Safety check

How well do yoi know the rules?

50 years ago -

Q What are the aeronautical experience

1947

requirements for a flight engineer licence?

4 April: The International Civil Aviation

Organization (ICAO) was established with
headquarters in Montreal, Canada.
28 May: British South American Airways
began a series of in-flight refuelling trials on
flights between London and the United States
to determine the feasibility of this refuelling
method for long distance routes.
21 March: The Australian government
acquired the British Overseas Airline Corporation's (BOAC) shareholding in QANTAS.

examiner of the change as soon as

practicable after becoming aware of it.
They must not carry out any function

AA candidate's aeronautical experience

must consist of at least 100 hours of flight
engineer time that includes a total of 25
hours flown within a period of 60 days
immediately before the day on which the
candidate attempts a flight engineer licence
flight test (CAR 5.193).

authorised by the licence to which the

medical certificate relates until they have
informed CASA or the medical examiner of
the change (CAR 6.16).

Q A single-engine aircraft must not be

25 years ago - 1972

flown at night under the VFR except in

25 May: A NASA test pilot, Gary Krier, flew a

Q If you hold a medical certificate,
modified LTV F-8C Crusader on its first flu ht
what must you do if you become aware of
in the digital fly-by-wire program at the FLht
Research Centre in California.
certain significant changes in your
The flight demonstrated how flight control
medical condition?
could be improved by having sensors which
rapidly respond to slight movement in aircraft
attitude.
L Holders of medical certificates must
12 April: The Vickers Viking (below) made its
advise CASA, or a designated medical
last commercial flight.
26 April: Eastern
Airlines began the /
first commercial
service using the
Lockheed L-1011
Tristar. The
..-..
service was from
Miami to New
b..
York.

three types of operations. What are they?

..

......
I..
U
I

IN .
1 91

NONE
U.
I
MUUU
dUlU
.1

.
.

OMEN

1 Long term oscillations of an aircraft.

7 The angle of incidence between biplane wings.
9 A hole in the carburettor that controls fuel
flow.
10 A fuel-air mixture that contains too much air.
13 To join metal by fusion.
14 An urgent radio transmission.
17 The aerodynamic shape of an airfoil section.
20 A steep, sudden descent in flight.
21 Behind the aircraft.
22 To enlarge and smooth a drilled hole.

The operations are as follows:

1.Private operations.
2.Aerial work operations.
3. Charter operations that do not involve.
the carrying of passengers for reward or
hire (CAR 174B (2)).

What is the date on and after which

an Australian aircraft must not begin

flight unless fitted with an approved ELT?
A31 July 1997 (CAR 252 A (1)).

2 A helicopter flight condition.

3 Glider (abbreviation).
4 A small, ventilating hole in the lowest part of an
aircraft structure.
5 Air removed from the compressor of a gas tur
bine engine.
6 A small amount of air.
8 A control surface which combines the functions
of the ailerons and elevators.
11 Method of soldering component leads to a cir
cuit board.
12 A float in the fuel tank which measures the fuel
level.
15 At right angles to the longitudinal axis of an
aircraft.
16 Elongation of a turbine blade.
18 Pilot war hero.
19 To rotate or turn an aircraft.

FLIGHT SAFETY AUSTRALIA AUTUMN 1997 37

r
Ad
Maintenance - what do you know?
1. The synchronous speed of a 2-pole 3hase motor excited from a 50 Hertz
prequency supply is:
a) 6,000 RPM.
b) 3,000 RPM.
c) 1,500 RPM.

2. To reverse the rotation of a two-phase

motor it is necessary to:
a) Reverse the supply leads.
b) Reverse the leads to one phase only.
c) Reverse the neutral leads.
3. Fire extinguisher discharge cartridges
usually have a service life. This life is
calculated from the:
a) Date stamped on the discharge
cartridge.
b) Date stamped on the bottle adjacent to
the cartridge.
c) Installed date of the system and found
in the aircraft log.
4. Flight crew can monitor the correct
operation of an electrical propeller antiice system by observing the:
a) System's ammeter.
b) Aircraft's ammeter.

c) Absence of ice on the propellers.

