr)
1500.0
Cooling Load
1000.0
500.0
0.0
-500.0
R
FM
3500.0
11 13
15 17 19 21
23
Hour
8-43
First, the hourly solar heat gains are determined using the same solution
procedure shown in Problem 8-38. The results are shown below. Note
that the solar irradiation on the window is the same as that shown in
Problem 8-10. Also, note that the calculated solar gain at 3:00 p.m. is
slightly different from that shown in Problem 8-38 due to rounding errors.
Input Data
Glass Area
Frame Area
27.2
4.8
ft
ft
M16FMR
163
Diffuse SHGC
Angular SHGC - 0
Angular SHGC - 40
Angular SHGC - 50
Angular SHGC - 60
Angular SHGC - 70
Angular SHGC - 80
Frame SHGC
0.6
0.7
0.67
0.64
0.58
0.45
0.23
0.031
M
Inc.
Angle,
87.03
101.06
114.99
128.63
141.58
152.80
159.17
156.37
146.65
134.23
120.81
106.97
92.97
78.94
65.01
51.37
38.42
27.20
20.83
23.63
33.35
45.77
59.19
73.03
Output Data
Dir Irradiation,
Diff Irradiation,
Btu/hr-ft
Btu/hr-ft
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.93
23.08
0.00
0.00
32.24
0.00
39.29
0.00
44.53
0.00
47.91
0.00
52.42
54.68
56.44
118.63
59.38
170.01
60.32
201.20
57.93
202.07
50.35
151.27
33.70
5.07
1.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Solar Heat Gain,

Btu/hr
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
163.51
380.04
530.96
647.01
733.28
788.98
863.28
1314.44
2657.05
3940.06
4657.12
4594.55
3393.40
111.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
R
FM
16
Clock
Time
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
In the original RTS methodology, two types of radiant time factors were
utilized to convert solar heat gains into cooling loads. The Solar-RTS was
used to convert the beam transmitted solar gain while the Nonsolar-RTS
was used to convert all other solar gains. However, to simplify the
calculations, only one RTS (Nonsolar-RTS) is used in this edition. Since
the calculated solar heat gains include both transmitted and absorbed solar
gains, the recommended radiative and convective splits shown in Table 820 would not be applicable. For this problem, it is assumed that the
radiative fraction of the combined solar heat gain is about 0.9. Therefore,
M16FMR
164
the radiative/convective split is 90%/10%. Then, apply the split to
determine the convective and radiative heat gains and apply Equation 8-67
to the radiative heat gains to determine the radiative cooling load. And,
finally, sum the radiative cooling load and the convective heat gain to get
the cooling load.
Convective
HG
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
16.4
38.0
53.1
64.7
73.3
78.9
86.3
131.4
265.7
394.0
465.7
459.5
339.3
11.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Radiative
HG
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
147.2
342.0
477.9
582.3
660.0
710.1
777.0
1183.0
2391.3
3546.1
4191.4
4135.1
3054.1
100.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Radiative
Cooling
Load
141.0
91.6
59.8
39.2
25.9
17.2
87.6
215.2
339.6
450.5
543.8
615.8
687.3
932.5
1661.8
2566.6
3304.7
3630.8
3261.0
1624.6
912.1
549.4
343.2
218.7
Cooling
Load
141.0
91.6
59.8
39.2
25.9
17.2
103.9
253.2
392.7
515.2
617.1
694.7
773.6
1064.0
1927.5
2960.6
3770.4
4090.3
3600.4
1635.8
912.1
549.4
343.2
218.7
R
FM
16
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Solar
Heat Gain
(Btu/hr)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
163.5
380.0
531.0
647.0
733.3
789.0
863.3
1314.4
2657.1
3940.1
4657.1
4594.6
3393.4
111.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
M16FMR
165
5000.0
4000.0
3500.0
3000.0
4500.0
Solar Heat Gain (Btu/hr)
2500.0
Cooling Load
2000.0
1500.0
1000.0
500.0
16
0.0
11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour
8-44
Input Data
Glass Area
Frame Area
Diffuse SHGC
Angular SHGC - 0
Angular SHGC - 40
Angular SHGC - 50
Angular SHGC - 60
Angular SHGC - 70
Angular SHGC - 80
Frame SHGC
Clock
Time
1.00
2.00
3.00
Inc.
Angle,
152.14
154.11
150.59
R
FM
This problem uses the same solution procedures as Problem 8-43. Note
that the solar irradiation on the window is the same as that shown in
Problem 8-11. Also, note that the calculated solar gain at 3:00 p.m. is
slightly different from that shown in Problem 8-39 due to rounding errors.
The radiative/convective split of 90%/10% is also used for this problem.
27.2
4.8
0.57
0.68
0.65
0.62
0.54
0.39
0.18
0.029
ft
ft
Output Data
Dir Irrad, Btu/hr- Diff Irrad, Btu/hrft
ft
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Solar Heat Gain,

Btu/hr
0.00
0.00
0.00
M16FMR
166
143.20
133.87
123.75
113.42
103.29
93.66
84.88
77.37
71.58
68.02
67.06
68.82
73.09
79.44
87.38
96.45
106.26
116.49
126.80
136.76
145.67
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
22.70
58.92
87.76
105.54
110.30
101.56
80.22
48.70
11.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
16
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.96
17.83
29.69
39.68
48.23
54.81
58.85
59.94
57.95
53.10
45.86
36.84
26.46
14.28
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
Convective
HG
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.2
27.9
46.4
68.1
114.0
172.1
214.0
225.5
204.7
155.1
97.8
59.2
41.4
22.3
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
Radiative
HG
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
55.7
251.0
418.0
612.7
1025.8
1549.2
1926.2
2029.8
1842.1
1395.9
880.3
533.2
372.6
201.1
4.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
Radiative
Cooling
Load
356.3
341.8
328.6
316.4
305.0
294.1
297.0
338.9
391.2
457.1
583.2
763.0
935.3
1046.5
1067.8
991.0
853.6
723.9
633.6
551.8
465.4
421.3
393.5
373.0
Cooling
Load
356.3
341.8
328.6
316.4
305.0
294.1
303.1
366.8
437.6
525.2
697.2
935.1
1149.3
1272.0
1272.4
1146.1
951.4
783.1
675.0
574.1
465.9
421.3
393.5
373.0
R
FM
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Solar
Heat Gain
(Btu/hr)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
61.9
278.9
464.4
680.7
1139.7
1721.4
2140.2
2255.4
2046.8
1551.0
978.1
592.5
413.9
223.4
5.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
61.91
278.89
464.39
680.73
1139.73
1721.36
2140.21
2255.35
2046.81
1551.04
978.15
592.46
413.94
223.45
4.97
0.00
0.00
0.00
M16FMR
167
Cooling Loads and H eat Gains
2000.0
2500.0
1500.0
Solar Heat Gain (Btu/hr)

Cooling Load
1000.0
500.0
16
0.0
11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour
8-45
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Internal
Heat Gain
(W)
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
200.0
R
FM
Hour
Convective
HG
Radiative
HG
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
100.0
Radiative
Cooling
Load
125.3
116.6
111.0
107.3
105.0
103.4
102.4
566.7
753.8
851.1
906.9
940.8
962.1
975.6
984.3
990.0
993.6
996.0
532.6
Cooling
Load
(W)
225.3
216.6
211.0
207.3
205.0
203.4
202.4
1566.7
1753.8
1851.1
1906.9
1940.8
1962.1
1975.6
1984.3
1990.0
1993.6
1996.0
632.6
M16FMR
168
20
21
22
23
24
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
346.2
249.2
193.6
159.9
138.7
446.2
349.2
293.6
259.9
238.7
2000.0
1500.0
16
Load & Heat Gain (W)
2500.0
Internal Heat Gain (W)

Cooling Load (W)
1000.0
500.0
0.0
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Hour
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Internal
Heat Gain
(W)
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
R
FM
8-46
Convective
HG
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
Radiative
HG
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
Radiative
Cooling
Load
405.1
392.9
381.7
371.2
361.3
352.1
343.3
518.9
562.8
590.6
612.3
630.8
647.1
661.9
Cooling
Load
(W)
505.1
492.9
481.7
471.2
461.3
452.1
443.3
1518.9
1562.8
1590.6
1612.3
1630.8
1647.1
1661.9
M16FMR
169
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
675.5
688.2
700.0
711.1
537.6
495.7
469.9
449.9
433.2
418.4
1675.5
1688.2
1700.0
1711.1
637.6
595.7
569.9
549.9
533.2
518.4
16
2000.0
1500.0

Cooling Load ( W)
1000.0
500.0
0.0
1
R
FM
2500.0
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Hour
M16FMR
170
8-47
Comparison of LW and MW 1 Zone Responses
2500.0
1500.0

MW1 Zone Clg. Ld. (W)
16
Heat Gains and Cooling Loads (W)
M
2000. 0
1000. 0
HW Zone Clg. Ld. (W)
500.0
0.0
11 13 15 17 19 21 23
R
FM
Hour
As shown in the figure, there is a significant difference in the response of

the two zones, with the HW zone having substantially more damping and
time delay.
M16FMR
171
8-48
Assumptions applied to each heat gain are discussed in the solution to
Problem 8-15. The equipment heat gain is assumed to be continuous. The
total convective and radiative heat gains are determined in the following
table. The latent cooling loads are equivalent to the latent heat gains
shown in the last column.
M
Name:
Radiative
Fraction:
People
Lighting
Equipment
0.7
0.59
0.2
Total
Total
Radiative
16
Heat
Gain
(W)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
0
0
0
0
0
0
Heat Gain
(W)
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
Heat
Gain (W)
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
10960
10960
10960
10960
10960
10960
10960
10960
10960
10960
8800
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
Heat
Gain (W)
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
5144
5144
5144
5144
5144
5144
5144
5144
5144
5144
3632
800
800
800
800
800
800
Latent
from
People
Heat Gain
(W)
3200
3200
3200
3200
3200
3200
3200
5816
5816
5816
5816
5816
5816
5816
5816
5816
5816
5168
3200
3200
3200
3200
3200
3200
Heat
Gain
(W)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
R
FM
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Heat
Gain
(W)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2160
2160
2160
2160
2160
2160
2160
2160
2160
2160
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
Convective
The sensible loads are then determined from the radiative and convective
heat gains using Equation 8-67 and the radiant time factors from Table 821, as shown in the next table.
M16FMR
172
Convective
HG
3200.0
3200.0
3200.0
3200.0
3200.0
3200.0
3200.0
5816.0
5816.0
5816.0
5816.0
5816.0
5816.0
5816.0
5816.0
5816.0
5816.0
5168.0
3200.0
3200.0
3200.0
3200.0
3200.0
3200.0
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Internal
Heat Gain
(W)
4000.0
4000.0
4000.0
4000.0
4000.0
4000.0
4000.0
10960.0
10960.0
10960.0
10960.0
10960.0
10960.0
10960.0
10960.0
10960.0
10960.0
8800.0
4000.0
4000.0
4000.0
4000.0
4000.0
4000.0
Radiative
Cooling
Load
2218.4
2162.5
2110.6
2062.1
2016.7
1973.8
1933.3
2782.4
2996.1
3131.2
3237.5
3328.0
3408.1
3480.7
3547.6
3609.6
3667.7
3413.3
2799.1
2625.5
2512.4
2422.9
2346.8
2279.4
Cooling
Load
(W)
5418.4
5362.5
5310.6
5262.1
5216.7
5173.8
5133.3
8598.4
8812.1
8947.2
9053.5
9144.0
9224.1
9296.7
9363.6
9425.6
9483.7
8581.3
5999.1
5825.5
5712.4
5622.9
5546.8
5479.4
R
FM
16
Radiative
HG
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
5144.0
5144.0
5144.0
5144.0
5144.0
5144.0
5144.0
5144.0
5144.0
5144.0
3632.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
12000.0
Load & Heat G ain (W)
10000.0
8000.0
6000.0
Cooling Load (W)
4000.0
2000.0
0.0
1
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Hour
M16FMR
173
8-49
Assumptions applied to each heat gain are discussed in the solution to

Problem 8-16. The equipment heat gain is assumed to be continuous; the
lighting heat gain is assumed to occur from 8 a.m.-6 p.m. The total
convective and radiative heat gains are determined in the following table.
The latent cooling loads are equivalent to the latent heat gains shown in the
last column.
Name:
Radiative
Fraction:
People
Lighting
Equipment
0.7
0.59
0.2
Total
Total
Radiative
16
Heat
Gain
(W)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5625
5625
5625
5625
5625
5625
5625
5625
5625
5625
5625
0
0
0
0
0
0
Heat Gain
(W)
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
Heat
Gain (W)
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
15460
15460
15460
15460
15460
15460
15460
15460
15460
15460
12625
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
Heat
Gain (W)
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
6703.25
6703.25
6703.25
6703.25
6703.25
6703.25
6703.25
6703.25
6703.25
6703.25
4718.75
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
Latent
from
People
Heat Gain
(W)
5600
5600
5600
5600
5600
5600
5600
8756.75
8756.75
8756.75
8756.75
8756.75
8756.75
8756.75
8756.75
8756.75
8756.75
7906.25
5600
5600
5600
5600
5600
5600
Heat
Gain
(W)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2835
2835
2835
2835
2835
2835
2835
2835
2835
2835
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
R
FM
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Heat
Gain
(W)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2835
2835
2835
2835
2835
2835
2835
2835
2835
2835
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
Convective
heat gains using Equation 8-67 and the radiant time factors from Table 821, as shown in the next table.
M16FMR
174
Convective
HG
5600.0
5600.0
5600.0
5600.0
5600.0
5600.0
5600.0
8756.8
8756.8
8756.8
8756.8
8756.8
8756.8
8756.8
8756.8
8756.8
8756.8
7906.3
5600.0
5600.0
5600.0
5600.0
5600.0
5600.0
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Internal
Heat Gain
(W)
7000.0
7000.0
7000.0
7000.0
7000.0
7000.0
7000.0
15460.0
15460.0
15460.0
15460.0
15460.0
15460.0
15460.0
15460.0
15460.0
15460.0
12625.0
7000.0
7000.0
7000.0
7000.0
7000.0
7000.0
Radiative
Cooling
Load
2888.2
2830.6
2777.5
2727.8
2680.7
2635.8
2592.7
3814.6
4292.6
4539.8
4694.4
4806.9
4897.4
4975.3
5045.3
5109.7
5170.2
4754.8
3825.2
3446.7
3246.7
3119.9
3027.2
2952.4
Cooling
Load
(W)
8488.2
8430.6
8377.5
8327.8
8280.7
8235.8
8192.7
12571.3
13049.3
13296.5
13451.2
13563.6
13654.2
13732.1
13802.0
13866.5
13926.9
12661.0
9425.2
9046.7
8846.7
8719.9
8627.2
8552.4
R
FM
16
Radiative
HG
1400.0
1400.0
1400.0
1400.0
1400.0
1400.0
1400.0
6703.3
6703.3
6703.3
6703.3
6703.3
6703.3
6703.3
6703.3
6703.3
6703.3
4718.8
1400.0
1400.0
1400.0
1400.0
1400.0
1400.0
Cooling Loads and Heat Ga ins
18000.0
16000.0
14000.0
12000.0
10000.0

Cooling Load ( W)
8000.0
6000.0
4000.0
2000.0
0.0
1
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Hour
M16FMR
175
8-50
Heat gain to the space = 0.8 x 6000 W = 4800 W, assumed 59% radiative,
41% convective, from Table 8-20. The sensible loads are then determined
from the radiative and convective heat gains using Equation 8-67 and the
radiant time factors from Table 8-21, as shown below. There are no latent
cooling loads.
Convective
HG
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1968.0
1968.0
1968.0
1968.0
1968.0
1968.0
1968.0
1968.0
1968.0
1968.0
1968.0
1968.0
1968.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Radiative
HG
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2832.0
2832.0
2832.0
2832.0
2832.0
2832.0
2832.0
2832.0
2832.0
2832.0
2832.0
2832.0
2832.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Radiative
Cooling
Load
79.8
52.4
34.7
23.1
15.6
1473.9
2060.5
2365.5
2540.5
2646.7
2713.2
2755.6
2782.9
2800.5
2812.0
2819.5
2824.3
2827.5
1366.5
777.9
471.8
296.0
189.3
122.5
Cooling
Load
(W)
79.8
52.4
34.7
23.1
15.6
3441.9
4028.5
4333.5
4508.5
4614.7
4681.2
4723.6
4750.9
4768.5
4780.0
4787.5
4792.3
4795.5
1366.5
777.9
471.8
296.0
189.3
122.5
R
FM
16
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Internal
Heat Gain
(W)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4800.0
4800.0
4800.0
4800.0
4800.0
4800.0
4800.0
4800.0
4800.0
4800.0
4800.0
4800.0
4800.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
A plot showing the lighting heat gain and resulting cooling loads follows.
M16FMR
176
6000.0
4000.0
5000.0
3000.0
Cooling Load (W)
2000.0
1000.0
0.0
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
16
Hour
8-51
R
FM
The schedule described in problem 8-18 is reduced to the number of

people present per hour in the table below. Assuming seated, light office
work, the sensible heat gain per person is 245 Btu/hr (72 W) and the latent
heat gain per person is 200 Btu/hr (59 W). Internal heat gains from
occupants are assumed to be 70% radiative. The latent cooling loads are
equivalent to the latent heat gains shown in the table.
heat gains using Equation 8-67 and the radiant time factors from Table 821, as shown below.
As is readily evident from the plot, the heavyweight zone significantly
damps the response to the heat gains.
M16FMR
177
People
present
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
40
60
60
60
70
70
70
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Internal
Heat Gain
(W)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2880.0
2880.0
4320.0
4320.0
4320.0
5040.0
5040.0
5040.0
720.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Radiative
HG
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2016.0
2016.0
3024.0
3024.0
3024.0
3528.0
3528.0
3528.0
504.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Cooling
Load
(W)
20.6
12.5
7.8
5.0
3.4
2.5
2.0
1.6
1885.8
2348.5
3529.7
3889.8
4080.5
4655.9
4829.9
4922.8
2147.3
1010.7
552.7
309.2
175.8
101.1
58.8
34.6
Latent
heat
gain
(W)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2360
2360
3540
3540
3540
4130
4130
4130
590
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
R
FM
16
Convective
HG
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
864.0
864.0
1296.0
1296.0
1296.0
1512.0
1512.0
1512.0
216.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Radiative
Cooling
Load
20.6
12.5
7.8
5.0
3.4
2.5
2.0
1.6
1021.8
1484.5
2233.7
2593.8
2784.5
3143.9
3317.9
3410.8
1931.3
1010.7
552.7
309.2
175.8
101.1
58.8
34.6
6000.0
5000.0
4000.0
3000.0
Cooling Load (W)
2000.0
1000.0
0.0
1
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Hour
M16FMR
178
8-52
Solution to be provided by an instructor.
M
R
FM
16
M16FMR
CHAPTER 9
M
9-1
From Table 9-1, the number of average degree day is 6283.

From Fig. 9-1, CD = 0.60
Using Eq. 9-2,
16
F=
(24hr / day)(6283F day)(225,000Btu / hr)(0.60)

= 438,727 std ft3
(0.8)(70 12F )(1000Btu / stdft)
Or F = 438.7 mcf of natural gas
9-2
R
FM
F=
(24hr / day)(6283F day)(225,000Btu / hr)(0.60)

= 102,867 kW-hr
(1.0)(70 12F )(3412Btu / kW hr)
$Elec = 102,867(0.10) = $10,287

$Gas = 438.7(4.5) = $1,974
$Elec $Gas 10287 1974

=
= 4.2
$Gas
1974
or the electric cost is about 5.2 times as much.
(102,867kW hr)(3412Btu / kW hr)

Source energy using elec. =
(0.33)(1000Btu / stdft)(1000stdft / mcf )
= 1063.6 mcf
Source energy using gas = 438.7 mcf
M16FMR
185
So,
ESE ESG 1063.6 438.7

=
= 1.42
ESG
438.7
That is elec. heat uses 242% more source energy.

9-3
The following are information for Washington, DC.

From Table 9-1, the number of average degree day is 4224.
From Fig. 9-1, CD = 0.62.
From Table B-1a, the outdoor temperature is 20 F.
For energy efficient furnace, assume 85% efficiency factor.
Using Eq. 9-2,
16
F=
(24hr / day)(4224F day)(120,000Btu / hr)(0.62)

= 177,468 std ft3
(0.85)(70 20F )(1000Btu / stdft)
Or F = 177.5 mcf of natural gas
R
FM
9-4
Load Profiles
180000
Heating Loads, Btu/hr
q uoc = ato + b
120,000 = a(20) + b
0 = a(60) + b
120,000 = (20 60)a
a = -3000; b = 180,000
q uoc = 180,000 3,000 to
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Outdoor Temp, F
Unoccupied
9-5
Occupied
q oc = q un q int = 180,000 3,000 to 20,000

q oc = 160,000 3,000 to
M16FMR
186
9-6
Group
II
III
IV
VI
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Shift 1
Shift 2
Friday
16
Saturday
10 12
Hour
16
20
24
Assumes Sunday and Saturday in shift 2
II
III
IV
VI
Shift 1
Days in
ea. gp.
Total
Total
Shift 1
hrs in
hrs ea. gp ea. gp.
Frac. of
Shift 1
hrs ea. gp
Frac. of
hrs in
ea. gp.
R
FM
See Table 9-2

Shift 1
Group hrs in
ea. gp
28
0.0
1.0
28
0.0
1.0
10
28
0.36
0.64
20
28
0.71
0.29
20
28
0.71
0.29
20
28
0.71
0.29
M16FMR
187
9-6 (Cont.)
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Shift 1 hrs in each Group

II
III
IV
V
0
34
96
68
0
38
77
82
0
49
67
94
0
36
47
62
0
35
48
65
0
32
38
54
0
27
28
36
0
10
17
17
0
8
12
16
0
6
1
4
0
1
0
0
Bin.
Temp.
62
57
52
47
42
37
32
27
22
17
12
R
FM
16
9-7
Shift 1 Shift 2
VI
hrs
hrs
69
267
375
58
255
346
86
296
388
87
232
337
99
247
420
75
199
422
66
157
347
28
72
157
22
58
113
11
22
73
1
2
16
Total: 1807 2994
The procedure is the same as Problem 9-6. Use appropriate bin data from
App. B in last step as per Table 9-3.
9-8
Refer to Example 9-2, insert shift hours of Problem 9-6 in column 2 and 3
of Table 9-5 and recalculate.
9-9
Reconstruct Table-9-3 for the appropriate city to obtain Shift A and Shift B
hours. Insert the hours in columns 2 and 3 of Table 9-5 and recalculate.
M16FMR
188
9-10
Reconstruct Table 9-3 using the shift hour fractions from Problem 9-6 and
bin hours and temperatures for the appropriate city. Insert the shift hours
in column 2 and 3 of Table 9-5 and bin temperatures in column 1 and
recalculate.
9-11
16
Solution furnished by an instructor.
R
FM
M16FMR
CHAPTER 10
M
10-1.
V12
V2
+ Z1 = P2 + 2 + Z2 + wp + A f; V 1 = V 2; Z1 = Z2
2
2
neglect ( A f)12; wp = -Hp g/g/c = -80 (ft lbf)/lbm
(a) P1 +
16
P2 = P1 + wp = 20 + 62.4(80)/144 = 54.7 psig
P3 = P2 - Z3 ( A f)23 = 54.7 (62.4 x 50)/144 (20 x 62.4/144)
P3 = 54.7 30.3 = 24.4 psig
R
FM
62.4
62.4
P4 = P2 - Z4 ( A f)23 ( A f)34 = 54.7
x 25 -
(20 + 15) =
144
144
28.7 psig
(b) Neglecting the pump, the pressure or head required for this pipe is:
P = 28.7 - 20 psi or P = 8.7 psi
H 20.1 ft.
10-2.
H1 = H2 + Hp + A f + Z2 = (8 x 2.31) 250 + 30 + 300 =

M16FMR
190
H1 = 98.5 ft of water
P1 = 42.6 psig 294 kPa
20 x 12 = 240'
M
10-3.
H1 H2 = Hp + A f + Z2 = 0
16
Hp = - A f Z2 = -25 300 = -325 ft; Hp = 325 ft of head

970 kPa
10-4.
R
FM
H
1 + Z1
(a) H1 = a1 Q
2 + Z2
H2 = a2 Q
Series Connection
1= Q
2 ; Sum H
Q
head-ft
10-5.
H2
Z2
H1
Z1
0
.
Q
.
Q
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
H = H1 +
M16FMR
191
H = H1 + H2
(a + a ) + (z + z )
H=Q
2 1
2
1
2
(b) Parallel Connection
H1 = H2; Z1 = Z2 or Z = 0

Sum Q
H
2
HZ
HZ
; Q2 =
a1
a2
=Q
1+ Q
2 = H Z 1/ a + 1/ a
Q
1
2
1=
Q

Q
+Z
16
H=
10-6.
1/ a1 + 1/ a2
Z
.
Q2
.
Q1
.
Q
L V2
4.026
; V = 6. 3 ft/sec, L = 300 ft, D =
Af=f
12
D 2g
Re =
R
FM
Referring to Figures 10-2a and 10-2b
VD 62.4(1.04)6.30(4.026 /12)
=
= 75,696
(2.7 /1490)
= 0.00015 ft; Table 10-1

/d = 0.00015 x
12
4.026
/D = 0.00045; f = 0.022 Fig. 10-1
(300)
(6.30)2
A f = 0.022
= 12.1 ft of 30% E.G.sol.
(4.026 /12) 2(32.17)
= 12.6 ft of water 38 kPa
M16FMR
192
10-7.
(a)
M
16
(b)
(c)
A = 48 gpm; Q
B = 24 gpm; Q
C = 32 gpm;
Q
28 ft
(d)
A = 60 gpm
Q
B = 32 gpm
Q
C = 41 gpm
Q
10-8.
Refer to Problem 10-7; Z1 = Z2 = 0

2 ; aA = HA = 20 = 0.0080
(a) HA = aA Q
A
2 502
Q
= 125 gpm
Q
R
FM
2 ; aB = HB = 25 = 0.0278
HB = a B Q
B
2 302
Q
B
2 ; aC = HC = 30 = 0.0148
HC = aC Q
C
2 452
Q
C
H=
2
Q
1/ 0.008 + 1/ 0.278 + 1/ 0.0148
2
Q
2
= 0.00155 Q
645.06
= 100 gpm; H = 0.00155 x (100)2 = 15.5 ft

(b) Q
M16FMR
193
HA = HB = HC = 15.5 ft
A=
Q
HA / a A = 15.5 / 0.008 = 44 gpm
B = 15.5 / 0.0278 = 23.6 gpm

Q
C = 15.5 / 0.0148 = 32.4 gpm

Q
(c) From (a) above: H = 0.00155(125)2 = 24.2 ft
24.2 / 0.008 = 55 gpm
B=
Q
24.2 / 0.0278 = 29.5 gpm
C=
Q
24.2 / 0.0148 = 40.4 gpm
16
A=
Q
125 gpm
Q
= CdA2 2gc (P1 P2 )

Q
1/ 2
D2 84.8
=
= 0.55
D1 154.1
R
FM
10-9.
assume Cd = 0.638 using Fig. 10-9;

A2 =
4
P1 P2
(0.0848)2 = 0.00565 m2
= 0.098(13.55)9.8 = 13.013 J/kg
= 0.638(0.00565)[2(13.013)]1/2 = 0.0184 m3/s 292 gpm

Q
V
= 3.26 m/s; Re =
999(3.26)(0.085)
1.4x10
= 1.98 x 105
Cd 0.638 From Fig. 10-9.
Therefore the original assumption is satisfactory.

