Institute of Chartered

Accountants Ghana (ICAG)

Paper 2.6
Corporate Strategy, Ethics and
Governance
Final Mock Exam 1

Marking scheme and suggested solutions

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU HAVE COMPLETED THE MOCK
EXAM

ii

Corporate Strategy, Ethics and Governance

The Institute of Chartered Accountants Ghana
First edition 2015
ISBN 9781 4727 2841 8
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may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
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The Institute of Chartered Accountants

Ghana 2015

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

PART A ANSWER TO COMPULSORY CASE STUDY

1 Hammond Shoes
Marking scheme
Marks

(a)

1 mark for each appropriate point up to a maximum of 10 marks

10

(b)

1 mark for each appropriate point up to a maximum of 16 marks

Up to 4 further marks are available for the style, structure and
clarity of answer

20

(c)

1 mark for each appropriate point up to a maximum of 10 marks

(a)

Financial analysis

10
40

The financial analysis of Hammond Shoes (HS) is considered below under the key headings of
profitability and gearing.
Profitability
The impact of the cheap imports can be clearly seen in Figure 1 as both revenues and gross profit
have fallen significantly over the four years.
The gross and net profit margins have declined steadily over the years, as shown below
Gross profit margin
Net profit margin

2010
23.5%
8.2%

2012
20.0%
4.7%

2014
17.9%
2.9%

The company have failed to keep costs under control and, while sales have fallen by GHS150m over
the four years (approximately a 18% decrease), cost of sales have only decreased by GHS75m
(approximately 11.5%). It is likely that this has been caused by reacting to reduced demand by
reducing labour. Given the redundancy payments required by law in Arnland and HSs heavy use of
local labour it is likely that this was a costly exercise.
The Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) has also plummeted from 24.14% in 2010 to just 6.45% in
2014.
Gearing
The capital structure of HS has changed significantly over the last few years, no doubt causing
concern to this generally risk averse organisation. In particular:

Long term borrowings have dramatically increased.

Retained earnings are declining reflecting the higher dividends taken by the family.

Traditionally the social values of the family have been reflected in the companys very low level
of gearing which was only 6.9% in 2010.

By 2014 the company was much higher geared having risen to 22.5%.

While this gearing level is still relatively low, the speed with which these changes have
occurred should be of concern to the senior management of HS.

A further concern linked to gearing arises by considering the way the company manages its trade
receivables and trade payables.

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

Goods in Arnland are normally supplied on 30 days credit and back in 2007 HS had no problem in
meeting this, however, the time taken on average to pay their suppliers has more than doubled. Over
the same period, trade receivables have slightly reduced as shown below:
Trade payables (days)
Trade receivables (days)

2010
28
38.65

2012
43
38.93

2014
63
36.50

This would indicate that HS appear to be using their suppliers as a source of free credit on top of the
bank loads they have taken out in the last few years.
Financing costs have also risen over the last few years. This has directly affected profits and has also
caused the interest cover ratio to plummet from 14 to 1.33.
This financial analysis backs up the worrying picture presented in the scenario. Profits are falling and
HS is struggling to make the fast cost cuts needed to survive. It is becoming increasingly reliant on
external finance which will undoubtedly be a cause of great concern to the owners (on ethical
grounds) as well as to their suppliers who are unlikely to remain loyal to HS should the worrying trend
of increasingly late payment continue.
Investment analysis
The senior management appear to have accepted that the company will continue to experience low
sales despite investing in new production facilities. They then only anticipate a 30% chance of sales
increasing if there are favourable changes in the environment. This pessimistic view of the company is
reflected in both of the scenarios they have developed.
The lower labour costs and increased productivity are projected to provide net benefits of GHS15m
over the first three years (GHS5 per year) in both scenarios.
The two scenarios then split to look at the likely outcomes depending on whether low demand
continues (Scenario 1) or higher levels of demand are experienced (Scenario 2). The anticipated value
of the benefits each of these scenarios would provide are shown below:
Scenario 1:
Probability of continued low demand
Net benefits per year
Total benefit for years 4-6 (GHS5 3)
Expected value of benefits (GHS15 0.7)

0.7
GHS5m
GHS15m
GHS10.5m

Scenario 2:
Probability of higher demand
Net benefits per year
Total benefit for years 4-6 (GHS10 3)
Expected value of benefits (GHS30 0.3)
Total expected benefits (GHS15m + 10.5m + 9m)

0.3
GHS10m
GHS30m
GHS9m
GHS34.5m

The total expected benefits of GHS34.5 is below the cost of the proposed investment GHS37.5. This
suggests that this investment would not be financial viable unless the second scenario actually
materialises in which case the total benefits would be GHS45m (GHS15m + GHS30m).
It must be noted, however, that the projection covers only the first six years and, given that the last
upgrade was carried out twenty years ago, it is likely that net profits would continue for many years
beyond these six. However, it becomes increasingly difficult to predict net benefits beyond that six
year timescale.
(b)

The question does not require that you use a particular framework to answer this question. The
answer below uses the TOWS matrix as it can be linked clearly to the SWOT analysis provided in the
scenario. You may have chosen to use an alternative framework such as the Ansoff matrix or the
strategy clock. Such approaches are equally valid and you will still earn marks if you chose to use
such a method.
The TOWS matrix is a positioning approach to strategy which builds upon the SWOT analysis and
categories strategic options under the following headings.

