Senario and Sensivity

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This worksheet contains the base-case model. It calculates an expansion project's cash flows and
performance measures using base-case, or most likely, values for the input variables. It also includes
the basic analysis but with straight-line depreciation.
The second worksheet (2-Sens) extends the basic model to include sensitivity analysis using Data
Tables (we include a brief tutorial on the use of Data Tables). Worksheet 2-Sens also illustrates
special cases of sensitivity analysis, including breakeven analysis, one-way data tables with multiple
outputs, and two-way data tables.
Worksheet 3a-Sens extends the basic model to include scenario analysis. Worksheet 3b-ScenMgr
shows how to use Excel's Scenario Manager for scenario analysis.
Worksheet 4-Sim extends the basic model to include simulation analysis.
Worksheet 5-Replmt illustrates the analysis for a proposed cost-reducing replacement investment.
Replacement decisions differ from expansion decisions because most of the cash flows are found by
subtracting the old project's cash flows from those of the new project to calculate incremental cash
flows for use in the analysis.
Worksheet 6-DecTree extends the scenario analysis to examine two decision trees in which the
decision is made in stages. The first one simply shows the situation where the firm can abandon the
project if things are not working out and cash flows are negative. The second one involves a
marketing study and a prototype of the final product designed to learn more about demand before
deciding to go into full production.
Worksheet 7-ApdxA provides depreciation tables as described in Appendix A of the textbook.
11-1 Identifying Relevant Cash Flows

A proposals relevant project cash flows are the differences between the cash flows the firm will have
if it implements the project versus the cash flows it will have if it rejects the project. These are called
incremental cash flows.
11-2 Analysis of an Expansion Project

The figure below shows the inputs and key results of Project L (one of the projects whose cash flows
are used in the previous chapter); the actual analysis is conducted further below in the worksheet.
The values in the Inputs section are linked to the model, as are the values shown in Key Results. If
you change any of the values in the Input Section, the model recalculate almost instantly, causing
changes in NPV and other output variables. You can see the effect in the Key Results box shown
above. If you change an input value but later want to return to the base case, use Scenario Manager
to select the Base-Case. In Excel 2010, select Data, What-If-Analysis, Scenario Manager.
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The figure below shows the inputs and key results of Project L (one of the projects whose cash flows
are used in the previous chapter); the actual analysis is conducted further below in the worksheet.
The values in the Inputs section are linked to the model, as are the values shown in Key Results. If
you change any of the values in the Input Section, the model recalculate almost instantly, causing
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changes in NPV and other output variables. You can see the effect in the Key Results box shown
above. If you change an input value but later want to return to the base case, use Scenario Manager
to select the Base-Case. In Excel 2010, select Data, What-If-Analysis, Scenario Manager.
Figure 11-1
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Analysis of an Expansion Project: Inputs and Key Results (Dollars in Thousands)
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Part 1.
Inputs and Key Results
Inputs
Base-Case
7750
Equipment cost
Salvage value, equipment, Year 4
639
Opportunity cost
0
Externalities (cannibalization)
0
Units sold, Year 1
10,000
Annual change in units sold, after Year 1
15%
Sales price per unit, Year 1
$1.50
Annual change in sales price, after Year 1
4%
Variable cost per unit (VC), Year 1
$1.07
Annual change in VC, after Year 1
3%
Nonvariable cost (Non-VC), Year 1
2120
Annual change in Non-VC, after Year 1
3%
Project cost of capital, r
10%
Tax rate
40%
Working capital as % of next year's sales
15%
Key Results
NPV
IRR
MIRR
PI
Payback
Discounted payback
The model uses the "Base-Case" input values shown below to calculate the NPV and other
performance measures. The model assumes that the firm uses accelerated depreciation; a modified
version of the model, shown to the model's right, shows the results if the firm elects to use straightline depreciation. This analysis demonstrates that accelerated depreciation improves project
profitability.
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Figure 11-2
Analysis of a New (Expansion) Project: Cash Flows and Performance Measures
(Dollars in Thousands)
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Part 2. Cash Flows and Performance Measures

Intermediate Calculations
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Unit sales
Sales price per unit
Variable cost per unit (excl. depr.)
Nonvariable costs (excl. depr.)
Sales revenues = Units Price/unit
NOWCt = 15%(Revenuest+1)
2250
Basis for depreciation
7750
Annual depreciation rate (MACRS)
Annual depreciation expense
Remaining undepreciated value
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10,000
$1.50
$1.07
2120
15000
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11,500
$1.56
$1.10
2183.6
17940
3
13,225
$1.62
$1.14
2249.108
21456.24
2691
3218.436
###
33.33%
2583.075
5166.925
44.45%
3444.875
1722.05
14.81%
1147.775
574.275
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Cash Flow Forecast
Cash Flows at End of Year

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$15,000
$17,940
$21,456
$10,700
$12,674
$15,013
$2,120
$2,184
$2,249
$2,583
$3,445
$1,148
$403
$363
$3,047
$161
$145
$1,219
$242
$218
$1,828
$2,583
$3,445
$1,148
0
Variable costs = Units Cost/unit
Nonvariable costs (excluding depr.)
Depreciation
Earnings before int. and taxes (EBIT)
Taxes on operating profit (40% rate)
Net operating profit after taxes
Add back depreciation
Equipment purchases
$7,750
Salvage value
Cash flow due to tax on salv. val.
Cash flow due to change in WC
$2,250
$441
$527
Opportunity cost, after taxes
$0
$0
$0
After-tax externalities
$0
$0
Project net cash flows: Time Line
$10,000
$1,900
$2,700
Project Evaluation Measures
NPV
$1,048
=NPV(E69,F111:I111)+E111
IRR
13.79% =IRR(E111:I111)
MIRR
12.78% =MIRR(E111:I111,E69,E69)
Profitability index
1.10
=NPV(E69,F111:I111)/(E111)
Payback
Err:504 =PERCENTRANK(E120:I120,0,6)*I119
Disc. payback
Calculations for Payback
Year:
0
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2
Cumulative cash flows for payback
$10,000
$8,100
$5,400
Disc. cash flows for disc. payback
$10,000
$1,727
$2,231
$10,000
$8,273
$6,041
Cumulative discounted cash flows
$631
$0
$0
$2,345
3
$3,055
$1,762
$4,279
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pansion project's cash flows and
the input variables.
6 It also includes
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e sensitivity analysis using Data
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ksheet 2-Sens also
, one-way data tables
11 with multiple
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nalysis. Worksheet14
3b-ScenMgr
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nalysis.
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educing replacement investment.
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ost of the cash flows
ject to calculate incremental
cash
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wo decision trees in which the
on where the firm 25
can abandon the
The second one involves
a
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learn more about demand before
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Appendix A of the textbook.
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en the cash flows 36
the firm will have
rejects the project.37
These are called
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ne of the projects whose
cash flows
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d further below in 45
the worksheet.
e values shown in Key Results. If
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lculate almost instantly, causing
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t in the Key Results box shown
e base case, use Scenario Manager

sis, Scenario Manager.
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Key Results
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$1,048
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13.79%
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12.78%
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1.10
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Not found
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Not found
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ulate the NPV and other
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ccelerated depreciation;
a modified
ts if the firm elects76
to use straight77 project
preciation improves
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ce Measures
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4
15,209
$1.69
$1.17
$2,317
$25,662
$0
7.41%
574.275
0
Cash Flows at End of

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$25,662
$17,782
$2,317
$574
$4,988
$1,995
$2,993
$574
$639
$256
$3,849
$0
$0
$7,800
4
$4,745
$5,328
$1,048
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Inflation Omitted
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639
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$1.50
0%
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0%
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0%
10%
40%
15%
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Base-Case
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639
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15%
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4%
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3%
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3%
10%
40%
15%
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Project S
8750
433
0
0
10,000
0%
$2.50
-5%
$1.64
6%
1815
4%
10%
40%
5%
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33.33%
44.45%
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7.41%
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Annual depreciation rate (Straight-Line)
16.67%
33.33%
33.33%
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Worksheet 2-Sensitivity Analysis
This worksheet extends the basic model (shown in Tab 1-Base-Case) to include sensitivity analysis. This workshee
illustrates special cases of sensitivity analysis, including breakeven analysis, one-way data tables with multiple o
two-way data tables. We also include a brief tutorial for Data Tables.
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For ease of reference, we repeat Figure 11-1, Analysis of an Expansion Project: Inputs and Key Results (Dollars in
Figure 11-1 (Repeated Here for Convenience)
Analysis of an Expansion Project: Inputs and Key Results (Dollars in Thousands)
Part 1. Inputs and Key Results
Inputs
Equipment cost
Opportunity cost
Units sold, Year 1
Project cost of capital (r)
Tax rate
Base-Case
7750
639
100
0
10,000
15%
$1.50
4%
$1.07
3%
2120
3%
10%
40%
15%
The model uses the "Base-Case" input values shown below to calculate the NPV and other performance measures
assumes that the firm uses accelerated depreciation; a modified version of the model, shown to the model's right
results if the firm elects to use straight-line depreciation. This analysis demonstrates that accelerated depreciat
project profitability.
Figure 11-2 (Repeated Here for Convenience)
Analysis of a New (Expansion) Project: Cash Flows and Performance Measures
(Dollars in Thousands)
Part 2. Cash Flows and Performance Measures
Unit sales
1
10,000
$1.50
$1.07
2120
15000
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Cash Flow Forecast
2250
7750
2691
33.33%
2583.075
5166.925

0

Nonvariable costs (excluding depreciation)
Depreciation
Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)
Equipment purchases
Salvage value
Cash flow due to tax on salvage value (40% rate)
After-tax cannibalization or complementary effect
NPV
$1,298
IRR
14.71%
MIRR
13.43%
Profitability index
1.13
Payback
Err:504
Discounted payback
Err:504
Discounted cash flows for disc. payback
1
$15,000
$10,700
$2,120
$2,583
$403
$161
$242
$2,583
$7,750
$2,250
$60
$9,940
Year:
0
-9940
-9940
-9940
$441
$60
$0
$1,960
1
-7979.77
###
###
11-5 Sensitivity Analysis
Risk in capital budgeting really means the probability that the actual outcome will
be worse than the expected outcome. For example, if there were a high probability
that the expected NPV as calculated above will actually turn out to be negative, then
the project would be classified as relatively risky. The reason for a worse-thanexpected outcome is, typically, because sales were lower than expected, costs were
higher than expected, or the project turned out to have a higher than expected
initial cost. In other words, if the assumed inputs turn out to be worse than
expected, then the output will likewise be worse than expected. We use data tables
below to examine the project's sensitivity to changes in the input variables.
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Following is a tutorial for constructing a Data Table to be used in sensitivity analysis. This section may be skipped
know how to construct data tables.
Instructions for Constructing Data Tables:
Step 1:
Deviation
from Base
-30%
0%
30%
Sales
Price/unit
NPV
Set up the Data Table by typing in the labels and numbers shown he
for sales price/unit is the input range and the column for NPV is the ou
Data Tables take each input value and then automatically calculate a n
based on the input. Be sure to type in the actual sales price of $1.50 a
formula. Every year we have students who make this mistake! Don't be
$1.50
Step 2:
Deviation
from Base
-30%
0%
30%
Sales
Price/unit
$1.05
$1.50
$1.95
NPV
Enter the formula =$B$117*(1+A116) into the light green cell and th
the light blue cell. This sets up the input range's values of sales prices
want new NPV's to be calculated. It is ok to have a formula in the inpu
sure that none of these inputs is a formula that refers back to the actu
sales in the input section of the worksheet.
Step 3:
Deviation
from Base
-30%
0%
30%
Sales
Price/unit
$1.05
$1.50
$1.95
NPV
Enter into the tan cell a formula that refers to the cell in the results
$1,298.35 shows the NPV for the given set of inputs. In this example, that is =$I$
that the tan cell will show the current value of NPV.
Deviation
from Base
-30%
0%
30%
Sales
Price/unit
$1.05
$1.50
$1.95
NPV
Now use your cursor to highlight the range we show in gray (this is cal
$1,298.35 Table range); notice that this highlighted range includes the cells for t
for price and the cell for the reference to NPV.
With the range still highlighted, open the Table dialog b