M16FMR
194
1/ 2
10-10.
P P
(a) V CL = 2gc 02 1

1/ 2
2 x 32.17 x 0.05 x 144

=
(0.491 x 144)
=3.97 ft/sec
Table A-1a; = 59.83 lbm/ft3

2
= VA(0.82) = 59.83 x 3.97 6.065 x 0.82

(b) m
4 12
= 39 lbm/sec or 140,674 lbm/hr
m
16
10-11.
(a)
R
FM
(b) Read from Fig. 10-11a at 35 ft and 125 gpm, Ws = 1.6 HP
= 180 gpm, Hp = 20 ft; 1.8 HP

(c) Q
(d) This is actually out of the operating range of the pump and the
efficiency is very low. In situations like this there is a danger of
overloading the pump motor; however, that does not appear to be

a problem in this case since the motor is probably a 2HP model.
M16FMR
195
10-12.
NPSHR = NPSHA = 20 ft (Figure 10-11b)

P g
P g
NPSHA = bar c - Zs - l f v c
g
g
29 13.55x62.4
0.507x144
x
- Zs 2
12
62.2
62.2
M
20 =
Zs = 32.85 20 2 1.17 = 9.68 ft; (Zs)max = 9.68 ft
16
10-13.
(a) 231 gpm; p = 73.4%

s = 12+ HP
W
(b) 225 gpm p = 73.3%
s = 12- HP
W
R
FM
10-14.
s = 11. 5 HP
(a) p = 73.3%; W
(b) 225 gpm; 185 ft of head
s = 14 HP
p = 73.5%; W
s = 14 HP
(c) p = 73%; W
10-15 From Problem 10-14b, the original system defined by 225 gpm and 149
ft of head and would operate at 242 gpm, 173 ft of head and require
14.4 HP with the 7in impellor. Then,
M16FMR
196
210
rpmn = 3500
= 3037
242
2
3037
Hn = 173
= 130 ft
3500
3
14.4 3037 = 9.4 HP

W
n
3500
The Efficiency would not Change, 74.2%
235
Dn = D7
= 7(0.97) = 6.8 in.
242
16
10-16
6.8
Hn = H7
= 173 (0.944) = 163 ft
7
3
R
FM
14.4 6.8 = 14.4(0.917) = 13.2 HP

W
n
7
The Efficiency would not Change, 74.2%
10-17.
Uses Fig. 10-20 or program PIPE

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
25 gpm; 1 in., V 4 ft/sec, 2 in dia. or less

40 gpm; 2 in. V 4 ft/sec, 2 in dia. or less
15 gpm; 1 in ., V 4 ft/sec, 2 in dia. or less
60 gpm; 2 in., A'f < 4 pt/sec; dia > 2 in.
(e) 200 gpm; 3 in., A'f < 4 ft/100 pt/sec; dia > 2 in.
(f) 2000 gpm; 8 in., A'f slightly > 4 ft/100 ft
M16FMR
10-18.
197
(a) K = 30 ft; ft = 0.019; K = 0.57 (Table 10-2; Figure 10-22a)
V = 3.82 ft/sec; A f = 0.57(3.822/(32.2x2) = 0.13 ft
(b) K = 340 ft; ft = 0.017; K = 5.78
V = 5.0 ft/sec; A f = 5.78 x 5.02/(32.2 x 2) = 2.24 ft
(c) K = 60 ft; ft = 0.018; K = 1.08

V = 6.5 ft/sec; A f = 1.08 x 6.52/(2 x 32.2) = 0.71 ft
2
10-20.
Assume com. stl. pipe
16
10-19.
130
A f = 2.31
= 10.8 ft of water or 4.7 psi.
60
= 0.03 m3/s = 108 m3/hr, size pipe for about 4 m/100 m

Q
From Fig. 10-20, use 5 inch pipe, ID = 130 mm

A 'f = 3.25 m/100 m; A f = (3.25/100)200 = 6.5 m of water or 63.7 kPa
R
FM
PC = 35 kPa
0.03
For strainer: Ps =
= 17.27 kPa
0.00722
Then for the pump:
Pp = 63.7 + 35 + 17.3 + 3(1000)(9.807)/1000 = 145.4 kPa

Hp = 145.4/9.807 = 14.8 m
= 0.03 m3/s ~ 30 L/s

Q
10-21.
Size the pipe using Fig. 10-20 or program PIPE. Fitting equivalent
lengths found using Fig. 10-22a; 10-22b and Table 10-2. Program
PIPE could be used to solve the complete problem including fitting
losses. Data for hard calculations are summarized below:
M16FMR
198
M
16
gpm
Sec.
A'f
No. size in. ft./100 ft.
1
6
7
4
10
2
3
8
9
Ch
Af
ft.
Con.
Valve ft.
Coil
ft.
3.38
45
1.5
---
---
1.5
3.64
15
0.6
---
---
0.6
3.1
24
0.7
11.4
---
12.1
3.1
13
0.4
---
12.0
12.4
5.84
27
1.6
---
---
1.6
3.38
42
1.4
---
---
1.4
4.7
22
10.0
---
11.0
4.7
26
1.2
---
10.0
11.2
6.3
28
1.8
14.4
---
16.2
6.3
13
0.8
---
15.0
15.8
R
FM
120
3
70
2.5
40
2
40
2
90
2.5
120
3
50
2
50
2
30
1.5
30
1.5
120
Total
ft.
Le
ft.
20
M16FMR
199
3
The head losses for the three parallel runs are approximately the
same.
For run (1-5-6-7-4-10), HP = 49.6 ft
For run (1-5-8-9-10), HP = 55.5 ft
For run (1-2-3-4-10), HP = 46.7 ft
M
10-22.
Therefore, a pump should be selected to provide about 56 ft of head at

120 gpm.
500 gpm, Use 5 inch pipe; A'f = 4.17 ft/100 ft
16
V = 8.0 ft/sec
Length of pipe = 160 + 30 + 12 = 202 ft

6-5 in elbows = 15 ft
(Figure 10-22)
3-5 in gate valve = 12 ft
R
FM
1-5 in globe valve = 130 ft; Total equivalent length = 419 ft

Af =
4.17(419)
= 17.5 ft of water
100
2
500
For strainer: A s = 2.31
= 9.24 ft of water
250
For cond.: A co = 20 ft of water
Then Hp = 17.5 + 9.24 + 20 + (30 12) = 64.7 ft at 500 gpm

10-23.Use Eq. 10-33
M16FMR
200
0.016166
1 3x6.5x106 (110 45 )
600
0.016022
= 19.4 gal. 74 L
VT =
14.696 14.696
32.696 69.696
0.016166
1 3x6.5x106 (110 45 )
600
0.016022
Use Eq. 10-34 VT =

32.696
1
69.696
VT = 8.7 gal 33 L
10-24.
16
10-25.
Use Eq. 10-33

t1 = 60F, P2 = 50 psig, P1 = 20 psig, v1 = 0.016053 ft3/lbm
v2 = 0.016772 ft3/lbm, t2 = 220F
R
FM
0.016772
1 3x9.3x105 (160 )
1500
0.016035
= 11.5 gal. 435 L
VT =
14.696 14.696
36.696 64.696
10-26
(a) Use Eq. 10-16
P1 +
P1 =
1gz1
gc
2g
gc
2gz2
gc
+ w + g
(z2 -z1)+ w +
g
gc
Af
gc
Af
M16FMR
201
62.4
62.4
62.4
(240) (60) +
(25) = 89 psig or 612 kPa
144
144
144
(b)
P1 + g
z1
z
= P2 + g 2
gc
gc
P2 = P1 +
g
gc
(z1-z2 ) = 89.0 +
62.4(0-240)
144
P2 = -15 psig = -103 kPa or about 0 absolute
16
(c) No, makeup water is not available to overcome a pressure of 89

psig. However, the domestic water system probably has a
booster pump.
10-27 (a)
P1 = P2 +
R
FM
=5+
g
g
Af
(z2 -z1) + w +
gc
gc
62.4(240)
62.4(60)
62.4(25)
+
= 5 + 104 - 26 + 10.8
144
144
144
P1 = 93.8 psig or 647 kPa
(b) P1 = P2 +
g
gc
(z 2 -z1) = 5 +
62.4(240)
= 5 + 104 = 109 psig
144
P1 = 109 psig or 752 kPa

M16FMR
202
(c) This location is at least workable. However the pressure at the
pump is still very high. The domestic service water
pressure would have to be boosted to a higher pressure at the 20th
floor.
M
10-28
( Q b x 57 ) + (Q s x 40 ) = ( Q d x 47 )
+Q
= Q
= 100
Q
b
s
d
16
Solve Simultaneous
+ (40 x 100) - 40Q

= 100 x 47
57Q
b
b
= 700 = 41.2 say 41 gpm
Q
b
17
R
FM
=Q
= 100 - 41 = 59 gpm
(b) Q
s
r
(c) Size all pipe for 100 gpm
D = 3 in. from Fig. 10-20 or PIPE
10-29.
(a) Each chiller requires 600 gpm. Since chiller 2 is partially loaded it
must have the full flow of 600 gpm.
cp = 1200 750 = 450 gpm
Therefore, Q
(b) (150 60) + (450 x 42) = 600 tB; tB = 46.5 F
(c) LR = 150/600 = 0.25
(d) Main pipe to and from sec. Circuits: D = 8 in. com. stl.
M16FMR
203
DAB = DCD = 6 in. com. stl. (5 in. a little small)
Dcp = 6 in. com. stl.
DBC = DAD = 6 in. com. stl. ( could be 5 in. but easier to make all 6
in.)
(e) Rpm2 = rpm1 (750/1200) = 3500(750/1200) = 2188
W

W
1
2 = 1

(f) W =

W1
3
3

W
2 = 1 rpm2 = 1 2188 = 0.756

W
3500
rpm1
1
or 75%
16
10-30.
cp = 1200 750 = 450 gpm

(a) Q
1t1 + Q
2t2 = Q
3t3; t3 = (450x42) + (750x60) = 53.3 F
(b) Q
1200
Both chillers receive the same temp. water
R
FM
(c) Load ratios are the same:

53.3 42
= 0.628 or 63%
LR =
60 42
10-31.
A
3
M16FMR
204
M
16
10-31.
Flow rate
Coil
gpm (L/s)
A
40(2.5)
B
40(2.5)
C
50(3.2)
(continued)
Section
No.
1-2
2-3
3-4
Coil C
R
FM
Note: Piping is type L copper

All lengths are total equivalent lengths
gpm
130
90
50
Dia.
in.
3
2
2
Lost head ft (m)

Coil
Con. valve
12(3.7)
10(3)
15(4.6)
12(3.7)
18(5.5)
15(4.6)
A'f
ft/100'
3.7
4.8
5.0
Af
ft
Le
ft
60
20
30
2.2
1.0
1.5
18
35.5
ft
M16FMR
205
130
0
40
40
Con. C
4-5
Com. pipe
2-6
Coil A
Con. A
3-7
Coil B
Con. B
7-8
80
3
3
2
3.7
3.4
40
30
3.4
10
3.9
20
15
1.5
0.0 39.2 ft
1.0
12
10 23 ft
0.5
15
12
0.8 28.3 ft
(total)
(total)
(total)
R
FM
16
Circuit 1-2-3-4-5-1 is the path of greatest lost head. From Fig. 10-11 choose at
40 ft of head and 130 gpm the 7 in., 1750 rpm model which produces about 43
ft of head.
10-32.
Notes: Pipe is schedule 40, commercial steel.
All lengths are total equivalent lengths excluding control valves.
Circuit
A
B
C
Flow rate
gpm (L/s)
60(3.8)
70(4.4)
70(4.4)
Control valve
head loss ft (m)
40(12)
50(15)
50(15)
M16FMR
206
Section
No.
A'f
Le
ft
200
140
70
4
3
2
ft/100'
2.4
4.2
3.5
200
60
4
2
2.4
2.5
400
240
140
70
3
2
4.2
3.5
200
40
1-2
2-3
3-4
Con. C
4-1
2-5
Con. A
5-4
3-6
Con. B
gpm
Dia.
in.
200
200
240
Af
ft
16
4.8
8.4
8.4
50
9.6 81.2 ft (total)
6
40
8.4 54.4 ft (total)
1.4
50 51.4 ft (total)
Circuit 1-2-3-4-1 has the largest head loss of all paths. Select pump for 200
gpm at 81 ft of head. From Fig. 10-11, use: 5 in., 3500 rpm model. Will
operate at 96 ft at 200 gpm.
R
FM
10-33 (a) qst = 20 x 12,000 x 2 = 480,000 Btu
Q=
qst
480000
=
= 512.8 ft3
c p (tr -t s ) 62.4(1) (60-45)
or Q = 3,836 gal
(b) Vol = 513 ft3 or a space 8 ft x 8 ft x 8 ft or a cylindrical tank 8 ft dia. x

10.2 ft
10-33. (continued) Solution SI:
(a) qst = (352 280) (2) = 144 kW-hr = m c p (tr-ts) = Q cp (tr-ts)
Q=
qst
144 x 3600
=
= 14 m3
cp (tr -t s ) 980(4.184) (16-7)
M16FMR
207
(b) Vol. = 2.4m x 2.4m x 2.4m
10-34. Solutions may/can vary. A typical solution is:
(a) Use 2 chillers of 15 tons total capacity in a reverse return system

similar to figure 10-32. The piping would be routed overhead around
the complex with supply and return running parallel, starting and
returning to the equipment room.
(b) Total flow rate is
16
=16 x 2.25 = 36 gpm Using PIPE or Fig 10-21; Dia. = 2 in.

Q
T
(c) Estimated length = 225 x 4 x 2 = 1800 ft. Total Eq. Length = 2 x 1800 =
3600 ft
Assuming an average loss of
about 2.5 ft/100 ft; The pump head required would be:
R
FM
Hp = 2.5 x 3600/100 = 90 ft with flow rate of 36 gpm

10-35
Solutions may vary
(a) Figure 10-34 is a schematic of what the system would be.
However, there would be 3 chillers and the secondary piping would

be routed in a square fashion around the outside of the parking
garage in reverse return.
(b) The primary system would appear as in Figure 10-34 with the
common pipe as shown because of the expected variable and light

load at night.
(c) The tertiary circuits would be as shown in Figure 10-34 and piped in
a reverse return manner.
(d) For each building:
M16FMR
208
= 1500 x 12000 = 600 gpm

Q
i
4 x 500(60 - 45)
= 4 x 600 = 2400 gpm
Q
T
(e) Dia. = 10 in., Figure 10-20 or PIPE

10-36.
Control valve (Typical)

Air Vent (Typical)
Heating Device (Typical)
Typical Trap
R
FM
16
Possible
Vacuum Breaker on each
Heating Device
Steam
Separator
10-37.
Boiler
Condensate
tank & pump
Assume boiler pressure of 2.0 psig with P/L = 2.0 oz or 0.125 psi/100
ft. (Table 10-4a). Then, P = 0.125 x 175/100 = 3.5 oz or 0.22 psi P
is about the allowable from Table 10-4a.
Assume boiler pressure of 1.0 psig with P/L = 0.125 psi/100 ft.
(Table 10-4a). Then P = 0.125 x 175/100 = 0.22 psi which is near
the maximum in Table 10-4a. Either boiler pressure could be used,
but select 2.0 psig to be conservative.
M16FMR
209
From Figure 10-48a at 850 lb/hr; P/L = 0.125 psi/100 ft, and boiler
pressure of 2.0 psig: Pipe diameter = 4 in., with steam velocity of
4,000 ft/min at zero psig. Correct velocity to 2.0 psig (Fig. 10-49a)
V = 3,800 ft/min
For each unit at full load:

c = 283 lb/hr
m
10-38.
Pipe size depends on slope of line, Table 10-5a. For slope of 1/8 to
in./ft, D = 1 in. nominal specify slope of in./ft (conservative).
16
10-39.
Refer to Table 10-5a.

The available head is = 2 x 100/110 = 1.82 ft/100 ft. Then at 850 lb/hr
of condensate flow, D = 1 in. nominal is adequate.
10-40 (a)
p (tr -t s ) =
q = mc
x 60 x 62.4
Q
(1)( 65 42 )
7.48
R
FM
= 1200 x 1200 x 7.48 = 1,250 gpm

Q
60 x 62.4(65-42)
(b) Assuming no changes in the temperatures, the total flow rate would
be:
= 900 (1250 ) = 937.5 or 938 gpm
Q
p
1200
The chillers could share the flow:
= 938 = 469 gpm
Q
i
2
and be above their minimum flow of 70%.

Q
i = 469 = 0.75 or or 75%

625
Qmin
M16FMR
210
This is probably the best way to operate. There would be no bypass
flow and the parallel pumps could operate at:
RPMP =
469
x 3500 = 2,626
625
(c) At 60% full load, again assuming no change in temperature, the

total flow rate would be:
= 0.6(1250) = 750 gpm
Q
p
This is too much flow for one chiller and not enough for two chillers
16
at minimum flow of 875 gpm or 438 gpm each. Therefore, both

chillers will have to operate at least at 438 gpm each and some flow
bypassed equal to:
= 875 - 750 = 125 gpm

Q
bp
The pumps could both be slowed to:
875
(3500) = 2,450
1250
R
FM
RPMP =
(d) At 25% of full capacity, again assuming the temperatures do not

change, the flow rate for the load is:
= 0.25(1250) = 313 gpm
Q
p
which is less than the minimum flow rate for even one chiller.
Therefore, shut down one chiller and operate the other at least its
minimum flow of 438 gpm. The bypass flow would be:
= 438 - 313 = 125 gpm
Q
bp
One pump would be shut down and the speed reduced for the other
pump to:
RPMP =
438
(3500) = 2,453
625
M16FMR
211
M
R
FM
16
M16FMR
CHAPTER 11
M
11-1.
(a) Using Eq. 11-1b

1.13KQ
o ; A = 300 = 0.353 ft2; Assumed K = 6
x=
o
850
Vx A o
16
x50 =
1.13 x 6(300)
= 68.5 ft; x100 = 34.2 ft; x150 = 22.8ft
50 0.353
x = CQ
o V o/ V x; C = 2 ; Eq. 11-2a
(b) Q
x)50 = 2(300)850/50 = 10,200 ft3/min
(Q
R
FM
x)100 = 600(850)/100 = 5,100 ft3/min

(Q
x)150 = 600(850)/150 = 3,400 ft3/min

(Q
11-2.
Using Eq. 11-3
tx tr = 0.8(to tr) ( V x/ V o); tx = 0.8(100-75) V x/1100

(tx)50 = 0.8(28)50/1100 = 1.02 F
(tx)100 = 2.04 F
(tx)150 = 3.06 F
11-3.
50 ft/min throw = 24 6 = 18 ft
M16FMR
212
o = V o x Ao; Assume K = 6
From Eq. 11-1 and Q

Q
Q
xVx
xVx
18 x 50
o =
= 132.7
=
or o =
A o 1.13K A o
A o 1.13K 1.13 x 6
Any combination shown would be
acceptable. The size would depend

on the available total volume flow
rate of air and the size of the space.
16
11-4.
Do
o
Q
29
39
49
59
118
in.
3
4
5
6
12
ft.
0.25
0.33
0.417
0.500
1.00
R
FM
x= Q
oC V o/ V x ; Eq. 11=2a
Q
6 2

V o = Q o/Ao = 125/ x = 636 ft/min
4 12
V x = V o (1.13)K A o /x ; K = 6, x = 12 ft
V x = 636 x 6(1.13)
x(0.5)2 /12 = 159 ft/min
4
x = 125 x 2 x 636/159 = 1000 cfm
Q
11-5.
A ceiling type diffuser system has the ability to handle large

quantities of air because the air is discharged radially and
diffuses the high velocity jet in a short distance.
11-6. (a) A perimeter type system would be necessary to achieve a
satisfactory heating performance. Any other type of system

would lead to a cold and drafty floor.
M16FMR
213
(b) An overhead type system would be preferred because of the
greater need for cooling during the summer and less need
for heat during the winter.
A perimeter type system would be the best choice. This type
11-7.
system is required to do a good job of heating. A spreading jet

should be used when heating and a nonspreading jet should
be used when cooling.
16
11-8.
Some kind of overhead system would be preferable since
cooling would be the dominant mode of operation. However,

ceiling diffusers with radial discharge would not be required due
to a low volume of circulated air. A high side wall type of system
or ceiling diffusers with discharge in only one or two directions
R
FM
with a large throw would be preferred. This would give the

maximum air motion with a small amount of circulated air.
11-9.
10 in. round diffuser, Table 11-4; 650 cfm
Interpolation between 600 & 700 cfm is required

NC = 0.5 x (21 17) + 17 = 19
x50 = 0.5(11-10) + 10 = 10.5 ft
2
650
P = 0.062
= 0.073 in. wg
600
11-10.
For 150 cfm/ft, Po = 0.08 x (150/167)2 = 0.065 in. wg.

M16FMR
214
Throw values are for a 4 ft active length then
x50 = 21 0.6(4) = 18.6 ft;
The uncorrected NC for a 10 ft length is NC = 23 0.6(5) = 20.
For a length of 6 ft the correction is 2.
Corrected: NC = 20 2 = 18
M
11-11.
Model 28, 4-48 T-Bar; Table 11-6, 270 cfm

Interpolate:
NC = 0.7 (36 32) + 32 = 34.8 or 35
16
x50 = 0.7(11 10) + 10 = 10.7 or 11 ft

2
270
P = 0.11
= 0.13 in. wq
245
11-12.
From Table 11-1, L = 12 ft. Then from Table 11-2 at
R
FM
q = 40 Btu/(hr-ft 2 ), (X50 /L)max
=1.3 and the range is 1.2 - 1.8, and X50 = 1.3 x 12 = 15.6 ft
A good solution would be to use the 4 in. size with
150 cfm/ft. with uncorrected throw of 18 ft and NC = 19.

The corrected throw is:
X50 = 18 x 0.85 = 15.3 ft and NC = 19 4 = 15

2
150
P = 0.057
= 0.066 in. wq
139
11-13.
(a) Room char. Length = 14 ft, Table 11-1

(x50/L)max = 0.8, Table 11-2
Range of x50/L = 0.5 to 1.5; x50 = 0.8 x 14 = 11.2 ft

M16FMR
215
The best choice would be a 12 in. size with 600 cfm
(b) x50 = 13 +
50
14.3
(2) = 14.3 ft; x50/L =
= 1.02 (in the range)
80
14
2
50
600
Po = 0.081
(4) = 24.5
= 0.096 in. wg.; NC = 22 +
80
550
M
11-14.
Room char. Length is 26 ft, Table 11-2
(a) (x50/L)max = 1.6 (Table 11-2); range of (x50/L) = 1.2 2.3
/diff = 600/2 = 300 cfm

x50 = 1.6 x 26 = 41.6 ft; Q
From Table 11-5, the 18 x 4, 14 x 5, or
16
12 x 6 sizes may be acceptable although the throw is

less than desired. X50 = 31 ft
X50/L = 31.6/26 = 1.2 (barely in the acceptable range)
(b) x50 = 31+ ft (zero deflection)
R
FM
300
NC = 22 , Po = 0.069
= 0.065 in. wg.
310
11-15 It is good practice to keep the core velocity below 500 ft/min. A
solution is the 18 x 12; Table 11-7
2
600
Po= -0.045
= -0.057 in. wg
535
65
NC = 21 +
(7) = 24
135
Note that static pressure and Po are negative.
11-16.
Guidelines:
1-Place diffusers under or between double windows.
2-Select throw using the ADPI procedure. Characteristic length

M16FMR
216
= floor to ceiling.
3-Noise criteria (NC) should usually be less than 30.
4-Be sure that the total pressure required is compatible
with the pressure characteristics of the system. For example,
a small commercial system may have a fan that produces only
about 0.6 in. wg. total pressure while a large commercial system
may operated at 2-5 in. wg. total pressure. The diffuser total
pressure losses should be no more than about 10% of the

fan total pressure.
16
5- Use data from Table 11-3
11-17.
Guidelines:
1-Center diffusers in square or nearly square spaces. Divide

large or irregular spaces into imaginary square spaces and
place a diffuser in each space. Select throw using ADPI procedure.
R
FM
2-Try to obtain a balance between many small diffusers versus

a few very large diffusers to be cost effective.
34-
} See Problem 11-16
11-18.
Guidelines:
1-Locate diffusers about 12 in. below ceiling on inside walls. Select

throw using ADPI procedure.
2-The jet may be spread with this type diffuser. However, more
than one diffuser should be used where the room width is at
least two times the room depth.
3-
} See Problem 11-16
M16FMR
217
M
R
FM
16
M16FMR
218
11-19.
Guidelines:
1-Locate grilles in ceiling near the inside wall.
2-Noise criteria (NC) should be less than 30.
3-The negative static pressure should be held to minimum,
especially for light commercial systems with small fans.
Core velocities of less than 500 ft/min will usually yield a

quiet system with a reasonably low-pressure loss. Higher
velocities and pressure loss may be tolerated with heavy
commercial applications.
16
4- Use data from Tale 11-7.
(a)
(b)
x100 = 3 ft; L = 7 ft; x100/L = 3/7 = 0.43; 0.3 < (x100/L) < 1.0
89 cfm/diffuser; Po = 0.06 in. wg.; NC = 20
Note: Other acceptable solutions also exist.
11-21.
Similar to 11-20
- Diffusers should throw air towards the windows
- Arrange to obtain uniform air motion
- Might use diffusers with short throw around exposed walls with
larger units in the interior.
11-22.
L = 9 ft; Table 11-1
R
FM
11-20.
M16FMR
219
x50/L = 0.9; Table 11=2, straight vanes ( Assume light load for a
secondary system)
x50 = 0.9 x 9 = 8.1 ft
A solution: 9-4 ft length diffusers with 50 cfm/ft, 2 in. size,
Table 11-3, x = 8.5 ft (no correction required); NC = 15 4 = 11
Po = (50/44)2 x 0.036 = 0.047 in. wg.
Place 3 diffusers on each exposed wall
M
11-23.
Use 4-12 in. size from Table 11-4

650 cfm/diffuser; L = 20 ft
80
16
Room Load = 18
Btu
(hr ft 2 )
78
x50/L = 0.8; Table 11-2
x = 16 ft (desired)
( 650 630 ) (17 15) + 15 = 15.5 ft

( 705 630 )
R
FM
xactual =
xact 15.5
=
= 0.78 (in acceptable range)
L
20
2
650
NC = 27; Po =0.105
= 0.112 in. wg.
630
11-24.
Use 14-H-48, Model 28 diffusers from Table 11-6;

229 cfm/dif. as shown. L = 20 ft, x100/L
= 0.3 and acceptable range is 0.3 to 1.0.
M16FMR
220
Desired throw: x100 = 0.3 x 20 = 6 ft.
Actual throw: xact = 6.5, Table 11-6
xact/L = 6.5/20 = 0.33, O.K.
80
NC = 29, Po = 0.095 in. wg.
78
M
11-25.
7 units
each
side
= 2600 cfm; refer to Table 11-7.

Refer to Problem 11-23, Q
Assume a lay-in ceiling with 2 ft x 4 ft tiles. To assure a quiet
return, limit NC to about 20. Use 2-24 in. x 24 in. grilles with
16
1300 cfm each. NC < 25, Po = -0.048 in. wg.
11-26.
Refer to Problem 11-24, 3200 cfm.

Assume a 2 ft x 4 ft lay-in ceiling.
Use 24 in. x 24 in. size from Table 11-7. Using three units,
R
FM
cfm/grille = 3200/3 = 1067; NC < 20
Po = -0.033 + 0.006 = -0.027 in. wg.
M16FMR
CHAPTER 12
M
12-1.
s=m
(P1 P2)/
(a) W
Assume standard air
(P P ) 2000(1.9)
Q
1
2
=
= 0.60 HP 0.45 kW
=
6350
6350
16
(P P ) 2000(1.9)
Q
01
02
(b) t =
= 0.54 or 54%
=

6350Wsh
6350(1.1)
(c) V = 2000/0.84 = 2,381 ft/min; Pv = (2381/4005)2 = 0.35 in wg

Ps = 1.9 0.35 = 1.55 in wg
R
FM
s = 2000x1.55 = 0.49
W
6350
s/ W
sh = 0.49/1.1 = 0.44 or 44%
s = W
(d) From (c) above: Ps = 1.55 in wg
12-2.
2= Q
1 RPM2 = 2000 1200 = 2400 cfm 1,133 L/s
Q
RPM1
1000
2
Ps2 = Ps1
2
RPM2
1200
= 1.55
= 2.23 in wg 555 Pa
RPM
1000
1
2
P02 = P01
2
RPM2
1200
= 1.9
= 2.74 in wg 682 Pa
RPM
1000
1
3
3
RPM2
1200

W2 = W1
= 1.1
= 1.9 HP 1.42 kW
RPM
1000
1
M16FMR
221
2= Q
(750/900) = 0.833 Q
1
12-3. (a,b) Q
P02 = P01(750/900)2 = 0.694 P01
HP2 = HP1(750/900)3 = 0.579 HP1
800 RPM
700 RPM
Po
HP

Q
6,000
2.3
2.75
5,250
1.76 1.84
10,000
1.87
3.5
8,750
1.43 2.34
14,000
1.15
3.45
12,250
0.88 2.31

Q
Po
HP
16
12-3
R
FM
12-4. Since pressure in in. wg. is plotted on the ordinate instead of head the
pressure must be adjusted to reflect the barometric pressure at 5280 ft
elevation.
Po = (Po)std(/std) = (Po)std(Pb/Pb,std)
= W
std(/std) = W
std(Pb/Pb,std)
also, W
Pb,std = 14.696 psia; Pb = 0.491(29.42 0.0009 x 5280); Eq. 3-4

M16FMR
222
Pb = 12.112 psia
Then in Denver, CO the new characteristics may be obtained by
at various volume flow rates from Fig. 12-8.

computing Po and W
= 0.824 W
std.
Po = (Po)std(12.112/14.696) = 0.824(Po)std and W
cfm
Q
6,000
10,000
14,000
Po

W
Po

W
Po

W
Sea Level
2.3
2.75
1.87
3.5
1.15
3.45
Denver
1.90
2.27
1.54
2.88 0.95
2.84
16
(b)
=
W
( W std W )100 = 3.5 2.88

W
std
3.5
= 18% (decrease)
W
R
FM
12-5. Refer to Problem 12-4 for explanation.
Pb = (99.436 0.10 x 1618) = 83.256 kPa
Po = (Po)std = (83.256/101.325) = 0.822(Po)std
= W
std x 0.822
W
(a)
m3/min
Q
125
Sea Level
Albuquerque
155
180
Po

W
Po

W
Po

W
400
1350
320
1600
260
2000
329
1110
263
1315
214
1644
M16FMR
(b)
12-6.
= (1600 1315 ) 100 = 17.8% decrease

W
1600
223
(a) This is at the limit of the good selection range. It would be

better to choose a different fan.
(b) A near perfect match with the fan capable of producing about
1.85 in. wg. total pressure at 10,000 cfm.
(c) A bad application and out of the recommended range.
16
Would probably be unstable.
12-7
[From Fig. 12-9]
(a) No, fan is too small.
R
FM
(b) No, not a good application, fan is too large.
(c) Yes, near perfect application; moderate fan speed,

high efficiency.
12-8.
150 m3/min, 400 Pa [From Fig. 12-10]
The fan would be acceptable and is reasonable.
s = 1850 W
t = 55%; RPM = 850; W
12-9.
(a) At 1418 cfm = 1420 cfm, V e = 2000 ft/min

2
2000
Pv =
= 0.25 in. wg.; Po = Ps + Pv = 0.88 in. wg.
4005
Ps = 0.88 0.25 = 0.63 in. wg. 5/8 in. wg.
M16FMR
224
(b) From Table 12-1 in col. For 5/8 in. wg.
The rpm is 1092 and power is 0.39 HP
0.94
0.88
1092 rpm
Po, in. wg.
M
0.80
0.00
0
1240
1560
16
1420
cfm
12-10.
(a) Po = 3.0 + 0.3 + 0.20 = 3.50 in. wg.