5. What material is normally used in the
manufacture of crankcase castings for a
horizontally opposed engine?
a) Magnesium alloy.
b) Aluminium alloy.
c) High strength steel alloy.
6. An engine is being operated with a
fuel/air ratio to deliver best power. If the
carburettor air temperature is raised
above ISA:
a) BHP will decrease because vaporisation
of the fuel in the mixture will be
adversely affected.
b) BHP will increase because the mixture
will be slightly richer.
c) BHP will decrease because of the
decrease in the density of the inlet
charge.
7. If the waste gate of a turbocharger is
open:
a) The exhaust gases will all go through
the turbine.
b) Less exhaust gas will go through the
turbine.
c) Cold air will enter the supercharger.

8. The probable causes of low oil pressure

are:
a) Low oil temperature.
b) Worn or broken piston rings.
c) High oil temperature.
9. A plug should spark 20 BTDC when:
a) The points have just started to close
b) The points are at the widest point.
c) The points have just opened.
10. Broken piston rings cause:
a) Excessive oil consumption
b) Low oil pressure
c) High oil temperature
11. While in flight the impulse coupling on
the magneto breaks. The most likely
result is:
a) Engine malfunctioning.
b) Engine timing retarded.
c) Engine timing advanced.
12. If black smoke appears in the engine
exhaust this indicates:
a) The mixture is too rich.
b) The mixture is too lean.
c) The fuel has too high an octane rating.
Answers on page 46

I
In 25 words or less, tell us what you think is the safety message in this photo.The best entry will be published in Flight Safety Australia.
The winner will receive $50 worth of safety education products (see list on page 47). Send your entries to the Editor, Flight Safety Australia,
GPO Box 2005, Canberra ACT 2601 by 16 June 1997.

38 FLIGHT SAFETY AUSTRALIA AUTUMN 1997

)1 .i-ht
.j
1. Name three kinds
of commonly carried goods which
must be labelled
with this hazard

[
.-

aircraft took off on

Australia's first
international airmail
was it headed?

3.This aircraft is flying

in what record-breaking

4.What do these light

signals mean to aircraft
(a) On flight?
(b) On the aerodrome?

a
I

the name
ous air

lflTJ

6. Who is this
Australian
World War II
ace?

VIA

gKOLAN

:j

I7.

She set the Women's

solo England -Australia
record in 1934. What is
her name?

v. (Flashing)

ACHI

8. What does this aerodrome LC

jjjlmean?
page 46

vu
Carburettor ice

Mt Gambier IFR

While it can (and does) occur at any time

ofyear, the onset of winter brings cooler
and moister conditions which greatly
increase the risk of carburettor ice.
1. When flying in clear air at any power
setting, moderate to severe carburettor
icing is possible over a range of
temperatures. What is this temperature
range?
a)
b)
c)
d)

-20C to 0C.
-5Cto+5C.
-15C to +5C.
-5C to +20C.

2. Which of the following conditions must

be present in the atmosphere to allow
the formation of carburettor ice?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Temperature below freezing.

Moderate to high relative humidity.
Visible moisture.
Rain or drizzle.

3. Which engine power setting is most

conducive to the formation of
carburettor ice?
a) Full throttle.
b) Cruise power.
c) Reduced power.
4. Which of the following processes
assists in the formation of carby ice?
a)
b)
c)
d)

A reduction in air pressure.

An increase in air pressure.
Cooling by contact with liquid fuel.
Cooling effect of airflow over the
carburettor.

5. What is an early indication of

carburettor ice in cruise in an aircraft
with a constant speed propeller?
a)
b)
c)
d)

A reduction in RPM.
A reduction in manifold pressure.
A high cylinder head temperature.
A low cylinder head temperature.

6. During periods when carburettor icing

is present, what is the correct method of
applying carburettor heat to eliminate
the ice?
a) Apply full carburettor heat for short
periods until the ice melts.
b) Apply partial carburettor heat unless
ice is definitely known to be present.
c) Apply full carburettor heat
continuously until the ice melts.
d) Apply partial heat initially and
gradually increase to full carburettor
heat if the ice does not melt.
Answers on page 46
40 FLIGHT SAFETY AUSTRALIA AUTUMN 1997

You are the pilot in command of a single

engine aircraft on a flight from Port Lincoln
to Mt Gambler and Essendon. The forecast
for Mt Gambier indicates marginal weather
conditions and you have planned to operate
IFR category.
1. The aircraft you are operating has a stall
speed of 60kts in the landing
configuration. Which performance
category would you normally operate in?
a) A.
b) B.
C) C.
d) D.
2. Assuming you were planning to operate
this aircraft in category A, what would be
the maximum speed you could maintain
on the inbound leg of the Mt Gambier
VOR RWY 18 instrument approach?
a)
b)
c)
d)

90 kts.
150 kts.
100 kts.
110 kts.

