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ABSTRACT
Dhaka is one of the highly earthquake prone cities in the world. Due to improper Rapid City
planning and developing the disaster may be converted to catastrophic event in history. As flat plate
buildings has weakness in lateral loading so this kind of structure could be more vulnerable in
earthquake event. According to BNBC (2006) the buildings are designed according to equivalent
static method, response spectrum method and time history analysis. But the real performance of a
structure can be rarely found by these methods so in reality flat plate buildings could be
damaged even under low ground shaking from distant locations. In developed countries the
static nonlinear pushover analysis becoming an essential tool for seismic performance evaluation
which not only find the maximum base shear of a seismic event for a particular displacement but also
show the collapsible zone. It is always expected that nonlinear inelastic pushover analysis will
provides a better understanding about the actual behaviour of the structures during earthquake as real
scenario simulation is not always possible under static analysis.
This investigation evaluate and compare the performances of bare frame flat plate structure, flat plate
with different infill percentage cases, flat plate with different configuration of soft storey cases and
flat plate with shear wall with each other and later depending upon the significant findings it is
explained for which level of seismic performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill
structures and it will definitely help engineers to decide where the soft storey could be constructed in
the flat plate structures. Above all a better of effects of pushover analysis could be summarized from
the outcomes. Walls are represented by equivalent strut according to pushover concerned codes
FEMA 356 and ATC- 40. The results and discussion are prepared on the basis of performance point,
base shear, top displacement, storey drift and stages of number of hinges form which are simulated in
ETABS 9.7.2 taking loads and other factors from BNBC.
Keywords: Flat plate, Earthquake, Equivalent static, Pushover analysis, Equivalent strut
INTRODUCTION
Earthquake engineering is growing rapidly according to necessity. Pushover analysis has become the
preferred analysis procedure for seismic performance evaluation purposes as the procedure is simple
and considers post elastic behavior. This performance based approach requires a lateral load versus
deformation analysis. This could be a method to observe the successive damage states of a building.
This procedure involves certain approximations and simplifications that some amount of variation is
always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Pushover analysis of
finite element was performed by ETABS 9.7.2 where the deficiency of an elastic analysis displays the
following features i.e. the analysis considers the inelastic deformation and ductility of the members
and the sequence of yielding of sections in members and redistribution of loads in the building are
observed. Pushover analysis described in FEMA-356 and ATC-40. Seismic codes are unique to a
particular region or country. They are indicator of the level of progress a country has made in the field
of earthquake engineering. In this study a RC building with flat plate generates wide spread damage
during seismic event which demand for proper seismic evaluation. Engineers are nowadays prone to
construct shear wall without knowing the actual demands and requirements which may lead to a
overdesigned state. The purpose of the paper is to summarize the basic concepts on which the
pushover analysis is based, perform nonlinear static pushover analysis of medium height (7 storey)
residential flat plate buildings as found in Dhaka city available and evaluate the performance of the
shear wall consisting bare frame with respect to different infill configuration frame structures. Force
unit is KN while displacements are measured in mm.
METHODOLOGY
Pushover analysis is a nonlinear static analysis where the lateral loads are increased keeping vertical
loads constant while maintaining a predefined distribution pattern along the height of the building,
until a collapse mechanism develops. With the increase in the magnitude of the loads, weak links and
failure modes of the building are found. Pushover analysis can determine the behavior of a building,
including the ultimate load and the maximum inelastic deflection. Local Nonlinear effects are
modeled and the structure is pushed until a collapse mechanism gets developed. At each step, the base
shear and the roof displacement can be plotted to generate the pushover curve. It gives an idea of the
maximum base shear that the structure was capable of resisting at the time of the earthquake. For
regular buildings, it can also give a rough idea about the global stiffness of the building. In soft storey
the displacement will be maximum in nature as they have no sufficient strength to take loads from
above storey but as the soft storey is shifted bottom to top of the structure the results may be found
reverse where strength will eventually increases. 7 storied frame structures are simulated by ETABS
9.7.2 to perform the pushover analysis to meet the objectives of this study. Each and every storey is
kept soft storey for different case to get the changing trend. Earth quake effect is assigned under UBC
94. Wind load is calculated according to Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) by developing
an excel sheet to get point loads. Dead load and live load are taken according to standard practice.