(b)
R
FM
(c) 13,500 to 14,000 cfm
12-11.
system, actual
610

Q
1 = RPM1 and P1 = RPM1
475

RPM2
P2 RPM2
Q
2
430
2
design point
observed

Q
1
operating
P
=
P
610 purposes only to
Excerpts from thispoint
work may be reproduced by instructors Use
for distribution
on
a
not-for-profit
basis
for
=or instructional
fan low:
2
1 testing
Q
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction
or
translation
of this work beyond that
2
system, ducts only
0
90
P~Pa
permitted by Sections
107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
0
0
150 170
Q m3 /min
M16FMR
225
System eff. Factor = 610 430 = 180 Pa
12-12. De = (4 x 12 x 16/)1/2 = 15.6 in
Assume blast area ratio = 0.7, Table 12-3
V e = 4000(12 x 16/144) = 5333 ft/min
One eff. Duct length = 5.3 diameters, table 12-2

or Le = 5.3 x 15.6 = 83 in.
% Eff. Duct length = 100 x 30/83 = 36
16
Elbow in position C, Fig. 12-13
Elbow loss factor = 0.79, Table 12-5
Po = 0.79(5333/4005)2 = 1.40 in. wg.
12-13. V i = 4000/ [ x 142/(4 x 144)] = 4,276 ft/min

Duct length = 28 in.; R/D = 10.5/14 = 0.75; L/D = 28/14 = 2.0
R
FM
Elbow and duct loss factor = 1.0, Table 12-6

Po = 1.0(4276/4005)2 = 1.14 in. wg.
12-14. Blast area ratio = 0.7, Table 12-3
De = (4 x 20 x 20/)1/2 = 22.6 in.
V = 10,000 x 144/(20 x 20) = 3,600 ft/min

Le = 3.6 dia., Table 12-2
L/Le = (10/22.6)/3.6 = 0.12

Co = 0.4, Table 12-4
Po = 0. 4(3600/4005)2 = 0.32in. wg.

12-15. De = (4 x 12 x 12/)1/2 = 13.5 in.
M16FMR
226
V e = 2500/(12 x 12/144) = 2500 ft/min

One eff. Duct length = 2.5 diameters, Table 12-2
L = 2.5 x 13.5 = 33.9 or 34 in.
12-16. From Problem 12-15, V I = V e = 2500 ft/min (assumed)
Po = Co( V i/4005)2; Co = 0.16/(2500/4005)2 = 0.41
From Table 12-6, L/H = 4.3

Length = 4.3 x 12 = 51.5 in.
(a) The design condition and the observed condition are on
16
12-17.
nearly the same system characteristic. Therefore, it is

probable that the fan is not running at the desired speed
of about 920 rpm but at a lower speed of about 610 rpm.
(b) The fan is operating near the 920 rpm characteristic
R
FM
but something related to the duct system has changed.
Possibly a damper is closed, a duct has collapsed or some

other obstruction is present.
(c) Both the system and the fan characteristic have

changed. The duct system has probably
become fouled or slightly damaged is some way while
the fan speed has decreased slightly due to wear and tear.
sh,1 = 16 HP; W
sh,2 = 1.5x5000 = 1.62
12-18. W
6350x0.73
16 1.62
% Diff = 100
= +90% [decrease from 1 to 2]
16
M16FMR
227
12-19.
(a) Assume 15,000 cfm is an equivalent value for the day.
1 = 16 x 0.746 x 24 = 286.5 kWh

For full load point 1: W
p = 6.7 x 0.746 x 24 = 120.0 kWh
For part load cond.: W
= (286.5 120) x 100 = 58% (decrease)

W
286.5
(b) No, the fan would be forced to operate to the left of the maximum
pressure and would probably be unstable.
16
1 = 28.5 HP; W
2 = 17.5 HP (static power used)
12-20. W
= (28.5 17.5) 100 = 39% (decrease)
W
28.5
12-21.
1 = 28.5 x 0.746 x 24 = 510 kWh

(a) W
R
FM
p = 27.0 x 0.746 x 24 = 483 kWh (vanes assumed open)

W
= (510 483) 100 = 5.3% (decrease)

W
510
p = 27 x 0.746 x 24 = 483 kWh
(b) W
= (510 483) 100 = 5.3% (decrease)

W
510
(a) and (b) essentially the same.
12-22. The actual inside dimensions are 10 x 8 in. or De = 9.8 in., Table 12-7
For duct, unlined, Po/L = 1.8 in. wg./100 ft (Fig. 12-21)
V =
2000x144
= 3600 ft/min
10x8
From Fig. 12-23, roughness corr. Factor = 1.51, then for the
M16FMR
228
lined duct, Po/L = 1.8(1.51) = 2.72 in. wg./100 ft. and

Po = 50 x 2.72/100 = 1.36 in. wg. or about 338 Pa
12-23. Po = (Po)sl x /sl;
= b
sA Pb,sA
Pb = 0.491(29.42 0.0009 x 5000) = 12.236 psia
Po = 1.36(12.236/14.696) = 1.13 in. wg. or about 282 Pa
12-24.
16
.
Q = 600 cfm
20'
R
FM
D2 = D3 = 10 in.; A2/A1 = 0.6 = A3/A4
Pd/L = 0.185 in. wg./100 ft; Fig. 12-21

P23 = 0.185 x 20/100 = 0.037 in. wg.
For contraction, A2/A1 = 0.6, C02 = 0.21
For expansion, A4/A3 = 1.67, C04 = 0.80
V2 = V3 =
600
10
} Table 12-9A
= 1100 ft/min; V 4 = V 3 x

4 12
A3
= 660 ft/min
A4
P12 = 0.21(1100/4005)2 = 0.016 in. wg.

P34 = 0.80(660/4005)2 = 0.022 in. wg.
Po = 0.037 + 0.016 + 0.022 = 0.075 in. wg.
M16FMR
12-25.
229
(a) Bellmouth, Co = 0.2; Abrupt, Co = 0.5; Table 12-10B & 10A
P0B = 0.2(1000/4005)2 = 0.0125 in. wg. 3.1 Pa
P0A = 0.5(1000/4005)2 = 0.0313 in. wg. 7.8 Pa
% Diff. =
(0.0313 0.0125)
(100) = 150%
0.0125
(b) P0B = 0.2(4000/4005)2 = 0.20 in. wg. 50 Pa

P0A = 0.5(4000/4005)2 = 0.50 in. wg. 124 Pa
% Diff. =
(0.5 0.2)
(100) = 150%
0.2
16
12-26. Table 12-8a, Co = 0.25
V o = 1200/[(/4)x(14/12)2] = 1122.5 ft/min
Po = 0.25(1122.5/4005)2 = 0.02 in. wg.
also
R
FM
V o = 0.6/[(/4)(0.35)2] = 6.24 m/s
Po = 0.25(6.24/1.29)2 = 5.8 Pa
12-27.
(a) Co = 0.15, Table 12-8b
V o = 2500 x 144/(16 x 16) = 1406 ft/min
Po = 0.15(1406/4005)2 = 0.0185 in. wg.

or
V o = 1.2/(0.4 x 0.4) = 7.5 m/s
Po = 0.15(7.5/1.29)2 = 5.1 Pa
(b) Co = 1.2 Table 12-8C
Po = 1.2(1406/4005)2 = 0.148 in. wg.

or
Po = 1.2(7.5/1.29)2 = 40.6 Pa
M16FMR
230
b/ Q
c = 250/800 = 0.3125
Q
12-28.
Ab/Ac = (6/12)2 = 0.25

Cb = 0.345, Table 12-11A
V b = 250/[(/4)(6/12)2] = 1273 ft/min

V b = 0.12[(/4)(0.15)2] = 6.8 m/s
or
Pob = 0.345(1273/4005)2 = 0.035 in. wg.
or
Pob = 0.345(6.8/1.29)2 = 9.6 Pa
s/ Q
c = 550/800 = 0.6875
Q
16
As/Ac = (10/12)2 = 0.694
Cs = 0.135, Table 12-11A
V s = 550/[(/4)(10/12)2] = 1008 ft/min
or
V s = 0.26/[(/4)(0.25)2] = 5.3 m/s
Pos = 0.135(1008/4005)2 = 0.009 in. wg.
12-29.
Pos = 0.135(5.3/129)2 = 2.3 Pa
R
FM
or
From Problem 12-28
b/ Q
c = 0.3125; Ab/Ac = 0.25
Q
V b = 1273 ft/min or 6.8 m/s
Cb = 0.93, Table 12-11B
Pob = 0.93(1273/4005)2 = 0.094 in. wg.

or
Pob = 0.93(6.8/1.29)2 = 25.8 Pa
s/ Q
c = 0.6875; As/Ac = 0.694
Q
Cs = 0.135; Table 12-11B
V s = 1008 ft/min or 5.3 m/s
Pos = 0.135(1008/4005)2 = 0.009 in. wg.

M16FMR
or
12-30.
Pos = 0.135(5.3/129) = 2.3 Pa

2
231
(a) Ao/A1 = 6.0; = 180 deg., Co = 37.4, Table 12-9B
M
V1 =
4500x144
= 2,000 ft/min
(18x18)
Ao V o = A1 V 1; V o =
A1
x 2,000 = 2000/6 = 333 ft/min
Ao
16
Po = 37.4(333/4005)2 = 0.260 in. wg.
(b) Co = 14.35 (Table 12-9B)
Po = 14.35(333/4005)2 = 0.099 in. wg.
b/ Q
c = 500/1000 = 0.50
Q
12-31.
R
FM
Ab/Ac = (8/12)2 = 0.444
As/Ac = (8/12)2 = 0.444
s/ Q
c = 500/1000 = 0.5
Q
(a) Cb = 0.755, Table 12-12A

Cs = 0.215, Table 12-12A
Interpolation required or use

ASHRAE Duct Fitting Data
V b = 500/[/4)(8/12)2] = 1432 ft/min = V s

or
V b = 0.24/[(/4)(0.2)2] = 7.64 m/s
Pob = 0.755(1432/4005)2 = 0.097 in. wg.

or
Pob = 0.755(7.64/129)2 = 26.5 Pa
Pos = 0.215(1432/4005)2 = 0.028 in. wg.

or
Pos = 0.215(7.64/129)2 = 7.54 Pa
M16FMR
232
(b) Cb = 0.688, Table 12-12B
Cs = 0.847, Table 12-12B
Pob = 0.688(1432/4005)2 = 0.088 in. wg.
or
Pob = 0.688(7.64/129)2 = 24.1 Pa
Pos = 0.847(1432/4005)2 = 0.108 in. wg.
or
Pos = 0.847(7.64/1.29)2 = 29.7 Pa
12-32. From Figure 12-35
16
1
12 in.
12 in.
Assume:
Abrupt entrance
Pleated elbows
45o branch
10 in.
Equivalent Length Method:
P/L
R
FM
Section
Le*

Q
No.
ft
cfm
115
800
102
45
Po
Po
ft/min
in. wg.
Pa
0.135
1020
0.155
39
500
0.055
630
0.056
14
300
0.050
550
0.023
in. wg.
100 ft
* boots and diffusers at ends of runs neglected.
Loss Coefficient Method:

Sec.
No.
ft
P/L
Pd
in. wg. in. wg.

100 ft
C1
C2
ft
P1
P2
Pt
in. wg. in. wg. in. wg.
Pt
Pa
min
M16FMR
55
0.135
233
0.074 0.50 2(0.26) 1020 0.032 0.034 0.140
35
72
0.055
0.040 0.16 2(0.26)
630
0.004 0.013 0.057
14
20
0.050
0.010
550
0.038 0.003 0.051
13
2.0
0.17
12-33. L = D x Co/f; f = 0.019, Table 12-13

Bellmouth: L = 1 x 0.2/0.019 = 10.5 ft
Abrupt Int.: L = 1 x 0.5/0.019 = 26.3 ft
= 1000 x /4 = 785 cfm; Po/L = 0.12 in. wg./100 ft, Fig. 12-21
Q
16
P0B = 0.12 x 10.5/100 = 0.0126 in. wg. or about 3.1 Pa

P0A = 0.12 x 26.3/100 = 0.0316 in. wg. or about 7.9 Pa
12-34. From Problem 12-26, Co = 0.25, D = 14 in.

Le = DxCo/f; f = 0.017, Table 12-13
14 0.25
x
= 17.2 ft
12 0.017
R
FM
Le =
= 1200 cfm; Po/L = 0.13 in. wg./100 ft

Q
Po = 0.13 x 17.2/100 = 0.022 in. wg. or about 5.6 Pa
Note: Most of following duct sizing problems can be solved with the computer
program, DUCT.
12-35. From Figure 12-36.

4
P
1
2
5
M16FMR
234
Estimate Total Equivalent Length of Run 1-2-3 to be approximately
132 ft, Table 12-14. Then Po/Le = (0.13 x 100)/132
= 0.10 in. wg./100 ft size ducts using Figure 12-21 and record the
actual Po/L from Figure 12-21.
M
Section
Le

Q
P/L
Pn
No.
ft
cfm
in.
in. wg.
in. wg.
100 ft
45
300
0.084
0.038
16
220
0.090
0.014
71
100
0.083
0.059
55
80
0.14
0.077
55
120
0.125
0.069
R
FM
16
Run 1-2-5 actually has the greatest lost pressure.

P14 = 0.038 + 0.077 = 0.115 in. wg.;
P125 = 0.038 + 0.014 + 0.059 = 0.121 in. wg.

P123 = 0.038 + 0.014 + 0.059 = 0.111 in. wg.
12-36. The design pressure loss is (0.25 0.1) = 0.15 in. wg. (for supply ducts)
Assume the run with the largest equivalent length is:
1-2-3-4-5; Le = 185 ft
Then for design: Po/Le =
(0.15 0.03)
x 100 = 0.065 in. wg./100 ft
185
M16FMR
235
Section 1 has a total flow of 845 cfm. Therefore, the maximum
velocity in section 1 will be about 800 ft/min if a 14 in. duct is used.
M
R
FM
16
M16FMR
236
12-36. (continued)
(a)
Section
Le

Q
P/L
Pn
No.
ft
cfm
in.
in. wg.
in. wg.
100 ft
88
845
14
0.065
0.057
18
595
12
0.070
0.013
16
395
12
0.034
0.0054
17
275
0.065
0.011
46
125
0.065
0.030
51
250
0.060
0.031
43
200
0.072
0.031
49
120
0.065
0.032
49
150
0.040
0.020
R
FM
16
With the equal friction method, every branch should have a damper for
balancing purposes.
Actual total pressure loss:
Po = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 + Pd5
Po = 0.146 in. wg.
Note that run 1-2-3-4-7 actually has the greatest loss in total pressure
but the difference is not significant. Use Po = 0.15 in. wg.
(b)
Sizing of the longest run, 1-2-3-4-5, is the same as (a) above where
Po/L = 0.065 in. wg./100 ft. Construct a new table as follows:
M16FMR
237
MAIN DUCT RUN
BRANCH DUCTS
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
Sec.
Le
cfm
De/wxh
Po
Po
Br.
Pi
Le
Pi
cfm
De/wxh
No.
ft.
in.
fpm
(2)(5)
(7)
Sec
Pod+
ft.
in.
fpm
No.
-(8)+
(10)100
Pd
(11)
100
88
845
14
0.065
800
0.057
0.057
0.039
51
0.076
250
550
M
2
18
595
12
0.070
760
0.013
0.070
0.036
43
0.084
200
570
16
395
12
0.034
500
0.005
0.075
0.035
49
0.071
120
500
17
275
0.065
600
0.011
0.086
0.020
49
0.041
150
420
46
125
0.065
500
0.03
0.116
Diffuser 5 0.030
0.146
16
The left 8 columns are the same as (a) above. The branches, 6-7-8-9,
are sized to balance in the right hand 7 columns.
(c) Equal Friction Method

-- Design Procedure --
R
FM
System type: Supply

Duct Sizing Method: Equal Friction
Rounding Method: Round Nearest
-- Fan Selection --
Known Fan Parameter: Fan Total Pressure =

Fan Airflow:
Fan or External Total Pressure:
Coil Lost Pressure:
Filter Lost Pressure:
Misc. Lost Pressure:
AHU External Total Pressure:
AHU Pressure for Supply System:
AHU Pressure for Return System:
845.0
0.250
0.000
0.000
0.000
------0.250
0.150
0.100
0.250
cfm
in.
in.
in.
in.
in. wg
wg
wg
wg
wg
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
- or
- or
60.0 %
40.0 %
-- Lost Pressure from Air Handling Unit to Diffuser -Diffuser ID
Q
(cfm)
17
125.0
Total Delta P
(in. wg)
0.120
M16FMR
238
22
150.0
0.154
26
120.0
0.130
30
200.0
0.125
34
250.0
0.127
--------------------Total
845.0
-- Calculated Fitting Values -ID Fitting Type
Dia.
(in)
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
12.0
9.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
12.0
10.0
9.0
7.0
10.0
9.0
7.0
7.0
9.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
595.0
250.0
845.0
595.0
395.0
200.0
595.0
395.0
275.0
120.0
395.0
275.0
125.0
150.0
275.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
200.0
200.
200.0
200.0
250.0
250.0
250.0
250.0
Velocity
(ft/min)
Delta P
(in. wg)
0.0
790.4
790.4
790.4
790.4
757.6
565.9
790.4
757.6
724.2
573.0
757.6
724.2
622.5
449.0
724.2
622.5
467.7
561.3
622.5
467.7
467.7
467.7
467.7
0.000
0.013
0.013
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.018
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
P/L
(in. wg)
0.06415
0.007
0.004
0.017
0.07167
0.007
0.003
0.016
0.08259
0.007
0.002
0.009
0.07138
R
FM
16
Air Handling Unit

Straight Duct
Conical Contraction
Elbow
Elbow
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Elbow
Straight Duct
Elbow
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
Elbow
Straight Duct
Elbow
Diffuser / Gril
Elbow
Straight Duct
Elbow
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Straight Duct
Elbow
Diffuser / Grill
Elbow
Straight Duct
Elbow
Diffuser / Grill
Q
(cfm)
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
561.3
561.3
561.3
561.3
449.0
449.0
449.0
573.0
573.0
573.0
565.9
565.9
565.9
0.008
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.030
0.006
0.005
0.016
0.005
0.040
0.002
0.011
0.003
0.036
0.003
0.010
0.005
0.040
0.003
0.013
0.004
0.050
0.05817
0.05817
0.08082
0.08082
0.05405
0.07106
0.06004
(c) Balanced Capacity Method

M16FMR
239
System type: Supply
Duct Sizing Method: Balanced Capacity
-- Fan Selection -Known Fan Parameter: Fan Total Pressure =
Fan Airflow:
Coil Lost Pressure:

845.0
0.250
0.000
0.000
0.000
------0.250
0.150
0.100
0.250
cfm
in.
in.
in.
in.
in. wg
wg
wg
wg
wg
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
- or
- or
60.0 %
40.0 %
16
Q
(cfm)
Total Delta P
(in. wg)
17
125.0
0.138
22
150.0
0.154
26
120.0
0.145
30
200.0
0.140
34
250.0
0.141
--------------------Total
845.0
R
FM
-- Calculated Fitting Values -ID

1
2
3
4
5
6
Fitting Type
Air Handling Unit

Straight Duct
Conical Contraction
Elbow
Elbow
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
7 Straight Duct
8 Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
9 Straight Duct
10 Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
11 Straight Duct
12 Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Dia.
(in)
0.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
12.0
8.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
7.0
12.0
10.0
9.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
6.0
7.0
9.0
Q
(cfm)
845.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
595.0
250.0
845.0
595.0
395.0
200.0
595.0
395.0
275.0
120.0
395.0
275.0
125.0
150.0
275.0
Velocity
(ft/min)
Delta P
(in. wg)
0.0
790.4
790.4
790.4
790.4
757.6
716.2
790.4
757.6
724.2
748.4
757.6
724.2
622.5
611.2
724.2
622.5
636.6
561.3
622.5
0.00
0.013
0.013
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.016
P/L
(in. wg)
0.06415
0.007
0.004
0.016
0.07167
0.007
0.003
0.013
0.08259
0.007
0.003
0.009
0.07138
M16FMR
240
13 Straight Duct
0.12304
14 Elbow
15 Straight Duct
16 Elbow
17 Diffuser / Grille
Straight
Elbow
Straight
Elbow
Diffuser
Elbow
Straight
Elbow
Diffuser
Elbow
Straight
Elbow
Diffuser
Elbow
Straight
Elbow
Diffuser
Duct
Duct
0.004
0.005
0.007
0.030
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
250.0
250.0
250.0
250.0
561.3
561.3
561.3
561.3
0.006
0.005
0.016
0.005
0.040
0.004
0.023
0.006
0.036
0.005
0.019
0.009
0.040
0.005
0.023
0.007
0.050
7.0
7.0
7.0
/ Grille
8.0
8.0
8.0
611.2
611.2
611.2
748.4
748.4
748.4
716.2
716.2
716.2
16
Duct
0.016
636.6
636.6
636.6
/ Grille
Duct
636.6
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
Duct
125.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
/ Grille
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
6.0
/ Grille
0.12304
0.08082
0.08082
0.11427
0.13629
0.10661
12-37. P0S + P0R = 0.70 0.35 = 0.35 in. wg.

P0S 0.65(0.35) = 0.23 in. wg.
P0R 0.35 0.23 = 0.12 in. wg.
R
FM
The method of solution is similar to Problem 12-36. An

acceptable solution follows:
(a)
Longest run ~ 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-11-13
The summation of equivalent lengths may vary with designers.

Po/Le =
(0.23 0.03)
100 = 0.092 in. wg./100 ft
217
Size all supply ducts for this pressure loss per unit length.
M16FMR
241

Q
Section

Q
No.
cfm
in.
No.
cfm
in.
1200
16
18
150
1050
14
19
100
850
14
20
100
750
12
21
75
650
12
22
100
550
12
23
200
475
10
225
175
10
50
11
125
Section
13
14
R
FM
16
12
50
75
50
M16FMR
12-42. (continued)
Construct a table as shown in 12-36 or solve with computer program.
16
(b)
MAIN DUCT RUN
(1)
(2)
Sec.
Le
No.
ft.
(3)
(4)
(5)
cfm
De
in.
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
Po
Po
Br.
Pi
Le
Pi
cfm
De
(2)(5)
(7)
Sec
Pod+
ft.
in.
fpm
fpm
No.
100
38
-(8)+
(10)100
Pd
(11)
1000
14
0.89
940
0.034
0.034
18
0.167
105
0.16
150
700
16
850
14
0.68
800
0.011
0.045
23
0.165
105
0.16
200
750
18
650
12
.086
820
0.016
0.061
19
0.160
90
0.18
100
700
12
550
12
.063
700
0.008
0.069
22
0.181
73
0.25
100
700
14
450
10
0.10
800
0.014
0.083
20
0.162
57
0.28
100
700
14
350
0.11
800
0.015
0.098
21
0.176
65
0.27
75
650
7+8
34
275
0.12
750
0.041
0.139
14
0.160
57
0.28
50
600
13
225
0.09
670
.012
0.151
10
0.184
58
.32
75
620
11
150
0.13
700
.010
0.161
12
0.186
36
.52
75
620
13
50
75
.06
450
.030
0.191
Tot.
213
Pd
0.030
0.221
R
FM
BRANCH DUCTS*
* Damper Required in all branches because velocity is too high. Increase size until velocity is about 500 ft/min.
M16FMR
12-37. (continued)
Po for the longest run will be about 0.22 in. wg. for the above sizes.
Therefore, size the return system for a pressure loss of (0.35 0.22)
or 0.13 in. wg.
For the return system:

(Le)max 230 ft, (1r 2r 3r)
16
0.13 0.05
then Po/Le =
100 = 0.035 in. wg./100 ft
230
Using the equal friction method:
Section

Q
Le
No.
cfm
in.
ft
1r
1200
18
115
2r
R
FM
3r
4r
5r
Po
Po/L
in. wg.
0.038
0.044
800
16
70
0.033
0.023
400
12
44
0.036
0.016
400
12
14
0.036
0.005
400
12
28
0.036
0.010
Return system is the same for parts (a) and (b).

Po for return = 0.133 in. wg.
(c) Equal Friction Method
System type: Supply

-- Fan Selection --
0.700
in. wg
M16FMR
244
Fan Airflow:
Coil Lost Pressure:
1000.0
0.700
0.250
0.100
0.000
------0.350
0.228
0.123
cfm
in.
in.
in.
in.
wg
wg
wg
wg
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
- or
- or
65.0 %
35.0 %
Q
(cfm)
Total Delta P
(in. wg)
R
FM
16
27
75.0
0.227
30
75.0
0.207
34
75.0
0.211
38
50.0
0.212
56
75.0
0.171
60
100.0
0.158
63
100.0
0.171
67
100.0
0.142
72
200.0
0.202
75
150.0
0.131
--------------------Total
1000.0

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Air Handling Unit

Conical Contraction
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Dia.
(in)
0.0
14.0
14.0
12.0
7.0
14.0
12.0
12.0
7.0
12.0
12.0
10.0
6.0
12.0
10.0
10.0
6.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
Q
(cfm)
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
850.0
150.0
1000.0
850.0
650.0
200.0
850.0
650.0
550.0
100.0
650.0
550.0
450.0
100.0
550.0
450.0
350.0
100.0
450.0
350.0
Velocity
(ft/min)
0.0
935.4
935.4
082.3
561.3
935.4
1082.3
827.6
748.4
1082.3
827.6
1008.4
509.3
827.6
1008.4
825.1
509.3
1008.4
825.1
792.2
509.3
825.1
792.2
Delta P
(in. wg)
P/L
(in. wg)
0.000
0.011
0.007
0.010
0.061
0.08745
0.003
0.13819
0.008*<10>
0.058
0.005
0.009
0.037
0.08429
0.006
0.15164
0.010*<10>
0.064
0.004
0.005
0.024
0.10485
0.014
0.11082
M16FMR
245
14
15
17
18
19
20
21
Tee / Wye
main
8.0
branch
5.0
common
9.0
Straight Duct
8.0
Elbow
8.0
Straight Duct
8.0
Tee / Wye
main
8.0
branch
4.0
common
8.0
Straight Duct
8.0
Tee / Wye
main
7.0
branch
5.0
common
8.0
Straight Duct
7.0
Tee / Wye
main
5.0
branch
5.0
common
7.0
Elbow
5.0
Straight Duct
5.0
Rectangular Transition 5.0
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
5.0
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
5.0
Straight Duct
5.0
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
4.0
Straight Duct
4.0
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
5.0
Straight Duct
5.0
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
6.0
Straight Duct
6.0
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
6.0
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
6.0
Straight Duct
6.0
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
7.0
Elbow
7.0
Straight Duct
7.0
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
7.0
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
8.0
22
23
787.8
550.0
792.2
787.8
787.8
787.8
644.6
573.0
787.8
644.6
561.3
550.0
644.6
561.3
550.0
550.0
561.3
550.0
550.0
270.0
550.0
270.0
16
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
16
275.0
75.0
350.0
275.0
275.0
275.0
225.0
50.0
275.0
225.0
150.0
75.0
225.0
150.0
75.0
75.0
150.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
275.0
550.0
550.0
270.0
573.0
573.0
180.0
0.006
0.12687
0.008
0.013
0.12687
0.009*<10>
0.027
0.007
0.003
0.011
0.08800
0.018
0.002
0.007
0.08082
0.006
0.012
0.005
0.030
0.007
0.005
0.025
0.006
0.018
0.005
0.025
0.007
0.017
0.010
0.020
0.006
0.018
0.005
0.030
0.004
0.008
0.003
0.045
0.012
0.003
0.032
0.004
0.008
0.003
0.045
0.027
0.013
0.027
0.001
0.045
0.032
0.001
0.020
0.005
0.11869
0.11869
0.11869
0.16916
0.11869
R
FM
550.0
550.0
270.0
0.005
0.019
* - Delta P was computed using
509.3
509.3
360.0
509.3
360.0
509.3
509.3
360.0
748.4
748.4
748.4
720.0
561.3
540.0
787.8
0.08221
0.08221
0.08221
0.13629
0.13629
0.08082
the fitting equivalent length
Balanced Capacity Method

M16FMR
246
-- Design Procedure Note that almost all branch ducts need a damper to increase the diameter and
reduce velocity.
System type: Supply
-- Fan Selection --

Fan Airflow:
Coil Lost Pressure:
cfm
in.
in.
in.
in.