SO strategies employ strengths to seize opportunities.

ST strategies employ strengths to count or avoid threats.

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

WO strategies address weaknesses so as to be able to exploit opportunities.

WT strategies are defensive, aiming to avoid threats and the impact of weaknesses.

The alternative strategic options that Hammond Shoes (HM) could consider are discussed within this
framework below.
Employ strengths to seize opportunities

HS could attempt to exploit the opportunities of increased customer spending and

consumerism in Arnland through building on its strong retail expertise. This could be achieved
by selling complementary goods or competing products in its stores and thus obtaining a cut of
the profit margins of its competitors and helping to preserve the long-term future of the shops.

An additional strength of HS is that it owns land both in Petatown and in the disused factory in
the north. Along with the retail expertise these two strengths could take advantage of the
opportunity of rising consumerism by developing retail villages on this land. There is a strong
trend towards safe shopping experiences of this kind in Arnland and this development would
provide customers with this valued and sought out experience. There are currently no HS retail
stores in either of the towns where these sites are located and so this strategy could be
combined with the product diversification described above.

The opportunity of the internet as a preferred method of purchasing could be addressed though
the application of the companys software expertise to the development of an innovative ecommerce site. This would also provide the company with the opportunity to make sales
outside of Arnland, opening up markets that have never been within the reach of HS and
perhaps significantly widening the customer base.

Employ strengths to count or avoid threats

A key threat to HS is that is facing competition from organisations with lower production costs
who can undercut the prices that HS need to charge. Presuming that HS cannot lower its
production costs, it could compensate for this by employing its strengths in retail, shoe design
and distribution software. It might be possible for innovate production and retail systems to be
combined and extended in order to provide economies of supply. This might lead to a reduction
in storage and supply costs which would reduce the overall costs faced by HS.

A further strength of HS is its extensive property portfolio which could perhaps be used to
provide short term finance to HS. This may see the company through to a time where overseas
production becomes just as expensive as domestic production due to the rising cost of fuel and
pressure to raise the pay and conditions overseas. By selling or leasing some of its property HS
might be able to remain in business until these changes occur and the competitive playing field
is once again levelled.

Address weaknesses so as to be able to exploit opportunities

The weaknesses of outdated production facilities and the cost of production could be
simultaneously overcome by investing in the upgrade of production machinery. This would
improve productivity, and so reduce unit costs, while also reducing energy costs through the
use of modern equipment. The board has suggested that overcoming these weaknesses would
allow HS to continue to compete in their existing market.

The opportunity of appealing to the rising number of green consumers in Arnland might also be
exploited through the reduced energy costs achieved through the overcoming of the current
production weaknesses. The energy efficient process would be likely to raise the appeal of
these products to ethical consumers who may already have some support for the company
given that its products are produced locally rather than transported many miles at significant
cost to natural resources. The marketing department of HS could incorporate details of their
lowered carbon footprint in order to increase the appeal of their products to this segment of
the community.

The weakness of the expensive production process could be converted into a strength by
building on the negative publicity recently given to the competitors that use cheap and
exploited labour. This could be done by ensuring the country of origin is a key message in HSs
manifesto, backed up by details of its commitment to local jobs and communities and
minimising energy consumption and pollution via short shipping distances. This may lead to an

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

increase in appeal of the products to people who are willing to pay a premium for ethically
sourced products.
Avoid threats and the impact of weaknesses

(c)

The threat of cheap imports and the high cost of labour weakness could possibly be avoided
were HS to consider diversifying into footwear products which have lower raw material
demands or where a premium can be charged due to either product quality or appropriate
branding. For example, childrens shows use less raw material and, on the whole, require less
precision. This is an appealing market as childrens feet grow quickly meaning that their shoes
must be regularly replaced and parents wish to avoid the permanent damage to their childrens
feet which could arise as a result of wearing inappropriately sized shoes. Retail strengths such
as the extensive product knowledge of HS staff and excellent customer care could be employed
to support this approach. Re-branding of HS as primarily a children shoe supplier would
reinforce the new message, while a scaled back selection of adult shoes would still be available
as cross-sale products which could be purchased impulsively by parents visiting with their
children.

Other possible niches might be high quality fashion shoes for which customers may be
prepared to pay a premium. Appropriate marketing and a degree of exclusivity would be
required to support this approach. Aside from the premium that can be charged, this market is
also appealing as customers who buy shoes in line with fashion are likely to make replacement
purchases regularly as the fashion seasons come and go.

