COMITE EURO-INTERNATIONAL DU BETON

FASTENINGS
TO CONCRETE
AND MASONRY
STRUCTURES
STATE OF THE ART REPORT

*1 I Thomas Telford

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First published 1994
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Availability: Unrestricted
Content: Guidance based on research and best current practice
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User: Structural engineers, designers
ISBN-13: 978-07277-3542-3
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Preface
Modern fastening technique is increasingly applied for the transfer of
concentrated loads into concrete and masonry structures. Cast-in-place systems
(which are placed in the formwork before casting of the concrete) and postinstalled systems (which are installed in hardened structural concrete or
masonry) are used.
The load is transferred into the base material by mechanical interlock,
friction, bond or a combination of these mechanisms. In general independent
of the load-transfer mechanism, fastenings rely on the concrete tensile capacity.
Although a large number of fastening assemblies are installed every day,
knowledge in the engineering profession about their behaviour is generally
very limited. Furthermore, there is no generally accepted design method.
In order to improve the situation, Task Group VI/5: Fastenings to Reinforced
Concrete and Masonry Structures has been formed by CEB
(a) to compile and compare the available research results on the behaviour
of fastening systems
(b) to propose a consistent approach based on current empirical and
theoretical models for the design of fastenings
(c) to develop design methods that account for the effects of fastenings
and the loads they carry on the behaviour of the structures to which
they are attached.
The Task Group has had meetings in
Stuttgart (November 1987)
Orlando (March 1988)
Dubrovnik (September 1988)
Berlin (May 1989)
Toronto (March 1990)
Paris (September 1990)
Tokyo (May 1991).
In this report, the behaviour of fastenings in concrete and masonry for the
entire range of loading types (including monotonic, sustained, fatigue, seismic
and impact loading), as well as the influence of environmental effects, is
reviewed based on experimental results from various parts of the world.
Existing theoretical approaches to prediction of the behaviour of anchors are
described. The report was approved by the Task Group at its Tokyo meeting.
In a second report, the existing design approaches will be compiled and
compared with the available experimental data, and a consistent design method
will be recommended. This work is intended to be applicable to both new
constructions and the repair and strengthening of existing structures.
It is not within the scope of the Task Group to review the various test
methods for assessment of proper functioning (suitability) or allowable
conditions of use for fastening systems. These topics are properly addressed
by the appropriate regulatory bodies, for example UEAtc, EOTA and ASTM.
A report of this kind cannot be complete. Nevertheless, it is hoped that
it will help the profession to understand better the behaviour of fastenings
and to improve their design.
Rolf Eligehausen
Chairman of the Task Group
Stuttgart, March 1994

Acknowledgements
This report has been written by the members and associate members of the
CEB Task Group VI/5: Fastenings to Reinforced Concrete and Masonry
Structures
R. Eligehausen (Chairman), Germany
R. Tewes (Technical Secretary until September 1989), Switzerland
K. Bergmeister (Technical Secretary since January 1990), Italy
M. Combette, France
V. Covert, USA
L. Elfgren, Sweden
P. Hollenbach, USA
B. Kato, Japan
R. E. Klingner, USA
H. B. Lancelot, USA
K. Laternser, Germany
J. Lugez, France
T. Okada, Japan
W. S. Paterson, Great Britain
M. Rinklake, Germany
H. D. Seghezzi, Liechtenstein
G. Senkiw, Canada
J. F. Silva, USA
G. Soderlind, Sweden
R. Tewes, Switzerland
J. Tschositsch, Germany
E. Vintzeleou, Greece
H. Wiewel, USA
R. E. Wollmershauser, USA
T. Akiyama (Associate Member), Japan
Y. Hosokawa (Associate Member), Japan
H. Kimura (Associate Member), Japan
C. Korner (Associate Member), Germany
Y. Matsuzaki (Associate Member), Japan
R. Tanaka (Associate Member), Japan
S. Usami (Associate Member), Japan
Editorial Board
R. Eligehausen (Chairman), Germany
K. Bergmeister (Technical Secretary), Italy
R.E. Klinger, USA
W. S. Paterson, Great Britain
H. D. Seghezzi, Liechtenstein
J. F. Silva, USA
The final draft has been produced in Stuttgart mainly by Konrad Bergmeister,
Rolf Eligehausen and John F. Silva. Most of the figures have been drawn
by Mrs Boese. Acknowledgement is due to all those who have made
contributions.

Contents
PART I.

INTRODUCTION

1.

Scope

2.

Terminology
2.1. Introduction, 2
2.2. Glossary of terms, 9
2.3. Notation, 9

3.

Types of fastener
3.1. Cast-in-place systems, 11
3.2. Post-installed systems, 14
3.3. Masonry anchors, 29

10

PART II. BEHAVIOUR OF FASTENING SYSTEMS

UNDER MONOTONIC LOADING IN CONCRETE
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
4.

Introduction to fastening systems under

monotonic loading in concrete
4.1. Scope, 32
4.2. Units, 33
4.3. Cracked concrete, 33

32

5.