0.228
0.123
in. wg
wg
wg
wg
wg
in. wg
16
1000.0
0.700
0.250
0.100
0.000
------0.350
0.700
in. wg
in. wg
- or
- or
65.0 %
35.0 %
Q
(cfm)
Total Delta P
(in. wg)
R
FM
27
75.0
0.227
30
75.0
0.243
34
75.0
0.211
38
50.0
0.212
56
75.0
0.232
60
100.0
0.279
63
100.0
0.285
67
100.0
0.257
72
200.0
0.202
75
150.0
0.170
--------------------Total
1000.0

1
2
3
4
5
6
Fitting Type
Air Handling Unit

Conical Contraction
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
Dia.
(in)
0.0
14.0
14.0
12.0
6.0
14.0
12.0
12.0
7.0
Q
(cfm)
1000.0
1000.0
1000.0
850.0
150.0
1000.0
850.0
650.0
200.0
Velocity
(ft/min)
Delta P
(in. wg)
P/L
(in. wg)
0.0
935.4
935.4
1082.3
763.9
935.4
1082.3
827.6
748.4
0.000
0.011
0.007
0.010
0.057
0.08745
0.003
0.13819
0.008*<10>
0.058
M16FMR
247
common
7
8
9
10
11
12
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Elbow
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Elbow
Straight Duct
Rectangular Transition
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
13
14
15
17
18
19
850.0
650.0
550.0
100.0
650.0
550.0
450.0
100.0
550.0
450.0
350.0
100.0
450.0
350.0
275.0
75.0
350.0
275.0
275.0
275.0
225.0
50.0
275.0
225.0
150.0
75.0
225.0
150.0
75.0
75.0
150.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
200.0
1082.3
827.6
1008.4
1145.9
827.6
1008.4
825.1
1145.9
1008.4
825.1
792.2
1145.9
825.1
792.2
787.8
859.4
792.2
787.8
787.8
787.8
644.6
573.0
787.8
644.6
561.3
550.0
644.6
561.3
859.4
550.0
561.3
550.0
550.0
270.0
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
0.005
0.009
0.039
0.08429
0.006
0.15164
0.010*<10>
0.062
0.004
0.005
0.031
0.10485
0.014
0.005
0.017
0.11082
0.006
0.12687
0.008
0.013
0.12687
0.009*<10>
0.027
0.007
0.003
0.011
0.08800
0.018
0.007
0.007
0.08082
0.006
0.012
0.005
0.030
0.021
0.024
0.025
0.006
0.018
0.005
0.025
0.007
0.017
0.010
0.020
0.015
0.053
0.024
0.030
0.027
0.060
0.042
0.045
0.090
0.042
0.032
0.027
0.060
0.042
0.045
0.027
0.11869
R
FM
16
12.0
12.0
10.0
4.0
12.0
10.0
10.0
4.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
4.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
4.0
9.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
4.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
5.0
8.0
7.0
4.0
5.0
7.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
7.0
859.4
270.0
550.0
550.0
270.0
573.0
573.0
180.0
859.4
859.4
270.0
1145.9
1145.9
360.0
1145.9
360.0
1145.9
1145.9
360.0
748.4
0.35266
0.11869
0.16916
0.35266
0.59744
0.59744
0.59744
0.13629
M16FMR
248
70
71
72
73
74
75
16
69 Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
7.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
275.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
* - Delta P was computed using
748.4
748.4
720.0
0.013
0.027
0.13629
0.001
0.045
0.069
0.17139
0.007
0.020
0.005
763.9
540.0
787.8
the fitting equivalent length
Return Ducts, Equal Friction Method

System type: Return

-- Fan Selection --
16
Fan Airflow:
Coil Lost Pressure:
0.228
0.123
cfm
in.
in.
in.
in.
in. wg
wg
wg
wg
wg
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
- or
- or
65.0 %
35.0 %
R
FM

1200.0
0.700
0.250
0.100
0.000
------0.350
0.700
Q
(cfm)
Total Delta P
(in. wg)
11
400.0
0.125
14
400.0
0.113
17
400.0
0.096
--------------------Total
1200.0

1
2
3
4
5
6
Air Handling Unit

Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Dia.
(in)
0.0
18.0
18.0
12.0
16.0
18.0
16.0
12.0
12.0
16.0
Q
(cfm)
Velocity
(ft/min)
Delta P
(in. wg)
P/L
(in. wg)
1200.0
1200.0
1200.0
400.0
800.0
1200.0
800.0
400.0
400.0
800.0
0.0
679.1
679.1
509.3
573.0
679.1
573.0
509.3
509.3
573.0
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.026
0.026
0.03572
0.006
0.015
0.013
0.03024
M16FMR
249
7 Straight Duct
0.03476
8 Elbow
0.003
9 Straight Duct
10 Rectangular Transition
12 Straight Duct
15 Straight Duct
12.0
400.0
12.0
509.3
400.0
0.007
509.3
12.0
12.0
400.0
400.0
400.0
400.0
400.0
400.0
400.0
400.0
400.0
509.3
100.0
0.001
0.014
0.050
0.001
0.014
0.050
0.003
0.014
0.050
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
509.3
100.0
509.3
100.0
0.03476
0.03476
0.03476
12-38. The three branches from the plenum must be designed as close as
possible for the same pressure loss. Start with B since it appears
to be more extensive than A or C.
16
0.18 0.025
For B: Po/Le =
100 = 0.107 in. wg./100 ft
145
0.18 0.025
For A: Po/Le =
100 = 0.109 in. wg./100 ft
142
R
FM
0.18 0.025
For C: Po/Le =
100 = 0.149 in. wg./100 ft
104
M16FMR
250
12-38. (continued)
MAIN DUCT RUN
BRANCH DUCTS
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
Sec.
Le
cfm
De
Po
Po
Br.
Pi
Le
Pi
cfm
De
No.
ft.
in.
fpm
(2)(5)
(7)
Sec
Pod+
ft.
in.
fpm
actual
M
B
{
{
-(8) +
(10)100
-Pd
(11)
44
500
12
.057
650
.025
.025
14
0.094
55
0.171
125
660
22
375
10
.085
700
.019
.044
10
0.075
52
0.144
200
760
11
25
175
0.11
630
.028
.072
12
0.047
38
0.124
75
550
13
54
100
.087
520
.047
0.119
Tot
145
Pd
.025
0.144
1
2
3
5
Tot.
15
17
Tot.
16
No.
100
50
400
10
.095
760
0.048
0.048
0.084
38
0.221
100
750
19
300
.092
700
0.018
.066
0.066
48
0.138
100
510
25
200
.08
590
0.02
.086
0.046
57
0.081
100
500
48
100
.095
530
0.046
.132
Pd
0.025
.157
16
0.041
38
0.108
125
610
142
56
225
.17
850
0.095
.095
48
100
.085
510
0.041
.136
Pd
0.025
.161
104
R
FM
Note that the resulting total pressures losses turn out to be:
(Po)B = 0.144 in.wg.; (Po)A = 0.157 in. wg.; (Po)C = 0.161 in. wg.
Within the accuracy of the calculation these are approximately equal.

It may be necessary to use a damper in branch B, sec. 8.
12-38.
Branch A, Balanced Capacity Method

System type: Supply

-- Fan Selection --
Known Fan Parameter: Plenum Total Pressure =

Fan Airflow:
0.180
in. wg
400.0 cfm
M16FMR
251
Fan or External Total
Coil Lost
Filter Lost
Misc. Lost
Pressure:
Pressure:
Pressure:
Pressure:

0.269
0.000
0.000
0.000
------0.269
0.180
0.089
in.
in.
in.
in.
wg
wg
wg
wg
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
- or
- or
67.0 %
33.0 %
-- Lost Pressure from Air Handling Unit to Diffuser --
M
Diffuser ID
Q
(cfm)
Total Delta P
(in. wg)
16
15
100.0
0.171
19
100.0
0.155
23
100.0
0.141
29
100.0
0.187
--------------------Total
400.0
-- Calculated Fitting Values --
ID Fitting Type
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
27
28
Air Handling Unit

Conical Contraction
Straight Duct
Elbow
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
Butterfly Damper
0.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.0
5.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
5.0
8.0
7.0
5.0
5.0
7.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
Q
(cfm)
Velocity
(ft/min)
Delta P
(in. wg)
400.0
400.0
400.0
400.0
400.0
300.0
100.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
100.0
200.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
905.4
905.4
905.4
905.4
859.4
733.4
905.4
859.4
748.4
733.4
859.4
748.4
733.4
733.4
748.4
733.4
733.4
733.4
360.0
0.000
0.011
0.003
0.011
0.014
0.006
0.039
P/L
(in. wg)
0.14157
R
FM
1
2
3
4
5
6
Dia.
(in)
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
733.4
733.4
360.0
733.4
733.4
360.0
733.4
733.4
360.0
0.14157
0.018
0.005
0.020
0.14878
0.016
0.004
0.013
0.13629
0.020
0.012
0.016
0.010
0.025
0.007
0.016
0.010
0.025
0.007
0.016
0.010
0.025
0.016
0.058
0.010
0.19977
0.19977
0.19977
0.19977
0.19977
M16FMR
252
29
Diffuser / Grille
100.0
0.025
Branch B, Balanced Capacity Method

-- Design Procedure -System type: Supply
-- Fan Selection --

Fan Airflow:
Coil Lost Pressure:
cfm
in.
in.
in.
in.

0.180
0.000
in. wg
wg
wg
wg
wg
16
500.0
0.180
0.000
0.000
0.000
------0.180
0.180
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
- or 100.0 %
- or
.0 %
Q
(cfm)
Total Delta P
(in. wg)
R
FM
13
100.0
0.185
16
75.0
0.179
19
200.0
0.142
23
125.0
0.158
--------------------Total
500.0

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Fitting Type
Air Handling Unit

Conical Contraction
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Elbow
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Dia.
(in)
0.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
6.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
6.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Q
(cfm)
500.0
500.0
500.0
375.0
125.0
500.0
375.0
200.0
175.0
375.0
175.0
175.0
75.0
100.0
175.0
Velocity
(ft/min)
0.0
916.7
916.7
848.8
636.6
916.7
848.8
1018.6
891.3
848.8
891.3
891.3
859.4
733.4
891.3
Delta P
(in. wg)
P/L
(in. wg)
0.000
0.011
0.018
0.006
0.042
0.12723
0.019
0.009
0.019
0.008
0.014
0.006
0.020
0.12575
0.22715
M16FMR
253
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
Butterfly Damper
Diffuser / Grille
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
733.4
733.4
360.0
0.007
0.028
0.010
0.025
0.028
0.025
0.025
0.041
0.014
0.025
0.012
0.044
0.005
0.025
859.4
270.0
1018.6
720.0
636.6
636.6
450.0
0.19977
0.35266
0.29022
0.12304
Branch C, Balanced Capacity Method

16
System type: Supply
-- Fan Selection --

225.0
0.180
0.000
0.000
0.000
------0.180
cfm
in.
in.
in.
in.
in. wg
wg
wg
wg
wg
R
FM
Fan Airflow:
Coil Lost Pressure:
0.180

0.180
0.000
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
- or 100.0 %
- or
.0 %
Q
(cfm)
Total Delta P
(in. wg)
14
100.0
0.191
18
125.0
0.186
--------------------Total
225.0

1
2
Fitting Type
Air Handling Unit

Conical Contraction
Dia.
(in)
Q
(cfm)
0.0
8.0
225.0
225.0
Velocity
(ft/min)
0.0
644.6
Delta P
(in. wg)
P/L
(in. wg)
0.000
0.005
M16FMR
254
3 Straight Duct
0.08800
4 Butterfly Damper
5 Straight Duct
6 Elbow
7 Straight Duct
8 Elbow
9 Straight Duct
10 Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
11 Straight Duct
12 Elbow
15 Straight Duct
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
225.0
225.0
225.0
225.0
225.0
225.0
225.0
125.0
100.0
225.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
644.6
644.6
644.6
644.6
644.6
644.6
644.6
636.6
509.3
644.6
509.3
509.3
360.0
636.6
450.0
0.003
0.112
0.003
0.006
0.004
0.006
0.005
0.003
0.011
0.007
0.003
0.003
0.025
0.010
0.005
0.025
0.08800
0.08800
0.08800
0.08221
0.12304
16
12-39. Solution follows Example 12-14 closely.
12-40 Solution follows Example 12-14 closely
R
FM
M16FMR
255
12-41.
SF
2
RF
Pb = 0
A
Coil
16
Supply fan: Po = 4 in. wg.
Return fan: Po = 1.75 in. wg.
12-42.
3
2 S
R
FM
SF
Space Pressure
1
Pb = 0
-1
Coil
-2
Fan, Po = 5.75 in. wg.

M16FMR
256
M
R
FM
16
M16FMR
257
12-43.
4
3
2
Coil
RF
Pb = 0
B
C
S M
E
S
-1
16
-2
Supply fan: Po = 4 in. wg.
Return fan: Po = 1.75 in. wg.
12-44.
5
4
3
2 S
1
Pb = 0
-1
R
FM
SF
Coil
-2
M16FMR
258
Fan, Po = 5.75 in. wg.
12-45.
Mix. box
Damper
Grille
(a)
Assume a reasonable duct velocity of about 1200 fpm. Po/L = 0.095
16
in. wg./100 ft. and De = 18 in. (may be converted to 20 x 14 in. for

example)
For the duct: Pd = (0.095 x 40)/100 = 0.038 in. wg.
For elbows: Co = 0.15; Pe = 2 x 0.15(1180/4005)2 = 0.026 in. wg.

For damper: Co = 0.52; Pd = 0.52(1180/4005)2 = 0.045 in. wg.
R
FM
For grille: Pg = 0.25 in. wg
For expansion: V o = V 1(A1/Ao) = 1180/2 = 590 fpm
Pe = 1.2(590/4005)2 = 0.026 in. wg.
Overall: Po = 0.038 + 0.026 + 0.045 + 0.25 + 0.026 =

Po = 0.385 in. wg.
(b)
For 18 in. duct with 1,000 cfm, P/L = 0.027 in. wg./100 ft
For duct: Pd = 0.027 x 40/100 = 0.011 in. wg.
For elbows: Pe = 2 x 0.15(590/4005)2 = 0.006 in. wg.

For grille: Pg = 0.25(1000/2000)2 = 0.063
For expansion: V o = 590/2 = 295 fpm
Pe = 1.2(295/4005)2 = 0.007 in. wg.

M16FMR
259
For damper: Pd = 0.385 (0.011 + 0.007 + 0.063 + 0.007) =
Pd = 0.297 in. wg. = Coe(590/4005)2
(c)
Coe = 0.297/0.022 = 13.7
12-46. Equal Friction Method

Note that a damper has been inserted in duct 6 (No. 34 below) to
cause an increase in duct diameter from 8 to 9 in. with a consequent
decrease in velocity to an acceptable level.
16
System type: Supply

-- Fan Selection --

845.0
0.900
0.500
0.100
0.050
------0.250
cfm
in.
in.
in.
in.
in. wg
wg
wg
wg
wg
R
FM
Fan Airflow:
Coil Lost Pressure:
0.900

0.150
0.100
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
- or
- or
60.0 %
40.0 %
Q
(cfm)
Total Delta P
(in. wg)
19
150.0
0.141
24
125.0
0.128
28
120.0
0.123
32
200.0
0.115
38
250.0
0.143
--------------------Total
845.0
Fitting Type
Dia.
(in)
Q
(cfm)
Velocity
(ft/min)
Delta P
(in. wg)
P/L
(in. wg)
M16FMR
260
1
2
3
4
5
6
Air Handling Unit

Conical Contraction
Straight Duct
Elbow
Straight Duct
Elbow
0.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
0.0
790.4
790.4
790.4
790.4
790.4
0.000
0.008
0.003
0.006
0.005
0.006
7
8
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Straight Duct
Butterfly Damper
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
14.0
12.0
9.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
12.0
10.0
9.0
7.0
10.0
9.0
7.0
7.0
9.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
845.0
595.0
250.0
845.0
595.0
395.0
200.0
595.0
395.0
275.0
120.0
395.0
275.0
150.0
125.0
275.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
250.0
250.0
250.0
250.0
250.0
250.0
790.4
757.6
565.9
790.4
757.6
724.2
573.0
757.6
724.2
622.5
449.0
724.2
622.5
561.3
467.7
622.5
561.3
561.3
561.3
450.0
0.006
0.005
0.018
0.06415
0.007
0.004
0.017
0.07167
0.007
0.003
0.016
0.08259
0.007
0.003
0.011
0.07138
0.006
0.005
0.016
0.004
0.040
0.013
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.030
0.002
0.011
0.002
0.036
0.003
0.010
0.000
0.040
0.003
0.013
0.024
0.001
0.001
0.050
0.08082
9
10
11
12
16
13
14
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
467.7
467.7
467.7
375.0
0.06415
0.08082
0.05817
0.05817
R
FM
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
0.06415
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
449.0
449.0
360.0
573.0
573.0
600.0
565.9
565.9
565.9
565.9
750.0
0.05405
0.07106
0.06004
0.06004
Balanced Capacity Method
Note that dampers have been inserted in ducts 6 and 7 (No. 31 and
36 below) to cause an increase in duct diameter and a consequent
decrease in velocity.
System type: Supply

M16FMR
261
-- Fan Selection -Known Fan Parameter: Fan Total Pressure =
Fan Airflow:
Coil Lost Pressure:

845.0
0.900
0.500
0.100
0.050
------0.250
0.150
0.100
0.900
cfm
in.
in.
in.
in.
in. wg
wg
wg
wg
wg
in. wg
in. wg
in. wg
- or
- or
60.0 %
40.0 %
-- Lost Pressure from Air Handling Unit to Diffuser -Q

(cfm)
Total Delta P
(in. wg)
16
Diffuser ID
19
150.0
0.141
24
125.0
0.128
28
120.0
0.140
33
200.0
0.140
38
250.0
0.131
--------------------Total
845.0
R
FM

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Fitting Type
Air Handling Unit

Conical Contraction
Straight Duct
Elbow
Straight Duct
Elbow
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Tee / Wye
main
branch
common
Straight Duct
Dia.
(in)
Q
(cfm)
Velocity
(ft/min)
0.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
12.0
10.0
9.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
7.0
7.0
9.0
7.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
845.0
595.0
250.0
845.0
595.0
395.0
200.0
595.0
395.0
275.0
120.0
395.0
275.0
150.0
125.0
275.0
150.0
0.0
790.4
790.4
790.4
790.4
790.4
790.4
757.6
458.4
790.4
757.6
724.2
573.0
757.6
724.2
622.5
611.2
724.2
622.5
561.3
467.7
622.5
561.3
Delta P
(in. wg)
0.000
0.008
0.003
0.006
0.005
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.020
P/L
(in. wg)
0.06415
0.06415
0.06415
0.007
0.004
0.017
0.07167
0.007
0.003
0.013
0.08259
0.007
0.003
0.011
0.07138
0.006
0.08082
M16FMR
262
16 Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Straight Duct
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Butterfly Damper
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
Elbow
Butterfly Damper
Straight Duct
Diffuser / Grille
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
561.3
561.3
450.0
467.7
467.7
467.7
375.0
611.2
611.2
360.0
573.0
573.0
573.0
600.0
458.4
458.4
458.4
750.0
0.005
0.016
0.08082
0.004
0.040
0.013
0.05817
0.002
0.002
0.05817
0.002
0.030
0.004
0.023
0.11427
0.007
0.036
0.003
0.024
0.010
0.07106
0.000
0.040
0.002
0.016
0.008
0.03599
0.001
0.050
R
FM
16
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
250.0
250.0
250.0
250.0
250.0
M16FMR
CHAPTER 13
13-1. From Eq. 13-2
w
m
lb w
ft3
hm =
=
= 2
A ( Cw C ) hr ft 2 lb w / ft 3
ft hr
16
Now C and W are related by Eq. 13-14

C = Wa
lb w lba
= lbw/ft3
3
lba ft
The density of dry air must be used. Then from Eq. 13-17
h d = h m a =
ft 3
ft 2 hr
lba
ft3
lba
ft 2 hr
R
FM
Consider Eq. 13-13 which is dimensionless
acpahm
ft 3 lbaF ft 2 hr
x
x
x
= 2
=1
ft hr F lba Btu
ft 3
Btu
Clearly dimensionless when Cpa is used.

13-2.
using Eq. 13-18,
h
h
10
= Le2/3 = 1; hd =
= 41.7 lba/(hr ft2)
=
c pahd
c pa 0.24
also hm = hd/a = 41.7/0.075 = 555.6 ft3/(hr ft2)
hd 0.057 kga/(m2 s)
13-3.
hd
= 0.615 Re0.47
k
M16FMR
261
Red =
0.075x100x60x(1/12)
= 852
0.044
k = 0.0147 Btu/(ft-hr-F) (Table A-4a)

h=
0.0147
x 0.615(852)0.47 = 2.59 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
(1/12)
hd = h/cpa = 2.59/0.24 = 10.8 lba/(ft2-hr)
hm = hd/a = 10.8/0.075 = 144 ft3/(ft2-hr)
13-4. Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3 or h = 0.023 (k/D) Re0.8 Pr0.3

and hd = h/cpa, assuming Le = 1
16
Re = V D/; V = 600/(/4) = 471 ft/min or 28,260 ft/hr

= 0.044 lbm/ft-hr; = 0.075 (Table A-4a)
Re =
0.075x28,260x1
= 48,170
0.044
Pr = 0.7; k = 0.0147 btu/hr-ft-F (Table A-4a)
0.0147
(48,170)0.8(0.7)0.3 = 1.7 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
1
R
FM
h = 0.023
hd = 1.7/0.24 = 7.1 lba/(ft2-hr)
hm = hd/a = 7.1/0.075 = 95 ft3/(ft2-hr)
w = hdA(Ww - W)
13-5. 43,560 ft2 = 1 acre; m
Use j factor analogy, h/cphd = Le2/3
Assume: Le = 0.85; Cp = 0.24
Then hd =
0.24(0.85)2 / 3
= 23.22 lba/(ft2-hr)
Using chart 1: W = 0.013 lbv/lba
Ww = 0.0223 lbv/lba (assume sat. air at 80 F)

M16FMR
262
w = (23.22)1000(43,560)(0.0223 0.013)
m
w = 9,415,000 lbv/hr = 19 gpm/acre
m
13-6. Use analogy of Eq. 13-18
q l = hdA(W - Ww)ifg; q s = hA(t - tw)
q = q l + q s; Ww = 0.00765; W = 0.0110; Chart 1
hd =
c pLe2 / 3
(1.15) =
9(1.15)
0.24(0.82)2 / 3
= 49.23 lba/(ft2-hr)
q l/A = 49.23(0.011-0.00765)1065 = 176 Btu/(hr ft2)
16
q s/A = 9(1.15)(75-50) = 259 Btu/(hr-ft2)

q /A = 435 Btu/(hr ft2) 1.37 kW/m2
13-7.
w(i - iw)
q l = m
w = hdA(Ww - W)
m
R
FM
hd = h/(cpaLe2/3); cpa = 0.24 Btu/(lba F); Le2/3 1
hd = 1.5/0.24 = 6.25 lba/(hr ft2)

Ww = 0.0223 lbv/lba
W = 0.0096 lbv/lba
i = 28.4 Btu/lba; Chart 1
w = 6.25(300 x 150)(0.0223 0.0096)

m
w = 3,572 lbw/hr
m
q l = 3,572(1,050) = 3,750,600 Btu/hr or 1,099 kW

Any water on the deck and occupants neglected.
13-8. It is assumed that the blanket is folded in half over the clothes line with
one side exposed to air.
hd =
4
h
Le-2/3 =
(0.83)-2/3 = 18.87 lba/(hr ft2)
0.24
cp
M16FMR
263
w = hdA(Wb Wa); Wb = 0.0312; Wa = 0.0152

m
w=
m
=
w
m
; = mw/[hdA(Wv Wa)]
(16 4)
= 0.71 hr
18.87(56)(0.0312 0.0152)
= 42.6 min say 45 min.
13-9. The procedure is the same as example 13-1 except that the
energy balance line A-B will have a positive slope
and tl 1 = 75F, tl 2 = 90F
16
Ans: 68/62F; 17.4 ft2; 4.8 ft
13-10. The solutions to this problem closely follows example 13-2.

Ans: 77/69F; 17.4 ft2; 4.8 ft
R
FM
Ans: 31/26 C; 1.6 m2; 3 m
13-11. The procedure is the same as example 13-2 except that the energy
balance line A-B will have a negative slope and the inlet and outlet
water temps. are reversed.
Ans: 71/69F; 17.4 ft2; 5.5 ft
13-
12.
a/Ga =
Ac = m
4000
0.071
60/1000 = 17 ft2
Plot i vs. 1/(ii i) and evaluate: y = 12
di
(ii i)
M16FMR
264
y = 2.7, Then
L = Gay/hdam = 1000 x 2.7/229.2 = 11.8 ft
13-13. The solution to this problem closely follows example 13-3
16
13-14. Ans: 1.4 to 1.5
13-15. Solution of this problem follows example 13-4 closely.