2010, select Data, What-If-Analysis, then Data Table.
This next step is a bit tricky, so be careful. The cursor in the dialog box will be blinking in the "Row input cell:" bo
have to tell Excel if the inputs in your Data Table are arranged in a row or a column. Excel assumes a row, but thi
in our example--your inputs are in a column, Column B. So, you click on the "Column input cell" box, causing the
in that box.
Excel wants to know where the input variable, sales price, first enters the model. If you look up in the Input Data
will see that it enters in cell E21, so you type E21 in the Column input cell (or click on cell E21 to enter it). Here's
completed, dialog box:
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Excel wants
to know B
where the input
enters the model.
If you look up in the Input Data
A
C variable, sales
D price, first E
F
will see that it enters in cell E21, so you type E21 in the Column input cell (or click on cell E21 to enter it). Here's
completed, dialog box:
When you click OK, Excel will calculate NPV at the three input values specified in your Data Table, insert them in t
leaving the Data Table as shown below.
Deviation
from Base
-30%
0%
30%
Price
$1.05
$1.50
$1.95
NPV
$1,298.35
-$9,602.04
$1,298.35
$12,198.74
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We used Data Tables to create inputs for the sensitivity graph. (First, be sure the Base-Case scenario is showing
portion of the rows that are in the Data Tables are shown in shaded colors.
Deviation
from Base
-30%
0%
30%
Deviation
from Base
-30%
0%
30%
Equipment
NPV
5425
7750
10075
VC/Unit
###
###
###
###
NPV
###
###
1,298
-6,554
$0.75
1.07
1.39
Deviation
from Base
-30%
0%
30%
Deviation
from Base
-30%
0%
30%
Unit Sales
NPV
###
###
1,298
4,346
7,000
10,000
13,000
Non-VC
1484
2,120
2,756
NPV
###
2559.059705879
1,298
38
The following graph is meaningful only if the scenario is set to the Base-Case.
Figure 11-3
Sensitivity Graph for Solar Water Heater Project (Dollars in Thousands)
NPV ($)
$14,000
$12,000
$10,000
$8,000
$6,000
$4,000
$2,000
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
45%
30%
15%
0%
15%
30%
45%
% Deviation from Base
Data for Sensitivity Graph

Deviation
from Base
30%
0%
30%
Range
Equip.
$2,849
$1,298
$253
$3,102
NPV with Variables at Different Deviations from Base

Price
Units
VC/Unit
Non-VC
$9,602
$1,749
$9,151
$2,559
$1,298
$1,298
$1,298
$1,298
$12,199
$4,346
$6,554
$38
$21,801
$6,095
$15,706
$2,521
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Tornado Diagrams
222
Tornado diagrams are another way to present results from sensitivity analysis. A tornado shows the range of outc
by changes in each input variable in graphic form, with the input variable causing the widest range shown at the
chart and the input variable causing the smallest range at the bottom, which makes the chart look like a tornado.
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224
The good news is that a tornado diagram makes it immediately obvious which inputs have the biggest impacts on
news is that there is no simple way to create a tornado diagram in Excel. However, we show two methods that are
difficult. The first is shown below, and the second is show to the right.
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The first step is to rank the range of possible NPV's for each of the input variables that is being changed. We use
function, as shown in the rose-colored area below. In our example, the range for sales price/unit is the largest an
the project cost of capital (r) is the smallest.
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228
In the yellow figure below, we created an XY scatter chart, with three X-values for each of the input variables (the
and 30% deviations shown in the "Data for Sensitivity Graph" shown above). The Y-values for each series are the
rank (with the same rank repeated for all 3 X-values) for the input, shown below in the rose and aqua areas (the
just a repeat of the rose areas so that each X-value will have a Y-value). To summarize, each variable is plotted so
"width" on the X-axis is determined by the impact it has on NPV, and its "height" on the chart (the Y-axis) determ
input's rank in terms of the NPV's sensitivity.
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230
It is helpful to also plot a vertical line showing the base-case NPV. To do this, we have all 3 X-values equal to the b
and let the corresponding Y-values go from the lowest rank to the highest rank (shown in the area below with the
green-gold-brown shade.)
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In the final presentation of the tornado diagram below, we set the vertical axis to cross the horizontal axis at the
vertical value (i.e., we put the X-axis at the top of the chart instead of at the bottom). For the vertical axis (the Ychecked "None" for tick marks and for labels, so the chart doesn't show this axis. Finally, we formatted the "right
for each series to show the series name. These changes are purely cosmetic in nature.
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The advantage of this method is that the chart below will update automatically if you change the model (and also
data tables). For a slightly less complicated approach that requires manual intervention, see the example to the r
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Additional data for Tornado Diagram
Rank
For diagram
below
Equipment
3
Rank of Range of NPV from Sensitivity Table Above

Price
Units
VC/Unit
Non-VC
6
4
5
2
Figure 11-4
Tornado Diagram for Solar Water Heater Project: Range of Outcomes for Input Deviations from
Base-Case (Dollars in Thousands)
$15,000 $10,000 $5,000
$0
$5,000
$10,000
NPV
$15,000
$15,000 $10,000 $5,000
$0
$5,000
$10,000
NPV
$15,000
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NPV Breakeven Analysis
In breakeven analysis, we find the value of the input variable that produces a zero NPV. It is easiest to do this
with Goal Seek. For example, the screen shot below shows the Goal Seek inputs we used to set the cell for NPV t
a value of zero by changing the cell for the sales price. We repeated this for the other inputs.
Table 11-1
Input
Units sold, Year 1
Project r
Input Value that Produces Zero NPV

$1.4567
$1.1128
7.40%
8,968
$2,649
13.79%
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Data Tables: Multiple Outputs for a Single Input

NPV Breakeven Analysis (Dollars in Thousands)
Data tables can easily be extended to show multiple outputs for a single input. Simply add an additional column
with a cell reference to the desired additional output. Highlight the specified values for the input and highlight al
the columns for the output as we show shaded in gray below (be sure to also highlight the cell references above
the outputs). Then use the Data, Tables, and set "Column input" to the cell reference of the desired input.
Example: NPV and IRR for Changes in Sales Price
% Deviation
from
Base Case
-30%
-15%
0%
15%
30%
SALES PRICE
Sales
Price
$1.05
$1.28
$1.50
$1.73
$1.95
NPV
###
###
###
###
###
###
IRR
14.7%
Not found
-7.3%
14.7%
32.1%
47.0%
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Two-Way Data Tables: Two Inputs and One Output
Data tables can also be extended to show the output given two inputs. Put one set of input variables in the leftmost column of the data table (shown in a red font below) and the other set of inputs in the top row of the data
table (shown in white font); put the cell reference to the output you want (like NPV) in the intersection of the row
and column for inputs (we show this in a pale green font). Highlight the range that includes the specified values
for the inputs, as shown in the gray shaded region below (this will also highlight the cell reference for the
output). Then use the Data, Tables, and set "Row input" to the cell reference for the inputs shown in the table's
row E19 for units sold) and set "Column input" to the cell reference for the input shown in the table's column E21
for sales price).
Example: NPV for Changes in Sales Price and Units Sold
-30%
% Deviation
from
Base Case
-30%
-15%
0%
15%
30%
Sales Price
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NPV cell
reference
###
$1.05
$1.28
$1.50
$1.73
$1.95
7,000
###
###
###
###
###
% Deviation from Base Case

-15%
0%
8,500
###
###
###
###
###
Units Sold
10,000
###
###
###
###
###
G
H
I
1/25/2013
1
2
nsitivity Analysis
3
4
Case) to include sensitivity
analysis. This worksheet also
5
even analysis, one-way
data tables with multiple outputs, and
ables.
6
7
8
9
xpansion Project: Inputs
and Key Results (Dollars in Thousands)
10
11
12
13
Key Results
14
$1,298
15 NPV
14.71%
16 IRR
13.43%
17 MIRR
1.13
18 PI
Not found
19 Payback
Not found
20 Discounted payback
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33 other performance measures. The model
alculate the NPV and
34 shown to the model's right, shows the
d version of the model,
35 that accelerated depreciation improves
analysis demonstrates
36
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ance Measures
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2
11,500
$1.56
$1.10
2183.6
17940
3
13,225
$1.62
$1.14
2249.108
21456.24
4
15,209
$1.69
$1.17
$2,317
$25,662
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3218.436
H
###
44.45%
14.81%
3444.875
1147.775
1722.05
574.275
2
3
$17,940
$21,456
$12,674
$15,013
$2,184
$2,249
$3,445
$1,148
$363
$3,047
$145
$1,219
$218
$1,828
$3,445
$1,148
J
$0
7.41%
574.275
0
4
$25,662
$17,782
$2,317
$574
$4,988
$1,995
$2,993
$574
$631
$60
$0
$2,405
$639
$256
$3,849
$60
$0
$7,860
2
3
-5219.906 -2814.848661
###
###
###
###
4
$5,045
$5,368
$1,298
$527
$60
$0
$2,760
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99 This section may be skipped if you already
in sensitivity analysis.
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107labels and numbers shown here. The column
able by typing in the
s the input range 108
and the column for NPV is the output range.
ch input value and109
then automatically calculate a new output
Be sure to type in110
the actual sales price of $1.50 and not a
we have students111
who make this mistake! Don't be one of them!
112
113
=$B$117*(1+A116)
114into the light green cell and then copy it into
his sets up the input range's values of sales prices for which you
be calculated. It is115
ok to have a formula in the input range, but be
116 that refers back to the actual value of
ese inputs is a formula
117
ction of the worksheet.
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cell a formula that
refers to the cell in the results section which
122
he given set of inputs.
123 In this example, that is =$I$15. Notice
show the current124
value of NPV.
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r to highlight the range
128 we show in gray (this is called the Data
that this highlighted
129 range includes the cells for the new inputs
l for the reference130
to NPV.
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he range still highlighted,
open the Table dialog box. In Excel
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select Data, What-If-Analysis, then Data Table.
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alog box will be blinking in the "Row input cell:" box. Here you
142 Excel assumes a row, but this is not correct
in a row or a column.
143 input cell" box, causing the cursor to blink
u click on the "Column
144
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enters the model.147
If you look up in the Input Data section, you
n input cell (or click on cell E21 to enter it). Here's the final,
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values specified in159
your Data Table, insert them in the table,
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(First, be sure the Base-Case scenario is showing.)
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aded colors.
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Deviation
from Base
-30%
0%
30%
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Deviation
179
from Base
180
-30%
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182
30%
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%
30%
45%
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% Deviation from Base
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Deviations from Base
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r
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$2,262
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$1,298
215
$444
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$1,819
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Sales
Price/unit
$1.05
1.50
1.95
Project r
7.00%
10.00%
13.00%
I
Note that the
NPV
###
###
1,298
12,199
NPV
###
###
1,298
444
219
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sitivity analysis. A tornado shows the range of outcomes caused

ut variable causing
the widest range shown at the top of the
222
bottom, which makes the chart look like a tornado.
223
obvious which inputs have the biggest impacts on NPV. The bad
m in Excel. However,
224we show two methods that are not too
e right.
225
the input variables that is being changed. We used the RANK

ple, the range for 226
sales price/unit is the largest and the range for
227
h three X-values for each of the input variables (the -30%, 0%,
hown above). The Y-values for each series are the corresponding
put, shown below in the rose and aqua areas (the aqua areas are
228
Y-value). To summarize, each variable is plotted so that its
V, and its "height" on the chart (the Y-axis) determined by the
229
PV. To do this, we have all 3 X-values equal to the base-case NPV

the highest rank (shown
230 in the area below with the nauseating
231
the vertical axis to cross the horizontal axis at the maximum

tead of at the bottom). For the vertical axis (the Y-axis), we
232
n't show this axis. Finally, we formatted the "right" data points
urely cosmetic in nature.
233
te automatically if you change the model (and also update the