An organisations mission is its basic purpose; what it is for and why it exists. It defines the overall
direction and purpose of an organisation. A mission statement is a formal document that state the
organisations mission. They are published within organisations to promote desired behaviour: support
for strategy and purpose, adherence to core values and adoption of policies and standards of
behaviour. Critics, however, argue that they are can be full of generalisations and little more than
public relations exercises that are ignored in practice.
Most organisations tend to take the approach of using a short strap-line backed up by a more in-depth
details of what the organisation is about, its stakeholders and how it wishes to interact with those
stakeholders.
Defining a mission statement also allows an organisation to communicate its core values, either
within the mission statement itself or in subsidiary statements, web resources or corporate reports.
Core values inform customers and suppliers about the way an organisation chooses to carry out
business.
Hammond Shoes (HS) appears to have very strong values (such as secure jobs and good working
conditions) however, it would seem that these values are not well communicated even internally to
its own senior management. This was illustrated by their suggestion of closing the Petatown
production plan and outsourcing production to reduce costs. The quick dismissal of this proposal by
the Hammond family highlighted their continuing commitment to the community of Petatown, a core
value of which the senior management were seemingly unaware.
Explicate statement of the core values of HS would help the organisation to prevent future
misunderstandings and ensure that business is carried out in the way the organisation believes it
should. Such a statement would also communicate these values to external parties such as customers
and suppliers. Some customers may share similar values and so chose HS as a way of supporting
local business.
Objectives are statements of specific outcomes the organisation wishes to achieve. They should
translate the mission into specific goals relating to the more operational running and should be
consistent not only with the overall message of the mission but also with each other. Often such
objectives are expressed in financial terms (eg profit levels) or in marketing terms (eg target market
share), however JS and W recognise that unquantifiable objectives (eg being a leader in technology)
are equally valid. HS has a number of such objectives including the provision of education for
employees and providing good working conditions. However, not all objectives should be of this kind
and it is necessary that management do have some quantified and prioritised objectives to work
towards rather than constantly work towards vague, immeasurable objectives.
Setting up such objectives would provide HS with the opportunity to bring the work of the various
departments, managers and employees into line with the overall objectives and develop an

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

understanding of how their roles fit into the organisations mission at an individual level. The scenario
illustrates a lack of communication of the objectives down through the organisational layers and
represents a key weakness of the business that could be responsible for any number of internal
failings. For example, linking the requirement to pay suppliers within 30 days to the core objective of
fair treatment of suppliers may have prevented the payment of suppliers slipping to over 60 days. As
is stands, HM fails to meet this important corporate objective.
Overall it can be seen that HS do not have a clear mission statement backed up by clearly defined
objectives. This needs to be considered urgently, and alongside the strategy review, to ensure this is
fully in place and communicated when the new strategy goes live.

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

PART B ANSWERS TO FIVE 20-MARK QUESTIONS

1 Joe Swift Transport

Marking scheme
Marks

(a)
(b)

1 mark for each relevant point up to a maximum of 10 marks

1 mark for each relevant point up to a maximum of 10 marks

10
10
20

(a)

The suitability, feasibility, acceptability technique can be used to assess the attractiveness of EVM as
an acquisition target.
Suitability
Suitability relate to the strategic logic of the strategy it should fit the organisation's current strategic
position and should satisfy a range of requirements.
Acquiring EVM would appear to be a suitable strategy for Swift. This is based on a number of
considerations:

The Ambion market is mature and highly competitive. This pushes down profit margins.

The Ambion government is hostile to road transport. This has led to high taxes and restricted
working practices which again push down margins.

Acquiring EVM would provide Swift with access to a new market in which demand is growing,
competition is immature and the government are investing in road transportation.

Acquiring EVM will increase the overall size of the group, allowing increased economies of
scale to be exploited which purchasing trucks and other equipment.

However, suitability of the acquisition may be reduced in light of any potential culture clash that may
arise between the two companies involved. These may arise for a number of reasons:

Swift has no experience of operating or acquiring foreign companies.

Swift has no experience of trading in Ecuria.

Although EVM is now a private company, the mindset may still be that of the government
organisation it once was. Changing these practices, although potentially leading to higher
profits, may be complex and could lead to reputation-damaging labour disputes. This may be
unavoidable if Swift attempt to force the Ambion style working practices upon them, and may
lead to conflict that could be impossible to resolve.

Acceptability
The acceptability of a strategy depends on expected performance outcomes and the extent to which
these are acceptable to stakeholders. Acceptability can be evaluated by considering return, risk and
shareholder reactions.
Return

EVM delivers a Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) of 18.4%. This is very similar to the ROCE
of Swift Transport and appears to be a strong performance for the sector. This should be
acceptable to Swift shareholders.

The gross profit margin at 20% is higher than that of Swift, however, its net profit margin of
7.5% is lower. This may raise concerns over suitability. The low net profit margin may be due
to EVM still carrying high costs from its state owned days. However, it is possible that Swift
will be able to improve the profit margin through economies of scale and by implementing
competences gained at Albion. This would make the prospect more acceptable.

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

Risk

Liquidity (as demonstrated by the current ratio of 1.14% and the acid test ratio of 1.05%) is
much lower than that of Swift. Swift will have to determine why this is the case.

Gearing (30.9%) is much lower for EVM than for Swift. This may indicate a more conservative
approach to long-term lending.

The interest cover ratio (5) is half that of Swift. This could indicate lower profitability and
higher business taxation.

Stakeholders

Swift is still a private run company and the family are major shareholders making opposition to
the acquisition from the shareholders unlikely.

Drivers may not be in full support of the acquisition.

Joe has openly criticised the government who may now respond, for example they may impose
taxes on foreign investment.

