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Biology (Salters-Nuffield)
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Unit Test 4
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Monday 25 January 2010 – Afternoon 2
Time: 1 hour 15 minutes 3
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In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initial(s) and
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Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper.
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Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Calculators may be used.
Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.

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The marks for individual questions and parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2).
There are 6 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 60.
There are 16 pages in this question paper. Any blank pages are indicated.

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arguments clearly and logically, taking into account your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.

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Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

1. The diagram below shows structures found in a chloroplast.



 B



(a) Name the structures A and B.

A ...................................................................................................................................

B ....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Describe and explain the role of each of the following molecules in the process of
photosynthesis.

(i) RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate) ..............................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

(ii) GP (Glycerate 3 phosphate) ..................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

(iii) GALP (Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate) ..................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(6)

(c) Name one region of the chloroplast in which all three of these molecules are found.

.......................................................................................................................................
(1) Q1

(Total 9 marks)

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2. Salt marshes develop in sheltered areas of coastline where deposits of mud build up. The
sea frequently floods these marshes with salt water and only plants with a tolerance to salt
can survive. The frequency of flooding becomes less as the height of the land above low
water increases due to the build up of organic matter and mud. The highest tides flood
some areas only a few times a year.

The distribution of plant species in a salt marsh was investigated. The presence of plant
species was recorded at ten sites along a transect. Site 1 was at the low water mark and
site 10 was on higher ground 50 m inland.

The diagram below shows a profile of this salt marsh and the table shows the plant species
recorded at each site.

Site 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
2.0
Height above Highest tide
low water -.-.-.-. - Mean high tide
mark / m
0
Plant species
Aster sp. z z z z z z
Atriplex sp. z z z z z
Festuca sp. z z
Puccinellia sp. z z z z
Salicornia sp. z
Spartina sp. z z z
Triglochin sp. z z z z

z Species present

(a) Describe a suitable sampling method that could be used to obtain the plant species
data recorded in the table above.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

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(b) Compare the data for sites 1 and 9.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) The differences in plant species found at the different sites are thought to be the result
of competition between species leading to succession.

Explain the role of competition in succession.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(3)

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(d) Site 8 includes a hole which fills with seawater when the area floods. This makes
the soil waterlogged for longer periods than the surrounding area. As the water
evaporates it leaves very high concentrations of salt in the soil.

The photograph below shows Spartina sp. growing in the hole filled with sea water.

(i) Using all the information given, suggest why Spartina sp. is found at site 8.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Suggest how the hole at site 8 may change over a long period of time.

Give explanations for your answer.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(3) Q2

(Total 12 marks)

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3. Dog whelks are animals with shells that live on rocky seashores. It is possible that the
genetic diversity of dog whelk populations is affected by their life history.

During their lifetime dog whelks rarely move further than a few metres from where they
hatched.

They reproduce by laying fertilised eggs on rocks. The gametes involved in the fertilisation
are not dispersed by the sea.

Photograph A below shows a dog whelk and photograph B shows dog whelk egg cases on
a rock.

Photograph A Photograph B

Magnification ×1 Magnification ×1

(a) Give two ways in which genetic diversity can be increased in a population.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) (i) Using the information given above, suggest how the behaviour of the dog whelks
will affect the genetic diversity of a population of dog whelks.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(3)

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(ii) Dog whelk populations can be found on the rocks of exposed and sheltered
seashores. Exposed shores have much greater wave action and dog whelks are
occasionally dislodged from the rocks by waves and deposited some distance
away along the shore.

Suggest and explain how genetic diversity may differ between populations found
on sheltered and exposed shores.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(4) Q3

(Total 9 marks)

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4. Immune responses involve communication between cells by means of chemicals called
cytokines. A strain of mice unable to produce a cytokine called TNF (TNF deficient
mice) was used to investigate the importance of chemical communication in preventing
tuberculosis.

(a) Give two symptoms of tuberculosis.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) TNF deficient mice and normal mice were both exposed to tuberculosis bacteria.
After several weeks, the numbers of some types of white blood cells in the lungs were
counted.

The results are shown in the graph below.

TNF deficient mice

Normal mice
3.5 ±

3±
sllec doolb etihw fo rebmuN

2.5 ±
6
012 gnul rep

2±

1.5 ±

1±

0.5 ±

0±
T helper T killer Macrophage

(i) Describe the effects of TNF on the numbers of these white blood cells in lungs.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(2)

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(ii) Describe the role of T killer cells in a normal immune response and suggest a
reason for the results for T killer cells in this investigation.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii) Using the information in the graph, explain why TNF deficient mice are more
likely to die of tuberculosis.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) Drugs that inhibit TNF production are commonly used to reduce inflammation in
people with rheumatoid arthritis.

Suggest possible consequences of using TNF inhibitors for people who are infected
with tuberculosis but have no symptoms.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2) Q4

(Total 12 marks)

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5. Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics such as penicillin. The number of cases
of bacterial infections resistant to penicillin, has been recorded for a number of years. The
data are shown in the graph below.

7±

6±
) ( nillicinep ot tnatsiser
%
snoitcefni fo egatnecreP

5±

4±

3±

2±

1±

0±
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year

The number of antibiotic prescriptions was recorded for the same time period. The
percentage of these prescriptions that were for penicillin is shown in the graph below.

45 ±

40 ±
snoitpircserp citoibitna fo egatnecreP

35 ±
) ( nillicinep era hcihw
%

30 ±

25 ±

20 ±

15 ±

10 ±

5±

0±
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year

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(a) It has been suggested that penicillin use has been responsible for causing the increase
in resistance.

Describe the changes in bacterial resistance and penicillin use, shown in the graphs,
that support this suggestion.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) There are several theories for how evolution happens.

(i) Explain how the development of resistance to penicillin in bacteria supports the
theory proposed by Darwin.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) How would the theory proposed by Lamarck explain the development of
resistance to penicillin in bacteria?

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(2)

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(c) Explain why the problem of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is becoming more
widespread.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) Explain why bacteriostatic antibiotics may be less effective than bactericidal antibiotics
in preventing the spread of resistance.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(3) Q5

(Total 12 marks)

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6. DNA analysis is a reliable technique for identifying individuals. However, complications
can sometimes arise. For example, cells from two genetically different embryos may join
together and develop into one individual.

This type of individual is known as a chimera.

(a) Explain the problems of using DNA fingerprinting to identify a chimera.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) State three ways in which the identity of a dead body could be found without using
DNA analysis.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(3) Q6

(Total 6 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER: 60 MARKS

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