234
uires manual intervention, see the example to the right.
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sitivity Table Above
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r
1
1
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omes for Input Deviations
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from
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NPV
,000 $15,000 251
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Scratch for Tornado Diagram

Below
Base NPV =
Y-axis
###
8
1,298
1,298
,000
NPV
$15,000
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hat produces a zero
NPV. It is easiest to do this
Goal Seek inputs272
we used to set the cell for NPV to
eated this for the273
other inputs.
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r a single input. Simply
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t the specified values
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be sure to also highlight
" to the cell reference
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inputs. Put one set
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t you want (like NPV) in the intersection of the row
324includes the specified values
light the range that
will also highlight325
the cell reference for the
cell reference for 326
the inputs shown in the table's
ence for the input327
shown in the table's column E21
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331
% Deviation from
Base Case
332
15%
30%
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Units Sold
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11,500
13,000
###
###
### -2739.283971216
### 4345.9669522784
###
###
### 18516.468799267
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Alternative Method (but one requires manual intervention if the model changes)
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227
Create a "Row" Data Table for each input, as shown in the pale blue areas below. Compute the difference in the column next to t
Base Case
-30%
30%
Equipment
NPV
$7,750
$1,298
$5,425
$2,849
$10,075
-$253
Difference
$3,102
Price
NPV
228
229
230
Units
NPV
231
Base Case
10,000
-30%
7,000
$1,298
Base Case
-$1,749
-30%
30%
13,000 Difference
$4,346
30%
$6,095
VC/Unit
NPV
232
233
Non-VC
NPV
$2,120
$1,298
$1,484
$2,559
$2,756
$38
Difference
$2,521
r
NPV
234
235
Copy as values the blue from the Data Tables above. Also copy as values the Differences. Put these data in the
purple area below and sort the data based on Differences in Ascending order.
236
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238
239
240
241
242
NPV
r
Non-VC
Equipment
Units sold
VC/Unit
-30%
30% Difference
### 205.139282357
$1,794
###
###
$2,521
### -502.862497659
$3,102
###
###
$6,095
###
###
$15,706
Price
###
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
###
$21,801
Select the data in the purple table above (don't include the Difference). Click Insert, Bar Chart, and pick the first one (it is the Cl
Price
VC/Unit
Units sold
Column N
Equipment
Column O
Non-VC
r
-15000
-10000
-5000
5000
10000
15000
VC/Unit
Units sold
Column N
M
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
Equipment
O
Column O
Non-VC
r
-15000
-10000
-5000
5000
10000
15000
You can make the chart "prettier" by moving the Y-axis labels to the left, remove Y-axis tick marks, and by having the Y-axis cros
We made a copy of the chart above so that you could still see the "first" step and did these actions to get the chart below. Click
Layout, the choose "Value (Category) Axis" from the drop down menu at the top left of the menu ribbon, then Format Selection
directly by right-clicking on the Y-axis. Set tick marks to "None", then choose "Low" for tick mark labels (in this type of chart, low
the X-axis (you can follow the previous steps except choose the Horizontal (Value) Axis; even easier, don't close the dialog box y
formatting the Y-axis and click on the X-axis). For the section on "Vertical axis crosses" choose the manual option and fill in the b
this example.
M
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
Price
VC/Unit
Units sold
Column N
Equipment
Column O
Non-VC
r
-15000
-10000
-5000
5000
10000
15000
To complete the formatting, select one of the series (as describe above, except choose Series 1 or Series 2; or
click on one of the series; or leave the previous dialog box open and click on one of the series. In the format
box for Series Options, slide the "Series Overlap" slider all the way to the right for "No overlap". To change the
names of the series, click on the chart, click Design, then Selct Data, then edit the label for each series.
Price
VC/Unit
Units sold
-30%
Equipment
30%
Non-VC
r
-15000
-10000
-5000
5000
10000
15000
Non-VC
r
M
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
-15000 N-10000
O
-5000
0P
Q
5000
R
10000
S
15000
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
T
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
T
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
T
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
T
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
T
219
220
221
222
223
224
below. Compute the difference in the column next to the table.
-30%
30%
225 Base Case
226
227
$1.50
$1,298
$1.05
-$9,602
$1.95
$12,199
Difference
$21,801
228
229
230
231
Base Case
$1.07
-30%
$0.75
$1,298
Base Case
$9,151
-30%
30%
$1.39
Difference
-$6,554
30%
$15,706
232
233
10%
$1,298
7%
$2,262
13% Difference
$444
$1,819
234
the Differences. Put these data in the

235
der.
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
ick Insert, Bar Chart,

and pick the first one (it is the Clustered Bar in the 2-D section).
244
00
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
Column N
254
255
Column O
256
15000
00
Column N
15000
Column O
T
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
emove Y-axis tick marks, and by having the Y-axis cross at the base-case NPV.
tep and did these actions to get the chart below. Click on the chart, then Select
266ribbon, then Format Selection (or you can do this more
he top left of the menu
ose "Low" for tick mark labels (in this type of chart, low means left). Now format
l (Value) Axis; even easier, don't close the dialog box you had open when
axis crosses" choose the manual option and fill in the base-case value, 1048 in
267
10000
T
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277 Column N
278
279 Column O
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
15000
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
xcept choose Series 1 or Series 2; or

on one of the series. In the format
295
right for "No overlap". To change the
edit the label for each series.
10000
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306 -30%
307
308 30%
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
15000316
10000
15000
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
A
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
Scenario analysis extends risk analysis in two ways: (1) It allows us to change more than one variable
at a time, hence to see the combined effects of changes in several variables on NPV, and (2) It allows
us to bring in the probabilities of changes in the key variables.
Figure 11.6 (shown below) presents the cash flows for each scenario (the cash flows are obtained from
the 3 scenarios' analyses conducted above in the blue, bright yellow, and green boxes). It also shows
the NPV for each scenario. Using the NPV and probability for each scenario, we calculate the expected
NPV, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation. Later in the analysis we consider the
possibility of abandoning the project if the worst case occurs, but our present analysis assumes that we
cannot abandon the project.
Figure 11-6
Scenario Analysis: Expected NPV and Its Risk (Dollars in Thousands)
Predicted Cash Flows for Alternative Scenarios
Prob:
0
1
2
3
4
Best 25% $10,269
$4,761
$6,673
$8,237
$20,065
Base
50%
$10,000
$1,900
$2,700
$2,345
Worst
25%
$9,844
$403
$897
$281
$7,800
$2,055
Expected NPV =
Standard Deviation (SD) =
Coefficient of Variation (CV) = Std. Dev./Expected NPV =
Probability Distribution of Scenarios:

Outcomes and Probabilities
50%
25%
25%
2
2
NPV
H
I
78
79
lows us to change 80
more than one variable
everal variables on81
NPV, and (2) It allows
es.
82
83
scenario (the cash84
flows are obtained from
85boxes). It also shows
ht yellow, and green
r each scenario, we86
calculate the expected
. Later in the analysis
87 we consider the
s, but our present 88
analysis assumes that we
89
90
91
92
93
94
r
NPV
95
10.00%
$19,468
96
97
10.00%
$1,048
98
99
10.00%
$7,543
100
Expected
NPV =
$3,505
101
Standard Deviation
(SD) =
$9,861
102
(CV) = Std. Dev./Expected
NPV =
2.81
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110 25%
111
112
113
114 2
NPV
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
A
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124

50%
25%
25%
2
2
NPV
H
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110 25%
111
112
113
114 2
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
NPV
A
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124

50%
25%
25%
2
2
NPV
H
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110 25%
111
112
113
114 2
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
NPV
A
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124

50%
25%
25%
2
2
NPV
H
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110 25%
111
112
113
114 2
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
NPV
Worksheet 3b-Scenario Manager
The previous worksheet used three different independent scenarios--each of the scenarios had different changing cells. In th
explain how to have multiple scenarios with the same changing cells. We also explain how to use Scenario Manager's Summ
The section for Inputs and Key results differs from that in the previous worksheet in several ways. First, there is only 1 colum
results. Each of the three scenarios used in Scenario Manager in this sheet specify values for the inputs below. In other word
have the same changing cells. This is in contrast to the previous worksheet in which each scenario had its own separate cha
values shown in the inputs section are the values for the active scenario.
Second, we have given each cell for the inputs and key results a name. We do this so that the Summary feature in the Scena
show names instead of cell references. To name a cell, put your cursor in the Name Box and give the cell a name. For examp
for "Equipment costs" as Equipment. The screen shots below show the before and after.
Before renaming cells:
After renaming cells:
To change the values in the input section below, go to Data, What-If Analysis, Scenario Manager, select a scenario, and click
the right is linked to the inputs. The model calculates results, and passes those results to the Key Results section below.
Figure: Not in Printed Book

Inputs and Key Results for Active Scenario (Dollars in Thousands)
Scenario Name
Probability of Scenario
Inputs:
Base
Equipment cost
7750
50%
639
0
0

Opportunity cost
10,000
15%
$1.50
Units sold, Year 1

4%
$1.07

3%
2120
3%
10%
Project WACC
40%
Tax rate
15%
Key Results:
NPV
$1,048
IRR
13.79%
MIRR
12.78%
Profitability index
1.10
Payback
Not found
Discounted payback
Not found
To create a summary sheet showing all scenarios, go to Data, What-If Analysis, Scenario Manager, and click on Summary, an
select the cells with the key results. The Summary will be shown in a new worksheet. For convenience, we have copied that
worksheet and show it below. If you make changes to any scenarios, you must run the Summary again--it does NOT
automatcially update.
We copied the Scenario Summary from the worksheet where it was created and moved it here. It will not update automatica
Scenario Summary
Current Values:
Base-Case
Scenario
Worst-Case
Scenario
Created by Mike Created by Mike