Feasibility
Feasibility is concerned with whether the strategy can be implemented and if the organisation has
sufficient strategic capability (resources and competences) to deliver it. Swift has the funds in place
and its competences are one of the main factors driving the acquisition. This would suggest that the
acquisition is a feasible strategy for Swift to pursue.
(b)

Porter suggests that some nation's industries are more internationally competitive than others and this
is due to the conditions in that country that may help firms to compete. This means that the location
of the company can play a big part in establishing international competitive advantage. Porter's
Diamond consists of four main determinants of competitive advantage, along with chance and
government which exist outside the diamond.
Factor conditions
These are factors, such as skilled labour and infrastructure, that are necessary for firms to compete in
a given industry.
Significant factor conditions in Ecuria are the work ethic of the people, and the government
investment in the transport infrastructure.
Demand conditions
The home demand conditions are how firms perceive, interpret and respond to buyer needs.
In Ecuria, there has been a rapid growth in the transport of goods due to the moved to a market
economy. The people of Ecuria are traditionally demanding and have a passion for promptness and
precision which has shaped the operations of EVM.
Related and supporting industries
Competitive success in one industry is often linked to success in related industries.
The case study does not provide any evidence that there are internationally competitive industries
related to logistics. The absence of internationally successful related and supporting industries is an
important factor to take into account when Swift decide whether to move a large part of its logistics
business to Ecuria.
Firm strategy, structure and rivalry
Nations are likely to display competitive advantage in industries that are culturally suited to their
normal management practices and industrial structures.
EVM was created by the nationalisation of the state-run haulage system. There were few competitors
initially and raising finance is difficult due to the structure of the capital markets in Ecuria. As a result,
most of EVM's competitors are small, family run firms that offer a local service.
Rivalry is also important as Porter suggested that there is a relationship between the creation and
sustainability of competitive advantage and intense domestic rivalry. There is little evidence of rivalry
in Ecuria. When there is little domestic rivalry, firms are generally happy to rely on the home market.

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

In addition to the four main determinants, competitive advantage will also be determined by chance
and government. Chance factors are developments outside of the control of firms and the nation's
government, such as wars or falls in foreign demand.
Government helps to shape the diamond overall by creating policies which affect all four of the
determinants. Ecuria's government has influenced factor conditions by investing in infrastructure, and
has influenced firm structure and rivalry via its policies on capital markets.

2 GreenTech
Marking scheme
Marks

(a)
(b)

(a)

1 mark for each relevant point (strength, weakness, opportunity or

threat) up to a maximum of 8 marks
1 mark for each relevant point about Lewis-Reads proposal, up to 3 marks
1 mark for each relevant point about Fenixs proposal, up to 3 marks
1 mark for each relevant point about Ag Wans proposal, up to 3 marks
1 mark for each relevant point justifying the selection of Ag Wans
proposal, up to a maximum of 3 marks

12
20

SWOT analysis of greenTech

Strengths
Financial position greenTech has grown steadily, and has been consistently profitable since its
foundation. As a result it has accumulated a cash surplus of GHS17m.
Competitive strategy greenTech has followed a clearly defined strategy, as a focussed differentiator,
in a specific market niche.
Core competencies greenTech has accumulated significant technical know-how and competencies
in green technologies.
Management team The management team have been in place since the company was founded, and
so greenTech has a stable management team with extensive knowledge of the business.
Established brand Market research indicates that 70% of the global electronics industry uses
greenTech components somewhere in their products. This should mean than greenTech has
established a strong brand name in the market, which in turn can support its strategy as a focussed
differentiator.
Weaknesses
Low marketing expenditure Although marketing expenditure has increased significantly from
2012-4, it is still very low, being just over 0.3% of revenue in 2014.
No marketing spend on fully assembled green computers greenTech does not spend any of its
marketing budget on promoting fully assembled green computers. Although these currently only
generate a small proportion of greenTechs revenue, they could be an opportunity for growth if they
were marketed better.
Ordering process The current process for ordering and configuring computers has a number of
deficiencies which result in greenTech losing potential sales.

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

No manufacturing capacity greenTech has no manufacturing capability and so is vulnerable to

problems in the chain.
Management team The management team have been in place a long time now but there is a
danger they are running out of ideas for the company. greenTech has accumulated a large cash
surplus, but it does not appear to know what to do with it.
Opportunities
Government policy The government has just announced a preferential procurement policy for energy
efficient computers. This should allow the green segment of the market to continue to grow.
Growth of green consumption Society is becoming more environmentally conscious, and so
consumers are increasingly looking to buy environmentally friendly products. This is likely to increase
the number of people looking to buy green components.
Growth into new sectors Although greenTech has so far concentrated on selling to the electronics
industry, the increase in environmental awareness should mean that companies in other industry
sectors look to produce products that are quiet, recyclable and low emissions. This should provide
opportunities for greenTech to supply components for them.
Interactive technology for developing prototypes The current process for producing fully assembled
computers is not interactive. However, technological developments should allow customers to
construct virtual prototypes of the computers they want, and, in future, possibly also other electronic
equipment.
Threats
Supplier bargaining power Because greenTech has no manufacturing capability it is vulnerable to
suppliers increasing their prices or to other problems which could occur in the supply chain.
Competitive rivalry Although greenTechs sales are increasing, it is still a relatively small company
and so is unlikely to be able to compete with the established global suppliers of fully assembled
computers.
Barriers to entry to new markets The fact that there are already large global suppliers who supply
the market for fully assembled computers may act as a barrier to entry into the market. These global
suppliers will benefit from economies of scale in production and distribution, for example, which
greenTech is unlikely to be able to match.
(b)