Headed anchors in uncracked concrete

5.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 37
5.2. Tension loading, 39
5.3. Shear loading, 61
5.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 75
5.5. Bending of the baseplate, 77
5.6. Behaviour of multiple-anchor ductile attachments to
concrete, 78

37

6.

Headed anchors in cracked concrete

6.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 84
6.2. Tension loading, 84
6.3. Shear loading, 89

84

7.

Channel bars
7.1. Uncracked concrete, 90
7.2. Cracked concrete, 91

90

8.

Expansion anchors in uncracked concrete

8.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 92
8.2. Tension loading, 94
8.3. Shear loading, 99
8.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 100
8.5. Bending moment, 101

92

9.

Expansion anchors in cracked concrete

9.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 104
9.2. Tension loading, 104
9.3. Shear loading, 110
9.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 110

104

CONTENTS

10.

Undercut anchors in uncracked concrete

10.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 111
10.2. Tension loading, 112
10.3. Shear loading, 113
10.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 113

111

11.

Undercut anchors in cracked concrete

11.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 114
11.2. Tension loading, 114
11.3. Shear loading, 116
11.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 116

114

12.

Bonded anchors in uncracked concrete

12.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 117
12.2. Tension loading ,118
12.3. Shear loading, 123
12.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 124

117

13.

Bonded anchors in cracked concrete

13.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 125
13.2. Tension loading, 125
13.3. Shear loading, 126
13.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 127

125

14.

Plastic fasteners
14.1. Uncracked concrete, 128
14.2. Cracked concrete, 135

128

15.

Powder-actuated fasteners
15.1. Uncracked concrete, 137
15.2. Cracked concrete, 141

137

PART III. BEHAVIOUR OF FASTENING SYSTEMS

UNDER MONOTONIC LOADING IN MASONRY
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
16.

Essential characteristics of
16.1. Masonry construction in
16.2. Masonry construction in
16.3. Comparison of fastening
masonry, 148

17.

Cast-in-place anchors

masonry
the USA, 143
Europe, 146
in reinforced concrete and

143

149

17.1. Failure loads, 149

18.
19.

Expansion anchors

Injection-type bonded anchors in masonry

19.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 151
19.2. Tension loading, 151
19.3. Shear loading, 152
19.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 152
20. Plastic anchors
20.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 153
20.2. Tension loading, 153
20.3. Shear loading, 155

150
151

153

CONTENTS

PART IV. BEHAVIOUR OF FASTENING SYSTEMS

UNDER SUSTAINED, CYCLIC, SEISMIC AND IMPACT
LOADING
21.

Types of loading and force

156

22.

Sustained loading
22.1. Uncracked concrete, 159
22.2. Cracked concrete, 159

159

23.

Cyclic loading
23.1. Introduction, 161
23.2. Prestressing, 161
23.3. Uncracked concrete, 163
23.4. Cracked concrete, 166

161

24.

Seismic loading
24.1. Introduction, 167
24.2. Fastenings subjected to cyclic axial actions,
167
24.3. Fastenings subjected to cyclic shear actions,
168
24.4. Fastenings under combined tension and shear
actions, 178

167

25.

Impact loading
25.1. Introduction, 179
25.2. Fastenings subjected to impact tension loading,
179
25.3. Fastenings subjected to impact shear loading,
182

179

PART V.

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

26.

Performance requirements of fasteners

183

27.

Corrosion
27.1 Introduction, 184
27.2. Cast-in-place concreted or mortared-in components,
184
27.3. Galvanized (electroplated) components, 185
27.4. Hot-dip galvanized components, 185
27.5. Contact of galvanized components with concrete,
186
27.6. Stainless steel, 186

184

28.

Other
28.1.
28.2.
28.3.
28.4.
28.5.
28.6.
28.7.

188

29.

Fire exposure
29.1. Introduction, 196
29.2. Experimental investigations, 198

environmental influences
Humidity, 188
Temperature, 189
Ultraviolet exposure, 192
Freezethaw cycles, 193
Salt (corrosion) exposure, 194
Acid rain wetting and drying exposure, 194
Combination exposure, 195

196

CONTENTS

PART VI. INFLUENCE OF FASTENINGS ON THE

BEHAVIOUR OF THE MEMBER SERVING AS BASE
MATERIAL
30.

Influence of fastenings on reinforced concrete

and masonry structures

PART VII.

199

THEORETICAL MODELLING

31.

Introduction to theoretical modelling

204

32.

Behaviour of concrete under tension loading

32.1. Introduction, 205
32.2. Behaviour of concrete in tension, 206

205

33.

Experimental investigations of the fracture of

fastenings

34.

Theoretical investigations
34.1. Theory of elasticity ,219
34.2. Theory of plasticity, 219
34.3. Strength criteria combined with a 'smeared crack'
approach, 220

211
219

34.4. Fracture mechanics, 223

35.

Conclusions for theoretical modelling

233

36.

Use of the concrete tensile capacity

234

37.

Summary

235

References

236

Bibliography

249