Ehrhardt on
Ehrhardt on
6/5/2012
6/5/2012
Modified by
Mike Ehrhardt
on 6/5/2012
Changing Cells:
$E$62 Base
Base
Probability
50%
$E$64
Equipment
7750
Salvage
639
OppCost
0
Externalities
0
Units_Sold
10,000
Worst
50%
25%
7750
639
0
0
10,000
8250
639
0
0
8,500
Growth_in_Units_Sold
Sales_Price
Growth_in_Sales_Price_per_Unit
15%
$1.50
4%
15%
$1.50
4%
5%
$1.25
4%
Variable_cost_per_unit
$1.07
$1.07
$1.17
Growth_in_VC_per_Unit
3%
3%
3%
Nonvariable_Costs
2120
2120
2330
Growth_in_Nonvariable_costs
3%
3%
3%
WACC
10%
10%
10%
Tax_Rate
NOWC_as_percent_of_next_year_sa
40%
15%
40%
15%
50%
15%
Result Cells:
NPV
$1,048
IRR
13.79%
MIRR
12.78%
Profitability_Index
1.10
Payback
3.39
Discounted_Payback
3.80
Notes: Current Values column represents values of changing cells at
time Scenario Summary Report was created. Changing cells for each
scenario are highlighted in gray.
$1,048
$7,543
13.79%
29.40%
12.78%
22.23%
1.10
0.23
3.39 Not found
3.80 Not found
1/25/2013
nager
ad different changing cells. In this worksheet, we

use Scenario Manager's Summary feature.
ways. First, there is only 1 column for inputs and

the inputs below. In other words, all three scenarios
enario had its own separate changing cells. The
e Summary feature in the Scenario Manager will

give the cell a name. For example, we names the cell
ger, select a scenario, and click "Show." The model to

e Key Results section below.
ager, and click on Summary, and

venience, we have copied that
ary again--it does NOT
Analysis for Scenario Shown Below:
Base
Unit sales
2250
7750

Cash Flow Forecast
0
Depreciation
Equipment purchases
$7,750
Salvage value
$2,250
$0
###

NPV
$1,048
IRR
13.79%
MIRR
12.78%
Profitability index
1.10
Payback
Err:504
Discounted payback
Err:504
Year:
-10000

-10000
-10000
e. It will not update automatically.
Best-Case
Scenario
Created by
Mike Ehrhardt
on 6/5/2012
Best
25%
7250
639
0
0
11,500
25%
$1.75
4%
$0.97
3%
1910
3%
10%
30%
15%
$19,468
62.41%
43.49%
2.90
1.83
2.07
10,000
11,500
13,225
15,209
$1.50
$1.56
$1.62
$1.69
$1.07
$1.10
$1.14
$1.17
2120
2183.6
2249.108
$2,317
15000
17940
21456.24
$25,662
2691
3218.436
###
$0
33.33%
44.45%
14.81%
7.41%
2583.075
3444.875
1147.775
574.275
5166.925
1722.05
574.275

1
$15,000
$17,940
$21,456
$25,662
$10,700
$12,674
$15,013
$17,782
$2,120
$2,184
$2,249
$2,317
$2,583
$3,445
$1,148
$574
$403
$363
$3,047
$4,988
$161
$145
$1,219
$1,995
$242
$218
$1,828
$2,993
$2,583
$3,445
$1,148
$574
$639
$256
$441
$527
$631
$3,849
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$1,900
$0
$0
$0
$2,700
$2,345
$7,800
-8099.77
-5399.906
###
$4,745
###
###
###
###
###
###
$5,328
$1,048
Worksheet 4-Simulation with 100 Trials

Note: this section is relatively technical and some instructors may choose to skip it with no loss in continuity.
Monte Carlo simulation is similar to scenario analysis in that different values of key inputs are used. Unlike scenario analys
Monte Carlo simulation draws a trial set of input values from specified probability distributions and then computes the NPV
this trial. This process is repeated for hundreds, or even thousands, of trials, with key results (like NPV) saved from each t
After running the number of desired trials, the NPVs from the trials can be averaged to estimate the project's expected NPV
trial results can also be used to provide a histogram showing the project's possible outcomes.
Panel A, shown in the blue-bordered box below and slightly to the right, shows the inputs from the previous scenario analy
also shows the expected value and standard deviation for those inputs based on the probability of each scenario. To compa
apples and apples, we will assume that the inputs for the simulation analysis are drawn from a normal distribution with the
expected value and standard deviation as the inputs from the scenario analysis (these are shown in the figure below in the
section in Columns C and D. However, any of the input values in Columns C and D may be changed by the user if desired. In
addition to the inputs for all the variables used previously, the inputs section also has an input value for the assumed corre
between units sold in Year 1 and changes in units sold in later years.
The figure below shows the trial inputs and key results. The inputs used further below in the model are shown in dark red a
are drawn from a normal distribution with the mean and standard deviation specified in Columns C and D. We do this in a 2
process. Column E shows a standard normal random variable created with Excel's random number generator. Column F
transforms the standard normal random variable into a normal random variable with the desired mean and standard deviat
To see updated values, hit the F9 key.
Figure 11-7
Inputs and Key Results for the Current Simulation Trial (Dollars in Thousands)
To change an input, change one of the blue values in Columns C or D. To see an updated
set of trial values, hit the F9 key. Inputs and key results will update for the current trial.
Inputs for Simulation

Probability
Distributions
Equipment cost
Salvage value of equip. in Year 4
Opportunity cost
Units sold, Year 1
% in units sold, after Year 1
% in sales price, after Year 1
Var. cost per unit (VC), Year 1
% in VC, after Year 1
Nonvar. cost (Non-VC), Year 1
% in Non-VC, after Year 1
Project WACC
Tax rate
NOWC as % of next year's sales
Assumed correlation between
units sold in Year 1 and annual
change in units sold in later
years:
Expected
Value of
Input
$7,750
###
15.00%
$1.50
$1.07
$2,120
40.00%
Random Variables Used in

Current Simulation Trial
Standard
Standard
Deviation Normal Random Value Used in
of Input
Variable
Current Trial
$354
1.113
$8,144
$639
$0
$0
1.330
$1,061
$11,411
0.729
7.07%
20.15%
0.585
$0.18
$1.60
4.00%
1.722
$0.07
$1.19
3.00%
1.822
$148
$1,849
3.00%
10.00%
0.259
7.07%
38.17%
15.00%

years:
= 65.00%
Key Results Based on Current Trial

NPV
$3,226
IRR
19.87%
MIRR
17.37%
PI
1.30
Payback
Not found
Discounted payback
Not found
Panel B: Project Analysis for Current Trial in Simulation Using Inputs from Figure 11-7 Column F
0
1
2
Unit sales
11,411
13,710
$1.60
$1.67
$1.19
$1.23
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
33.33%
44.45%
###
###
###
###
Cash Flow Forecast
0
1
2
$18,297
$22,863
$13,599
$16,829
$1,849
$1,905
Depreciation
$2,714
$3,620
$134
$509
$51
$194
$83
$315
$2,714
$3,620
Equipment purchases
$8,144
Salvage value
$2,745
$685
$856
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$10,888
$2,112
$3,079
NPV
$3,226
IRR
19.87%
MIRR
17.37%
Profitability index
1.30
Payback
Err:504
Discounted payback
Err:504
Year:
0
###
###
###
1
###
###
###
2
###
###
###
How the Simulation Works
We use a Data Table to perform the simulation (the Data Table is below shaded in lavender). When the Data Table is update
will insert new random variables for each of the inputs we allow to change in Figure 11-7 above, run the analysis in Panel B
above, and then save the NPV for each trial. (We also save the input variables for each trial so that we can verify that they
behaving as we expect.) We set the first column of the Data Table (the variable to be changed in each row) to numbers from
100. We don't really use these numbers anywhere in the analysis, but if we tell the Data Table to treat these as the Column
inputs, Excel will recalculate all items in the Data Table, including the random inputs and the resulting NPV. In other words,
"trick" Excel into doing a simulation. We tell Excel to insert each of the Column inputs in the Data Table into the cell immedi
below this box. This cell isn't linked to anything else, but each time Excel updates a row of the Data Table, all the random v
will be updated.
Column input cell to "trick" Excel into updating random variables in Data Table:
Excel normally updates all values in a Data Table each time any cell that is related to the Data Table changes. In our case, w
have random variables in the Data Table, so each time any cell in the worksheet makes a calculation, the Data Table is upda
the Data Table has many rows, updating it can take up to 20 or 30 seconds. This is ok when we want to update the Table, bu
annoying to wait 30 seconds any time we make any changes in the worksheet. The "check box" explained below helps with
annoyance.
To put random variables in the Data Table for the simulation, the box shown below must be checked; otherwise, the Data Ta
contains only zero's and doesn't update when the sheet makes a calculation (other than the first time you check this box or
insert or delete rows or columns). If the box is unchecked and you check it, the check mark won't show up until the Table is
updated, so don't get impatient and click it twice. After you have checked the box, the Data Table will update any time you
change a cell in the worksheet. So to make the Data Table update, make sure the box is checked and then hit the F9 key.
Put a check in the box below to put trials

into the data table; otherwise, the data table
will have only zeros.
Must
be checked to put random variable in data table for simulation

1
Remember to uncheck the box above when you are through with the simulation, or the Data Table will recalculate any time
make a change in the worksheet, which will slow down all other calculations in the worksheet.
You don't need to change anything in this section. It will be updated automatically if you do a simulation. The summary of
simulation results and the histogram are based on the simulation trials in the Data Table below and are updated automatica
when you do a simulation.
Note: If results are all zeros, go back to row 144 and "check" the box by clicking it with your cursor.
Figure 11-8
Summary of Simulation Results (Thousands of Dollars)
Number of Trials
100
Summary Statistics for

Simulated Input Variables
Average
Standard deviation
Maximum
Minimum
Correlation with unit sales
Summary Statistics for Simulated
Results
Equipment Units sold,

cost
Year 1
$8,144
11,411
$0
0
$8,144
11,411
$8,144
11,411
NPV
Input Variables
Annual change
in units sold,
after Year 1
15%
7%
29%
8%
0%
Sales price
per unit,
Year 1
$1.51
$0.17
$1.85
$1.06
Variable
cost per
unit (VC),
Year 1
$1.07
$0.07
$1.24
$0.92
Average
Standard deviation
Maximum
Minimum
Median
Probability of NPV > 0
Coefficient of variation
$1,187
$5,190
$16,167
$14,701
$335
58.0%
4.37
Output of Simulation in Data Table
Trial Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Equipment cost
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
% in units
Units sold, sold, after Year Sales price per unit,
Year 1
1
Year 1
11410.8564 0.20151817
1.6034445093
11410.8564 0.1302220415
1.628758832
11410.8564 0.2270622875
1.2912988541
11410.8564 0.1696882815
1.6718644972
11410.8564 0.2887668165
1.7057721429
11410.8564 0.1351632468
1.5656827637
11410.8564 0.1792002023
1.7821691597
11410.8564 0.0666970205
1.8454195382
11410.8564 0.0720210744
1.8243194766
11410.8564 0.1793119835
1.5351298952
11410.8564 0.1363881237
1.5261229305
11410.8564 0.130987976
1.6654527546
11410.8564 0.1566386637
1.7368532361
11410.8564 0.0656094458
1.2390424669
11410.8564 -0.077842513
1.5775000278
11410.8564 0.0128160781
1.4223067072
11410.8564 0.1700240307
1.6945154768
Var. cost per unit