3. Due to a northerly wind component you

decide that if you become visual you will
circle to land on runway 36. At MDA you
become visual and commence a left hand
circling approach for RWY 36; however,
during the base turn while passing
through an easterly heading you enter
heavy rain and loose visual contact with
the entire aerodrome. You should:
a) Continue with the approach but
maintain at least MDA until you have
regained visual contact with the
aerodrome.
b) Commence an immediate missed
approach by continuing the left turn in
a climb until overhead the aerodrome
and then follow the missed approach
procedure.
c) Commence an immediate missed
approach by climbing straight ahead on

an easterly heading until at least 2300ft

then position for holding, another
approach or diversion.
d) Commence an immediate missed
approach by turning right in a climbing
turn onto the missed approach heading
and then follow the missed approach
procedure.
4. During the missed approach manoeuvre
you notice your airspeed is 110 kts. You
should:
a) Reduce climb airspeed to a maximum
of 100 kts.
b) Continue with this profile as the speed
is acceptable.
c) Increase climb airspeed to a minimum
of 135 kts.
5. You are taxiing for departure on RWY 36,
while on taxiway Al you note your only
altimeter reading 1 lOft. You should:
a) Take no action and continue with the
flight.
b) Check the subscale QNH setting against
the AWIB and then re-check the
altimeter reading at another location
on the aerodrome.
c) Reset the altimeter to the correct
altitude and have the altimeter checked
at the next 100 hourly inspection.
6. At the start of the take-off roll at about
20 kts the rain intensity increases and
you cannot see the other end of RWY 36.
You should:
a) Abort the take-off and wait for
conditions to improve before
departing.
b) Continue with the take-off as
conditions are still acceptable.
c) Continue with the take-off. This is
acceptable as conditions deteriorated
after you commenced the manoeuvre.
Answers on page 46

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FLIGHT SAFETY AUSTRALIA AUTUMN 1997 41

91Cairns circling approach

Consult the Cairns VOR DME or NDB DME
chart opposite to answer the following
questions on circling approaches.
Consider a category D aircraft expecting to
become visual on the RWY 15 ILS and
conduct a circling approach to RWY 33.

5.What is the southern limit of the

circling area for RWY 33?

3.What is the maximum speed the pilot

may fly while conducting a circling
approach to RWY 33?
a) 170 knots.
b) 205 knots.
c) 170 knots at night but 205 knots if the
circling was carried out in daylight.

1.What is the minimum the pilot can

descend to on the VOR/DME approach
with the view to circling to land RWY 33?

4.At what stage in the circling area may

the pilot descend below the MDA?

a) 1,000ft or the normal circuit height, if

higher for the aircraft type.
b) 600 feet and 5.0km visibility.
c) 1,350ft and 5.0km visibility.

a) Once the landing threshold has been

identified, the pilot may descent to
400ft above threshold elevation.
b) Once the landing threshold has been
identified and the pilot is able to
maintain visual contact, the pilot may
continue descent to 400ft above the
highest obstacle.

2.What tracking requirements must still

be complied with assuming the pilot
reaches minima at 5DME?
a) The pilot must continue tracking 180
until 2DME.
b) The pilot must continue tracking 180
until within the circling area.
c) The pilot may track to intercept a
downwind position within the circling
area.

c) Once the landing threshold has been

identified and visual contact can be
maintained, the pilot may commence
a continuous descent using typical
rates and configuration for the aircraft
type.