13-16. Ans: 500 ft2; 12.2 ft
R
FM
13-17. Extrapolate the 72 F wb curve in Fig. 13-9. The largest cooling

tower model "M", is not large enough to handle 2000 gpm.
Therefore use two towers of 1000 gpm each. Select the
model "L" which is rated at about 1100 gpm.
13-18 See example 13-3; the cooling tower must be larger.
13-19. See example 13-3; the cooling tower must be larger.
13-20.
(a) Model B or C using Fig. 13-9
(b) Cooling Range = t1 - t2 = 100 85 = 15 F

M16FMR
265
Approach = t2 twb1 = 85 76 = 9 F
Tower capacity = q
q = (200 x 60 x 8.33)(1)(15) = 1,499,400 Btu/hr
13-21. q = 500 qpm x t; qpm =
M
qpm/ton =
250,000
= 50
500x10
50
= 3.0
(250,000 /15,000)
Note: In this case, 1 ton = 15,000 Btu/hr
16
Cold water temperature; tc = 70 10 = 60 F

From Fig. 13-7; twb = 42 F
13-22.
Albuquerque, NM; twb = 64 F (Table B-1a)

(a) From Fig. 13-7; cold water temperature = 73 F;
gpm/ton = 2.5; warm water temperature = (73 + 10) 83 F
R
FM
(b) Charleston, SC; twb = 79 F (Table B-1a)
From Fig. 13-7; cold water temperature = 84 F,

gpm =
13-23.
(a) tons =
500,000
x 2.5 = 83 gpm (a & b)
15,000
1,200,000
= 80; gpm/ton = 240/80 = 3.0; maximum twb = 72 F
15,000
(b) gpm/ton =
320
= 4.0; max. twb = 65 F
80
13-24. Model G, nominal rating 600 gpm & 250 tons (Table 13-2).
Using Figure 13-9; assume gpm is constant.
M16FMR
266
With cooling range of (97 85) = 12
Max. twb = 76 F (Figure 13-9)
With cooling range = 15; tw = 100 F
Max. twb = 74 F (Figure 13-9)
M
R
FM
16
M16FMR
CHAPTER 14
M
14-1.
120 60
= 0.43
200 60
200 180
R=
= 0.33
120 60
F = 0.985 {Fig. 14-19]
(a) P =
16
(180 60) (200 120)
(180 60)
ln
(200 120)
LMTD = 98.7F
LMTD =
200
water
180
120
air
60
1
R
FM
cp)air = 5000 x 60 (29.92x0.491x144) (0.24)

(b) Cc = ( m
53.35(520)
= 5490 Btu/hr-F
Ch = Cc(ta2 ta1)/(tw2 tw1) = 5490(120 60)/(200 180)
= 16,500 Btu/hr-F
cp)w = 16,500 Btu/hr-F

cp)w = ( Q
(c) Ch = ( m
= 16,500 = 275 ft3/hr; Q
= 275(7.48) = 34 gpm
Q
60
(60.1)(1)
(d) q = UAF(LMTD)
C ( t t ) 16,500(200 180)
= 3390 Btu/hr-F
UA = h w2 w1 =
F(LMTD)
0.985(98.7)
UA
UA UA
=
=
Cmin Cc Cair
3390
= 0.62
NTU =
5490
(e) NTU =
M16FMR
267
(f) =
120 60
0.43
200 60
M
R
FM
16
M16FMR
268
14-2.
cp)air(110-50)
(a) q = UAF(LMTD) = ( m
a = 4000 x 14.7 x 144/(53.35 x 510) = 311.2 lb/min
m
or 18,672 lb/hr
q = 18,672(0.24)(110-50) = 268,874 Btu/hr
cpw)(180 tho) = (25 x 8.33)(1)(180 tho)60
q = ( m
268,874
tho = 180 = 158.5 F or 159 F
25x8.33x60
110 50
180 159
P=
= 0.46; R =
= 0.35
180 50
110 50
F = 0.98; Fig. 14-1
109 70
LMTD =
= 88
109
ln
70
268,874
= 312 ft2
A = q /(UF x LMTD) =
10x0.98x88
16
R
FM
(b) Cair = 18,672(0.24) = 4481 = Cmin

Cwat = 25 x (60.8/7.48) x 60 = 12,193 = Cmax
C
110 50
4481
= 0.461; min =
= 0.37
=
180 50
Cmax 12,193
NTU = 0.7, Fig. 14-18
0.7x4481
= 314 ft2
UA/Cmin = 0.7; A =
10
14-3.
air = 3200 x 60 x
(a) m
14.7x144
= 13,726 lb/hr
53.35x555
Cair = Cmin = 3294

10 x300
NTU =
= 0.91
3294
= 0.615, Fig. 14-18
at Cmin/Cmax = 0
refrig.
125
air
125
95
M16FMR
269
14-3.
(continued)
tco 95
; tco = tao = 0.615(125 95) + 95
125 95
tao = 113.5F
0.615 =
rifg = 3294(113.5 95)

(b) q = Cair(tao tai) = m
3294(113.5 95)
r=
m
= 928 lb/hr
65.5
14-4.
1/ 2
16
2h
2x10
= 18.26 ft-1
=
(a) m =
90(0.008 /12)
ky
(1.0 0.5)
lm =
18.26 = 0.76
12
R/r = 1/0.5 = 2.0; = 0.8, Fig. 14-4
tanh(mr )
R
R
; = 1 1 + 0.35ln = 1.243
(mr )
r
r
mr = (18.26)(0.5/12)1.243 = 0.9454
tanh(0.9454)
=
= 0.78
0.9454
(b) =
R
FM
(c) Within readability of Fig. 14-4 the answers are the same
14-5.
14-6.
Af
(1 - ); = 0.78 from proplem 14-4
A
s = 1-0.9(1-0.78) = 0.80
s = 1-
1
1
x
1
1
(0.015 /12)
=
+
+
=
+
Uo hoso k(A m / A o ) hi (A i / A o ) 10x0.8
(100x1)
1
+
= 0.17; Assumes Ai Ao and kcopper 100
200x(1/ 9)
M16FMR
270
The second term may be neglected
Uo = 5.9 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
14-7.
1
1
1
=
+
= 0.133
Uo 10x0.8 1100(1/ 9)
Uo = 7.5 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
M
14-8.
tanh(mA )
mA
1/ 2
16
1/ 2
2h
2x57
m=
= 64.18 m-1
=
3
ky
173(0.16x10 )
ml = 64.18(6 x 10-3) = 0.385; = 0.953
Af
(1 - ) = 1 0.85(1 0.95)
A
s = 0.96
s = 1 -
14-10.
1
1
x
1 1
A 1
1
x
; Assume
=0
=
+
+
; =
+
UA hr A p kA p hAs U A p hr hs
kA p
R
FM
14-9.
Af = 2HLWPs mm2; Ap = LW mm2; A = Af + (LW tLWPs)

Where Ps = fin pitch in fins/in. and L = W = 1
2HLWPs + LW tPs 2x6x0.47 + 1 0.16x.47

A
= 1.164
=
=
Ap
2HLWPs
2x6x.47
1 1.164
1
= 0.019; U = 52.3 W/(m2 C)
=
+
U 1400 57(0.96)
M16FMR
271
14-11.
tanh(mr )
;=
mr
Re
Re
1
1
0.35ln
Re
= 1.28 ( - 0.2)1/2 ; m =
r
1/ 2
2h
ky

M
L
;=
;LM
=
M
r
a 1.12
(a) Dim1 = =
= 0.56 in
2
2
Dim1
a
Dim2
b = 1.35 in.
1/ 2
R
FM
16
1 a
2
Dim2 = + b
2 2
1
= [(0.56)2 + (1.35)2]1/2 = 0.73
2
Then L = Dim2 = 0.73 in.; M = Dim1 = 0.56 in.
0.73
0.56
=
= 1.75; =
= 1.3
0.56
(0.64 / 2)
Re
= 1.27(1.75)(1.3 0.3)1/2 = 2.22
r
1/ 2
2x10
= (2.22 1)[1 + 0.35ln(2.22)] = 1.56; m =
90(0.01/12)
mr = 16.33(0.32/12)1.56 = 0.631
tanh(0.762)
= 0.869
=
0.762
a
(b) Dim1 = = 12.5 mm
2
1
Dim2 = [222 + 12.52]1/2 = 12.65 mm
2
L = Dim2 = 12.65 mm
M = Dim1 = 12.5 mm
12.5
12.65
= 2.5; =
= 1.012
=
12.5
5
Re
= 1.27(2.5)(1.012 0.3)1/2 = 2.69
r
= 16.33 ft-1
Dim2
Dim1
a = 25 mm
b = 22 mm
M16FMR
272
= 2.69 1)[1 + 0.35 ln(2.69)] = 2.26
2x68
= 66.67 m-1
m=
170(0.00018)
mr = 66.67(0.005)2.26 = 0.753
tanh(0.753)
=
0.753
= 0.85
M
14-12.
1
1
1
; neglecting tube wall resistance
=
+
Uo hoo h j A j / A o
Af
(1 - ) = 1 0.9(1 0.84) = 0.86
A
1
1
1
=
+
= 0.120; Uo = 8.60 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Uo 10x0.86 600(10)
(a) o = 1 -
16
(b) o = 1 0.9(1 0.81) = 0.83

1
1
1
=
+
= 17.8; Uo = 0.056 kW/(m2 C)
Uo 0.068x0.83 (3.4x10)
0.6422
R
FM
14-13.
1/12

1
0.64
0.010
-6
(a) Rct = 2.222 x 10
0.010
-4
2
Rct = 4.15 x 10 (hr-ft -F)/Btu
(b) 12 fins/in = 0.472 fin/mm
1/ 0.72 2
1
10
0.18
-7

Rct = 3.913 x 10
0.18
14-14.
Re =
0.6422
= 1.093 x 10-4(m2 C)/W
VD
; = 60.6 lbm/ft3
M16FMR
273
DI = 0.545/12 = 0.0454 ft; Table C-2

1
/A = 2.5 x
V =Q
= 3.44 ft/sec
7.48 60( / 4)(0.0454)2
= 0.93 lbm/(ft hr) = 2.58 x 10-4 lbm/(ft-sec) Table A-1a
60.6(3.44)0.0454
= 36,683; Re = 36,700
Re =
2.58x104
(L/D)min = 4/0.0454 = 88 ft
Pr = 2.43 (Pr = cp/k)
hD
0.8 Pr0.3 ; k = 0.383 Btu/(hr-ft-F)
= 0.023 ReD
k
(0.383)
h = 0.023
(36,700)0.8(2.43)0.3 = 1,136 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
(0.0454)
16
14-15.
= 1.01(62.4) = 63.02 LBM/FT2 [Fig. 10-2a]

= 0.7/1490 = 4.7 x 10-4 lbm/ft-sec [Fig. 10-2b]
Cp = 0.93 Btu/lbm-F [Fig. 14-8];
K = 0.93 Btu/lbm-F [Fig. 14-9]
V = 3.44 ft/sec [Problem 14-14];
R
FM
D = 0.0454 ft [Problem 14-14]

Re =
63.02(3.44)0.0454
= 20,940
4.7x10 4
(L/D)min = 88 ft [Problem 14-14]
c p 4.7x104 (3600)0.93
Pr =
=
= 5.52
k
0.285
(0.285)
h = 0.023
(20,940)0.8(5.52)0.3 = 690 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
(0.0454)
14-16.
= 1.045 x 62.4 = 65.21 lbm/ft2 ;
= 1.3/1490 = 8.725 x 10-4 lbm/(ft-sec)
cp = 0.81; k = 0.22; V = 3.44 ft/sec; D = 0.0454 ft

Re =
65.21(3.44)0.0454
8.725x104
= 11,670
M16FMR
274
0.81x8.725x1043600
Pr =
= 1.16
0.22
(0.22)
h = 0.023
(11,670)0.8(1.16)0.3 = 209 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
0.0454
M
14-17.
Use hydraulic dia. for rectangular channel

Dh = 4rn = 4(Ac/P) = 4(3/8) = 1.5 in. = 0.125 ft
= 62.4 lbm/ft3 [Table A-1a];
16
= 3.45 lbm/(ft-hr) [Table A-1a]

62.4(4)(0.125)
= 32,556
Re =
(3.45 / 3600)
cp = 1.003 Btu/lbm-F [Table a-1a]
k = 0.338 Btu/(ft-hr-F); Pr = 3.45 x 1.003/0.338 = 10

(a) For cooling; h = 0.023
0.338
(32,556)0.8(10.2)0.3 = 509 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
0.125
R
FM
h = 0.023
k
Re0.8Pr0.3
D
(b) For heating;

0.338
h = 0.023
(32,556)0.8(10.2)0.4 = 642 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
0.125
14-18.
Dh = 0.125 ft [From problem 14-17]
= 62.4(1.045) = 65.2 lbm/ft3 [Fig. 10-2a]
= 3.5/1490 = 2.35 x 10-3 lbm/ft-sec [Fig. 10-2b]

Re =
65.2(4)0.125
= 13,900;
2.35x103
cp = 0.89 btu/(lbm-F) [Fig. 14-8]
k = 0.28 Btu/(ft-hr-F) [Fig. 14-9];

Pr = 2.35 x 10-3(3600)(0.89)/0.28 = 26.9
M16FMR
275
(a) Cooling
h = 0.023
(0.28)
(13,900)0.8(26.9)0.3 = 285 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
0.125
(b) Heating: h = 285
M
14-19.
(a) Re =
(26.9)0.4
0.3
(26.9)
= 396 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
VD 990.2(1.5)(0.012)
= 29,905
=
0.596x103
Assume L/D > 60
16
hD
= 0.023 Re0.8Pr0.4; Pr =
Then
k
0.596x103 x4.182
= 3.91
637.3
0.023
(0.637)(31,157)0.8(3.91)0.4
0.012
h = 8287 W/(m2 C) = 8.29 kW/(m2 C)
h=
R
FM
Data from Figures 10-2a, 10-2b, 14-8 and 14-9.
(1.028)999(1.5)(0.012)
= 15,400
1.2x103
1.2x103 x3.7x103
= 8.9
Pr =
0.50
0.023
h=
(0.50)(15,400)0.8(8.9)0.4 = 5140 W/(m2 C)
0.012
= 5.14 kW/(m2 C)
(b) Re =
14-20.
(a) Re =
62.4(0.5)(0.34 /12)
= 922 < 2500
(3.45 / 3600)
hD
D
= 1.86[RePr ]1/3
L
k
0.14

; Assume
s
0.14
M16FMR
276
3.45(1.004)
= 10.4
0.332
1.86(0.332)
0.34 1/3
2
h=
[922(10.4)
] = 66 Btu/(hr-ft -F)
(0.34 /12)
10x12
Pr =
(b) Same procedure as part a using data for 30% ethylene

glycol from Figures 10-2a, 10-2b, 14-8 and 14-9.
M
14-21.
992.2(0.10)x103
= 1519
653
There is a question about the flow regime. It is probably
Re =
16
in the transition region. Assume it is laminar and use

0.14
14-22.
R
FM

1.
Eq. 14-24 and assume
s
0.653x103 (4.182)
Pr =
= 4.34
0.63
1.86(0.63)
0.01 1/3
2
h=
[1519(4.34)
] = 328 W/(m - C)
0.01
3
Use average values for Gv and G and Eq. 14-26.

m
0.9 / 2
2
)avg = 0.912; (Gl)avg =
G = A ; ( m
=
237.8
lbm/(ft
-hr)
2
Ac
0.589
4 12
v)avg = (1 + 0.1)/2 = 0.55 lbm/hr
(m
(Gv)avg = 0.55/Ac = 290.6 lbm/(ft2hr)
0.589 237.8
=
= 12.3
A
12 0.95
DGv 0.589 290.6
=
= 15
A
12 0.95
DGA
hD
= = 13.8(Pr)1/3
kA
1/ 6
ifg
c p t
DG 1/ 2
v
A
A v
0.2
M16FMR
277
1/ 2
1/ 2
DGv A
61.0
= 15.0
= 1008
A v
0.0135
0.95(1.001)
= 2.48
Pr =
0.384
ifg = 1001 Btu/lbm
t 80 = (160 80); twall = 80F (Using water outside the tubes)
0.384
h = 13.8
(2.48)1/3
0.589 /12
1/ 6
1001
1.0(80)
[1008]0.2
h = 888 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Use average values of G and Gv and Eq. 14-26
16
14-23.
Ac =
(0.015)2 = 1.767 x 10-4 m2
(G)avg =
(Gv)avg =
= 0.314 kg/(m2 s)
1.767x10
0.126x103 (1 + 0.12) / 2
1.767x10
= 0.399 kg/(m2 s)
R
FM
DGA
(0.88)0.126x103 / 2
0.015(0.314)
0.390x10 3
= 12.1
1/ 2
1/ 2
DGv A
0.015(0.399 976
=
= 1024
A v
0.390x103 0.219
0.390x103 x4.19x103
Pr =
= 2.46; ifg = 2326 kJ/kg
0.665
t 45C = (73 28); liquid water assumed outside tubes
1/ 6
2326
(0.665)
h = 13.8
(2.46)1/3
(0.015)
4.19(45)
h = 5.02 kW(m2 C)
14-24.
(1024)0.2 = 5022 W/(m2 C)
Use Eq. 14-28

R-22
et x = 0.20; at outlet 10F superheat

{ Atm inl
= 80 lbm/hr per tube, P = 70 psia; L = 5 ft
1
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit
basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
M16FMR
278
Since xc 1.0; C1 = 8.2 x 10-3; n = 0.4
Assume tube wall thickness of 0.016 in.
Then Dj = 0.375 2(0.016) = 0.343 in.
Aj =
Di2 = 6.417 x 10-4 ft2
4

m
80
=
= 124,700 lbm/(ft2 hr)
G=
4
A j 6.417x10
= 0.52 lbm/(ft-hr) at 30F (sat. temp. at 70 psia)
GD 124,700(0.343 /12)
=
= 6855
A
0.52
16
k = 0.056 Btu/(hr-ft-F) at 30F (sat. temp.); Table A-3a

ifg = 88.5 Btu/lbm
h = 8.2 x 10
-3
(0.056)
2 778(0.8)88.5(32.17)
(6855)
(0.343 /12)
5(32.17)
0.4
h = 779 btu/(hr-ft2-F)
14-25.
Use Equation 14-28
R
FM
R-22; G = 200 kg/(m2 s); Di = 8.5 mm; L = 2 m; Pi = 210 kPa

Xj = 30%; xe = 100%
Tsat = -24C at 210 kPa abs. Pres. [Table A-3b]
= 0.270 x 10-3 N-s/m2 [Table A-3b]; extrapolate

k = 0.107 W/(m c) [Table A-3b]
ifg = 223 kJ/kg [Table A-3b]
GD
200(0.0085)
0.270x10
= 6296
C1 = 8.2 x 10-3; n = 0.4
h = 8.2 x 10
-3
(0.107)
0.7(223)1000
(6296)2
0.0085
2x9.807
0.4
h = 4106 W/(m2 C) = 4.11 kW/m2 C
M16FMR
279
14-26.
lh = f
LV
; Assume isothermal
D 2g
Re = 36,700; Problem 14-14; smooth tubes

f = 0.022, Fig. 10-1; L = (6 x 6) + (5 x 1) = 41 ft
Di = 0.0454 ft; V = 3.44 ft/sec, Problem 14-14
l h = 0.022 x
14-27.
lh = f
41
(3.44)2
x
= 3.65 ft
0.0454 2x32.17
16
L V2
; Assume isothermal
D 2g
V = 0.5 ft/sec; f = 64/Re = 64/922 = 0.069
L = (10 x 10) + (9 x 1.5) = 113.5 ft; Di = 0.34 in.

2
113.5x12
0.5
x
l h = 0.069 x
= 1.07 ft
0.34
2x32.17
R
FM
14-28.
Refer to Fig. 14-10
Load/circuit = 10 x 12,000/10 = 12,000 Btu/hr

Length/circuit = (6 x 5) + (5 x 0.75) = 33.75 ft
(a) P/L = 0.10 psi/ft; CF = 1.25 Fig. 14-10
P = 0.10 x 33.75 x 1.25 = 4.22 psi
(b) P/L = 0.04 psi/ft
CF = 1.25
P = 0.04 x 33.75 x 1.25 = 1.7 psi
14-29.
Gfr = 1800 lbm/(hr-ft2); t1 = 70F, t2 = 120F

(a) Figure 14-12
M16FMR
280
Rex =
Gc xb
; Gc =
Gfr
1800
= 3214 lbm/(ft2-hr)
0.56
= 4.6 x 10-2 lbm/(ft-hr) at t = 95F (Table A-4a)

Rex
3214(1.083 /12)
4.6x102
= 6306
j = 0.0091; f = 0.021 Fig. 14-12
h = jGc cp Pr-2/3 = 0.0091(3214)0.24(0.7)-2/3

= 8.91 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
(b) Red = 6306 x 0.525/1.083 = 3057; assumes expanded tubes
16
plus fin collars.
A 4xb xa 4 1.25x1.083x0.56
=
= 10.08
A t DhD
0.0152x0.525x12
JP = (3057)-0.4(10.08)-0.15 = 0.0285
(Eq. 14-39)
j = 9.1 x 10-3 Fig. 14-14; h = 0.0091(3214)(0.24)(0.7)-2/3
D* =
R
FM
= 8.9 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
0.525x10.08
= 0.904
(1.25 0.525)
1+
1/ 6.7
Using Eq. 14-44:
0.25
1.25 0.525
0.525
FP = (3057)-0.25 0.904
4 1 0.006
6.7
0.173
0.4
1.25
0.904 1
f = 4.2 x 10-2 or f = 0.042 (Note that f may be in error up to

35% (Figure 14-15)
0.5
M16FMR
281
14-30.
(a) Gc = 4.5 kg/(m2 s); tb = 20C; Re =
Gc (0.0275)
= 18.2 x 10-6 N-s/m2 [Table A-4b]

Re =
4.5(0.0275)
18.2x10 6
= 6800; cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-C
j = 0.009; f = 0.020 [Fig. 14-12]
h = jGc cp Pr-2/3 = 0.0090(4.5)1.005(0.7)-2/3 = 0.051 kJ/(m2-s-C)

h = 0.051 kW/(m2-C)
16
(b) See problem 14-29b for prcedure
14-31.
Use Eq. 14-42 or 14-45
Gc2
A 1
2 1
1
1
f
+
lh =
2gm 1
A c m
2
1 =
R
FM
14.7(144)
= 0.075 lbm/ft3; 2 = 0.068 lbm/ft3
53.35(530)
m = (1 + 2)/2 = 0.072 lbm/ft3
A
V 147(1.083 /12)5
=
=
= 118.45
A c A fr
(1)0.56
Where V = Afr xL; Afr = 1 ft2; L = 5 x 1.083/12 = 0.451
lh =
(3214)2
2 0.075
+
1 +
1
(0.56)
2
0.068
2(32.17)(0.072)(0.075)(3600)
0.042(118.5)(0.075)
0.072
h = 12.2 ft of air
Po = 12.2
(0.075)12
= 0.18 in. wg.
(62.4)
M16FMR
282
14-32.
Use Equation 14-42 or 14-45
ti = 10C; t2 = 30C; A/Ac = 118.5 from problem 14-31
101x103
= 1.244 kg/m3; 2 = 1.161 kg/m3;
1 =
287(283)
m = 1.203 kg/m3
(4.5)2
1.244
lh =
1 +
1 + (0.56)2
2(9.807)(1.203)(1.244)
1.161
0.019(118.5)
1.244
1.203
16
l h = 1.67 m of air
1.244
Po = 1.67
(1000) = 2.08 mm of wg.
1000
or Po = 1.67(1.244)9.807 = 20.4 Pa
Re =
GcDh
; Dh = 0.0101 ft
R
FM
14-33.
At 65F, = 4.39 x 10-2 lbm/(ft-hr) [Table A-4a]

Re =
2700(0.0101)
4.39x10
= 621
From Fig. 14-16; j = 0.013, f = 0.053
h = Gc cp j Pr-2/3 = 2700(0.24)0.013(0.72)-2/3 = 10.5 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)

Where cp = 0.24 Btu/(lbm-F); Pr = 0.72 From Table A-4a
14-34.
Use Eq. 14-33; tb = 65 F

=
14.6x144
= 0.074 lbm/ft3; 2 = 0.077 lbm/ft3
53.35(535)
m = (1 + s)/2 = 0.076 lbm/ft3

M16FMR
283
A
4L 4(4 /12)
=
=
= 132
A c Dh
0.0101
Assume a contraction ratio of 0.5
Then Ki = 0.32; Ke = 0.27 Fig. 14-17
2
Po
(2700)2
=
{(0.32 + 1- 0.5 )
2
P01 2(32.17)14.6(144)(0.074)(3600)
0.074
0.074
2
0.074
1 + 0.053(132)
1
(0.5)
0.27
+2
0.077
0.077
0.076
Po/P01 = 4.126 x 10-4
16
Po = 4.126 x 10-4(14.6)(144)(12)/62.4 = 0.17 in. wg.
14-35.
(a) Coil Description:
Type of coil = Refrigerant condenser

Tube pattern = Staggered plate-fin-tube coil
R
FM
Material = Aluminum fins with copper tubes

Refrigerant type = Refrigerant 134
Finned side fluid = air
Finned side air pressure = 29.92 inches of Hg
Face area = 4.44 square feet
Height of heat exchanger = 20.0 inches

Width of heat exchanger = 32.0 inches
Number of rows of tubes in the air flow direction = 4
Number of tubes per row = 16 circuits on tube side = 4
Fin pitch = 8 fins/inch
Fin thickness = .006 inches
Vertical tube spacing = 1.250 inches

M16FMR
284
Horizontal tube spacing = 1.083 inches
Tube outside diameter = .500 inches
Tube wall thickness = .016 inches
Inside tube fouling factor = .0000 BTU-HR-SQFT-F
M
R
FM
16
M16FMR
285
14-35.
(continued)
Total heat transfer rate = -48783.2 Btu/hr
Sensible heat transfer rate = -48783.2 Btu/hr
Entering air conditions:
Dry bulb temperature = 95.0 F
Face velocity = 650.00 FPM

Air volume flow rate = 2888.9 CFM
Leaving air conditions:

16
Tube side conditions:
Refrigerant saturation temperature = 125.0 F
Air pressure loss = .393 inches of water

Tube side pressure loss = 1.07 PSI
Fin efficiency = .808
Surface effectiveness = .824
R
FM
Tube side heat transfer coefficient = 388.8 Btu/hr-SQFT-F
Finned side heat transfer coefficient = 12.5 Btu/hr-SQFT-F

Mean temperature difference = -20.7 F
(b) yes
14-36.
Coil Description:
Type of coil = water or brine solution
Tube pattern = staggered plate-fin-tube coil

Material = aluminum fins with copper tubes
Tube side fluid = water
M16FMR
286
Finned side air pressure = 29.92 iches of Hg


Number or rows of tubes in the air flow direction = 2
Number of tubes per row = 16 Circuits on tube side = 4
16


Inside tube fouling factor = .0000 Btu-hr-SQFT-F
R
FM
Diameter of inlet pipe/header = 1.0 inch(s)




Entering fluid temperature = 150.0 F

Leaving fluid temperature = 128.2 F
M16FMR
287
Tube side fluid velocity = 4.00 FPS
Cooling or heating liquid flow rate = 9.0 GPM
Tube side head loss = 8.20 feet or water

16
14-37.
From problem 14-29, Re = 6306 (based on xb)

and h 5 = 8.91 btu/(hr-ft2-F)
jn
= 1 1280 Nr(Re)-1.2 (Eq. 14-42)
j1
R
FM
then
j5
= 1 1280 x 5 (Re)1.2 = 1 6400Re1.2
j1
and
j8 1 (8x1280)(6306)1.2
=
= 0.872
j5 1 (5x1280)(6306)1.2
now h 8/ h 5 = j8/j5 = 0.872

h8 = 0.872(8.91)
h8 = 7.77 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
14-38.
From problem 14-30, Re = 6800 and h 5 = 51W/(m2 C)
jn 1 1280Nr(Re)1.2
=
[From solution to 14-37]
j5
1 6400Re1.2
j6 1 (6x1280)(680)1.2
=
= 0.96
j5
1 6400(680)1.2
M16FMR
288
h 6/ h 5 = j6/j5 = 0.96
h 6 = 0.96 x 51 = 49W/(m2 C) or 0.049 kW/(m2 C)
14-39.
Rex =
Vc xb 0.073 500
x
=
(1.083/12) x 60 = 8225
0.0445 0.54
j = 0.0095 (Fig. 14-12)
h = jGcp Pr-2/3 = 0.0085 x 0.073 x
500
x 60 x 0.24(0.7)-2/3
0.54
h = 10.5 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
0.0123 0.0092
= 1.033 x 10-4;
C1 =
85 55
0.0123 0.0063
C2 =
= 1.5 x 10-4
85 45
16
Using Chart 1 or
Computer Program
PSYC
Cavg = 1.27 x 10-4; Use Eq. 14-70 & 14-73; k = 128
Btu
;
(ft hr F)
From Table 5-1a.
M2 =
R
FM
2x10.5x12 1.27x104 x1065

-1
1 +
= 513; M = 22.7 ft
128x0.006
0.24
Re
1.27x1.25
= 1.27 ( - 0.3)1/2 =
(1 0.3)1/2 = 1.265
0.525x2
r
R
R
= e 1 1 + 0.35ln e
r
r
= (1.265 1)[1 + 0.35 ln(1.265)] = 0.287

0.525
Mr = 22.7 x
x 0.287 = 0.285
12
tanh(mr )
m =
= 0.974 or 97.4%
mr
A
ms = 1 - f (1 - m) = 1 0.94(1 0.974) = 0.98 or 98%
A
14-40.
For 80/67F; tdp = 60F
Surface temperature must be equal to or less than 60F.

M16FMR
289
Moisture would condense at the base of the fin on the
tube outer surface if it condenses at all.
Let tw be this temperature.

q = UiAi(tw tI) = hdoA(ia iw)
1
1
x
=
+
; Am = Ai
where
UiA i hiA i kA m
1 1 x
1
0.018
= +
=
+
and
= 0.001
Ui hi k 1000 12x190
16
Ui = 1000 Btu/(hr-ft2-F); where kcopper = 190 Btu/(ft-hr-F)

h A
60x12
(31.7 iw)
tw = tI + d o (ia iw) = 50 +
Ui A i
1000
Assume a value for tw, read iw from chart 1 and compute tw to

check assumption. Assume tw = 55.8F then iw = 23.7 Btu/lba
and the calculated tw checks O.K. Therefore moisture will
condense at the base of the fin and on some portion of the fin.
fin.
14-41.
R
FM
There will probably be no condensation near the outer edge of the
For 27/19 C, tdp = 15 C
Solution is similar to problem 14-40

UiAi(tw tI) = hdo(ia iw)
1
1 0.0005
=
+
= 0.01888; Ui = 52.98
Ui 53
58
t w = ti +
hdo A
2.5x14
1000
(ia iw) = 14.3 +
(54.2 iw)
Ui A i
52.98
3600
For tw = 16; iw = 45. Checks O.K.