Briefing paper
The purpose of this briefing paper is to provide an evaluation of each of the three proposals put
forward for the future development of greenTech. It will then identify the chosen strategy and explain
why this is the best strategic option for greenTech to pursue.
Lewis-Reads proposal
Lewis-Read is suggesting a market penetration approach, in which greenTech gains market share
through increasing its marketing activity.
Lewis-Reads proposal only seems to focus on the market for fully assembled green computers.
Growth opportunities The logic behind their proposal is likely to be that this market will grow
rapidly, as domestic and commercial customers look to buy more environmentally friendly computers.
This growth will be further enhanced by the governments procurement policy which will promote
energy efficient computers.
Low start point At the moment, greenTechs sales of fully assembled computers are very low, and
greenTech does not devote any of its marketing expenditure to promoting green computers. This lack
of marketing and promotion may well explain the relatively low sales of fully assembled green
computers. Consequently, Lewis-Reads proposal would be that greenTech increases its marketing
expenditure in order to take advantage of the opportunities in a growing market.

10

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

Competing with customers However, if greenTech starts selling computers directly to home users
and companies it will be competing directly with two of its customers, who are medium-sized
computer manufacturers. GreenTech needs to be aware of the risk that these two manufacturers will
stop using greenTech as a supplier if it becomes a direct competitor. It needs to consider the potential
loss of sales to the manufacturers compared to the potential new sales from marketing its own fully
assembled green computers more vigorously.
Fenixs proposal
Fenix are suggesting a product development approach, in which greenTech aims to offer a more
comprehensive product range.
Buy manufacturing capability A key aspect of the Fenix proposal is that it looks to protect
greenTechs supply chain. Currently greenTech has no manufacturing capability and so is vulnerable
to a supplier raising prices, terminating its contract with greenTech, or even going out of business.
Fenix argues that if greenTech had its own manufacturing plant it would remove these risks. Also,
having its own manufacturing plant might allow greenTech to reduce its supply costs compared to
having to buy in components.
Acquisition greenTech will either have to set up its own manufacturing plant or acquire one. Fenix
suggests that acquisition is the more practical option, because it will take a lot of time and money to
set up a manufacturing plant organically. Acquiring an existing manufacturing company will provide a
much quicker solution, although, since greenTechs management have no experience of making
acquisitions, it will also bring its own problems.
In addition, as acquisition could prove to be expensive. There are a lot of costs involved in buying a
new company, particularly if the directors of the target company resist the acquisition. Although
greenTech have a large surplus, the management will have to ensure they have sufficient funds
available to finance the acquisition.
Evidence suggests that over half of all acquisitions fail. If greenTech implements this strategy, it must
be prepared to face a number of challenges, such as compatibility problems and resistance from the
target company and its customers, if it is to succeed.
Professor Ag Wans proposal
Exploiting core competencies Professor Ag Wans proposal suggests that greenTech should look for
ways of using its core competencies with green technology in other industries, or with other products.
Professor Ag Wan is suggesting that greenTech finds new uses for existing products and knowledge.
Change in approach However, this requires greenTech to make quite a significant change to the
way it looks at itself: instead of being a supplier of components, it will now become a supplier of
ideas and technology.
However, making this move will allow greenTech to compete in the market for green technology as a
whole, rather than being restricted to a single market sector: electronics.
Rise of green consumers There is an increasing number of consumers who want to buy from
companies which demonstrate green credentials and have sustainability policies. This growth of
green consumers will support greenTech as it exploits its competencies in green technologies.
Government policies Government policies will also support the growth of the green technology
market. For example, as tougher laws on emissions and waste disposal, the demand for green
products should increase.
Market research If Professor Ag Wans proposal is to be successful, then greenTech will need to
identify suitable new market sectors to move into. Therefore, greenTech should use some of its
surplus cash on market research to identify the most lucrative potential markets to enter.
Justification of selection
Lewis-Reads solution is not suitable or feasible
Feasibility Lewis-Reads solution aims to take advantage of the large potential market for green
computers, recognising that it is currently under-promoted and under-sold. However, the computer
market is very competitive, and dominated by global brands, and so it is unlikely that greenTech will
have sufficient marketing funds available to make a significant impact in the market.

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

Suitability In the first instance, greenTech might be able to maintain a niche position, selling its
green computers at a premium price. However, it is likely that the major suppliers could soon
produce computers that compete directly with greenTech, meaning greenTech no longer differentiates
itself from its competitors, forcing it to reduce its prices.
By producing its own computers, greenTech would also potentially come into conflict with the two
medium-sized computer manufacturers it currently supplies components to. This could mean they
stop buying components from greenTech.
Fenixs solution is not acceptable
Fenixs suggestion would have the benefit of reducing greenTechs reliance on its suppliers, and could
allow it to reduce costs. However, it would involve greenTech acquiring another company, and
historically greenTech has grown organically rather than by acquisition.
GreenTech has no experience of acquiring or integrating companies, and the management team seem
quite conservative and risk-averse. Therefore the risks involved in making an acquisition are unlikely
to be acceptable to them.
Ag Wans solution
By contrast, Professor Ag Wans solution which allows greenTech to continue to exploit its key
competencies and know-how is acceptable. It is feasible because it does not appear to require any
significant funding or additional resources. And the fact that it allows greenTech to use its
competencies in a new and exciting way, which could be motivating for staff, also make it a suitable
strategy.
Furthermore, Professor Ag Wans solution seems to accept that most of greenTechs current activities
are will fellow electronics companies or enthusiasts, and it will continue that tradition. Transactions
are likely to remain primarily business-to-business.