(VC), Year 1
1.1917473537
1.0384688932
1.1062815802
1.0307343965
1.2088110797
1.0557249281
1.1132466424
1.01127809
1.0017635908
1.1316153666
1.0533539562
1.2154818505
0.99053095
1.0891121023
1.1149599547
1.0085211912
1.0925675884
Nonvar. cost
(Non-VC), Year
1
1849.396045
2073.924732
2358.527402
2150.829457
2090.223515
2029.321068
2062.391478
1953.801597
2222.277513
2099.479056
2148.297744
2108.618457
1825.35964
2266.989647
2269.633198
2173.271417
2210.631634
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
0.0360917943
0.1166876884
0.136419677
0.1519263079
0.1731755691
0.1685118794
0.2883638666
0.1722512712
0.0333066215
0.0317169736
0.2104196894
0.1986691528
0.0553660745
0.2335201664
0.1857505876
0.1024863203
0.0658943373
0.1812119654
0.1088472576
0.1551190279
0.1246164765
0.1733202418
0.222994929
0.1440817606
0.2096903354
0.1482408614
0.1009709551
0.1715461047
0.160527984
0.1887742159
0.1432011502
0.1419653336
0.1959105503
0.1331008404
0.1154554953
0.1008490021
0.1855260841
0.0755742072
0.061498905
-0.039880088
0.1480263915
0.1196443487
0.1236916793
0.1763002737
0.1750171155
0.2053969972
0.1964124003
0.2177223718
0.0362296439
0.1799553419
0.2745195967
0.1754806568
0.2016420345
0.2283938463
0.0035526666
0.128735055
0.1869400794
1.633119946
1.5129643078
1.3723527008
1.1522967769
1.1462206448
1.5300532928
1.7465401891
1.4675830738
1.4816481014
1.7989607631
1.3947057783
1.3680200199
1.5414355932
1.3007920694
1.5280799427
1.7916158674
1.3377617199
1.4696369047
1.5498894995
1.4722390326
1.7603432953
1.055044852
1.7441633377
1.5828872054
1.5006203859
1.5953672507
1.6243564627
1.2102254634
1.4391138522
1.4391965931
1.5337183515
1.6292332475
1.4447504889
1.261835478
1.3891949903
1.3554617267
1.6365431271
1.7186716844
1.6778975864
1.4365147508
1.6224546093
1.617837443
1.3218903603
1.2336990566
1.4783186991
1.2807623797
1.2255718256
1.5942204915
1.3443021672
1.6192987281
1.7015510807
1.4465127249
1.586831326
1.3970525319
1.7409796595
1.616866581
1.7322915161
1.1449548205
1.0456449686
1.0050059714
1.091317167
1.1296019925
1.0549102823
1.1630995631
1.07948853
1.0986930276
1.0718254495
1.0449943734
1.0510737139
0.9426415724
0.9464462553
1.0955787419
0.9692869262
1.1597943543
1.1535277519
1.0364617917
1.0527535809
1.1072461675
1.2149132004
1.015139238
1.1023078427
1.0284599661
1.0329677043
1.1303877241
1.1564455824
0.9264501052
1.1298327946
1.2408024013
1.1064234904
1.0597051117
0.9763218011
1.0136321806
1.1958990298
1.0226156529
1.1459913353
1.1228386179
1.0143537857
1.2021073883
1.0527072636
1.1783906971
1.0101190116
1.2051189934
1.1102640501
0.9969030179
1.0312584145
0.9211787904
1.0405846689
1.1184681038
1.1740949426
0.9981776911
1.0740219564
1.0649902658
1.0473126652
0.9274408967
2055.777181
2066.183801
2296.765617
2227.456771
2038.15877
2320.031413
2031.150836
2346.87792
1863.293302
2279.000962
2174.641066
2046.706035
1855.393767
2052.622701
2422.795562
2129.605093
2142.759315
2012.381115
1962.782629
2100.190794
2116.793555
2171.385401
2340.472089
1835.200917
2014.192062
2082.438817
2005.471802
1930.277556
1830.398731
2317.415232
2164.974513
2162.728698
2064.127341
2078.97571
2198.754759
2474.509524
2112.712323
1882.831908
2133.600158
1859.689946
2252.024765
2333.426691
1810.501853
2063.130882
2414.433493
1916.798187
2316.228596
2031.076884
2202.385285
2365.658157
2375.105748
2308.119118
2487.251969
1959.151293
2010.331743
2017.408915
2139.061168
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
8143.62167099
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
11410.8564
0.2100878069
0.2145725382
0.1447753395
0.2128101368
0.2670265722
0.023195296
0.1185650457
0.1427081448
0.0915471476
0.2181949216
0.0863346415
0.1375139147
0.216926837
0.1794151622
0.1463047181
0.1892385674
0.2935259014
0.2043829093
0.0908999046
0.1081038896
0.1278012179
0.1527486678
0.2498370995
0.0868184967
0.0813026755
0.0923165814
0.151862833
1.5693224095
1.5353046217
1.5442631683
1.5760446264
1.3258118035
1.4429730073
1.2463188879
1.5596111095
1.3790534111
1.4023213097
1.4310887472
1.5586698656
1.5930287514
1.4776433092
1.7567654456
1.8003086874
1.5732777727
1.6232153925
1.3218123092
1.388982783
1.5026870412
1.6556182004
1.3516332242
1.4105816244
1.4244068757
1.6254106687
1.4203770446
1.0545295089
1.0626456131
1.1555997213
1.0190987717
1.0249603971
1.0838037725
1.0149637419
1.1428457054
1.0585912726
1.1278076714
1.0358996823
1.1209164669
0.9693398231
1.150690082
1.0944213139
1.1045950284
1.0470680852
1.079373185
1.041463786
1.0918765192
0.9450161726
1.0733577896
1.1259215834
1.0616979156
1.0972404125
1.1038372028
1.0601496384
2295.669939
1973.123805
2322.141798
1778.048779
2222.621274
1916.587598
2436.886674
2343.868662
2017.083255
2158.151026
1828.206761
2188.460994
2062.51674
2125.72838
1999.667197
2303.288338
2040.415046
2118.58944
1955.650421
2226.476158
2108.509117
2361.232716
2107.311042
2019.091769
2303.023903
2094.230943
2188.814087
1/25/2013
Trials
o loss in continuity.
s are used. Unlike scenario analysis,

tions and then computes the NPV for
sults (like NPV) saved from each trial.
timate the project's expected NPV; the
mes.
from the previous scenario analysis. It

ability of each scenario. To compare
om a normal distribution with the same
e shown in the figure below in the blue
changed by the user if desired. In
input value for the assumed correlation
the model are shown in dark red and

olumns C and D. We do this in a 2-step
number generator. Column F
desired mean and standard deviation.
Note: These are the fixed valu

Panel A: Values from Scenario Analysis and Their Expected Values and
Standard Deviations
Figure 11-7
Inputs and Key Results for the Curren
To change an input, change one of the

set of trial values, hit the F9 key. Inpu
Inputs from Scenario Analysis for
Comparison to Simulation
Base
Worst
50%
25%
Best
25%
$7,750
$639
$0
$0
10,000
15.00%
$1.50
4.00%
$1.07
3.00%
$2,120
3.00%
10.00%
40.00%
$8,250
$639
$0
$0
8,500
5.00%
$1.25
4.00%
$1.17
3.00%
$2,330
3.00%
10.00%
50.00%
$7,250
$639
$0
$0
11,500
25.00%
$1.75
4.00%
$0.97
3.00%
$1,910
3.00%
10.00%
30.00%
15.00%
15.00%
15.00%
Standard
Expected Value
Deviation
of Input
of Input
$7,750
10,000
15.00%
$1.50
$354
1,061
7.07%
$0.18
$1.07
$0.07
$2,120
$148
40.00%
7.07%
Equipment cost
Salvage value of equip. in Year 4
Opportunity cost
Units sold, Year 1
% in units sold, after Year 1
% in sales price, after Year 1
Var. cost per unit (VC), Year 1
% in VC, after Year 1
Nonvar. cost (Non-VC), Year 1
% in Non-VC, after Year 1
Project WACC
Tax rate
NOWC as % of next year's sales
years:

years:
Key Results
Base
$1,048
13.79%
12.78%
1.10
3.39
3.80
3
16,473
$1.73
$1.26
###
###
###
Worst
-$7,543
-171.46%
-22.23%
0.23
Not found
Not found
4
19,793
$1.80
$1.30
$2,021
$35,700
$0
14.81%
###
###
3
$28,569
$20,828
$1,962
$1,206
$4,574
$1,746
$2,828
$1,206
7.41%
###
0
4
$35,700
$25,775
$2,021
$603
$7,300
$2,786
$4,514
$603
$1,070
$0
$0
$2,965
$639
$244
$5,355
$0
$0
$10,867
3
###
###
###
4
$8,134
$7,422
$3,226
Best
$19,468
62.41%
43.49%
2.90
Not found
Not found

NPV
IRR
MIRR
PI
Payback
Discounted payback
Discounted payback
r). When the Data Table is updated, it

above, run the analysis in Panel B
ial so that we can verify that they are
nged in each row) to numbers from 1able to treat these as the Column
the resulting NPV. In other words, we
he Data Table into the cell immediately
f the Data Table, all the random values
Simulation control, check boxes, and form
You might wonder "what's the deal about this check box and why does it work this way?
is useful for the simulation and how do you use a check box for it? Let's answer the "why
then talk about check boxes. This check box is linked to cell B144. If you click on the box
box is unchecked then it returns a "FALSE" value. The reason you can't see anything in B
same as the background color so it wouldn't be distracting. Below, here's what is in cell
1
Don't change the red cell.
Data Table changes. In our case, we

calculation, the Data Table is updated. If
n we want to update the Table, but it is
box" explained below helps with this
e checked; otherwise, the Data Table

he first time you check this box or if you
k won't show up until the Table is
ta Table will update any time you
hecked and then hit the F9 key.
ata Table will recalculate any time you