Load combinations are taken according to BNBC. To perform the pushover FEMA- 356 and ATC -40
are reviewed throughout the study. All three types of hinges required for performing pushover
analysis of RC structure are chosen from the experimental. Allowable hinge deformation at different
performance level for beams and columns is established. All three types of hinges are assigned to
each element according to required type. Structures are then subjected to pushover analysis which
includes progressive damage of elements with plastic deformation of the hinge assigned on the
element of the structure as the structure is laterally pushed through. After simulation the structural
response outcomes will be used to give the light on study objectives.
hypotheses was used to mark the nonlinear behavior according to which plastic deformations are
lumped on plastic hinges and rest of the system shows linear elastic behavior( Li 1996). The discrete
structural performance levels are- Immediate Occupancy (S-1), Life Safety (S-3), Collapse Prevention
(S-5) and Not Considered (S-6) Whereas intermediate structural performance ranges are the Damage
Control Range (S-2) and the Limited Safety Range(S-4) Figure 1.This definition of performance
ranges are served by FEMA 356, 2000. The model frame used in the static nonlinear pushover
analysis is based on the procedures of the material, defining force deformation criteria for the hinges
used in the pushover analysis. Figure 2 describes the typical
force-deformation relation proposed by those documents.
these points labeled A to B Elastic state, B to IO- below immediate occupancy, IO to LS between
immediate occupancy and life safety, LS to CP- between life safety to collapse prevention, CP to C
between collapse prevention and ultimate capacity, C to D- between C and residual strength, D to Ebetween D and collapse >E collapse. In ETABS 9.7.2 those points could be identified by color
bands to understand how plastic hinges form in each stage Fig. 2 where IO, LS and CP mean
immediate occupancy, life safety and collapse prevention respectively.
Fig. 5 The comparison of performance point between different soft storey cases
General bare frame has very low resistance against lateral force even from any soft story case. As the
soft story shifted above the performance also increased. Considering this point soft story could be
setup in upper floor to improve the lateral load bearing capability relatively. Similar scenario is
reflected in base shear too which is nothing but upper point of the performance point.
Fig. 6 The comparison of base shear between different soft storey cases
The difference of performance point and base shear increases with shifting of soft storey upward and
constructing the shear wall. It seems early formation of soft storey is not desired in the structures of
highly seismic risk areas.
Gradual displacements changing ensure structural stability, uniform stiffness and less probability to
the evaluation of plastic hinges. Plastic hinges eventually go to collapsible condition and cannot stand
with load. To withstand against progressive loads formation of plastic hinge must be controlled by
using special structural components. With the increment of percentage of infill the magnitude of
displacement also reduced. Displacement reduces and performance increases with shipment of
Hinges goes to collapsible condition after passing a few intermediate stages i.e. immediate occupancy
and life safety. In linear static only the final displacement found by providing a constant load where
the pushover sequentially increases the load from low to the governing one.
Bare
Bare with
Parallel SW
Bare with
Periphery SW
100% Infill
75% Infill
50% Infill
25% Infill
GF Soft
1st Floor Soft
2nd Floor Soft
3rd Floor Soft
4th Floor Soft
5th Floor Soft
6th Floor Soft
7th Floor Soft
Bare
Table I
Number of hinges formed in Infill and Shear wall configuration
A-B
B-IO
IO-LS
LS-CP CP-C C-D
D-E
220
30
0
90
0
3
7
>E
0
Total
350
116
111
159
13
400
84
520
389
346
400
607
603
589
560
550
456
618
611
220
49
75
81
32
0
2
3
0
0
0
74
0
7
30
176
76
26
18
1
21
24
40
17
28
60
23
1
0
87
21
0
0
0
46
35
42
21
20
70
0
0
90
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
4
1
0
0
0
4
15
0
10
12
1
0
0
3
0
0
51
49
19
0
0
1
72
70
0
39
61
7
0
0
13
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
400
715
560
487
420
680
680
680
680
680
680
680
680
350
CONCLUSION
Lateral stiffness of flat plate building is low so lateral strengthening of flat plate structures is seriously
a matter of concern. After summarizing the results lead to a decision that infill, shear wall and soft
storey configuration significantly affects the performance, lateral stiffness property of the flat plate
structure. Under performance based analysis, with the increment of infill percentage the performance
increases. The comparison of performance of soft storey analysis reveals that shipment of soft storey
upward increases the performance. Flat plate, Shear wall is the ultimate lateral load bearing structures
which tripled the resistance capacity of a frame and periphery shear wall could be a better option for
all directional lateral loads than parallel shear wall configuration.
REFERENCES
Golghate, K, Baradiya, V and Sharma, A., Pushover Analysis of 4 Storeys reinforced Concrete
Building, International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology , Vol 2, Issue 3,
May 2013, pp 80-84.
Ashraf Habibullah, S.E., and Stephen Pyle, S.E, Practical Three Dimensional Nonlinear Static
Pushover Analysis , Structure Magazine 1988.
BNBC (2006) Bangladesh National Building Code, Housing and Building Research Institute, Mirpur,
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
ATC (1996) Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Building (volume 1), Report (ATC-40),
Applied Technology Council, California, USA.
FEMA 356, 273.(2002) Pre-standard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings,
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington D.C., USA.
Shahrin R. and ?Hossain T.R., Seismic performance evaluation of residential buildings in Dhaka city
by using pushover analysis, Proceedings of 4th Annual Paper Meet and 1st Civil Engineering
Congress, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Vol 4, pp 547-556