a) 5.28 DME.
b) 4.40 DME.
c) 5.28 from the RWY 33 threshold.
6.When may the pilot descend below the
minimum obstacle clearance of 400ft?
a) Once on a continuous and stable
descent at landing configuration.
b) Once established on final.
c) On base leg once a landing is assured.
7. If visual contact is lost with the landing
threshold below MDA,what should you do?
a) Commence climbing towards the
landing runway to maintain MDA.
b) Immediately turn left to intercept the
045 VOR radial climbing to 4,000ft.
c) Start climbing towards the landing
runway while climbing to 4,000ft, then
intercept the 045 VOR radial.
d) Commence climbing towards the
landing runway, then track to
intercept the 045 VOR radial, climbing
to 4,00011.
Answers on page 46

Downwind

Base

.
Circling
ircling altitude is established
...............................
to achieve obstacle clearance appropriate
to the aircraft performance category

I
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Category

Night
or day

Cimlingarea

Mini njimobstacle
clearance

1.68nm

30011

2-6m

30011

42111m

13011

5.2im

400I1

42 FLIGHT SAFETY AUSTRALIA AUTUMN 1997

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FLIGHT SAFETY AUSTRALIA AUTUMN 1997 43

How did you rate?

Maintenance p.38
1. b) 3,000 RPM. The two poles for
each phase create one complete
revolution for each applied cycle,
hence 50 (cycles) x 60 (seconds) =
3,000 revs per minute.
2. b) Reverse the leads to one
phase only. The second phase of a
two phase motor is usually
produced by passing the field
current through a capacitor
creating a 90o phase shift.
Reversing the supply leads will not
change this relationship. Reversing
one phase, however, reverses the
magnetic field rotation.
3. a) Date stamped on the discharge cartridge.This is common
practice since the cartridge is
"lifted" and needs to be marked
itself, as it can be transferred to
other bottles.
4. a) System's ammeter.The system
ammeter is the only guage
connected directly to the anti-icing
system and is therefore the only
reliable method of monitoring the
system operation. The anti-ice
system should be used to prevent
ice formation and should be on
when icing conditions are likely, not
after ice has formed.
5. b) Aluminium alloy. There are
other materials used in some cases
but aluminium alloy is the most
common. (See EA-ITP-P2 Page 1-16.
A&A Technician, Powerplant
Textbook.)
6. c) BHP will decrease because of
the decrease in the density of the
inlet charge. The air entering the
carburettor is heated by the
carburettor heat system. This has
two effects: firstly the heated air is
less dense than cool air (Charles'
Law); secondly the warm air can
now accept more water, which
further decreases the air density. It
will accept less fuel, the mixture
ratio is maintained, but now there
is less overall charge for the
combustion process in the cylinder
to convert to energy.
Breakhorsepower will be
decreased, provided the throttle
and mixture settings are not
changed by the operator.
7. b) Less exhaust gas will go
through the turbine. In a turbo
charger system the energy from
the hot exhaust gases are
converted by the turbine into
mechanical energy for the
compressor to use. The energy
released is directly proportional to
the amount of exhaust gas
expanded through the turbine. The
"waste gate" is in effect a "by-pass"
valve which controls the amount of
exhaust gas entering the turbine.
The waste gate allows the correct
amount of gas to enter the turbine
and the remainder is passed
through the valve, which is open to

the aircraft exhaust outlet. When

the "waste gate" is fully open, the
exhaust gas by-passes the turbine
to the exhaust outlet.
8. c) High oil temperature. The
pressure exerted by a fluid such as
oil is inversely proportional to the
temperature applied to it at
constant volume. In the case of an
engine oil system the pump used is
a constant volume type which
means as the oil temperature rises
during operation the pressure will
decrease.
9. c) The points have just opened.
The timing of a magneto is set so
that the maximum number of
magnetic flux lines have built up
around the coil when the points
open. This will collapse the field,
giving the maximum amount of
available energy to induce a
current in the coil.
10. a) Excessive oil consumption. In
addition to creating a gas seal
between the cylinder walls and the
piston, the piston rings control and
prevent oil from entering the
combustion chamber. If some of
the rings are broken then oil is
permitted to enter the combustion
chamber where it will be burned.
Since aircraft engines rely on a
system of oil return to the sump
or tank where it can be re-used,
consumption of oil is relatively low.
If this oil is burned and not
returned to the system the oil
consumption will increase
proportionally.
11. c) Engine timing advanced.
12. a) The mixture is too rich.
Pick the pic p.39
1. Magnetic material, internal
combustion engines, polystyrene
beads.
2. England.
3.The first successful trans-Atlantic
flight, 1919.
4.a):
i. Authorised to land if the pilot is
satisfied that no collision risk
exists.
ii. Return for landing.
iii.Give way to other aircraft and
continue circling.
iv.Airfield unsafe - do not land.
v. No significance.
4.b):
i. Authorised to take-off, if the
pilot is satisfied that no collision
risk exists.
ii. Authorised to taxi, if the pilot is
satisfied that no collision risk
exists.
iii.Stop.
iv.Taxi clear of landing area in use.
v. Return to starting point on the
airfield.
5. The Schneider Cup.
6. Clive Caldwell, Australia's most
successful air ace.
7. Jean Batten.