heet.
do a simulation. The summary of the

below and are updated automatically
See, it reads either True or False, depending on whether the box is checked or not. The
cells B206 to I206 use this value to determine whether or not the data table should be e
is =IF($B$144,F38,0). If B144 is TRUE, then the cell returns the value in F38, which is th
FALSE, then it returns 0. The other formulas in that row are similar. The end result is that
no formulas to evaluate (everything is zero) and if it is TRUE, then it has formulas to eva
You didn't really need a check box; you could just as well have left B144 visible and eithe
statements in row 206 check, instead, for whether B144 is equal to 1. But the check box
Now for how to use Forms in Excel. To insert a check box in Excel 2010 you must first en
These are instructions for Excel 2010 For later versions of Excel you can find instructions
Excel help. Click the File tab, then click Options, then click Customize Ribbon. Under Cus
select the Developer check box.
On the Developer tab, in the Controls group, click on Insert and then, in the Form Contro
like a tool box). Look at the Forms Control section and click on the icon that looks like a c
you'd like the check box to go, and click there. A name, like Check Box 25, will show up n
and click on Format Control. Then under the Control tab, make sure the "unchecked" bu
in the Cell link box. We had $B$144 in that box. Suppose you put in $P$167 for your box
on the check box, cell P167 will display TRUE and when it is not checked, P167 will displ
values in your Excel programming. All that is left is to put in a useful description for the
confused about what the box is for. Just click on the check box area and edit the name to
want something special to happen to the spreadsheet" (like enable the data table to do
cking it with your cursor.
Nonvariable
cost
(Non-VC),
Year 1
$2,127
$165
$2,487
$1,778
Tax rate
39.9%
7.0%
61.3%
25.2%
Scratch work for chart: see comments.
Count
Range bottom
0
Percent
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
0
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
Sum
Tax rate
NPV
0.3816822395 3226.0966032
0.2911532161 7548.5221694
0.3287330924 -4648.4864025
0.4708485786 5535.3680336
0.4241926207 4875.3799332
0.4486243158 1314.175576
0.4624709594 6778.8666038
0.2913310044 7275.5190924
0.2544953337 7642.4625413
0.4507939805 -207.96541109
0.5296736704 1425.7873986
0.445514558 52.001437217
0.4625737611 6406.0602852
0.3221689126 -6924.7307702
0.2772574474 -3425.188497
0.437635121 -1593.9536326
0.4197076578 6826.0844488
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
3
3
5
9
7
11
15
11
2
5
4
7
5
2
3
2
0
0
0
2
0
100
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
2%
3%
3%
5%
9%
7%
11%
15%
11%
2%
5%
4%
7%
5%
2%
3%
2%
0%
0%
0%
2%
0%
100%
0.3742527639 -314.37104424
0.4648806378 -145.47791989
0.3143884068 -847.78598059
0.3867039836 -7894.3097686
0.3334623067 -9408.2172564
0.4481231875 2072.7459299
0.4416126085 10299.077059
0.3622171668 809.3735274
0.3447131083 -2590.5918308
0.301191168 4276.8700058
0.3508049612 1.1058889217
0.4463936333 638.95271321
0.5664340367 1317.2701023
0.4585082895 215.73420727
0.4330682101 294.73878753
0.3252923663 10883.668428
0.4333752347 -5932.5590881
0.4422441669 -1057.8152009
0.327301166 775.84080991
0.4761856682 -390.35987353
0.4823655494 2176.0232776
0.3707552492 -14700.506252
0.3009561826 15810.810686
0.480724231 1077.5048456
0.5216703398 2252.1676488
0.4190696382 2303.6492117
0.5631201192 312.76400167
0.4161376006 -7718.0928343
0.4380418497 4087.4385644
0.4061471397 -1865.134026
0.369330984 -3478.5381394
0.3848054251 2901.3984434
0.3894211299 938.91268474
0.3502981109 -2484.840799
0.4453445244 -862.08226025
0.3456150348 -6922.1160854
0.4449038668 6328.6505285
0.3121202389 4562.2945516
0.4057559941 1178.9856378
0.4253649893 -3851.699437
0.3812977297 107.81446649
0.3942146813 2190.0780195
0.4323400681 -5227.7102649
0.3122183186 -4198.5713906
0.2890267274 -2325.507668
0.4210980942 -4043.4207789
0.2523479491 -3966.108952
0.338187212 8249.9739108
0.3827244363 -1293.2501042
0.3193664117 4725.7632929
0.3614443728 8983.8331982
0.2947312868 -3319.3641865
0.420255456 5931.9359981
0.4309745184 -603.38632951
0.3898290048 357.44935229
0.3832091772 4691.4988696
0.3422948036 16166.995732
0.4285022455 2667.6973233
0.3821498163 5893.8625346
0.4024688069 -1233.4102256
0.5346997032 3958.6422491
0.3377087481 268.82761654
0.4627800377 -2384.6832366
0.3624066567 -5096.423441
0.3644346846 1402.2342767
0.3980397746 -2834.1155316
0.3854186573 -1725.0141406
0.6134314275 -121.33825006
0.3331981392 671.82885527
0.4007439366 10151.952186
0.5215183231 -723.79756274
0.4537843945 7533.6056496
0.4156201497 10874.803736
0.3912746345 9285.6629469
0.4209241857 7562.272407
0.3978903962 -2977.8277763
0.4021603121 -3215.2293208
0.4550774072 4461.3940752
0.3683780763 5833.9540208
0.2842265861 -2139.0343994
0.3248449017 -59.692169442
0.4663354691 -2086.5901275
0.4687944139 2130.237624
0.3677087989 228.68541587
ote: These are the fixed values from the simulation that is shown in the textbook.
puts and Key Results for the Current Simulation Trial (Dollars in Thousands)
change an input, change one of the blue values in Columns C or D. To see an updated
t of trial values, hit the F9 key. Inputs and key results will update for the current trial.
uipment cost
lvage value of equip. in Year 4
portunity cost
ternalities (cannibalization)
its sold, Year 1
in units sold, after Year 1
les price per unit, Year 1
in sales price, after Year 1
r. cost per unit (VC), Year 1
in VC, after Year 1
nvar. cost (Non-VC), Year 1
in Non-VC, after Year 1
WC as % of next year's sales
sumed correlation between

its sold in Year 1 and annual
ange in units sold in later
ars:

Probability Distributions
Expected
Value of
Input
$7,750
###
###
$1.50
$1.07
$2,120
###

Standard
Value Used
Deviation of Standard Normal in Current
Input
Random Variable
Trial
$354
0.165
$7,692
$639
$0
$0
0.069
$1,061
$9,927
0.734
7.07%
20.19%
1.931
$0.18
$1.84
4.00%
1.087
$0.07
$0.99
3.00%
0.514
$148
$2,196
3.00%
10.00%
1.511
7.07%
29.32%
15.00%
sumed correlation between

its sold in Year 1 and annual
ange in units sold in later
ars:
y Results Based on Current Trial

NPV
###
IRR
###
MIRR
###
PI
2.45
Payback
1.98
Discounted payback
$2.25
65.00%
ation control, check boxes, and forms
eck box and why does it work this way?" There are 2 parts to this question: Why it
check box for it? Let's answer the "why it is useful for a simulation" question first,
nked to cell B144. If you click on the box, B144 returns a "TRUE" value, and if the
The reason you can't see anything in B144 is because we made the font color the
istracting. Below, here's what is in cell B144:
whether the box is checked or not. The formulas in the simulation data table in
hether or not the data table should be evaluated. For example, the formula in B206
ell returns the value in F38, which is the simulated equipment cost. If B144 is
at row are similar. The end result is that if B144 is FALSE, then the data table has
if it is TRUE, then it has formulas to evaluate and it records the simulation results.
as well have left B144 visible and either put a 1 or a 0 in it, and had the IF
er B144 is equal to 1. But the check box is neat.
eck box in Excel 2010 you must first enable the Developer tab on your Ribbon.
rsions of Excel you can find instructions for this by searching on "check box" in
hen click Customize Ribbon. Under Customize the Ribbon and under Main Tabs,
k on Insert and then, in the Form Controls section, click on Insert (the picture that
n and click on the icon that looks like a check mark. Move your cursor to where
name, like Check Box 25, will show up next to the box. Right click on the check box
trol tab, make sure the "unchecked" button is pressed, then put in a cell reference
uppose you put in $P$167 for your box. You are mostly done! Now when you click
d when it is not checked, P167 will display FALSE. You can use these two logical
is to put in a useful description for the check box. You don't want your users to be
he check box area and edit the name to be something like "Click this box if you
sheet" (like enable the data table to do its calculations!).
Note: These are the fixed values from the simulation that is shown in the textbook.
Figure 11-8
Number of Trials
10,000

Average
Standard deviation
Maximum
Minimum
Simulated Results
Equip. cost
$7,750
$354
$9,072
$6,397
NPV
Units sold, Year

1
9,982
1,057
14,005
6,172
1.2 Probability
1
0.8
0.6
Input Variables
Sales
Variable
% in units price per cost per Nonvar. cost
sold, after
unit,
unit (VC),
(Non-VC),
Year 1
Year 1
Year 1
Year 1
15.0%
$1.50
$1.07
$2,122
7.1%
$0.18
$0.07
$150
45.0%
$2.15
$1.32
$2,682
13.97%
$0.81
$0.78
$1,549
65.4%
1.2 Probability
Average
Standard deviation
Maximum
Minimum
Median
$1,120
$5,132
$26,406
$16,785
$737
56.4%
4.58
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
NPV ($)
Tax rate
39.9%
7.1%
68.7%
13.5%
NPV ($)
Worksheet 4b-Simulation with 10,000 Trials
This worksheet is exactly like the worksheet 4a-Sim100 except that this worksheet does 10,000 trials instead of 100. To acti
simulation, go to Row 144 and check the box. Remember to uncheck the box when you finish, otherwise any changes in the
be very sluggish.
Monte Carlo simulation is similar to scenario analysis in that different values of key inputs are used. Unlike scenario analysi
simulation draws a trial set of input values from specified probability distributions and then computes the NPV for this trial.
is repeated for hundreds, or even thousands, of trials, with key results (like NPV) saved from each trial. After running the n
desired trials, the NPVs from the trials can be averaged to estimate the project's expected NPV; the trial results can also be
provide a histogram showing the project's possible outcomes.
Panel A, shown in the blue-bordered box below and slightly to the right, shows the inputs from the previous scenario analys
shows the expected value and standard deviation for those inputs based on the probability of each scenario. To compare app
apples, we will assume that the inputs for the simulation analysis are drawn from a normal distribution with the same expec
standard deviation as the inputs from the scenario analysis (these are shown in the figure below in the blue section in Colum
However, any of the input values in Columns C and D may be changed by the user if desired. In addition to the inputs for all
used previously, the inputs section also has an input value for the assumed correlation between units sold in Year 1 and cha
sold in later years.
The figure below shows the trial inputs and key results. The inputs used further below in the model are shown in dark red an
from a normal distribution with the mean and standard deviation specified in Columns C and D. We do this in a 2-step proces
shows a standard normal random variable created with Excel's random number generator. Column F transforms the standard
random variable into a normal random variable with the desired mean and standard deviation. To see updated values, hit th
Figure 11-7
Inputs and Key Results for the Current Simulation Trial (Dollars in Thousands)
To change an input, change one of the blue values in Columns C or D. To see an updated set of
trial values, hit the F9 key. Inputs and key results will update for the current trial.
Probability Distributions