3 Genetically modified plants

Marking scheme
Marks

(a)

2 marks for each appropriate point for each of the three stakeholders (government,
lobby groups, local community) up to a maximum of 6 marks

(b)

3 marks for each appropriate point for each of the three stakeholders (government,
lobby groups, local community) up to a maximum of 9 marks, plus 1 mark for the
overall conclusion

10

(c)

1 mark for each dimension up to a maximum of 4 marks, plus 1 mark for the overall
conclusion

4
20

(a)

Responsibility to the government

Legal obligations B has a duty to comply with all the legislation which is currently in force in its
country. This will include employment laws and health and safety laws, for example governing the
working conditions in which Bs staff work.
However, B does not have any direct responsibility to the government in respect of the seeds it
produces. Not only are Bs seeds not genetically modified (GM), but also the national government has
not actually passed any legislation banning the research and development of GM crops.
Financial obligations B has a responsibility to pay corporate taxes on its profits and account for the
relevant payroll taxes on its staff.
Innovation and leadership Although the primary responsibility in developing the non-GM technology
is to the international community and to poorer farmers as a whole, rather than the government, B

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Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

might be seen to have a secondary responsibility to the government as an industry leader. If B can
develop the new technology and develop it so that the seeds can be produced on a commercial scale,
this could be a source of new jobs and additional revenue for the government. Moreover, it will
establish Bs country as the leader in this field, generating prestige and a favourable international
reputation.
Responsibility to environmental lobby groups
Explain seeds are not genetically modified The lobby groups opposition to Bs work comes from
the fact that they believe Bs seeds are genetically modified. However, as this is incorrect, B should
explain to the lobby groups that it is not genetically modifying the seeds.
Although B does not have to explain any details of its work which could be commercially sensitive, it
should nevertheless explain the nature of its work sufficiently to illustrate that it is not genetically
modifying the seeds in the way the lobby groups believe. Although B cannot stop the lobbyists
opposing its work, it does have a responsibility to ensure that the lobbyists are aware that it is not
actually genetically modifying seeds.
Highlight the potential benefits of its work There is a danger that by trying to stop B developing the
seeds, the lobby groups will be preventing the development of a product which could be beneficial to
society as a whole.
To this end, B should highlight the potential benefits of its seeds, and, in particular, how they could
be a major benefit to populations in the developing countries of the world.
Responsibility to the local community
Explain the nature of its work In the same way that B needs to explain to the lobby groups that it is
not genetically modifying seeds, so it also needs to explain this to the local community to try to
reduce their opposition to its work. Again, B needs to explain that opposing its work could prevent B
from developing a product which could be very beneficial to society as a whole.
Responsibility as an employer B is also likely to have a responsibility to the local community as an
employer of local people. As an employer, B contributes jobs and income to the local community, and
it should consider the potential impact on the local community if its moves to a new country.
Good corporate citizen More generally, B has a responsibility to the local community to be a good
corporate citizen. For example, as a research and development company with highly skilled staff, B
could support some educational initiatives in local schools and colleges.
(b)

One of the main problems B seems to be facing is that key stakeholder groups do not really
understand the nature of its work. Therefore, educating them about its processes will be crucial for B
to improve relationships with them.
The government
Explain benefits B should explain to the relevant government minister the potential benefits that the
research could bring to the country. It is vital that B explains that its process does not involve genetic
modification, and therefore offers a possible commercial alternative to GM crops.
If B carries on with its research, and subsequently produces its seeds in commercial quantities, this
could have significant economic benefits for the country. B could generate significant export earnings,
and as production grows, the local economy would also benefit through the creation of jobs and
supporting services.
Explain the science The government is likely to employ scientists of its own, particularly as it is
currently conducting an enquiry into the safety of GM crops. Bs scientists should try to develop good
relationships with the government scientists to explain that Bs technology is safe, and that its
processes do not involve genetically modifying the seeds.
Co-operate with government enquiry It is also important that B is seen to be co-operating with the
current government enquiry into GM crops. This might make the government and other key
stakeholders view B more favourably, and it will give B the opportunity to show its processes do not
involve genetic modification of crop seeds.
Nonetheless, B should not disclose information which is commercially sensitive, because this could
allow competitors to obtain details of its work, and develop similar processes of their own.