M16FMR
290
There will be no condensation because the tube outside wall is
greater than the dew point temperature of the air.
14-42.
This problem is intended for computer solution because

considerable iteration is required.
Coil Description:
Type of coil = water or brine solution
Tube pattern = staggered plate-fin-tube coil
16
Material = aluminum fins with copper tubes

Tube side fluid = water
R
FM
Width of heat exchanger = 60.0 inches; W = 2H

Number of tubes per row = 24
Circuits on tube side = 12


M16FMR
291
14.42.
(continued)
Total heat transfer rate = 232885.0 Btu/hr
Sensible heat transfer rate = 164919.4 Btu/hr
Wet bulb temperature = 68.0 F

Enthalpy = 32.3 Btu/LBMA
Humidity ratio = 83.3 grains/LBMA
16

Comment: coil is 34.3 percent dry

R
FM
Humidity ratio = 68.7 Grains/LBMA


Tube side head loss = 14.09 feet of water

M16FMR
292
14-43.
Coil Description:
Type of coil = Direct expansion
Tube pattern = Staggered circular-fin-tube coil

Refrigerant type = refrigerant 22
16

R
FM
Fin pitch = 12 Fins/inch

Inside tube fouling factor = .0000 Btu-HR-SQFT-F

M16FMR
293
Comment: Coil is .0 percent dry

16
Refrigerant saturation temperature = 35.0 F

Tube side pressure loss = 1.36 PSI
R
FM
Refrigerant quality entering/leaving evaporator = .29

Enthalpy change in evaporator = 62.75 Btu/LBM

14-44.
Coil Description:
Type of coil = Steam
Tube pattern = Triangular plate-fin-tube coil

Tube side fluid = Steam
Finned side fluid = Air

M16FMR
294
16

R
FM




Steam temperature = 227.1 F
Steam saturation pressure = 5.000 PSIG

Fin efficiency = .738 surface effectiveness = .756
M16FMR
295
14-44.
(continued)
14-45.
Coil Description:
Type of coil = Water or brine solution

Tube side fluid = 30% ethylene glycol solution
16

R
FM




M16FMR
296

16


R
FM

There is a 5 percent reduction in capacity and increased pressure loss

on the tube side.
14-46.
Coil Description:
Type of coil = Water or brine solution

Tube side fluid = 30% ethylene glycol solution

M16FMR
297


16


R
FM





Comment: Coil is 43.6 percent dry
M16FMR
298
14-46.
(continued)

16


R
FM
Finned side heat transfer coefficient = 10.0 Btu-hr-SQFT-F
The capacity is reduced by about 9 percent, the pressure loss on the
tube side is increased and the leaving air temperatures have increased
by about 1 degree.
14-47. Check Examples 14-1 through 14-5
Coil Description:
Type of Coil = Water or Brine Solution
Tube Pattern = Staggered Plate-Fin-Tube Coil

Material = Aluminum Fins With Copper Tubes
M16FMR
299
Tube Side Fluid = Water
Finned Side Fluid = Air
Finned Side Air Pressure = 0. FT. of Elevation
Face Area = 2.17 Square Feet
Height of Heat Exchanger = 12.5 Inches

Width of Heat Exchanger = 25.0 Iinches
Number of Rows of Tubes in the Air Flow Direction = 5
Number of Tubes Per Row = 10
Circuits on Tube Side = 5
16
Fin Pitch = 8 Fins/Inch
Fin Thickness = .006 Inches
Vertical Tube Spacing = 1.250 Inches
Horizontal Tube Spacing = 1.083 Inches

Tube Outside Diameter = .525 Inches
Tube Wall Thickness = .015 Inches
R
FM
Inside Tube Fouling Factor = .0000 HR-FT^2-F/Btu

Diameter of Inlet Pipe/Header = 1.3 Inch(s)
Total Heat Transfer Rate = -133026.9 Btu/HR
Sensible Heat Transfer Rate = -133026.9 Btu/HR

Entering Air Conditions:
Dry Bulb Temperature = 50.0 F

Face Velocity = 950.00 FPM
Air Volume Flow Rate= 2061.6 CFM

Leaving Air Conditions:
Dry Bulb Temperature = 107.6 F

Tube Side Conditions:
Entering Fluid Temperature = 150.0 F

M16FMR
300
Leaving Fluid Temperature = 128.3 F
Tube Side Fluid Velocity = 4.00 FPS
Cooling or Heating Liquid Flow Rate = 12.5 GPM
Air Pressure Loss = 1.131 Inches of Water
Tube Side Head Loss = 6.77 Feet of Water
Fin Efficiency = .750
Surface Effectiveness = .771
Tube Side Heat Transfer Coefficient = 1354.2 Btu/hr-SQFT-F
16
Finned Side Heat Transfer Coefficient = 19.5 Btu/hr-SQFT-F

Mean Temperature Difference = -58.5 F
The above results show that a 5 row coil would easily satisfy
the specified requirements. The manual calculation of the
examples are very conservative.
R
FM
M16FMR
Chapter 15
M
15-1
COP = qe / w; Use P - i diagram

w = i4 i3 = 119.5 105.5
= - 14.0 Btu / lbm
16
qc = i1 i4 = 42.5 119.5
= - 77 Btu / lbm
qe = -qc + w = 77 14
= 63 Btu / lbm
R
FM
(a) COP = 63 / 14 = 4.5
(b) COPcarnot = 500 / (570 500) = 7.14
r =
4.5
= 0.63 or 63 %
7.14
(c)
= q e = 10 (12,000) = 26,667 Btu / hr = 10.5 HP 7.8 kW
W
COP
4.5
then
HP 10.5
kW
=
= 1.05 and
= 0.22
ton
10
kW
e or m
=
(d) q e = mq
10 (12,000)
= 1905 lbm / hr 0.24 kg /s
63
M16FMR
300
= 10.5 HP from (c) above 7.8 kW

(e) W
(f)
1905 (0.68)
= 21.6 ft3 / min 0.01 m3 / s
60
= 2.5 kW; m
= 0.05 kg / s
W
15-2
3=
PD = mv
(a) q c = i1 i4; - w = i4 i3
/m
= 398.4 + 2.5 / 0.05 = 448.4 kJ / kg
i4 = i3 W
16
q c = i1 i4 = 260.3 448.4 = 188.1 kJ / kg

w = i3 i4 = 398.4 448.4 = 50 kJ / kg
q e = q c w = 188.1 50 = 138.1 kJ / kg
(b) COP = 138.1 / 50 = 2.76
R
FM
( COP )carnot =
255
= 3.86
321 255
(c) i4 = 448.4 kJ / kg from part (a)
(d) r = 2.76 / 3.86 = 0.72 or 72 %

15-3
R- 134a; Energy Balance
11
4i4 = m
2i2 + m
5i5 ; m
1 =m
2 =m
3 =m
4 =m
5
m
i +m
i5 = i1 + i4 i2 = 44.94 + 101.54 37.98 = 108.5 Btu / lbm
P5 = P4 = 16.6 psia
8.8
w = i6 i5 ; S6 = S5
M16FMR
301
i6 = 127 Btu / lbm [Chart 3]

w = 127 - 108.5 = 18.5 Btu / lbm
q e = i4 i3 = i4 i2 = 101.54 - 37.98 = 63.6
15-3 (continued)

HP mw
~
778
e
ton mq
16
HP (18.5) 778 (12,000)

=
= 1.37
ton (63.6) 60 (33,000)
15-4
v = 1 + C C
1/ n
Pc

Pb
v3
vb
n = k = 1.17; 1 / n = 0.855
R
FM
Pc / Pb = 180 / 20 = 9
v 3 2.14
=
= 0.90 [chart 4 table A3a]
vb 2.38
(a) v = 1 + 0.03 - 0.03 (9)0.855 0.90 = 0.75
v =
3

mv
m
or
= v lb / ft3
PD
PD v 3

m
0.75
=
= 0.35
PD 2.14
(b) v = 1 + 0.15 0.15 (9)0.855 0.90 = 0.15
M16FMR
302
/ PD = 0.15 / 2.14 = 0.07 lb / ft3

m
(c)
a m
b
m
0.07
= 1
= 0.80 or 80 %
a
m
0.35
(d) Power is directly proportional to the mass flow rate
therefore, Power compares as in (c) above.
15-5
v = 0.70
16
4 cyl 3" bore, 4" stroke, 800 rpm
P1 = 49.7 psia (chart 3)
P4 = 138.8 psia (chart 3)
2a / PD; v 2a = 1.04 ft 3 / lbm;

v = mv
R
FM
Table A-2a @ 55 F / 52 psia
(i2 i1)
q 12 = m
PD =
( 2 /4)(4) 4 (800)
= 52.36 ft3 / min
1728
i1 = i4 = 46 Btu / lbm
i2 = 112 Btu / lbm
q 12 =
PDv
52.36 (0.7)
( i2 i1) =
(112 - 46) = 2326 Btu / min
v 2a
1.04
or q 12 = 139,560 Btu / hr = 11.6 tons

15-6
R-22, assume superheat = 20 F
M16FMR
303
Subcooling = 10 F
(a)
t c = 130 F, t e = 45 F
15-6 (Continued)
t1 = 130 10 = 120 F
i1 = i2 = 46 Btu / lb
16
(b) q e = 144,000 Btu / hr (Fig. 15-7)
= 14.8 kW = 50,498 Btu / hr

W
c
= 13.3 kW
(c) t e = 32.5 F (Fig. 15-7); W
15-7
Refer to Fig. 15-7 CAP = 133,000 Btu/hr te = 47 F
R
FM
M16FMR
304
M
R
FM
16
15-8
M16FMR
305
Pe = 69 psia; t e = 30 F (Table A-4)
(a) The condensing temperature is still about 115 F, but the
16
evaporating temperature is low, about 30 to 31 F.
/ q d = 1
(b) (q d q)
195
= 0.36 or 36 % low
305
(c) It appears that the evaporator is not loading the compressor.
R
FM
Check for proper air flow over evaporator. Fan speed may be
low or an obstruction exists.
15-9
Suction valve, P = 2 psia
Discharge valve, P = 4 psia
10 F S.H. in intake man. and cyl.

Piston clearance = 5 %.
1/ n
Pc v 3
v = 1 + C C
Pb vb
M16FMR
306
v 3 = v g at 45 F; v 3 = 0.604 ft3 / lbm (Table A-3a)
vb = 0.66 ft3 / lbm (Chart 4 at 55 F / 89 psia)
Pc = 275 + 4 = 279 psia; Pb = 90.73 2 = 88.73 psia

n 1.16, C = 0.05
(a)
16
1/1.16
279
0.604
v = 1 + 0.05 0.05

+ 0.838
88.73
0.66
(b)

m = v (PD) / v 3 = (0.838) 20 / 0.604 = 27.75 lbm/min 0.2 kg /s
n 1
n
P
=
; w=
Pb v b c
(c) W
1
n-1
P
m
b
0.16
1.16
2.79
1.16
1
w=
(88.73) (144) (0.66)
0.16
88.73
15-9 (continued)

mw
R
FM
= 10,466 ft - lbf /lbm
31 kJ / kg
= 27.75(10,4666) = 11.0 HP 8.2 kW

W
0.80(33,000)
1/1.4
200
0.74
15-10 (a) v = 1 + 0.04 0.04

53
0.77
Note: An average value of k assumed and 2 psi pres. loss
M16FMR
307
assumed in suction header and valve.
= (PD) v / v 2
v = 0.90, m
60
= 9.4 (0.90) / 0.74
= 11.44 lbm / min

m
1.4 1
1.4
200 1.4
w=
(53) 144 (0.77)
=9491( ft lbf) / lbm
53
(1.4 1)
16

= mw
W
= 9491 (11.44) / (0.9 x 778) = 155 Btu / min
+ q = (155 x 60) + 30,000 = 39,300 Btu / hr

q H = W
L
R
FM
15-10 (Continued)
or q H = 655 Btu / min
w 23 = i2 i3 ; i3 = i2 + w = 133 +
q H = i4 i3 ; i4 = q H + i3 =
9491
= 125.2 Btu / lbm
778
655
+ 125.2 = 68 Btu / lbm
11.44
(b) Iteration is required
P3 will decrease with the lighter load but P2 is also lower and
(P3 / P2) 1/n will be about the same as part (a);
v 2 / vb will be about constant. Then v cons tan t.
M16FMR
308
= (PD)v / v 3 = (9.4) 0.87 / 0.85

However, v2 = 0.85 and m
= 9.62 lbm / min.
now w =
9491
(48)(1.03)
= 14.78 Btu / lbm
53 (0.77)
778
W = (14.78) (9.62) (60) = 8530 Btu/hr;

QH = 8530 + 24,000 = 32, 530 Btu/hr
16
Which assumes P3 / P2 is constant and 2 psi pres. loss in the

valve.
i3 = i2 + w = 83.5 + 14.78 = 94.3 Btu / lbm

i1 = i2 q12 = 111 24,000 / 9.62 (60) = 69.4 Btu / lbm
15-11
200
(50) = 188 psia
53
R
FM
P3 =
Reduced air flow reduces the load on the evaporator. Without
suction pressure control the evaporator pressure will decrease

until condensate will freeze and completely block the
evaporator air flow. Liquid refrigerant will return to the
M16FMR
309
compressor and eventually cause the compressor suction
valve to fail.
15-12
Install an evaporator pressure regulator set to maintain a

pressure such that the temperature of the evaporator surface
will not decrease below the freezing point for water.
15-13
Install a suction pressure regulator on the compressor inlet.
The regulator should be set to limit the suction pressure to a
16
level compatible with the compressor capacity.
15-14 (a) Using chart 2 with the construction shown,

the final temperature is 90 F
mv A1 3.7
=
=
= 0.185 or
m A v 20
R
FM
(b)
18.5 % vapor (Use chart 2)
15-15
Using chart 2
X3 = 0.495; t 3 = 125 F
M16FMR
310
15-16
(COP)max =
Te (Tg To )
Tg (To Te )
Te = 75 + 460 = 535 R;
Tg = 180 + 460 = 640R;

To = 100 + 460 = 560 R
(COP)max = 2.675
15-17
Refer to Chart 5 for saturated vapor at 10 mm hg.

Vapor must first be condensed to sat. liquid at 10 mm hg.
16
qc = ifg; Table A-1a;
ifg = 1064.8 Btu/lbmu for 1 lbm of vapor or qc = 1064.8 Btu

at 50 F, P = 0.178 psia or
15-17 (continued)
R
FM
P = 10 mm hg
Locate point l at x = 0; P = 10 mm hg
Locate point s at x = 0.6 ; P = 10 mm hg

m v = 1 ; ms = 5
ms 5 mv
= =
mm 6 ms
mv =
5
5
ms = x 45.5 = 37.9 (depends on scale used)
6
6
(a) x = 0.50
(b) qs = im ib = -50 (-70) = 20 Btu / lbm of solution
M16FMR
311
qtot = 1064.8 + (6 x 20) = 1,184.8 Btu
i
v
im
ib
10 mm
hg
16
0
0.5
0.6
0.8
>
R
FM
M16FMR
EXAMPLE WS3-1
A space is to be conditioned with a system as shown in Figure WS3-1. The space
temperature and relative humidity (RH) are 75 F (24 C) db and 50 % respectively. The cooling
load for the space is 68,000 Btu/hr (20 kW) with a SHF of 0.75. Outdoor air at 99 F (37 C) and
40 % RH is one third of the amount of air supplied to the space. The coil ADP is 50 F (10 C)
and air is supplied to the space at 80 % RH. The sum of the return fan power and heat gain to the
return ducts is estimated to be 4 horsepower (3 kW). (a) Find the quantity and state of the air
16
supplied to the space. (b) Determine the combined power for the supply fan and the supply ducts
heat gain. (c) Determine the capacity of the cooling coil.
SOLUTION SI
(a) Using the attached Chart 1 (SI) which has been drawn using the ASHRAE
R
FM
Psychrometric Analysis program, the supply air required is found by locating states 4 and 3 and
laying out line 4-3 for a SHF of 0.75. Then
q = m a 3 (i 4 i3 ) =
Q 3
(i4 i3 )
v3
v3 = 0.82 m /kg; i 4 = 47.9 kJ/kg; i 3 = 34.2 kJ/kg
then
Q 3 =
qv3
20 (0.82 )
3
=
= 1.20 m /s
(i4 i3 ) (47.9 34.2)
(b) State 5, the condition of the air leaving the return fan, is located horizonally to the right of
point 4 and is defined by the heat gain and return fan power. For simplicity it is assumed that all
of the return air is recirculated to the mixing box. Actually some of the return air is exhausted.
q 45 = m a (i5 i 4 ) or i5 =
q 45
+ i4
m a
1
M16FMR
a = 1.20 0.82 = 1.46 kg/s

q 45 = 3.0 kW; m
i5 = (3.0 1.46 ) + 47.9 = 50 kJ/kg
Then state 5 is located at approximately 26.0 C db and 17.7 C wb. State 0 can now be plotted on
Chart 1 and the mixing process solved for state 1 which lies one third of the distance from state 5
to state 0 on a straight line. Using states 1 and the coil ADP, the coil process may be drawn.
State 2 lies horizonally to the left of state 3 at the intersection of the coil process. Note that a
path has been assumed for the coil process that actually depends on the coil design and the type
and temperature of the cooling medium. However, for a thermodynamic analysis, only the end
16
points of the process are relevant and a straight line from 1 to ADP is sufficient. The sum of the
supply fan power and the supply duct heat gain is then
q 23 = q fan + q 2 '3 = m a (i3 i 2 ); i 2 = 32.2 kJ/kg
and
q 23 = 1.46(34.2 32.2 ) = 2.92 kW
R
FM
(c)The total coil capacity is
q12 = m a (i1 i 2 ); i1 = 59.2 kJ/kg
q12 = 1.46 (59.2 32.2) = 39.4 kW
2
M16FMR
11
0
NORMAL TEMPERAT URE

R
10
0
AM ER ICA N S OC IET Y OF HEA T ING , R EF RIG ER AT ING A N D A IR -C ON D ITIO NIN G EN GIN EER S, IN C .
SEA LEVEL
0 .8
0. 7
S E NS IB LE HE AT
T O TAL HE AT
4 .0
Qs
Qt
5.0
0. 4
-4.
.0
0.0
1 .0
-0 .5
0. 3
-1
.0
4. 0
2.5
t - 9C
RH - %
0
37.0/25.5
40
29.7/20.6
44
11.9/11.2
92
13.9/12.0
81
24.0/17.0
50
25
26.0/17.7
44
10.0/10.0
100
30
AI
R
ER
AT
UR
24
EC
11
0
22
20
10
0
16
TU
AM
90
ER
20
IL
O
EM
14
-K
TI
O
MP
18
20
TU
LP
Y
LB
TE
SA
FM
16
90
15
%
80
%
60
IC M
ET
ER
g
Rk
PE
0 .8
DR
3 0%
IR
YA
10
20
35
20
15
10
HU M ID ITY
25
0 .7
TIV E
1 0% RE LA
30
0 .8
20%
30
45
0%
40 %
10
UB
4
0. 8
10
-C
ME
ADP
U
OL
6V
10
0 .8
15
70
40
30
20
12
0
26
0 .8
WE
T B
U
0 .9
50
40
TH
v - cum/kga
0.90
0.87
0.82
0.82
0.85
0.86
0.81
25
60
EXAM PLE WS3-1 (SI)
i - kJ/kga
78.0
59.2
32.2
34.2
47.9
50.0
29.4
2 .0
3 .0
70
M
E NT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
State
0
1
2 80
3
4
5
ADP
0 .9
-0.2
0.1
-2.0
-2
0.2
-5. 0
HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAM S M OISTURE PER KI LOGR AM D RY AIR
10 .0
0.5
12
80
10
70
60
50
0.6
1 .0
1 .5
2. 0
28
30
0 .9
1.0
0
30

Copyright 1992
12
40
50
E NTHA LP Y - K J P ER KI LO GRA M O F DRY A IR
SOLUTION IP
(a) Using the attached Chart 1 (IP) which has been drawn using the ASHRAE
Psychrometric Analysis program the supply air required is found by locating states 4 and 3 and
q = m a 3 (i 4 i3 ) =
Q 3 (60 )
(i 4 i3 )
v3
laying out line 4-3 for a SHF of 0.75. Then
v 3 = 13.19 ft /lbma; i 4 = 28.2 Btu/lbma; i 3 = 22.4 Btu/lbma
then
Q 3 =
qv3
68,000 (13.19 )
=
= 2,577 cfm
60 (i 4 i3 ) 60 (28.2 22.4)
3
M16FMR
(b) State 5, the condition of the air leaving the return fan, is located horizonally to the right of
point 4 and is defined by the heat gain and return fan power.
q 45 = m a (i5 i 4 ) or i5 =
q 45 = 3.0 kW; m a =
i5 =
q 45
+ i4
m a
2577 (60 )
= 11,723 lbma/hr
13.19
4(2545)
+ 28.2 = 29.1 Btu/lbma
11.723
Then state 5 is located at approximately 78.8 Fdb and 63.8 F wb. State 0 can now be plotted on
16
Chart 1 and the mixing process solved for state 1 which lies one third of the distance from state 5
to state 0 on a straight line. Using states 1 and the coil ADP, the line representing the coil
process may be drawn. Note that a path for the coil process has been assumed which actually
depends on the coil design and the type and temperature of the cooling medium. However, for a
thermodynamic analysis only the end points are relevant and a straight line from 1 to ADP is
R
FM
sufficient. State 2 lies horizonally to the left of state 3 at the intersection of the coil process. The
sum of the supply fan power and the supply duct heat gain is then
q 23 = q fan + q 2 '3 = m a (i3 i 2 ); i 2 = 21.5 Btu/lbma
and
q 23 = 11,723 (22.4 21.5) = 10,551 Btu/hr = 4.1 hp
(c)The total coil capacity is
q12 = m a (i1 i 2 ); i1 = 33.2 Btu/lbma
q12 = 11,723 (33.2 21.5) = 137,159 Btu/hr = 11.43 tons
4
M16FMR
55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
AMERICA N S OC IETY OF HEA TING , R EFRIG ERATING AN D A IR-C ON D ITIO NIN G ENGIN EER S, INC .
SEA LEVEL
1 .0
SENSIB LE HEAT
T O TAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
Qs
Qt
0. 4
0
200
0.2
0. 3
0 .1
.5
-0
- 0.4
-0.3
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
-1
.0
4 .0
8
.0
- 4 8.0.0
-2.
0
50
0
40
1 000
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
35
t - F RH - %
99.0/78.2 40
85.5/69.1 44
53.5/52.2 92
57.0/53.6 80
75.0/62.5 50
78.8/63.8 44
50.0/50.0 100
85
45
i - Btu/lba
41.5
33.2
21.5
22.4
28.2
29.1
20.3
85
80
80
75
WE
T
RA
TU
RE
.024
55
.022
- F
.020
50
.018
.016
TU
70
.014
TU
SA
25
.0 V
40
1 3.
30%
20 %
1 2.
10
15
20
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
IDITY
TI VE H UM
10 % RE LA
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
115
IR
4 0%
DR Y BULB TEMPERAT UR E - F
YA
%
50
FM
45
35
110
50
40
R
.D
LB
ER
45
35
60
T. P
.5
15
13
ADP
U.F
%
70
55
-C
60
ME
%
80
U
OL
%
90
55
50
14
65
60
20
45
65
-B
T
TI
O
PE
TE
PO
ER
MP
E
IR
75
30
AL
P
TE
70
16
TH
LB
60
.026
14 .5
EXAMPLE WS3-1 (IP)
BU
v - cuft/lba
14.44
13.99
13.10
13.19
13.68
13.77
13.0
.0
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2. 0
0. 6
.028
15
0 .8
State
0
1
2
3
4
5
ADP
50
1.0
60
12 0
30
25
E NTHA LP Y - BT U P ER PO UND O F DRY A IR
R
5
M16FMR
EXAMPLE WS3-2
A system is designed with a coil that cools and dehumidifies air from 80 F (27 C) db and
67 F (19 C) wb to 51.5 F (11 C) db and 90 % RH for supply to the space. The space is to be
maintained at 75 F (24 C) db and 50 % RH. There are off-design periods when the cooling load
changes and the SHF is estimated to be 0.6. The flow rate of the air remains constant. (a)
Assume the cooling coil operates as given above at all times, and determine the amount of reheat
required and the state of the air supplied to the space for the off-design periods. (b) Compare the
16
space cooling load for the two different conditions. Assume standard sea level pressure.
SOLUTION IP
The given design conditions are shown on Chart 1 (IP) as 1-2 for the coil and 2-4 for the
space. The chart has been drawn using the ASHRAE Psychrometric analysis program. Note that
R
FM
the program assumes a path for the coil process that actually depends on the coil design and the
type and temperature of the cooling medium, not known in this case. The space SHF is about
0.71 for the design condition. Process 3-4 for the off-design period is laid out from state 4 for a
SHF of 0.6. Then the reheat process is 2-3 and the air enters the space at 61 F db and 64 % RH
determined by the intersection of processes 2-3 and 3-4.
(a) The amount of reheat per unit mass of dry air is
q 23 = (i3 i 2 ) = c pa (t 3 t 2 )
q 23 = 0.244(61 51.5) = 2.32 Btu/lbma
(b) The design cooling load is
q 24 = (i 4 i 2 )
i 2 = 20.3 Btu/lbma and i 4 = 28.2 Btu/lbma
q 24 = (28.2 20.3) = 7.9 Btu/lbma
1
M16FMR
The cooling load for the off-design period is

q 34 = (i 4 i3 )
i3 = 22.6 Btu/lbma
q 34 = (28.2 22.6 ) = 5.6 Btu/lbma
The cooling load for the off-design period is about 29 % less than the design cooling load.
However the coil load is the same for both cases.
R
FM
16
2
M16FMR

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
1 .0
.028
60
85
0 .8
0.6
SENSIB LE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
0. 4
0. 3
0
200
0 .1
0. 2
-1.
-8
-4 .0.0
85
80
50
0
RE
- F
.022
.020
State t - F
RH - %
1 80.0/67.0
51
2 51.5/49.9
90
3 61.0/54.0
64
4 75.0/62.5
50
IR
70
70
65
v - cuft/lbma
13.85
13.0
13.3
13.7
-B
T
TI
O
PE
TE
PO
ER
TU
30
i - Btu/lbma
31.5
20.3
22.6
28.2
75
TU
SA
AL
P
55
RA
TU
14 .5
TH
MP
E
75
35
LU
VO
-C
U.F
T. P
L B.
ER
DR
1 3 .5
YA
IR
50 %
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
0
35
ME
60
45
1 4 .0
60
%
70
50
20 %
1 2.
15
20
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
TY
TIVE H UM IDI
10 % RE LA
10
50
.018
.016
.014
.012
.010
40
.008
.006
35
.004
.002
25
SOLUTION SI
45
R
FM
55
65
%
90
80
55
50
35
TE
80
1 000
25
20
45
.024
LB
40
60
40
BU
EXAMPLE WS3-2 (IP)
15
WE
T
16
ENTHALPY
HU MIDITY RAT IO
.026
45
-2.
-0 .5 4
- 0.
-0.3
-0 .1
-0 .2
15
00
-1 00 0
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
300 0
0 .5
-2 00 0
2. 0
12 0
50 00
115
1.0
50
1 5 .0
SEA LEVEL
60
DR Y BULB TEMPERAT UR E - F
The given design conditions are shown on Chart 1 (SI) as 1-2 for the coil and 2-4 for the
space. The chart has been drawn using the ASHRAE Psychrometric analysis program. Note that
the program assumes a path for the coil process that actually depends on the coil design and the
type and temperature of the cooling medium, not known in this case. The space SHF is about
3
30
M16FMR
The space SHF is about 0.7 for the design condition. Process 3-4 for the off-design period is laid
out from state 4 for a SHF of 0.6. Then the reheat process is 2-3 and the air enters the space at
17 C db and 61 % RH determined by the intersection of processes 2-3 and 3-4.
(a) The amount of reheat per unit mass of dry air is
q 23 = (i3 i 2 ) = c pa (t 3 t 2 )
q 23 = 1.01(17 11) = 6.06 kJ/kga
(b) The design cooling load is

i 2 = 29.6 kJ/kga and i 4 = 47.9 kJ/kga
16
q 24 = (i 4 i 2 )
q 24 = (47.9 29.6) = 18.3 kJ/kga
The cooling load for the off-design period is

q 34 = (i 4 i3 )
i3 = 35.7 kJ/kga
q 34 = (47.9 35.7 ) = 12.2 kJ/kga
R
FM
The cooling load for the off-design period is about 34 % less than the design cooling load.
However the coil load is the same for both cases.
4
M16FMR

11 0
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
10 0
SEA LEVEL
0 .8
0. 7
0. 6
SENSIB LE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
-5. 0
4 .0
Qs
Qt
5.0
0. 4
-4.
.0
1 .0
-0.2
4. 0
0 .1
80
2.5
70
25
30
WE
TB
UL
BT
E
AI
R
18
TU
O
F
AM
16
90
14
-K
TI
O
EM
ER
20
TU
SA
0 .8
16
20
%
90
%
80
U
OL
6V
ME
10
IC M
ET
ER
0 .8
gD
Rk
PE
40 %
3 0%
RY
A IR
20
35
30
20
15
10
HUMID ITY
25
0 .7
TIV E
10% RE LA
80
10
70
6
60
R
FM
0 .8
20%
10
12
30
45
0%
UB
10
4
0.8
-C
%
60
70
0 .8
15
40
30
10
20
10 0
60
15
20
11 0
22
EC
24
25
50
IL
O
G
UR
v - cum/kga
0.86
0.81
0.83
0.85
0 .9
LP
Y
AT
40
MP
ER
12 0
EXAMPLE WS3-2 (SI)
TH
i - kJ/kga
53.9
29.6
35.7
47.9
2 .0
3 .0
M
ENTHALPY
HU MIDITY RAT IO
RH - %
47
90
61
50
0 .9
State t- C
1 27.0/19.0
2 11.0/10.1
3 17.0/12.7
4 24.0/17.1
0.0
-0 .5
0. 3
-1.
0. 2
-2.0
-2
26
90
HUMI DITY RATIO - GRAM S M OISTURE PER KILOGR AM D RY AIR
10 .0
0.5
1 .0
1 .5
2. 0
28
30
0 .9
1.0
50
12
30

Copyright 1992
40
50
ENTHALPY - KJ PER KILOGRAM OF DRY AIR
5
M16FMR
EXAMPLE WS3-3
A multizone air handler similar to the one shown in Figure 2-4 operates with 4,000 cfm
(1.9 m3/s) of air entering at 85 F (29 C) db and 70 F (21 C) wb temperature. Three fourths of the
air flows through the inactive heating coil while the air flowing over the cooling coil leaves at 52
F (11 C) db and 50 F (10 C) wb temperature. Determine the condition of the mixed air supplied
to the space to include the volume flow rate. Show the process on a psychrometric chart.
Assume standard sea level pressure.
16
SOLUTION IP
This is a classical adiabatic mixing problem involving the air leaving the heating and
cooling coils that may be solved using a psychrometric chart or a computer program. Using the
adiabatic mixing option of the ASHRAE Psychrometric program, the result for the mixed
R
FM
condition is 76.3 F db and 65.5 F wb with an enthalpy and humidity ratio of 30.4 Btu/lbma and
0.0110 lbmv/lbma respectively.
Using Chart 1 (IP) and locating the mixed state 3 three fourths of the distance from point
2 to point 1 on a straight line results in state 3 at 77 F db and 66 F wb with enthalpy of 30.7 and
humidity ratio of 0.0111 lbmv/lbma. The results compare favorably. To determine the leaving
volume flow rate the specific volumes of the entering and mixed air are required. Using the
ASHRAE program v1 is 14.0 ft3/lbma and v3 is 13.75 ft3/lbma. Alternately, the specific volumes
may be estimated from Chart 1a as v1 = 14.0 ft3/lbma and v3 = 13.76 ft3/lbma. Then from the
program
v
13.75
Q 3 = Q 1 3 = 4000
= 3929 cfm
v1
14.0
1
M16FMR
v
13.76
Q 3 = Q 1 3 = 4000
= 3931 cfm
v1
14.0
or from the chart
Again, the agreement is very good.