Expected
Standard
Standard
Value of
Deviation of Normal Random Value Used in
Input
Input
Variable
Current Trial
$7,750
$354
1.18
$8,166
Equipment cost
$639
Opportunity cost
$0
$0
0.37
Units sold, Year 1
$10,000
$1,061
$10,391
0.79
15.00%
7.07%
20.57%
0.74
$1.50
$0.18
$1.37
4.00%
1.43
$1.07
$0.07
$1.17
3.00%
0.79
$2,120
$148
$2,237
3.00%
Project WACC
10.00%
0.31
Tax rate
40.00%
7.07%
37.82%
15.00%
Assumed correlation between units sold
in Year 1 and annual change in units
= 65.00%
sold in later years:
NPV
###
IRR
###
MIRR
###
PI
0.55
Payback
t found
Discounted payback
t found
Panel B: Project Analysis for Current Trial in Simulation Using Inputs from Figure 11-7 Column F
0
1
Unit sales
10,391
$1.37
$1.17
###
###
###
###
###
33.33%
###
###
Cash Flow Forecast
0
1
$14,227
$12,170
$2,237
Depreciation
$2,722
$2,902
$1,098
$1,804
$2,722
Equipment purchases
$8,166
Salvage value
$2,134
$542
$0
$0
$0
$10,300
$375
NPV
-$4,616
=NPV(E69,F111:I111)+E111
IRR
-6.91% =IRR(E111:I111)
MIRR
-5.19% =MIRR(E111:I111,E69,E69)
Profitability index
0.55
=NPV(E69,F111:I111)/(-E111)
Payback
Discounted payback
Year:
0
###
###
###
1
###
###
###
2
12,529
$1.42
$1.21
###
###
###
44.45%
###
###
Cash Flows at End of Yea
2
$17,840
$15,114
$2,304
$3,630
$3,208
$1,213
$1,995
$3,630
$680
$0
$0
$956
2
###
###
###
How the Simulation Works
We use a Data Table to perform the simulation (the Data Table is below shaded in lavender). When the Data Table is updated
new random variables for each of the inputs we allow to change in Figure 11-7 above, run the analysis in Panel B above, and
NPV for each trial. (We also save the input variables for each trial so that we can verify that they are behaving as we expec
first column of the Data Table (the variable to be changed in each row) to numbers from 1-100. We don't really use these nu
anywhere in the analysis, but if we tell the Data Table to treat these as the Column inputs, Excel will recalculate all items in
Table, including the random inputs and the resulting NPV. In other words, we "trick" Excel into doing a simulation. We tell Ex
each of the Column inputs in the Data Table into the cell immediately below this box. This cell isn't linked to anything else, b
Excel updates a row of the Data Table, all the random values will be updated.
Column input cell to "trick" Excel into updating random variables in Data Table:
Excel normally updates all values in a Data Table each time any cell that is related to the Data Table changes. In our case, we
variables in the Data Table, so each time any cell in the worksheet makes a calculation, the Data Table is updated. If the Dat
many rows, updating it can take up to 20 or 30 seconds. This is ok when we want to update the Table, but it is annoying to w
seconds any time we make any changes in the worksheet. The "check box" explained below helps with this annoyance.
To put random variables in the Data Table for the simulation, the box shown below must be checked; otherwise, the Data Tab
only zero's and doesn't update when the sheet makes a calculation (other than the first time you check this box or if you ins
rows or columns). If the box is unchecked and you check it, the check mark won't show up until the Table is updated, so don
impatient and click it twice. After you have checked the box, the Data Table will update any time you change a cell in the wo
make the Data Table update, make sure the box is checked and then hit the F9 key.
Put a check in the box below to put

trials into the data table; otherwise, the
data table will have only zeros.
Must be checked to put random
0
variable in data table for simulation
Remember to uncheck the box above when you are through with the simulation, or the Data Table will recalculate any time y
change in the worksheet, which will slow down all other calculations in the worksheet.
You don't need to change anything in this section. It will be updated automatically if you do a simulation. The summary of t
results and the histogram are based on the simulation trials in the Data Table below and are updated automatically when yo
simulation.
Note: If results are all zeros, go back to row 144 and "check" the box by clicking it with your cursor.
Figure 11-8
Number of Trials
10,000
Input Variables

Equipment Units sold,
cost
Year 1
Average
$0
0
Standard deviation
$0
0
Maximum
$0
0
Minimum
$0
0
Summary Statistics for Simulated
Results
NPV
Average
$0
Standard deviation
$0
Maximum
$0
Minimum
$0
Median
$0
0.0%
#DIV/0!
Annual change
in units sold,
after Year 1
0%
0%
0%
0%
#DIV/0!
Sales price
per unit,
Year 1
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Variable
cost per
unit (VC),
Year 1
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Output of Simulation in Data Table
Trial Number
Equipment cost
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Units sold, Year

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Annual change
Nonvariable
in units sold,
Sales price per unit, Variable cost per cost (Non-VC),
after Year 1
Year 1
unit (VC), Year 1
Year 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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1800
1801
1802
1803
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1812
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1816
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1822
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1825
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1864
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1868
1869
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1872
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1875
1876
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1878
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1887
1888
1889
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1891
1892
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1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
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1911
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1917
1918
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1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
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1968
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1981
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1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
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2033
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0
9847
9848
9849
9850
9851
9852
9853
9854
9855
9856
9857
9858
9859
9860
9861
9862
9863
9864
9865
9866
9867
9868
9869
9870
9871
9872
9873
9874
9875
9876
9877
9878
9879
9880
9881
9882
9883
9884
9885
9886
9887
9888
9889
9890
9891
9892
9893
9894
9895
9896
9897
9898
9899
9900
9901
9902
9903
9904
9905
9906
9907
9908
9909
9910
9911
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9912
9913
9914
9915
9916
9917
9918
9919
9920
9921
9922
9923
9924
9925
9926
9927
9928
9929
9930
9931
9932
9933
9934
9935
9936
9937
9938
9939
9940
9941
9942
9943
9944
9945
9946
9947
9948
9949
9950
9951
9952
9953
9954
9955
9956
9957
9958
9959
9960
9961
9962
9963
9964
9965
9966
9967
9968
9969
9970
9971
9972
9973
9974
9975
9976
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9977
9978
9979
9980
9981
9982
9983
9984
9985
9986
9987
9988
9989
9990
9991
9992
9993
9994
9995
9996
9997
9998
9999
10000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
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0
0
0
1/25/2013
Trials
ls instead of 100. To activate this

wise any changes in the workbook will
Unlike scenario analysis, Monte Carlo

es the NPV for this trial. This process
rial. After running the number of
trial results can also be used to
previous scenario analysis. It also

scenario. To compare apples and
ion with the same expected value and
the blue section in Columns C and D.
tion to the inputs for all the variables
ts sold in Year 1 and changes in units
are shown in dark red and are drawn

do this in a 2-step process. Column E
transforms the standard normal
e updated values, hit the F9 key.
Panel A: Values from Scenario Analysis and Their Expected Values and
Standard Deviations
Inputs from Scenario Analysis for
Comparison to Simulation
Base
Worst
50%
25%
$7,750
$639
$0
$0
10,000
15.00%
$1.50
4.00%
$1.07
3.00%
$2,120
3.00%
10.00%
40.00%
15.00%
Key Results
Base
$1,048
13.79%
12.78%
1.10
3.39
Best
25%
$8,250
$639
$0
$0
8,500
5.00%
$1.25
4.00%
$1.17
3.00%
$2,330
3.00%
10.00%
50.00%
15.00%
$7,250
$639
$0
$0
11,500
25.00%
$1.75
4.00%
$0.97
3.00%
$1,910
3.00%
10.00%
30.00%
15.00%
Worst
-$7,543
-171.46%
-22.23%
0.23
Not found
Best
$19,468
62.41%
43.49%
2.90
Not found
Expected
Value of Input
$7,750
10,000
15.00%
$1.50
Standard
Deviation of
Input
$354
1,061
7.07%
$0.18
$1.07
$0.07
$2,120
$148
40.00%
NPV
IRR
MIRR
PI
Payback
7.07%
3.80
3
15,106
$1.48
$1.24
###
###
###
Not found
Not found
Discounted payback
4
18,214
$1.54
$1.28
$2,444
$28,052
$0
14.81%
###
###
3
$22,371
$18,770
$2,373
$1,209
$18
$7
$11
$1,209
7.41%
###
0
4
$28,052
$23,311
$2,444
$605
$1,691
$640
$1,052
$605
$852
$0
$0
$368
$639
$242
$4,208
$0
$0
$6,262
3
###
###
###
4
-$2,339
$4,277
-$4,616
he Data Table is updated, it will insert

sis in Panel B above, and then save the
e behaving as we expect.) We set the
don't really use these numbers
l recalculate all items in the Data
g a simulation. We tell Excel to insert
inked to anything else, but each time
Simulation control, check box
You might wonder "what's the deal about this check box and why does it work this way?"
and how do you use a check box for it? Let's answer the "why it is useful for a simulation
cell B144. If you click on the box, B144 returns a "TRUE" value, and if the box is unchecke
B144 is because we made the font color the same as the background color so it wouldn't
0
Don't change the red cell.
changes. In our case, we have random

ble is updated. If the Data Table has
e, but it is annoying to wait 30
ith this annoyance.
; otherwise, the Data Table contains

eck this box or if you insert or delete
Table is updated, so don't get
u change a cell in the worksheet. So to
ill recalculate any time you make a
ation. The summary of the simulation

d automatically when you do a
See, it reads either True or False, depending on whether the box is checked or not. The fo
to determine whether or not the data table should be evaluated. For example, the formul
the value in F38, which is the simulated equipment cost. If B144 is FALSE, then it returns
B144 is FALSE, then the data table has no formulas to evaluate (everything is zero) and i
simulation results. You didn't really need a check box; you could just as well have left B14
row 206 check, instead, for whether B144 is equal to 1. But the check box is neat.
Now for how to use Forms in Excel. To insert a check box in Excel 2010 you must first en
2010 For later versions of Excel you can find instructions for this by searching on "check
Customize Ribbon. Under Customize the Ribbon and under Main Tabs, select the Develop
On the Developer tab, in the Controls group, click on Insert and then, in the Form Control
Forms Control section and click on the icon that looks like a check mark. Move your curso
Check Box 25, will show up next to the box. Right click on the check box and click on Form
button is pressed, then put in a cell reference in the Cell link box. We had $B$144 in that
Now when you click on the check box, cell P167 will display TRUE and when it is not chec
your Excel programming. All that is left is to put in a useful description for the check box.
click on the check box area and edit the name to be something like "Click this box if you
data table to do its calculations!).
it with your cursor.
Nonvariable
cost
(Non-VC),
Year 1
$0
$0
$0
$0
Tax rate
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Scratch work for chart: see comments.
Count
Range bott
0
Percent
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
0
0
100%
10000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sum
Tax rate
NPV
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10,000
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
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0
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0
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0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
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0
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0
0
0
0
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0
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0
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0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Simulation control, check boxes, and forms
and why does it work this way?" There are 2 parts to this question: Why it is useful for the simulation
"why it is useful for a simulation" question first, then talk about check boxes. This check box is linked to
value, and if the box is unchecked then it returns a "FALSE" value. The reason you can't see anything in
e background color so it wouldn't be distracting. Below, here's what is in cell B144:
the box is checked or not. The formulas in the simulation data table in cells B206 to I206 use this value
aluated. For example, the formula in B206 is =IF($B$144,F38,0). If B144 is TRUE, then the cell returns
If B144 is FALSE, then it returns 0. The other formulas in that row are similar. The end result is that if
valuate (everything is zero) and if it is TRUE, then it has formulas to evaluate and it records the
ou could just as well have left B144 visible and either put a 1 or a 0 in it, and had the IF statements in
But the check box is neat.
in Excel 2010 you must first enable the Developer tab on your Ribbon. These are instructions for Excel
s for this by searching on "check box" in Excel help. Click the File tab, then click Options, then click
der Main Tabs, select the Developer check box.
ert and then, in the Form Controls section, click on Insert (the picture that like a tool box). Look at the
e a check mark. Move your cursor to where you'd like the check box to go, and click there. A name, like
n the check box and click on Format Control. Then under the Control tab, make sure the "unchecked"
link box. We had $B$144 in that box. Suppose you put in $P$167 for your box. You are mostly done!
lay TRUE and when it is not checked, P167 will display FALSE. You can use these two logical values in
ful description for the check box. You don't want your users to be confused about what the box is for. Just
mething like "Click this box if you want something special to happen to the spreadsheet" (like enable the
A
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
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21
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24
25
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27
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30
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46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
Figure 11-9
Replacement Analysis (Thousands of Dollars)
Applies to:
Both
Old
New
Part I. Inputs:
Machines Machine Machine
Cost of new machine
2000
After-tax salvage value old machine
400
Sales revenues (fixed)
2500
Annual operating costs except depr.
1200
280
Tax rate
40%
WACC
10%
Depreciation
1
2
3
4
Totals:
Depr. rates (new machine)
33.33%
44.45% 14.81%
7.41%
100%
Depreciation on new machine
$667
$889
$296
$148
2000
Depreciation on old machine
$334
$333
$0
$0
667
: Change in depreciation
$333
$556
$296
$148
1333
Part II. Net Cash Flows before Replacement: Old Machine
0
1
2
3
Sales revenues
2500
2500
2500
Operating costs except depreciation
1,200
1,200
1,200
Depreciation
334
333
0
Total operating costs
1534
1533
1200
Operating income
966
967
1300
Taxes
40%
386
387
520
After-tax operating income
579.6
580.2
780
334
333
0
0
913.6
913.2
780
Net cash flows before replacement
Part III. Net Cash Flows after Replacement: New Machine
0
1
2
3
New machine cost:
###
After-tax salvage value, old machine
$400
Sales revenues
$2,500
$2,500 $2,500
Operating costs except depreciation
$280
$280
$280
Depreciation
$667
$889
$296
Total operating costs
$947
$1,169
$576
Operating income
$1,553
$1,331 $1,924
Taxes
40%
$621
$532
$770
After-tax operating income
$932
$799 $1,154
$667
$889
$296
$1,600
$1,599
$1,688 $1,450
Net cash flows after replacement
Part IV. Incremental CF: Row 51 Row 38
$1,600
$685
$774
$670
Part V. Evaluation
NPV =
$584.02
IRR =
26.33% MIRR =
Part VI. Alternative Calculation for Net Cash Flows

