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INTRODUCTION
Piping Materials can be classified as
Metals (ferrous)
: CS, SS, Alloy Steel
Metals (non-ferrous)
: Cupro Nickel, Al
Non-metals
: PVC, cement, glass
Materials are selected based on their mechanical
and metallurgical properties.
Mechanical properties: strength, ductility,
hardness, brittleness, toughness
Metallurgical properties: Chemical composition,
weldability
CARBON STEEL
Low Carbon Steel
: C < 0.15%
Condenser Tubes : SA 179
Weldability : Excellent
Mild Steel
CARBON STEEL
Medium Carbon Steel : 0.3% < C < 0.5%
Machinery Parts
Weldability: Fair
High Carbon Steel
: 0.5% < C < 1%
Dies & punch, Tools
Weldability: Poor
Steel
: Carbon < 2%
Cast Iron
: Carbon > 2%
Weldability
As Carbon % increases , weldability decreases
Effect of carbon & other elements on the weldability of
carbon steels can be estimated by equating them to an
equivalent amount of carbon.
Carbon Equivalent:
Ceq
= C + Mn/6 + Cr + Mo+ V + Cu + Ni
5
15
Killed Steel
During Steel making process oxygen present is removed
by adding Silica (De oxidizing agent).
ALLOY STEEL
ALLOY STEEL
Solid solubility in ferrous alloys :
Interstitial solid solution :
Carbon with Iron forms interstitial solid solution
(Carbon steel)
Substitutional solid solution :
Cromium and Nickel with iron forms Substitutional
solid solution (Stainless steel)
Low alloy steels :
Alloying elements < 5%
High alloy steels :
Alloying elements > 5%.
STAINLESS STEEL
R E S IS T A N C E T O
W EAR
F O R G E A B IL IT Y
M A C H IN A B IL IT Y
S C A L IN G
= In c re a s e
= D e c re a s e
= c o n s ta n t
C A R B ID E
F O R M A T IO N
C O O L IN G R A T E
H IG H
TEM PERATURE
S T A B L IT Y
IM P A C T V A L U E
E L A S T IC IT Y
E L O N G A T IO N
Y IE L D P O IN T
ST RE NG T H
S ilic o n
M a n g a n e s e in
p e rlit . s t e e ls
M a n g a n e s e in
a u s t e n it . s t e e ls .
C h ro m iu m
N ic k e l in
p e rlit . s t e e ls
N ic k e l in
a u s t e n n it . s t e e ls
A lu m in u m
Tu n g s te n
V a n a d iu m
C o b a lt
M o ly b d e n u m
Copper
S u lp h u r
P h o s p h o ro u s
H ARDNE SS
A L L O Y IN G
ELEM ENT
T H E E F F E C T O F A L L O Y IN G E L E M E N T S O N T H E P R O P E R T IE S O F S T E E L
- = n o t c h a ra c t e ris t ic o r u n k n o w n
STAINLESS STEEL
Classification based on
1. Alloying Constituents
2. Metallurgical Microstructure
3. Degree of sensitization
STAINLESS STEEL
Alloying constituents
200 Series
: Cr. Ni - Mn group
( Mn replaces a portion of Ni)
300 Series
: Cr - Ni group
400 Series
STAINLESS STEEL
Metallurgical microstructure.
Austenitic SS:
Alloy of Cr, Ni, Fe
Non Magnetic
High Corrosion resistance at temp up to 1500F
Hardenable by cold working
Crystallographic form-Face centered Cubic lattice
(fine grain structure)
Possess high impact strength at low temp
Ex: Type 304, 304L,316,316L
STAINLESS STEEL
Ferritic SS:
Alloy of Cr, Fe
Magnetic
Non Hardenable by heat treatment
Crystallographic form- Body centered cubic lattice
(coarse grain structure)
For marine application. (10.5% Cr alloy with no nickel)
Contains high carbon, therefore brittle & relatively poor
corrosion resistance
Has resistance to chlorides stress corrosion cracking
Ex: Type 409, 430, 439
STAINLESS STEEL
Martensitic SS.
High hardness (carbon added to the alloy)
Corrosion resistant
Heat treatable to high hardness level
Crystallographic form-distorted lattice
Type 410,420.