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

Environmental lobby groups

Explain processes do not involve genetic modification The lobby groups remain convinced that Bs
work does involve genetically modifying crops, and B has to persuade them this is not the case. It is
likely that the lobby groups, like the government, have scientists working for them, so B could look to
explain the principles of their work to the scientists to get them to appreciate that Bs processes do
not involve genetic modification.
Explain wider benefits As well as explaining its processes, B should be looking to explain the wider
benefits of its work. If it can develop pest-resistant seeds, this will allow farmers (particularly in
developing countries) to grow better crops and hopefully also improve their standard of living. This
could also bring wider environmental benefits: if the farmers can improve the yield of their current
land, this might reduce deforestation rates and erosion, because there will be less pressure to bring
extra land under cultivation.
The local community
Press and media stories Many people in the local community will not understand the detail of what
B does, but will only be aware of Bs work through the stories reported in the press and the media. It
is therefore important that B increases its communications with the media, so that they can present
Bs side of the story as well as is opponents views. To this end, B could hold regular press releases,
and possibly could even invite some journalists to see some of its processes, to highlight that they do
not involve genetically modifying any crops. Again though, B has to strike a balance between giving
people more information and preserving commercial sensitive details.
Local government The local government could be another important stakeholder in the local
community, so B should also look to improve communications with it. If the local government (and in
particular any local government scientists) accept that Bs work is safe and doesnt involve any
genetic modification, then the local community may also be more likely to accept it.
Support community projects B might also be able to improve its relationship with the local
community by getting more involved with local people. For example, it could sponsor some local
events, or provide some financial support to community projects.
(c)

Legal
B has no legal obligation to be based in one country as opposed to another. Therefore, if it chooses to
move to another country it is free to do so.
Clearly, B will still need to comply with the laws and regulations of the country it moves to, but it is
unlikely these will be more rigorous than those it currently has to follow.
One issue which B will need to be aware of, however, is that if there are any international standards
governing genetic engineering processes and practices, then it will need to ensure it complies with
these whichever country it is based in.
Ethical
The main ethical issue in this scenario appears to be that the lobby groups feel that Bs work is
unethical because it allegedly involves the genetic modification of seeds. Bs own directors know that
their work does not involve genetic modification, and so the ethical objections are not justified on
scientific grounds. However, it is likely that the lobby groups will continue to object to Bs work,
wherever it is located.
Bs motive for moving to a new country is that it the new country is more supportive of biotechnology
research and development. So there may be a perception in this country that the greater good of
being able to produce seeds which help to feed people better outweighs the concerns that some
groups have about genetic modification. In which case, if relocating helps B develop the product and
then produce it commercially, the move should be supported.
Economic
Demand for genetically modified food is growing worldwide, and this looks to provide B with good
opportunities for economic growth. B has an economic objective to generate a profit for its owners
and so if moving to a new country helps it to grow and achieve more profit, then that is a valid
reason for moving.

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Moreover, if B grows and becomes a successful business, its success will also benefit its new host
country. The government will benefit from tax revenues, and the local economy could benefit through
Bs investment in it, and through the demand for supporting goods and services.
Ultimately, if B becomes very successful, it could prompt other similar companies to move to the
country, and could lead to the development of a biotechnology cluster there. This again would be
economically beneficial to Bs new host country.
Philanthropic
Although the new country has a more tolerant attitude to research and development than Bs current
country, some locals may still be unhappy about the potential impact of a new business on their
amenities and their way of life. However, B should be keen to work with the local community so that
the community supports it rather than resents it.
One of the ways B can gain the local communitys support is by improving peoples quality of life, and
giving something back to society. For example, B could support some local education projects: either
by helping to fund new schools or colleges, or by running some education programmes for local
farmers.

4 LAS corporate headquarters

Marking scheme
Marks

(a)

1 mark for each other party up to a maximum of 4 marks

(b)

1 mark for the purpose of a mission statement and 1 mark for each advantage, up to
a maximum of 3 marks

(c)

2 marks for each actual or considered breach of the Code of Ethics up to a maximum
of 8 marks, plus 4 marks for the advice

12
20

(a)

(i)

Stakeholders The other parties with an interest in LASs annual report will be its other
stakeholders (in addition to its shareholders.)
Stakeholders are groups or individuals who have an interest in an organisations strategy.
Shareholders are one stakeholder group, but other stakeholder groups are likely to include:
customers, employees and management, suppliers, local communities, interest and pressure
groups.

(b)

Purpose A mission statement conveys an organisations fundamental objectives. Although there isnt
a standard format that mission statements have to follow, they can highlight the purpose of an
organisation; what its values are; what the commercial logic and nature of its business is; and the
policies and standards of behaviour that underpin the way it does business.
Advantages
Analyse purpose and values LASs stated purpose when it was founded was to trade in Empire
commodities. However, this is no longer relevant, since LAS in now an international property
company.
In order to prepare a mission statement, LAS would need to analyse what it believes the key purpose
and values of the company currently are, and this analysis could be helpful for LASs strategic
planning (for example, it may suggest new strategic options.)
Communication to external stakeholders The mission statement will help communicate LASs
identity and purpose to the different countries and markets in which it does business. Understanding
its values and beliefs could help potential customers decide whether to choose LAS to manage their
property business in preference to competitors.