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE

Copyright 1992
90
SEA LEVEL
1.0
1 .0
60
50
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
0.6
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
4 .0
8
.0
-8
-4 .0. 0
-2.
0
50 00
300 0
0. 4
0
200
0 .1
0.2
-0 .1
-0 .2
15
00
-0 .5 4
- 0.
-0.3
0. 3
-1
.0
WE
T
80
50
0
State t-F
RH-%
1 85.0/70.0 48
2 52.0/50.0 87
3 76.3/65.5 57
40
85
1 000
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
.026
45
16
0 .5
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2. 0
Qs
Qt
TE
MP
E
55
RA
TU
RE
80
- F
.022
.020
50
14 .5
EXAMPLE WS3-3 (IP)
.024
LB
i-Btu/lbma v-cuft/lbma
33.95
14.0
20.29
13.0
30.36
13.8
75
35
BU
.018
IR
75
TU
ER
PO
70
TE
.0 V
U
OL
%
90
ME
60
-C
U.F
60
50
45
35
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
0
35
%
50
A IR
40
1 3 .5
45
20 %
1 2.
10
15
20
45
.012
.010
.008
.006
35
.004
25
2
40
.002
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
E H UM IDITY
10 % RE LATIV
115
55
Y
DR
L B.
ER
50
T. P
%
70
SA
N
E
80
55
N
TI
O
A
R
TU
65
14
20
.014
65
12 0
R
PE
U
-B
T
Y
AL
P
25
60
15
.016
30
R
FM
TH
70
30
M16FMR
SOLUTION SI
This is a classical adiabatic mixing problem involving the air leaving the heating
and cooling coils that may be solved using a psychrometric chart or a computer program. Using
the ASHRAE psychrometric program the result of the mixed condition is 24.3 C db and 18.5 C
wb with enthalpy and humidity ratio of 52.4 kJ/kga and 11.0 gmv/kga respectively.
Using Chart 1 (SI) and locating the mixed state 3 three fourths of the distance from point
2 to point 1 on a straight line results in state 3 at 24.6 C db and 18.7 C wb with enthalpy of 53.0
kJ/kg and humidity ratio of 11.1 gmv/kga. To determine the leaving volume flow rate the
16
specific volumes of the entering and mixed air are required. Using the ASHRAE program v1 is
0.873 m3/kga and v3 is 0.857 m3/kga. The specific volumes may be estimated from Chart 1 as v1
= 0.873 m3/kga and v3 = 0.859 m3/kga. Then from the program
v
0.857
3
Q 3 = Q 1 3 = 1.9
= 1.87 m /s
v1
0.873
R
FM
v
0.859
3
= 1.87 m /s
Q 3 = Q 1 3 = 1.9
v1
0.873
3
M16FMR
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
SEA LEVEL
10 0
SENSIB LE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
10 .0
0. 5
1 .0
1 .5
2. 0
-5. 0
4 .0
Qs
Qt
5.0
0. 4
.0
0.0
WE
TB
UL
BT
80
1 .0
EM
PE
R
24
AT
UR
E-
11 0
-0.2
22
0 .9
4. 0
0 .1
30
-2.0
-0 .5
0. 3
-1
.0
-4.
12 0
26
90
-2
0. 2
28
30
0 .8
0. 7
0.6
30
0 .9
1.0
12
11 0
2 .0
3 .0
70
2.5
ENTHAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RATIO
EXAMPLE WS3-3 (SI)
25
E
R
TU
A
ER
EM
90
TU
20
SA
HUMI DITY RATIO - G RAM S M OISTURE PER KILO GR AM D RY AIR
-K
TI
O
14
0 .8
LP
Y
20
%
90
%
80
0 .8
U
OL
ME
10
IC M
ET
ER
0 .8
3 0%
RY
A IR
20
35
20
15
10
80
10
70
6
60
R
FM
10
HUMID ITY
25
0 .7
TIV E
10% RE LA
30
0 .8
20%
12
30
50
gD
Rk
PE
40 %
45
0%
UB
10
4
0. 8
-C
%
60
70
6V
15
40
30
10
10 0
18
16
16
15
20
20
O
F
AM
IL
O
G
50
40
TH
v-cum/kga
0.873
0.814
0.857
AI
R
60
RH-% i-kJ/kga
49
60.7
89
29.3
58
52.4
0 .9
State
t-C
1 29.0/21.0
2 11.0/10.0
3 24.3/18.5
25
40
50
4
M16FMR
EXAMPLE WS3-4
A Dual duct VAV system similar to Figure 2-22 has one zone operating under the following
conditions. The space is controlled to 75 F (24 C) db and 50 % RH. The hot deck furnishes air at 100 F
(38 C) and 10 % RH while the cold deck furnishes air at 55 F (13 C) db and 90 % RH. At a given time
the zone has a total cooling load of 50,000 Btu/hr (14.7 kW) with a sensible heat factor of 0.6. Use charts
1 to determine: (a) The state of the air supplied to the zone. (b) The quantity of air supplied to the zone;
(c) The amount of air supplied by the cold deck and the amount of air supplied by the hot deck. Assume
16
standard sea level pressure.
SOLUTION IP
(a) Locate states 1, 2 and 3 as shown on psychrometric Chart 1 (IP). Connect states 2 and 3 with
a straight line, assuming adiabatic mixing of the hot and cold deck air. Construct the condition line for
the space for a SHF of 0.6 and the space condition, state 1. State 4 for the supplied air is at the
R
FM
intersection of the condition line and line 2-3, approximately 63 F db and 62 % RH. (b) The quantity of
air supplied to the space is
q c = m a 4 (i1 i 4 ) =
from Chart 1,
i1 = 28.2 Btu/lbma;
Then
Q 4 =
Q 4 (60 )
(i1 i4 )
v4
i 4 = 23.4 Btu/lbma and v 4 = 13.33 ft3/lbma.
q c v 4
50,000(13.33)
=
= 2314 ft3/min or cfm
60(i1 i 4 ) 60(28.2 23.4)
(c) The relative proportions of the mixed air are, assuming constant density
Q 3
Q 2 34
=
= 0.817 and
= 1 0.817 = 0.183
Q 4 23
Q 4
Then
Q 2 = 0.817 (2314) = 1891 cfm and Q 3 = 2314 1891 = 423 cfm
1
M16FMR
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
1 .0
.028
60
85
1 5 .0
0 .8
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2. 0
0.6
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
0. 4
0
200
0 .1
15
00
-0 .1
-0 .2
0.2
-4 8.0.0
85
.5
-0 4
- 0.
-0.3
0. 3
-1
.0
45
-2.
80
50
0
1 000
35
55
RA
TU
RE
- F
.022
.020
50
75
IR
State t-F
RH-%
1 75.0/62.5 50
2 55.0/53.3 90
3 100.0/3.3 10
4 63.0/55.4 62
E
R
TU
A
ER
TE
PO
TI
O
-B
T
65
TU
SA
1 4 .0
65
%
50
45
IR
YA
1 3 .5
50
DR
B.
RL
PE
60
T.
55
U.F
%
70
50
45
60
-C
ME
80
55
v-cuft/lbma
13.68
13.14
14.20
13.33
LU
VO
16
%
90
.018
i-Btu/lbma
28.2
22.2
28.5
23.4
70
PE
70
30
AL
P
MP
E
14 .5
M
TH
TE
75
60
35
.024
LB
40
25
40
BU
EXAMPLE WS3-4 (IP)
15
WE
T
80
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDITY RATIO
20
4 0%
40
30%
1 3.
35
20 %
15
.014
.012
.010
20
.006
35
.004
25
(a) Locate states 1, 2 and 3 as shown on psychrometric Chart 1 (SI). Connect states 2 and 3 with
a straight line, assuming adiabatic mixing of the hot and cold deck air. Construct the condition line for
the space for a SHF of 0.6 and the space condition, state 1. The state of the supplied air is at the
intersection of the condition line and line 2-3, approximately 17.5 C db and 61 % RH. (b) The quantity of
air supplied to the space is
q c = m a 4 (i1 i 4 ) =
from Chart 1,
i1 = 47.9 kJ/kga;
40
.008
SOLUTION SI
45
.002
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
10
.016
R
FM
45
TY
TIVE H UM IDI
10 % RE LA
40
1 2.
35
.026
12 0
1.0
50
115
SEA LEVEL
60
DR Y BUL B TEMPERAT UR E - F
55
Q 4
(i1 i4 )
v4
i 4 = 36.8 kJ/kga and v 4 = 0.833 m3/kga.
2
30
M16FMR
q v
14.7(0.833)
= 1.10 m3/s
Q 4 = c 4 =
(i1 i4 ) (47.9 36.8)
Then
(c) The relative proportions of the mixed air are, assuming constant density
Q 3
Q 2 34
=
= 0.817 and
= 1 0.817 = 0.183
Q 4 23
Q 4
Q 2 = 0.817 (1.10 ) = 0.899 m3/s and Q 3 = 1.10 0.899 = 0.201 m3/s
Then

11 0
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
10 0
SEA LEVEL
SENSIB LE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
-5. 0
4 .0
Qs
Qt
-2
.0
0.0
25
TU
O
F
EM
ER
20
T
N
TI
O
A
R
TU
SA
0 .8
20
RH-%
50
90
10
61
i-kJ/kga
47.9
34.3
48.8
36.8
%
90
%
80
0 .8
U
OL
70
6V
15
ME
10
%
60
20
UB
IC M
4
0. 8
ET
0%
-C
10
ER
0 .8
2
gD
Rk
PE
40 %
3 0%
RY
A IR
0 .8
0 .7
HUMID ITY
20
15
10
TIV E
10% RE LA
25
20%
10
v-cum/kga
0.854
0.821
0.887
0.833
HUMI DITY RATIO - G RAM S M OISTURE PER KILO GR AM D RY AIR
AI
R
State t-C
1 24.0/17.1
2 13.0/12.1
3 38.0/17.5
4 17.5/13.1
20
30
16
90
14
12
80
10
70
60
50
0 .1
K
R
E
P
J
-K
18
50
40
20
0 .9
AM
11 0
22
R
FM
10 0
30
E-
25
15
10
UR
2.5
EXAMPLE WS3-4 (SI)

IL
O
G
24
AT
45
4. 0
0. 2
PE
R
0 .9
2 .0
3 .0
70
60
LP
Y
EM
-0.2
ENTHAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RATIO
WE
TB
UL
BT
80
1 .0
-0 .5
0. 3
-1
.0
5.0
0. 4
TH
30
-2.0
-4.
12 0
26
90
35
10 .0
0. 5
40
0.6
1 .0
1 .5
2. 0
30
0 .8
0. 7
1.0
28
30
0 .9
0
30
16
12
40
50
3
M16FMR
EXAMPLE WS3-5
A space is to be conditioned during the heating season with the system shown by the
attached schematic.. The space is to be maintained at 72 F (22 C)db with a relative humidity of
30 percent. The total heating load is 250,000 Btu/hr (73.3 kW) with a SHF of 0.8. The quantity
of supply air is the same as previously determined for the system in the cooling mode, 5200 cfm
(2.45 m3/s) and the amount of outdoor ventilation air is 1725 cfm (0.81 m3/s). Outdoor air is at
10 F (-12 C) db and 0.001 lbmv/lbma (or kgv/kga). Saturated water vapor at 6 psig (142 kPa
absolute) is available for humidification. Determine the amount of heating required for both
16
preheating and final heating and the amount of vapor required for humidification and heating.
Use ASHRAE Chart 1 assuming sea level pressure.
SOLUTION IP
R
FM
The solution is initiated by locating the space condition, R of 72 F db, 30 % RH on the
chart and using the protractor to plot the condition line from point R to the right for a SHF of 0.8.
Point S, the supply air condition is located on the condition line and can be located using the
known volume flow rate of air and either the total or sensible heating load. Using the sensible
load
q s = m a c p (t S t R ) =
or
tS = tR +
60 Q S c p
vS
(t S
tR )
q s v S
0.8 (250,000 )14.5
= 72 +
= 110.3 F

60 (5200) 0.243
60 Q s c p
where vs and cp have been estimated using Chart 1.
The outdoor air at 10 F db is preheated to some arbitrary temperature P, say 65 F before

mixing with return air. The outdoor air condition is off the chart. However, the heating process
1
M16FMR
appears as a horizontal line at the given humidity ratio of 0.001 lbmv/lbma terminating at point
P. The preheating required is
q P =
60 Q O c p
vO
(t P t O ) = 60 (1725) 0.242 (65 10) = 129,150 Btu/hr

13.4
where vo is read from Chart 1 and cp is estimated as before.

The mixing of the preheated outdoor air and return air may now be considered.
Neglecting density effects and solving on the basis of volume flow rate
16
Q P 1725 MR
=
=
= 0.33
Q R 5200 PR
Then point M is located approximately one third of the distance from point R to point P on the
chart at 69.7 F db. Now the mixed air is heated sensibly from point M to point X where the air is
humidified adiabatically to previously found point S. To locate point X, recall that the path for
the humidification process is defined by
R
FM
i
= i w = 1157 Btu/lbv from Table A-1a in the text.
W
Then using the protractor, plot a line downward from point S to intersect the heating process line
from point M. The intersection defines point X at 109.5 F db. All of the processes and states
have now been determined. The amount of heating required for the mixed air is
q M =
60 Q M c p
vM
(t X
tM ) =
60 (5200 ) 0.242
(109.5 69.7 ) = 224,258 Btu/hr
13.4
The amount of vapor required for humidification is

m v = m a (W S W X ) =
60 (5200 )
(0.0072 0.0037 ) = 74.8 lbmv/hr
14.4
Assuming that the heating coils use saturated vapor at 6 psig, the total amount of steam required
is
2
M16FMR
129,150 224,258
+
+ 74.8 = 380 lbmv/hr
1157
1157
m vt =

55
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
90
SEA LEVEL
1 .0
.028
60
85
0 .8
0.6
SENSIB LE HEAT
TOTAL HEAT
50 00
300 0
0 .5
0. 4
0
200
0. 2
0 .1
-0 .1
-0 .2
15
00
-4 8.0. 0
85
- F
.022
.020
IR
70
TU
70
65
-B
T
TI
O
PE
TE
PO
ER
30
TU
SA
State
t-F
RH-%
R 72.0/54.4 30
S 110.3/70.9 13
O 10.0/8.8
76
P 65.0/43.2
8
M 69.7/51.0
24
X 109.5/65.9
7
1 4 .0
65
ME
v-cuft/lbma
13.51
14.53
11.86
13.24
13.42
14.43
60
U.F
T. P
L B.
ER
60
S
S
DR
1 3 .5
IR
YA
%
50
45
i-Btu/lbma
22.74
34.46
3.47
16.69
20.77
30.39
-C
55
50
.018
4 0%
40
.016
.014
1 3.
30%
20 %
1 2.
5
E H UM IDITY
10 % RE LATIV
.012
.010
20
.006
35
.004
.002
12 0
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
45
40
35
50
15
25
SOLUTION SI
The solution is initiated by locating the space condition, R of 22 F db, 30 % RH on the
chart and using the protractor to plot the condition line from point R to the right for a SHF of 0.8.
Point S, the supply air condition is located on the condition line and can be located using the
3
40
.008
10
45
R
FM
LU
VO
%
90
80
50
45
50
75
AL
P
RE
14 .5
TH
55
RA
TU
75
35
25
35
MP
E
80
1 000
%
70
35
TE
55
40
.024
LB
40
60
15
BU
80
50
0
EXAMPLE WS3-5 IP
20
WE
T
16
ENTHALPY
HU MIDITY RAT IO
.026
45
-2.
-0 .5 4
- 0.
-0.3
0. 3
-1.
-2 00 0
-1 00 0
2. 0
4 .0
8 .0
Qs
Qt
1.0
50
1 5 .0
60
30
M16FMR
known volume flow rate of air and either the total or sensible heating load. Using the sensible
load
q s = m a c p (t S t R ) =
tS = tR +
or
Q S c p
vS
(t S
tR )
q s v S
0.8 (73.3) 0.91
= 22 +
= 43.6 C

(2.45)1.01
Qs c p
where vs and cp have been estimated using Chart 1.

The outdoor air at -12 C db is preheated to some arbitrary temperature P, say 18 C before
16
mixing with return air. The outdoor air condition is off the chart. However, the heating process
appears as a horizontal line at the given humidity ratio of 0.001 kgv/kga terminating at point P.
The preheating required is
q P =
Q O c p
vO
(t P t O ) = (0.81)1.00 [18 ( 12)] = 32.80 kW

0.741
R
FM
where vo is read from Chart 1 and cp is estimated as before.
The mixing of the preheated outdoor air and return air may now be considered.
Neglecting density effects and solving on the basis of volume flow rate
Q P 0.81 MR
=
=
= 0.33
Q R 2.45 PR
Then point M is located approximately one third of the distance from point R to point P on the
chart at 20.7 C db. Now the mixed air is heated sensibly from point M to point X where the air is
humidified adiabatically to previously found point S. To locate point X, recall that the path for
the humidification process is defined by
i
= i w = 2736 kJ/kgv from Table A-1b in the text.
W
4
M16FMR
Then using the protractor, plot a line downward from point S to intersect the heating process line
from point M. The intersection defines point X at 43.1 C db. All of the processes and states
have now been determined. The amount of heating required for the mixed air is
q M =
Q M c p
vM
(t X
tM ) =
(2.45)1.01 (43.1 20.7 ) = 66.22 kW

0.837
The amount of vapor required for humidification is

m v = m a (WS W X ) =
(2.45) (0.0072 0.0037 ) = 0.00952 kgv/s = 34.3 kgv/hr
0.901
16
Assuming that the heating coils use saturated vapor at 142 kPa absolute, the total amount of
steam required is
32.80 + 66.22
m vt = 3600
+ 34.3 = 165 kgv/hr
2736
R
FM
5
M16FMR
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
Copyright 1992
SEA LEVEL
10 0
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
10 .0
0.5
1 .0
1 .5
2. 0
-5. 0
4 .0
Qs
Qt
-2
5.0
0. 4
-1.
-4.
.0
0.0
WE
TB
UL
BT
E
80
1 .0
-0 .5
4. 0
0.2
30
MP
ER
12 0
24
AT
UR
E-
11 0
-0.2
22
0 .9
0 .1
26
90
-2.0
0. 3
28
30
0 .8
0. 7
0.6
30
0 .9
12
1.0
11 0
2 .0
3 .0
2.5
70
25
20
ENT HAL PY
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO
h
W
-
TU
O
F
A
ER
P
T
TI
O
-K
TU
20
SA
0 .8
LP
Y
20
EM
AM
IL
O
G
50
40
TH
State
t-C
R 22.0/12.3
S 43.6/21.6
O -12.0/-11.5
P 18.0/6.1
M 20.7/10.3
X 43.1/18.8
EXAMPLE WS3-5 SI
90
16
15
%
80
6V
U
OL
UB
IC M
ET
ER
0 .8
gD
Rk
PE
40 %
3 0%
A IR
0 .8
RY
2 0%
90
14
12
80
10
70
6
60
20
30
50
45
40
35
25
20
15
10
R
FM
10
HUMID ITY
16
0 .7
TIV E
10% RE LA
30
10
4
0.8
50
-C
%
60
10
ME
10
20
v-cum/kga
0.842
0.907
0.741
0.826
0.837
0.901
0 .8
15
70
i-kJ/kga
34.64
62.40
-9.58
20.62
29.94
52.81
30
RH-%
30
13
75
8
24
7
0 .9
AI
R
18
HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAM S M OISTURE PER KILO GR AM D RY AIR
10 0
25
60
40
50
ENTHALPY - KJ PER KILOGRAM O F DRY AIR
6
M16FMR
EXAMPLE WS5-1
Frame walls with either wood siding or brick veneer are common in light commercial and
residential construction. The attached schematic shows a cross-section of a typical brick veneer
wall. Compute an overall heat transfer coefficient for the wall taking into account the wood
framing.
SOLUTION-IP
It is noted that two distinct paths are present for the transfer of heat through the wall: A
16
path through the space containing insulation and a path through the wood studs. Lateral heat
transfer between the insulation and the studs may be neglected and the thermal resistances for
each path considered to be in parallel. The table below summarizes the necessary data to arrive
at a solution.
R
FM
Unit Thermal Resistance, (hr-ft2-F)/Btu

Element
Table Comment
Path 1
Path2
Outside Air Film
5-2a 7 mph
0.25
0.25
Brick, 4 in.
5-1a x/k=4/6
0.67
0.67
Air Space, in.
5-3a tm=0, t=10 F
1.15
1.15
Sheathing, in.
5-1a 1/C=1/0.76
1.32
1.32
Stud, wood
5-1a x/k=3.5/0.8
---4.40
Insulation, 3-4 in.
5-1a 1/C=1/0.091
11.0
---Plaster Board, 3/8 in. 5-1a 1/C=1/3.1
0.32
0.32
Inside Air Film
5-2a Still Air
0.68
0.68
Total R
15.39
8.79
Now the analysis could be continued using the Unit Resistances, R, however, since the
resistances are in parallel, it will be convenient to use the Unit Conductances, U.
U o Ao = U 1 A1 + U 2 A2
Where Ao 16 in., A1 14.5 in., A2 1.5 in. since a 2 x 4 in actually 1 x 3 in.

and U1= 1/R1 = 1/15.39 = 0.065 and U2 = 1/R2 = 1/8.79 = 0.114
1
M16FMR
Then
Uo =
A1
A
14.5
1 .5
2
U1 + 2 U 2 =
0.065 +
0.114 = 0.0696 Btu/(hr-ft -F)
Ao
Ao
16
16
Now, in reality there is more wood in a complete frame wall than just the studs.
There are plates at the top and bottom of the wall which would be 2 x 4s in this case.
There are almost solid wood headers above each window and door. There is probably an
extra stud in the wall due to uneven spacing and there is usually an extra stud in each
corner. Therefore, Path 2 through the wood accounts for more area than used above. As
16
computed above the wood studs make up about 10 percent of the wall area. In an actual
case the wood area is more like 20 percent. Then
U o = 0.8 U 1 + 0.2 U 1 = 0.8 (0.065) + 0.2 (0.114) = 0.075 Btu/(hr-ft -F)

2
This is a more realistic solution for the finished wall.
R
FM
SOLUTION-SI
It is noted that two distinct paths are present for the transfer of heat through the wall: A
path through the space containing insulation and a path through the wood studs. Lateral heat
transfer between the insulation and the studs may be neglected and the thermal
resistances for each path considered to be in parallel. The table below summarizes the necessary
data to arrive at a solution.
Element
Outside Air Film
Brick, 100 mm
Air Space, 13 mm
Sheathing, 12.7 mm
Unit Thermal Resistance, (m2-C)/W

Table Comment
Path 1
Path2
5-2b 3.4 m/s
0.044
0.044
5-1b x/k=0.1/0.9
0.111
0.111
5-3b tm=17.8, t=5.6 C
0.200
0.200
5-1b 1/C=1/4.3
0.233
0.233
2
M16FMR
Stud, wood, 89 mm
Insulation, 75-100 mm
Plaster Board, 9.5 mm
Inside Air Film
5-1b
5-1b
5-1b
5-2b
x/k=0.089/0.12
1/C=1/0.52
1/C=1/17.6
Still Air
Total R
---1.920
0.057
0.120
2.685
0.740
---0.057
0.120
1.505
Now the analysis could be continued using the Unit Resistances, R, however, since the
resistances are in parallel, it will be convenient to use the Unit Conductances, U.

U o Ao = U 1 A1 + U 2 A2
Where Ao 406 mm, A1 368 mm, A2 38 mm since a 2 x 4 in actually 38 x 89 mm.
16
and U1= 1/R1 = .685 = 0.372 and U2 = 1/R2 = 1/1.505 = 0.664 W/(m2-C)
Then
Uo =
A1
A
368
38
2
U1 + 2 U 2 =
0.372 +
0.664 = 0.399 W/(m -C)
406
406
Ao
Ao
Now, in reality there is more wood in a complete frame wall than just the studs. There
are plates at the top and bottom of the wall which would be 2 x 4s in this case. There are almost
R
FM
solid wood headers above each window and door. There is probably an extra stud in the wall
due to uneven spacing and there is usually an extra stud in each corner. Therefore, Path 2
through the wood accounts for more area than used above. As computed above the wood studs
make up about 10 percent of the wall area. In an actual case the wood area is more like 20
percent. Then
U o = 0.8 U 1 + 0.2 U 1 = 0.8 (0.372 ) + 0.2 (0.664 ) = 0.430 W/(m -C)

2
This is a more realistic solution for the finished wall.
3
M16FMR
M
R
FM
16
4
M16FMR
EXAMPLE WS5-2
The first floor of a small building is partially underground as shown in the attached
sketch. The back portion of the first floor is similar to a basement while the front resembles a
concrete slab on grade. The back and side walls are 6 in. (15 cm) concrete with R-8.34 (hr-ft2-
F)/Btu [1.47 (m2-C)/W] insulation on the outside below grade and finished on the inside with one
in. (25 mm) of glass fiber, organic bonded board and in. (12.7 mm) of gypsum board. The
outside of the exposed concrete walls are covered with 4 in. (10 cm) brick veneer. The concrete
16
slab floor has horizontal R-3.3 (hr-ft2-F)/Btu [0.62 (m2-C)/W] insulation 2 ft (0.6 m) wide along
the front and extending back about two widths on each side. The front wall is frame with brick
veneer with a large window and door. The wall has an effective overall heat transfer coefficient
of 0.22 Btu/(hr-ft2-F) [1.25 W/(m2-C)]. The building is located in Louisville, KY where the
outdoor temperature is 12 F (-11 C). Assume an inside air temperature of 72 F (22 C). Estimate
R
FM
the heat loss for the first floor of the building.