STAINLESS STEEL
Precipitation Hardened SS
Magnetic
Heat treatable to high strength.
Weldable and corrosion resistant similar to type
304
Ex:-17-7PH, 17-4PH
STAINLESS STEEL
Duplex SS
STAINLESS STEEL
3. Degree of sensitization of grain boundaries
GROUP 1
SS grade 304,316,309,310.
They are susceptible to sensitization.
(During welding, flame cutting)
STAINLESS STEEL
GROUP 2
Stabilized stainless steel type 321 &347
Grain boundaries sensitization eliminated by alloying
elements like Titanium or Columbium. (Because
Titanium or Columbium forms carbides first).
Columbium (Type 347) is stronger stabilizing agent than
Ti (Type 321), Hence Type 347 is superior to 321
STAINLESS STEEL
GROUP 3
Extra low carbon stainless steel Type 304L, 316L
Can be stress relieved, welded & cooled slowly without
significantly increasing their susceptibility to IGC.
P R O P E R T IE S O F S T A IN L E S S S T E E L A L L O Y S
ALLO YS
UNS NO
UTS
(P S I )
YS
( P S I)
E l o n g a ti o n
(% ) m i n
M ODULUS
OF
HARDNES S
E L A S T IC IT Y
1 ) A u s te n i ti c S S
Ty pe 304
Ty pe 304L
Ty pe 316
Ty pe 316 L
S
S
S
S
3 0 ,4 0 0
3 0 ,4 0 3
3 1 ,6 0 0
3 1 ,6 0 3
7 5 ,0 0 0
7 0 ,0 0 0
7 5 ,0 0 0
7 0 ,0 0 0
3 0 ,0 0 0
2 5 ,0 0 0
3 0 ,0 0 0
2 5 ,0 0 0
30
35
30
35
2 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 8 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 8 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
80
75
80
75
2 ) F e r r i ti c S S
Ty pe 430
Ty pe 439
Ty pe 409
S 4 3 ,0 0 0
S 4 3 ,0 3 5
S 4 0 ,9 0 0
6 0 ,0 0 0
6 0 ,0 0 0
5 5 ,0 0 0
3 0 ,0 0 0
3 0 ,0 0 0
3 0 ,0 0 0
20
20
20
2 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
85 RB
90 RB
85 RB
3 ) D u p le x S S
A llo y 2 2 0 5
7 0 M o P lu s
A llo y 2 5 5
S 3 1 ,8 0 5
S 3 2 ,9 5 0
S 3 2 ,5 5 0
9 0 ,0 0 0
9 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,1 0 ,0 0 0
6 5 ,0 0 0
7 0 ,0 0 0
8 0 ,0 0 0
25
20
15
2 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
3 0 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0
30 RC
30 RC
32 RC
4 ) M a r te n s i ti c S S
Ty pe 410
Ty pe 420
Ty pe 440L
S 4 1 ,0 0 0
S 4 2 ,0 0 0
S 4 4 ,0 5 0
1 ,9 0 ,0 0 0 1 ,5 0 ,0 0 0
2 ,4 0 ,0 0 0 2 ,0 0 ,0 0 0
2 ,8 0 ,0 0 0 2 ,7 0 ,0 0 0
15
5
2
2 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
41 RC
55 RC
60 RC
5 ) P r e c i p i ta ti m S S
1 7 .7 P H
1 7 .4 P H
C u s to m 4 5 5
S 1 7 ,7 0 0
S 1 7 ,4 0 0
S 4 5 ,5 0 0
2 ,1 0 ,0 0 0 1 ,9 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,9 0 ,0 0 0 1 ,7 0 ,0 0 0
2 ,3 0 ,0 0 0 2 ,2 0 ,0 0 0
5
8
10
3 2 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 8 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
48 RC
45 RC
48 RC
RB
RB
RB
RB
SA 350 LF 2
SA 216 WCB
SA 335 P 11
: Pipe Grade 11
SA 182 Gr F11
: Forging Grade 11