46 FLIGHT SAFETY AUSTRALIA AUTUMN 1997

8. Stay on runways and taxiways.

Carburettor ice p.40
1. d) -5CC to 20C.The combination
of reduced air pressure and fuel
evaporation can drop the air
temperature in the carburettor by as
much as 40C C from the ambient
conditions. However, the temperature range over which carburettor ice must be considered
possible in clear air at any power
setting is between -5CC and
+20CC. Reduced power settings
extend the temperature range at
which carburettor ice is possible
up to nearly 40CC. In cloud, rain or
drizzle, carburettor ice is even
more likely.
2. b) Moderate to high relative
humidity. Carburettor ice cannot
form without sufficient moisture in
the atmosphere, which is generally
50 per cent or more relative
humidity. However, it is possible for
carburettor ice to form with relative
humidity as low as 20 per cent.
3. c) Reduced power. Because the
throttle butterfly is more closed at
reduced power, the cooling effect
due to pressure reduction is
greater and the venturi is more
easily blocked by ice. Reduced
power settings therefore present a
much greater icing risk.
4. a) A reduction in air pressure.
Reduced air pressure in the
venturi, together with evaporation
of fuel provides the major cooling
effect in the carburettor.
Remember that reduction in air
pressure alone can form ice in
induction systems, such as fuel
injection systems where fuel is not
present, but lower ambient
temperatures are required.
5. b) A reduction in manifold
pressure. Carburettor icing restricts

airflow through the carburettor

and results in a decrease in engine
power and ultimately engine
failure. In an aircraft fitted with a
constant speed propeller the first
indication of power loss will
probably be a decrease in manifold
pressure. In an aircraft fitted with a
fixed pitch propeller, the first
indication is usually a decrease in
RPM.
6. c) If carburettor ice is
suspected, full carburettor heat
should be applied as soon as
possible and kept on long enough
to eliminate the ice.This could take
some time for severe build ups.
Partial or intermittent application
of carburettor heat should be
avoided as it will be ineffective in
melting the ice and may even
increase the build up if ice crystals
are present in the intake air.
Mt Gambier I FR p.40
l.a 2.c 3.b 4.b 5.b 6.a
Cairns circling approach p.42
1.c 2.b 3.a 4.c 5.b 6.b 7.d
Last issue's crossword
Across:
1.truss 4. pilot 7. AC 8. cirrus
11.dewarl3.pawl 15. SC 17. die
18. console 20. VFR 21. APU 22.
rotor 23. vent
Down:
2. SAR 3. scud 4. PE 5. torr 6. turbine
8. cruise 9. ramp 10. seal 12.AwK
14. winch 16. sonar 17.derate 18.
cargo 19. duct 20. VC
-A draw of correct entries to the
Summer crossword competition
resulted in Alan Burke of Merewether,
NSW winning for the second time
running.

"I said take-off power not take off power"

-Terry Summers and Keith Campbell

Amusing entries
"Ah Captain, I guess we're going to have to put this
on the maintenance release, huh?" -Jim McCue, ACT
"Just pop it back over the fence, I'll taxi it back, check
the 'P charts and have another go." - Frank Cooper, Vic.
"I thought it was your sector, John" -Peter Law, QLD.

Terry Summers ofRylstone, NSW and

Keith Campbell of Camden, NSW submitted identical winning entries. Both
receive $50 worth ofaviationpublicatiOns.