SOLUTION - IP
The physical situation in this case does not exactly fit the data available, therefore, some
reasonable assumptions will have to be made. The various transmission coefficients will first be
estimated followed by the heat loss calculations.
Calculations for the back wall are straight forward in that it is nearly all below grade like
a basement wall and an overall transmission coefficient can be read from Table 5-9 for a depth of
7 ft with R-8.34 insulation as 0.064 Btu/(hr-ft2-F). Then, adding the inside finish material we get
Rbw =
1 x
1
1
1
1
2
2
=
+
+
= 20.1 (hr-ft -F)/Btu or U bw = 0.05 Btu/(hr-ft -F)
+ +
U k fb C gb 0.064 0.25 2.22
1
M16FMR
There is a narrow strip at the top of the back wall that is above grade. A coefficient will be
found for that area a little later.
M
R
FM
16
It is assumed that the two end walls have equal contact with the ground. Note in the
sketch that the end walls in contact with the ground have been divided into 2 ft wide increments.
Starting on the left, the first increment is assumed to be 7 ft below grade and each increment to
the right decreases in depth by one foot. A finite element approach will be used to find the
overall heat transfer coefficient of the end walls below grade.
2
M16FMR
Element Depth
U
No.
ft
Btu/(hr-ft2-f)
1
7
0.064
2
6
0.067
3
5
0.071
4
4
0.075
5
3
0.080
A
UA
2
ft Btu/(hr-F)
14
0.89
12
0.80
10
0.71
8
0.60
6
0.48
A = 50 ft2 & UA = 3.48

and U =UA/A=3.48/50 = 0.070 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Now, as before the inside finish resistance must be added to obtain the final coefficient of
transmission for the below grade end walls.
16
Rew =
or
1 x
1
1
1
1
2
+ +
=
+
+
= 18.7 (hr-ft -F)/Btu
U k fb C gb 0.070 0.25 2.22
U ew =
1
2
= 0.052 Btu/(hr-ft -F)
18.7
Now the end wall above grade is made up of several layers as follows:
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Layer
R
(hr-ft2-F)/Btu
Outside Air, Table 5-2a, 15 mph

Brick, 4 in., 120 lb, x/k=4/6.2
Air Space, in., Table 5-3a
Concrete, 6 in., x/k=6/15
Fiber Board, 1 in., x/k=1/0.25
Gypsum Board, in., 1/C=1/2.22
Inside Air, Table 5-2a, Still Air
Total R =
and Ucw = 0.13 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
0.17
0.65
1.15
0.40
4.00
0.45
0.68
7.50
The floor is a combination basement and slab on grade. As an approximation, assume
that the floor beneath elements 6 and 7, the 2 ft of exposed slab at the front on each side and the
front of the floor slab are slab on grade and use a coefficient from Figure 5-8. Consider the
3
M16FMR
remainder of the floor to be a basement floor and use a coefficient from Table 5-10 at an average
depth of say 5 ft. Then for the slab with 2 ft of R-3.3 insulation, U s = 0.9 Btu/(hr-ft-F) with a
length of 36 ft. For the basement floor, U bf = 0.032 Btu/(hr-ft2-F) with an area of 240 ft2.
The heat loss can now be computed after the ground surface temperature has been
estimated. The average annual air temperature in Louisville, KY is 44 F from Table 5-11 and the
amplitude of ground temperature, Amp is about 20 F from Figure 5-7. Then
t g = t avg Amp = 44 20 = 24 F
16
Care must be taken to use the correct t and area or length.
U
Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Back Wall, above gr.

Back Wall, below gr.
End Walls, below gr.
End Walls, above gr.
Floor, basement
Floor slab
Front Wall, frame
0.13
0.050
0.052
0.13
0.032
---0.22
U
A
Btu/(hr-ft-F) ft2
---------------0.9
----
24
168
100
148
240
--192
L
ft
q
t
F Btu/hr
-- 60
-- 48
-- 48
-- 60
-- 48
36 60
-- 60
Total
187
403
250
1154
369
1944
2534
6841
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Component
The final load estimate appears to be reasonable.

-----------
SOLUTION - SI
The physical situation in this case does not exactly fit the data available, therefore, some
reasonable assumptions will have to be made. The various transmission coefficients will first be
estimated followed by the heat loss calculations.
4
M16FMR
Calculations for the back wall are straight forward in that it is nearly all below grade like
a basement wall and an overall transmission coefficient can be read from Table 5-9 for a depth of
2.1 m with R-1.47 insulation as 2.52 W/(m2-C). Then, adding the inside finish material we get
Rbw =
1 x
1
1
0.025
1
2
2
+ +
=
+
+
= 3.55 (m -C)/W or U bw = 0.28 W/(m -C)
U k fb C gb 0.36 0.036 12.6
There is a narrow strip at the top of the back wall that is above grade. A coefficient will be
found for that area a little later.
It is assumed that the two end walls have equal contact with the ground. Note in the
16
sketch that the end walls in contact with the ground have been divided into 0.6 m wide
increments. Starting on the left, the first increment is assumed to be 2.1 m below grade and each
increment to the right decreases in depth by 0.3 m. A finite element approach will be used to
find the overall heat transfer coefficient of the end walls below grade.
Depth
m
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.2
0.9
U
W.(m2-C)
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.43
0.45
A
m2
1.26
1.08
0.90
0.72
0.54
UA
W/C
0.45
0.41
0.36
0.31
0.24
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Element
No.
1
2
3
4
5
A = 4.5 m2 & UA =1.77

and U =UA/A= 1.77/4.5 =0.39 W/(m2-C)
Now, as before the inside finish resistance must be added to obtain the final coefficient of
transmission for the below grade end walls.
Rew =
or
1 x
1
1
0.025
1
2
+ +
=
+
+
= 2.59 (m -C)/W
U k fb C gb 0.39 0.036 12.6
U ew =
1
2
= 0.39 W/(m -C)
2.59
Now the end wall above grade is made up of several layers as follows:
5
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Layer
R
(m -C)/W
2
Outside Air, Table 5-2b, 6.7 m/s

Brick, 100 mm, 1920 kg, x/k=0.1/0.9
Air Space, 12.7 mm, Table 5-3b
Concrete, 15 cm, x/k= 0.152/2.2
Fiber Board, 25 mm, x/k=0.025/0.036
Gypsum Board, 12.7 mm, 1/C=1/12.6
Inside Air, Table 5-2b, Still Air
Total R =
and Ucw = 0.77 W/(m2-C)
0.029
0.111
0.200
0.069
0.694
0.079
0.120
1.302
16
The floor is a combination basement and slab on grade. As an approximation, assume
that the floor beneath elements 6 and 7, the 0.6 m of exposed slab at the front on each side and
the front of the floor slab are slab on grade and use a coefficient from Figure 5-8. Consider the
remainder of the floor to be a basement floor and use a coefficient from Table 5-10 at an average
depth of 1.5 m. Then for the slab with 0.6 m of R-0.62 insulation, U s = 1.54 W/(m-C) with a
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length of 11 m. For the basement floor, U bf = 0.18 W/(m2-C) with an area of 21.9 m2.
The heat loss can now be computed after the ground surface temperature has been
estimated. The average winter temperature in Louisville, KY is 6.7 C from Table 5-11 and the
amplitude of ground temperature, Amp is about 11 C from Figure 5-7. Then
t g = t avg Amp = 6.7 11 = 4.3 C
Care must be taken to use the correct t and area or length.
6
M16FMR
Component
U
W/(m2-C)
Back Wall, above gr. 0.77
Back Wall, below gr. 0.28
End Walls, below gr. 0.39
End Walls, above gr. 0.77
Floor, basement
0.18
Floor slab
---Front Wall, frame
1.25
U
W/(m-C)
---------------1.54
----
A
m2
2.2
15.3
9.0
14.5
21.9
--17.5
L
m
-----11.0
-Total
t
C
33.0
26.3
26.3
33.0
26.3
33.0
33.0
q
W
56
113
92
368
104
559
722
2019
The final load estimate appears to be reasonable.
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16
-----------
7
M16FMR
EXAMPLE WS10-1
Consider the design of a central chilled water cooling system for a clubhouse and residential
lodges for a prestigious golf club. The clubhouse is large with a 75 ton cooling load. It is single storey
with a basement for storage and mechanical equipment. Four lodges with 8 suites and 2 common areas
have a cooling load of 20 tons each located to one side of the clubhouse. The first lodge is about 250 ft
away and the others are spaced about 100 ft apart farther on. The equipment room is located at the end of
the basement closest to the first lodge. Each lodge has a basement for equipment.
16
The golf course is located 70 miles from a city where qualified service personnel are available
and there is no on site operating personnel. Layout a suitable central chilled water system for the
complex, describe the main features of the system and considerations in arriving at the design.
SOLUTION:
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Obviously whatever type system is designed should be reliable and simple as possible without
going overboard due to lack of local trained operating and service personnel. A system similar to that
shown in Figure 10-34 of the text would be a good choice to ensure reliable operation and is reasonably
simple because it requires a minimum of controls. This type system would be very responsive to the
expected variable load. Schematicly the system would appear as shown in Figure WS10-1. The air
handling units in the clubhouse and the fan coils in the lodges with piping for the tertiary circuits are not
shown but would resemble Figure 10-33 in the text with the required number of units laid out in a
reverse-return manner. In this case it is not practical to use reverse-return for the secondary circuit.
However, the control of pump PL by the required pressure differential at lodge No. 4 will ensure
circulation to all tertiary circuits.
The total combined cooling load is 155 tons. Two chillers with capacity of 75 tons each are
chosen. Each can unload in four steps which allows the capacity of the system to vary from about 20 to
1
M16FMR
150 tons. Actually two chillers of about 60 tons each would be adequate due to the diversity in load
usually encountered in situations of this kind. However, due to location, if a chiller was to fail, the other
75 ton unit would provide reasonable cooling in most cases until the second unit could be put back in
service.
It is assumed that the system will operate with chilled water supplied at 45 F and returned at 55 F.
Then the flow rate of water for each chiller is
q = m c p (t r t s ) = 500 Q (t r t s )
Where Q is in gallons per min (gpm). Then
75 (12,000 )
q
=
= 180 gpm
500 (t r t s ) 500 (55 45)
16
Q =
and the total flow rate at full load is 360 gpm.
Each of the lodge circuits will be sized for 48 gpm which corresponds to 20 tons although there is
theoretically only 45 gpm available for each lodge. It is highly unlikely that all four lodges would be at
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full load simultaneously.
Now, in order to size the pipe and compute the lost head for the various circuits so that the pumps
may be specified, a realistic layout of the piping is necessary. Normally a CAD drawing of the piping
showing all valves, fittings and accessories would be made to scale and overlaid on a plan of the
buildings. Since that is not possible here a single line layout with some of the details is shown in Figure
WS10-2. Using the criteria recommended and discussed in the text, the various sections of the piping can
now be sized using Figures 10-20 or 10-21 in the text or the program PIPE given on this website. The
flow rates and pipe sizes are shown on Figure WS10-2, except for the tertiary circuits. An analysis for the
lost head is not given here due to lack of details available in Figure WS10-2. However, the pipe sizing
and head loss calculation is usually done simultaneously using a program like PIPE. For this design an
analysis would yield the results shown below in Table WS10-1.
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M16FMR
The tertiary circuits for the clubhouse and lodges are similar to that shown in Figure 10-33 in the text with
16
the necessary additional coils and piped in a reverse-return manner.
It is obvious that considerable work is required to design a system of this kind. The effort required to
select all the required valves and accessories is great. However, attention to all the details ensures a reliable,
trouble free design.
Table WS10-1 Approximate Pump Specifications

Speed
rpm
Location
Capacity
Total Head
gpm
ft
P1
1750
Chiller 1
180
20
P2
1750
Chiller 2
180
20
P3 a
1750
4Lodges
48
32
Pc
3500
Clubhouse
180
40
VSD
Circuit
360
60
PL
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Pump
3500
Secondary
VSD
Circuit
Typical of all 4 Lodges
3
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16
4
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EXAMPLE WS10-2
The purpose of this example is to illustrate more details of the piping for HVAC systems than are
practical to show in the diagrams and sketches in the text. The following are not all inclusive but show
some of the more important details as they might appear on the working drawings for a piping system.
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16
Figure WS10-2-1 shows a flexible coupled, centrifugal pump and base with all the accessories that might
be used. Not every item will always be used and there might be some other special devices not known to
the author. The spring mounted base would only be used where a danger of sound transmission to the
floor might be a problem. Otherwise only the concrete pad would be used. The suction diffuser is
usually used when the return piping comes from above and is close to the pump suction. Note the
instrumentation, balancing valve, isolation valves and flexible connections. Not shown are pipe supports
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above the flexible connections. The chemical feeder is probably not a permanent fixture but used during
startup to add rust and corrosion inhibitor, etc.
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16
Figure WS10-2-2 shows typical piping for an expansion tank, air elimination and makeup water system.
There are alternate locations for the bladder type expansion tank. The floor mounted tank may be the
most common. Note the details of the makeup system to include the pressure regulator and the backflow
prevention section labeled RPBP. Notice the liberal use of air vents. At startup air removal is especially
critical.
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16
Figure WS10-2-3 shows a typical piping connection for a coil. A three-way diverting valve is shown but a two-
way valve could be used as discussed in the text. In such a case the bypass from the three-way valve to the return
would not be present. Note the balancing valve, strainer, air vent and instrumentation. Also note that as shown,
the coil is piped for parallel flow which is not typical. Counter flow would be used most typically.
M16FMR
EXAMPLE WS11-1
The principles discussed relative to jet behavior are quite useful in designing
exhaust systems to remove harmful contaminants from an area before they mix with the
air in the occupied space. When a contaminant such as smoke is emitted in a room it is
ineffective to simply exhaust air because the smoke will diffuse throughout and the space
may never completely clear. However, if the smoke or other such contaminant can be
entrained in a jet, the jet can be captured and removed from the space before the whole
space is contaminated.
16
Consider an engine rebuilding shop with a free standing, circular parts washing
vat containing a non-toxic but volatile cleaning fluid which is irritating to the workers
eyes standing and working around the vat. The vat is about 8 ft in diameter at bench
height, about 32 in., with a round opening in the center. That is, the vat is annular or
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doughnut in shape. It is proposed to install an air outlet in the open center of the vat
discharging a circular jet vertically upward toward an exhaust hood which is to capture
the jet with entrained air and vapor from the vat. The hood is 9 ft above the surface of
the vat.
Determine the basic parameters from which to construct the above system.
SOLUTION
This is a typical design problem where some trial and error may be required to
reach a satisfactory solution. Equations 11-1 and 11-2 cover this situation. To start,
assume an initial velocity, V o , of 800 ft/min which should not produce objectionable
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noise. K in Eq. 11-1 is 5 for a circular jet and the throw is 9 ft, the distance from the vat
surface to the hood. Then from Eq. 11-1a
Ao =
M
and
V xx
100(9)
=
= 0.199
1.13V oK 800(1.13)5
A 0 = (0.199)2 = 0.0397 ft.2
Do =
4Ao
4(0 .0 3 9 7 )
= 0 .2 2 4 8 ft. o r 2 .7 in.
16
= V 0 A = 800(0.0397) = 31.76 cfm

Q
0
0
The volume flow rate at the hood from Eq. 11-2a is
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FM
= 2Q
V 0 = 2(31.76) 800 = 508 cfm
Q
x
0
Vx
100
Therefore, almost 500 cfm of room air has been entrained in the jet while sweeping the
vapors from the cleaning fluid with it. The cross-sectional area of the jet at the hood
could now be computed. However, a practical pipe size for the initial jet should be used
to recalculate the various parameters. Assume a 3 in. diameter and recalculate V x using
Eq, 11-1a.
V x = K V0
and
D0 5(800)3
=
= 111 ft / min
x
12(9)
Qo = V o A o =
V 0D02
4
= 800
= 39.3 cfm
4 12
M16FMR
Then from Eq. 11-2a

= 2Q
V 0 = 2(39.3) 800 = 566 cfm
Q
x
0
Vx
111
The cross-sectional area of the jet at x = 9 ft is
Ax =

Q
x = 556 = 5.1 ft
V x 111
16
1/ 2
4A x
Dx =
1/ 2
4(5.1)
=
= 2 .55 ft
Then the hood should have a minimum diameter of 2.55 ft, say 3 ft. The exhaust fan
should have a capacity of about 600 cfm and the fan supplying the initial jet should have
a capacity of about 40 cfm. Finally the space requires makeup air of at least 600 cfm.
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M16FMR
EXAMPLE WS12-1
This example involves the use of the duct sizing program, DUCT. It is recommended
that the instructions for this program and the associated examples be reviewed before
proceeding. Further, it is recommended that this file be printed so that it can be
referenced after the program DUCT is started to show the actual solution.
The system shown in the given figure is to be sized and the associated fan(s) specified
16
using the program DUCT. Circular (round) duct is to be used. Assume that only one fan,
the fan in the air handling unit (AHU), is to be used. Finally, discuss the addition of a
return fan with the specifications for both fans. All required data are given on the figure.
SOLUTION
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It is assumed that a maximum velocity of 800 fpm will be maintained in the main
supply ducts and the branch velocities should be less than 600 fpm to obtain a quiet
system when put into operation. Using the duct program proceed by first numbering all
the duct sections, fittings and diffusers starting at the AHU. The first fitting or section of
duct is number 2. Proceed down the main run all the way to diffuser number 22. To
reduce clutter, only the diffuser numbers are shown on the figure. Following diffuser 22
proceed backward with the branches. For this example the next fitting after 22 is the 45
deg. elbow off the wye that terminates with diffuser 27. Continue on concluding with
diffuser 57. Note that the branches all have dampers except the farthest two, 22 and 27.
It is anticipated that the branches closest to the AHU will probably have velocities greater
than 600 fpm with out some kind of control. The dampers may be adjusted later using
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the modification feature of the program. The dampers in branches 32 and 37 were
actually inserted later when it was found they were needed. This will be explained later.
After numbering all the duct sections and fittings, the data for each was entered in the
duct program. By numbering the system and entering the data in the same order, the
program will connect all the parts appropriately. After this step was complete the other
design parameters were entered or selected. The button to specify a maximum velocity
of 800 fpm was selected initially. The pressure loss data for the coils, filter, etc. were
entered. Using the Pressure Distribution slide bar the fan total pressure was proportioned
16
between the supply and return parts of the system. A 60 40 split was initially selected
for this example and later adjusted to refine the supply and return system solutions. The
system type, supply; the sizing method, balanced capacity; duct size rounding, round
nearest were selected. Then by clicking on the Calculate Duct Sizes button, a solution
was obtained. It is suggested that at this point the duct program be started and the file
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named [Example WS12-1 (Supply).df] be opened. The setup of the final solution for the
supply ducts is shown as discussed above in the window entitled Duct Fittings. Note the
way the elements are connected together. Other data and selections are also shown as
discussed above.
Actually the fittings do not have to be all numbered in sequence as
long as they are connected properly. This is an important point because it is often
necessary to add one or more fittings after the initial setup. This was actually done in this
example. Note at the bottom of the list that two dampers numbered 58 and 59 were
added later. The procedure to do this is described in the next paragraph.
To insert an element in the system, first determine the location for the addition.
Next, break the connection of the downstream element from the upstream element by
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selecting the downstream element in the window and click on the Modify button. A
window entitled Fan-Side Connection will pop up, select the Leave Temporarily
Disconnected option and click on the Accept button. Next, add the new fitting with a
new number at the bottom of the fitting list and click Accept. Then click on the
downstream fitting to which the new fitting is to be connected and click on Modify.
Then click on the new fitting. All the fittings should then be reconnected. If a fitting is
still disconnected, repeat the last step above with the disconnected fitting. A new
solution can then be recalculated.
16
Calculation of the duct sizes with the file given above produces a satisfactory
solution for the supply ducts. Note that the maximum velocity and branch velocity
criteria are met. This was accomplished by adjusting the dampers in the various branches
using the Modification feature of the program and recalculating after each change. Note
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that the total flow rate of 1725 cfm was computed, the fan total pressure of 0.63 in. wg is
shown with a 55 45 % split between supply and return was finally used to size both the
supply and return systems. Also note the total pressures for each run which indicate good
system balance even with rounding of the ducts to even sizes.
Once a layout is entered into the program many variations can be investigated as
indicated above such as changing the system total pressure, changing the proportions of
the available total pressure between supply and return, changing the sizing method, etc.
It is usually necessary to alternate work between the supply and return systems to obtain
compatible solutions. When suitable solutions are obtained the output can be edited to
add a title or notes and saved to a file or printed.
M16FMR
The return ducts are numbered and entered into the program in the same way as
the supply ducts starting at the mixing box with the first element numbered 2. Again all
the numbers are not shown on the figure to avoid too much clutter, however, the return
grilles 17, 22 and 27 are numbered. File [Example WS12-1(Return).df] shows the setup
for the return system. Note that the Air System option is the Fan Total Pressure option
and set equal to 0.63 in. wg, the same total pressure obtained in the solution for the
supply ducts. The AHU internal lost pressures remain the same as well as the
proportioning of the air between supply and return. The sizing method is Balanced
16
Capacity, the same as the supply system. Calculation of the duct sizes reveals the same
type of data for the return system as was obtained for the supply ducts. Changes to the
solution are limited now because this solution must be compatible with the supply duct
system. The sizing method and rounding parameters are the only options.
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Finally, it should be noted that the exhaust and outdoor air ducts should be 20 in.
diameter or an equivalent rectangular size so that the system could operate with 100 %
outdoor air if desired.
The fan in the AHU must produce 1725 cfm at a total pressure of 0.63 in. wg.
However, it should be noted that for the system to operate with outdoor air (ODA) and
Exhaust, the space must be pressurized (see the section on pressure grade lines in the
text). Therefore, to really operate well a return fan should be installed between branch 21
and the tee where the exhaust duct is connected. With two fans, the supply fan must
produce a total pressure of 0.518 in. wg with a capacity of 1725 cfm and the return fan
would have a capacity of 1725 cfm with a total pressure of 0.113 in. wg assuming no
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system effect for the return fan. However, there probably would be some system effect,
especially on the inlet side.
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16
M16FMR
EXAMPLE WS12-2
An air distribution system was designed and installed as shown schematically in Figure
WS12-2-1. When the system was put into operation it was found that the 3,000 and 2,000 cfm
runs checked out OK. However, the run to the meeting room delivered only 300 cfm rather than
500 cfm as required. This latter run is hidden between a concrete floor above and a metal lath
and plaster ceiling below all the way from point A to the room diffusers. There are no
observably obstructions in the duct. The run of duct is very long with many changes in direction
16
with an estimated total equivalent length of 400 ft as designed. The building structure prevented
any other routing of the duct run to the meeting room. The duct is round galvanized steel.
Analyze and recommend correction of this problem.
SOLUTION
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First, check to see if the 10 in. diameter duct is adequate to handle 500 cfm with the
available total pressure and given total equivalent length.
P / L =
(0.7 0.1) 100 = 0.15 in. wg/100 ft

400
Then using Figure 12-21 in the text at P / L = 0.15 in. wg/100 ft and 500 cfm the diameter is
given as almost exactly 10 in. Therefore, the design calculation was correct and there must be
something about the hidden part of the duct that is restricting the flow of air. Perhaps the duct
was deformed (crushed), resized or rerouted during construction that resulted in a considerable
increase in flow resistance. Considering where the duct is located, it is impractical to remove the
ceiling for inspection and correction of the problem. A possible correction would be to increase
the fan speed in order to produce enough total pressure to satisfy the 500 cfm run. A damper at
1
M16FMR
position C would be required to reduce the excess pressure for the 2000 and 3000 cfm runs. To
determine the necessary total pressure to correct the 500 cfm run, first determine the effective
total equivalent length of the run as it exists. Using Figure 12-21 with 300 cfm, the existing total
pressure of (0.7 0.1) = 0.6 in. wg and the 10 in. diameter duct, P / L = 0.055 in. wg/100 ft.
Then the effective total equivalent length can be computed using the available total pressure of
0.6 in. wg
Le =
P
0.6
100 =
100 = 1090 ft
P / L
0.055
16
Then with 500 cfm, a 10 in. duct and again going to Figure 12-21, P / L = 0.15 in. wg/100 ft.
The required total pressure for the duct is
Pn = (P / L ) Le / 100 = 0.15 (1090) / 100 = 1.64 in. wg
Then adding the diffuser loss, the new fan total pressure is 1.74 in. wg. Now using the fan laws
the amount of fan speed required to produce the new total pressure and power may be computed.
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P
Rn = Ri n
Pi
1/ 2
1.74
= Ri
0.7
1/ 2
= 1.58 Ri
or nearly a 60 % increase in fan speed of 500 to 600 rpm. The power would be
R
Pn = Pi n
Ri
= Pi (1.58)3 = 3.9 Pi
and shows an increase by nearly a factor of 4 or about 3 horsepower for a typical fan. This
seems to be unrealistic.
Since the only part of the system requiring more pressure is the 500 cfm run, consider
placing another fan at position A to supply the needed additional total pressure. Neglecting the
difference in pressure between the fan discharge and point A, the required total pressure for the
fan is (1.74 0.7) = 1.04 or about 1.0 in. wg. Therefore, the added fan should be rated at 500
2
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cfm and 1.0 in. wg, neglecting any fan system effects. This approach would result in only a
small increase in power of less than horsepower. This is a much more reasonable solution.
Now with the increase in flow rate of 200 cfm for the complete system the main fan total
pressure will decrease slightly because the system characteristic for the complete system has
changed. Therefore, a slight increase in fan speed may be required to maintain flow in the 2000
and 3000 cfm branches. The increase in speed would be only 3 to 4 percent or about 25 to 40
rpm for fan speed in the 800 to 1000 rpm range.
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16
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Solution Samanual

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M16FMR

Analysis and Design

John Wiley & Sons

than one acceptable solution. Therefore, when an acceptable solution

The degree of difficulty and length of the problems vary

considerably. In many cases the problem statement should be discussed

The use of computer software is strongly encouraged. Many

problems can be solved by hand or computer calculations. Most of these

A great effort has been made to eliminate errors in the solutions;

USE IT WITH YOUR MIND

Moist Air Properties and Conditioning

Heat Transmission in Building Structures

Chapter 6 Space Heat Load 93-105

The Cooling Load

Energy Calculations and Building Simulation 184-188

Flow, Pumps, and Piping Design

Space Air Diffusion

Fans and Building Air Distribution

Direct Contact Heat and Mass Transfer

Extended Surface Heat Exchangers

USE IT WITH YOUR MIND

This manual consists of solutions for the text problems, Chapters 1

The degree of difficulty and length of the problems vary

considerably. In many cases the problem statement should be discussed

The use of computer software is strongly encouraged. Many

problems can be solved by hand or computer calculations. Most of these

A great effort has been made to eliminate errors in the solutions;

USE IT WITH YOUR MIND

Problems 8-25 and 8-26

Both problems do not specify the window orientation.

USE IT WITH YOUR MIND

(Changing 13 to 24 and 122790 to 122606).

(a) 98 Btu/(hr-ft-F) x1.7307 = 170 W/(m-K)

x 6894.76 = 101 kPa

(a) 120 kPa x

x 0.1761 = 0.14 Btu/hr-ft2-F

(d) 10-6 N-s/m2 x

(e) 1200 kW x 3412 = 4.1 x 10-6 Btu/hr

USE IT WITH YOUR MIND

P = 996 Pa 1.0 kPa

TOTAL BILL = ENERGY CHARGE + DEMAND CHARGE

kw - hrs ( 0.045 ) $ / kw hr + ( 624 ) kw (11 50 ) $ / kw

+ $68 = $4,320 + $7,176 + $68 = $11,564

USE IT WITH YOUR MIND

1-8 Determine present worth of savings using eq. 1-1

 = VA = 2 x 3.08 x 10-3 = 6.16 x 10-3m3/s

(0.3)2 = 7.07 x 10-2 m2

 = 7.07x10-2 x 4 = 0.283 m3 / s; = 1.255 kq/m3

USE IT WITH YOUR MIND

 = 600 x 1 x 1 = 4.17 x 10-2 m3/s

11,200 = 5601.5 (t2-50); t2 = (11,200/5601.5) + 50 = 70 F

1.5 (4186)(90-t2) = 2.4 (1.225)(1.0)(30-20)(1000)

USE IT WITH YOUR MIND

A= (1/12) x 10 = 2.618 ft2

q = 10x2.618x(212-50) = 4241 Btu/hr

 = 5000x0.074x60 = 22,208 lbm/hr

q = 22,208x0.24(58-76) = -95,939 Btu/hr

USE IT WITH YOUR MIND

(73.5x80) + (46.7 x 50)

USE IT WITH YOUR MIND

2-1 through 2-20

Solutions are not furnished since many acceptable responses exist

(a) Pv = r Ps = 0.45(3.17)kPa = 1.43 kPa or 0.45(0.435) = 0.196 psia

= VA = 2 x 3.08 x 10-3 = 6.16 x 10-3m3/s

= 7.07x10-2 x 4 = 0.283 m3 / s; = 1.255 kq/m3

= 600 x 1 x 1 = 4.17 x 10-2 m3/s

q = 10x2.618x(212-50) = 4241 Btu/hr

= 5000x0.074x60 = 22,208 lbm/hr

q = 22,208x0.24(58-76) = -95,939 Btu/hr

a = 5000 (0.0762) = 381 lbma / min = 22,860 lbma / hr

a = 5000 (0.061) = 305 lbma / min

a = 2.36 / 0.82 = 2.88 kga / s

a = 2.36 / 0.985 = 2.40 kga / s