SA 351 Gr CF 8
SA 351 Gr CF 3
SA 351 Gr CF 8M
SA 351 Gr CF 3M
CORROSION
CORROSION
Classification :
NACE
NACE: National Association of Corrosion Engineers
NACE Standard gives chemical composition, Manufacture, Fabrication
& testing Requirements for Steels intended to be used for Sour
Service environment
Sour service Requirements
Steel shall be manufactured by Basic Oxygen Process or Electric arc
furnace
Steel to be Killed & fine grained
Materials shall be in Normalized Condition
Nickel % limited to < 1%
Carbon content< 0 .23%
Carbon Equivalent < 0.43%
Hardness < 22 HRC
Sulpher content< 0.002%
Temperature
Cryogenic
Low temperature
Medium temperature
High temperature
Pressure
Low pressure
High pressure
Standard
Material specification
Additional requirements
Economy
Cost
Availability
Weldability
Manufacturability
C
R
Y
O
G
E
N
I
C
T
E
M
P
PLATE
PIPE
FORGING
SA 240 types
304, 304L, 347
SA 312 types
304,304L, 347
SA 182 grades
F304,
F304L,
F347
SA 312 types
304, 304L, 316,
316L
SA 182 grades
F304,
F304L,
F316
(-425) (-321)
(-320) (-151)
PRESSURE
BOLTING
L
O
W
T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
PLATE
PIPE
FORGING
(-150) (-76)
SA 203 GR.D OR E
SA 333 GR.3
SA 350 GR.
LF3
(-75) (-51)
SA 203 GR.A OR B
SA 333 GR.3
SA 350 GR.
LF3
(-50) (-21)
SA
516
ALL
GRADES
IMPACT
TESTED
SA 333 GR.1
(-20) (+4)
SA
516
ALL
GRADES OVER 1 IN.
THICK
IMPACT
TESTED
(+5) (+32)
SA
516
ALL
GRADES OVER 1 IN.
THICK
IMPACT
TESTED
SA 53
(SEAMLESS) OR
SA 106
SA 350 GR.
LF1 OR LF2
PRESSURE
BOLTING
BOLTS: SA 320
GR.L7
NUTS: SA 194
GR.4
BOLTS: SA 193
GR.B7
NUTS: SA 194
GR.2H
I
N
T
E
R
M
E
D
I
A
T
E
T
E
M
P
(+33) (+60)
(+61) (+775)
PLATE
PIPE
FORGING
SA 53 (SEAM
LESS) OR SA
106
SA 181 GR.I
OR II
SA 105 GR.I
OR 11
PRESSURE
BOLTING
T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
PIPE
PLATE
SA 204 GR.B OR C
SA 335 GR.P1
(+876) (+1000)
SA 335 P11
SA 335 P12
(+1000) (+1100)
SA 335 P22
FORGING
SA
GR.F1
182
SA 182 GR.
F11
SA 182 GR.
F12
SA 182 GR.22
(+1100) (+1500)
ABOVE +1500
TYPE
STAINLESS
INCOLOY
310
SA 312 TYPES
304H, 316H, 312,
347H
PRESSURE
BOLTING
SA 182
GRADES
304H, 316H,
321H, 347H
BOLTS: SA 193
GR.L7
NUTS: SA 194
GR.2H
SA 193 GR.B5
SA 194 GR.3
SA 193 GR.B8
SA 194 GR.8
GROUPING OF MATERIALS
Base Metal
P1
P3, P4,P5
P6, P7
P8
P9
P10, P11
Type
: Carbon Steel
: Alloy Steel
: Ferritic & Martensitic Steel
: Austenitic Stainless Steel
: Nickel Steel
: Quenched & Tempered Steel
CS
AS
SS
DSS
PIPE
A 106 GR B
A 335 GR P11
A 312 TP 316
BW FITTINGS
A 234 GR WPB
A 234 GR WP 11
A 403 WP 316
FORGED
FLANGES/
FITTINGS
FASTNERS
A 105
A 182 GR F11
A 182 GR F 316
A 182 GR F 51
UNS S 31803
A 193 GR B7/
A 194 GR 2H
A 193 GR B16/
A 194 GR 2H
A 193 GR B7M/
A 194 GR 2HM
A 453 GR 660 CL A
A 516 GR 70
A 387 GR 11
A 240 GR 316
PLATES