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

Motivation for staff If the mission statement is published throughout the company so that all the
staff are aware of it, this could help motivate the staff by making them feel their work is significant
and is contributing to the corporate values.
(c)

Code of Ethics IFACs Code of Ethics highlights five fundamental principles dealing with integrity;
objectivity; professional competence and due care; confidentiality; and professional behaviour. The
Finance Directors suggestion will only constitute a breach of IFACs Code if it contravenes one of
these principles.
Although the decision to move the headquarters was made by the Board of LAS as a whole, the
Finance Director must take some responsibility for it: partly because he made the original decision,
and partly because, as a member of the Board, he shares in the collective responsibility of the Board.
Redundancies The relocation of LASs headquarters to London will mean that 80 employees in
Ghana lose their jobs, and they are unlikely to be able find replacement jobs. Consequently, the
decision to relocate is likely to have an adverse impact on these 80 employees. However, the fact
that people are being made redundant does not necessarily make the decision to move LASs
headquarters unethical. Sometimes difficult decisions have to be made in the best interests of an
organisation.
Fiduciary responsibility The Directors are obliged to act in a way which is most likely to promote
the success of the company for the benefit of its shareholders. In this case, it appears that there are
genuine business reasons to relocated to London: for example, finance can be arranged more cheaply,
and some of LASs transactions costs would be lower.
Given this, it seems that the Finance Director is simply carrying out his fiduciary duty to the
shareholders by suggesting the relocation to London.
Objective decision - There is no indication that the director has been forced to suggest London as an
alternative site for the headquarters, nor that he has any self-interest in doing so. Given that LASs
business is spread relatively thinly across 28 different countries, there is no apparent reason why a
location in any of those countries would necessarily be more suitable for the headquarters than
London.
Therefore, the decision to move to London appears to be made for objective business reasons: driven
by lower financing costs.
Advice
Consequently, although the suggestion will have adverse consequences for the 80 employees who will
lose their jobs, the suggestion does not appear to constitute a breach of IFACs Code of Ethics.
Nonetheless, the Directors need to ensure that when the relocation does occur, the employees who
are losing their jobs are treated fairly and in accordance with legal requirements; for example, in
relation to the notice periods they are granted and the level of redundancy pay they receive.

5 SPQ
Marking scheme
Marks

(a)

5 marks for the explanation of internal controls and 5 marks for the explanation of
risk management up to a maximum of 10 marks

10

(b)

2 marks for each ethical principle that applies up to a maximum of 6 marks and 4
marks for a full discussion of how difficulties could be resolved

10
20

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Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

(a)

Internal audit's role

Internal audit's evaluation of an organisation's systems and processes is part of the process by which
an organisation gains assurance that its business risks are being effectively managed and that
internal controls are operating as planned.
Risk management process
Part of internal audit's remit is to review the risk management strategies established by
management, the risk culture of the organisation and the reliability of risk assessments being made.
Internal auditors may be able to place reliance on the risk assessments made when planning their
own work; however if they are not satisfied, they will have to make their own judgements and report
on the inadequacies of the current system to the board and audit committee.
Internal control
Internal audit will also be concerned with how the systems established by management to respond
to, and manage, risks are working and their work on internal control systems is part of this.
Internal audit will be concerned initially with the design of internal controls and the adequacy of the
framework for reducing risks to acceptable levels. Internal audit will also be concerned with the
operation of controls, using a combination of risk assessment and detailed testing. Not only will
internal audit provide a check on operation, it may improve the chances of some controls operating
effectively; staff may be more likely to operate controls well if they know that their work might be
audited.
Recommendations
The recommendations internal audit make will feed back into the design and operation of risk
management and internal control systems. The recommendations will have regard for the
organisation's strategic objectives (including the requirement that costs of control are reasonable
given benefits) and also the organisation's risk appetite.

(b)

Ethical principles
Integrity
The Head of Internal Audit (HIA) is being asked to tone down the criticisms and therefore produce a
report that is potentially misleading to the audit committee. It may affect the decisions and
recommendations the committee makes about the company's risk management procedures and
framework if committee members do not have a correct understanding of the level of risks.
Objectivity
The HIA is coming under pressure from others to modify internal audit's recommendations because of
political pressures within the company. Ethical objectivity requires a consideration of the impact on
affected third parties who are unable to influence the decision.
Competence
If internal audit does produce a toned-down report and major problems continue, the competence of
the HIA and the rest of the internal audit department may be called into question when the
problems are discovered, possibly by external audit.
Resolving difficulties
Reporting weaknesses to the chief executive
This course of action would be proper in the sense that the chief executive is the HIA's immediate
superior. If the chief executive is convinced about the seriousness of the problems, it may be easier to
get them corrected. However the chief executive's previous attitude suggests that he may forbid the
HIA to issue the audit committee with the report in its current form. The chief executive's previous
involvement also means that the HIA could justifiably bypass him.

Final Mock Exam 1: Answers

Reporting weaknesses to the audit committee

This would resolve the issues of not supplying the audit committee with information and aspersions
being cast on internal audit's competence, and also mean that the HIA had taken a robust attitude to
the pressures placed on him. However if there is a conflict between the audit committee and the
chief executive, it might jeopardise the chances of the necessary improvements being made.
Discussion with audit committee chair might be a better response than submitting the report directly.
As head of the audit committee, the chair has responsibility for ensuring the findings of internal audit
are properly actioned, and practically he may be able to advise how best to present the
recommendations.
Discussion with finance director
Alternatively the HIA could first discuss the matter with the finance director, as he should be aware of
the concerns the chief accountant has. The difficulty might be that the finance director may feel
loyalty to the chief executive and report the conversation to him.
Recommendation
As a first stage, the best solution would be to discuss the matter with the audit committee chair for
his advice on the best way to proceed. Although this is not a formal report, notes should be taken of
this discussion. Subsequent action can be agreed at this meeting.

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Final Mock Exam 1: Answers