New machine cost
-2000
Salvage value, old machine
400
Net cost of new machine
-1600
Other operating cost savings = Old New
A-T savings = Other cost savings (1 Tax rate)
Depreciation = (New Old)
Depr'n tax savings = Depreciation Tax rate
920
552
333
133
920
552
556
222
920
552
296
118
A
64
65
66
NCF = A-T cost savings + Depr'n tax savings
E
-1600
F
685.04
G
774.4
H
670.48
The Net Cash Flow time line is the sum of the larger, boldfaced, boxed, red numbers. The cash
flows on Row 64 are IDENTICAL to those on Row 53.
I
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
4
2500
1,200
0
1200
1300
520
780
0
780
4
$2,500
$280
$148
$428
$2,072
$829
$1,243
$148
$1,391
$611
18.90%
920
552
148
59
I
64
611.28
65
boxed, red numbers.

66The cash
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
AA
AB
AC
AD
AE
AF
Figure 11-5 Repeated Here for convenience.

Inputs and Key Results for Each Scenario (Dollars in Thousands)
Scenario Name
Inputs:
Equipment cost
Opportunity cost
Units sold, Year 1
Project WACC
Tax rate
Key Results:
NPV
Base
Scenarios:
Worst
25%
Base
50%
Best
25%
7750
639
0
0
8250
639
0
0
7250
639
0
0
10,000
8,500
11,500
15%
$1.50
4%
$1.07
3%
5%
$1.25
4%
$1.17
3%
25%
$1.75
4%
$0.97
3%
2120
3%
10%
40%
15%
2330
3%
10%
50%
15%
1910
3%
10%
30%
15%
$1,048
IRR
13.79%
MIRR
12.78%
Profitability index
1.10
Payback
Not found
Discounted payback Not found
$7,543
###
###
0.23
ot found
ot found
$19,468
62.41%
43.49%
2.90
ot found
ot found
Analysis for each

scenario is shown to
the right.
AL
1
10,000
$1.50
$1.07
2120
15000
2250
7750

Cash Flow Forecast
2691
33.33%
2583.075
5166.925
0
Depreciation
Equipment purchases
Salvage value
NPV
Worst
Unit sales
NOWCt = 15%(Revenues t+1)
2
3
11,500
13,225
$1.56
$1.62
$1.10
$1.14
2183.6
2249.108
17940
21456.24
###
###
$0
44.45%
14.81%
###
1147.775
1722.05
574.275
1
$15,000
$10,700
$2,120
$2,583
$403
$161
$242
$2,583
2
$17,940
$12,674
$2,184
$3,445
$363
$145
$218
$3,445
4
15,209
$1.69
$1.17
$2,317
$25,662
7.41%
574.275
0
3
$21,456
$15,013
$2,249
$1,148
$3,047
$1,219
$1,828
$1,148
4
$25,662
$17,782
$2,317
$574
$4,988
$1,995
$2,993
$574
$7,750
$2,250
$0
$10,000
$441
$0
$0
$1,900
$527
$0
$0
$2,700
$631
$0
$0
$2,345
$639
$256
$3,849
$0
$0
$7,800
$1,048
Best
Unit sales
NOWCt = 15%(Revenues t+1 )
Cash Flow Forecast
1
8,500
$1.25
$1.17
2330
10625
1593.75
8250
1740.375 1900.4895 2075.334534

33.33%
###
###
4
9,840
$1.41
$1.28
$2,546
$13,836
$0
44.45%
14.81%
###
1221.825
1833.15
611.325
7.41%
611.325
0
$10,625
$9,945
$2,330
$2,750
$4,400
###
$2,200
$2,750
2
$11,603
$10,756
$2,400
$3,667
$5,220
$2,610
$2,610
$3,667
3
$12,670
$11,632
$2,472
$1,222
$2,656
$1,328
$1,328
$1,222
4
$13,836
$12,580
$2,546
$611
$1,902
$951
$951
$611
$147
$0
$0
$403
$160
$0
$0
$897
$175
$0
$0
$281
$639
$320
$2,075
$0
$0
$2,055
0
Depreciation
Equipment purchases
$8,250
Salvage value
$1,594
$0
$9,844
2
3
8,925
9,371
$1.30
$1.35
$1.21
$1.24
2399.9
2471.897
11602.5
12669.93
Unit sales
NOWCt = 15%(Revenues t+1)
Cash Flow Forecast
NPV
-$7,543
NPV
IRR
-171.46%
IRR
62.41%
MIRR
MIRR
43.49%
Scenario analysis extends risk analysis in two ways: (1) It allows us to change more than one variable at a
time, hence to see the combined effects of changes in several variables on NPV, and (2) It allows us to
bring in the probabilities of changes in the key variables.
Figure 11.6 (shown below) presents the cash flows for each scenario (the cash flows are obtained from the
3 scenarios' analyses conducted above in the blue, bright yellow, and green boxes). It also shows the NPV
for each scenario. Using the NPV and probability for each scenario, we calculate the expected NPV, the
standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation. Later in the analysis we consider the possibility of
abandoning the project if the worst case occurs, but our present analysis assumes that we cannot abandon
the project.
Figure 11-6 Repeated Here for Convenience
Scenario Analysis: Expected NPV and Its Risk (Dollars in Thousands)
0
1
2
3
Prob:
WACC
NPV
Best
25%
$10,269 $4,761
$6,673
$8,237
$20,065 10.00%
$19,468
Base
50%
$10,000 $1,900
$2,700
$2,345
$7,800 10.00%
$1,048
Worst
25%
$897
$281
$2,055 10.00%
$7,543
97
1
100
$9,844
$403
Expected NPV =
$3,505
$9,861
2.81
11-11 Phased Decisions and Decision Trees
The Basic Decision Tree

Now assume that the project may be terminated (abandoned) at Year 2 if the demand is low. The net aftertax cash flow from salvage, legal fees, liquidation of working capital, and all other termination
cost/revenues is $5,000 and is shown at Year 2 for the low demand scenario. As shown in the figure below,
the ability to abandon a project can add significant value to its NPV.
Figure 11-10
Joint
Probabilities
Used in
Calculations
25%
Simple Decision Tree: Can Abandon Project in Worst-Case Scenario
Best
Prob:
25%
Base
50%

0
1
2
3
4
$10,269 $4,761
$6,673
$8,237
$20,065
$10,000 $1,900
$9,844
$403
Worst
25%
$9,844
$403
If abandon, can liquidate for $5,000 at t = 2.
$2,700
$2,345
$7,800
$897
$281
$2,055
$5,000
$0
$0
WACC
10%
NPV
$19,468
10%
$1,048
50%
10%
$5,345
25%
Expected NPV =
$4,055
$9,273
2.29
Figure 11-11
Decision Tree with Multiple Decision Points
Firm can abandon the project at t = 2
Time Periods, Cash Flows, Probabilities, and Decision Points
0
1st Invest
1
2nd Invest
Prob.
Prob.
2
3rd Invest
3
Inflow
4
Inflow
5
Inflow
6
Inflow
WACC =
10%
WACC =
10%
WACC =
10%
NPV
Joint Prob
45%
$10,2693
$4,761
$6,673
$8,237
$20,065 $15,534
40%
$10,0003
$1,900
$2,700
$2,345
$7,800
$312
15%
Stop
$0
$0
$0
$0
$555
12%
$0
$0
$0
$0
$100
36%
20%
100%
Expected NPV =
$5,606
$7,451
1.33
80%
$500 2
20%
Stop
2
$100
$0
32%
Year:
0
-10000
-10000
-10000
1
-8099.77
###
###
2
-5399.906
###
###
3
###
###
###
4
$4,745
$5,328
$1,048
-22.23%
Profitability index
0.23
Payback
Err:504
Discounted payback
Err:504
Year:
0
1
-9843.75 -9440.5125
-9843.75
###
-9843.75
###
2
###
###
###
3
###
###
###
4
-$6,769
$1,404
-$7,543
1
11,500
$1.75
$0.97
1910
20125
2
3
14,375
17,969
$1.82
$1.89
$1.00
$1.03
1967.3
2026.319
26162.5
34011.25
3924.375 5101.6875
33.33%
###
###
12.78%
Profitability index
1.10
Payback
Err:504
Discounted payback
Err:504
3018.75
7250

Depreciation
Equipment purchases
$7,250
Salvage value
$3,019
$0
$10,269
13.79%
160
AK
We chose to create a separate scenario with its own set of changing cells for each of the three cases
because this allows a user to modify each scenario separately and still easily see the results from the other
two scenarios. However, in worksheet "3b. Scen." we show how to put all three scenarios into a single
group (i.e., all three scenarios have the same changing cells) and use Scenario Manager's Summary
feature.
MIRR
159
AJ
We show these base-case, worst-case, and best-case value in the input columns for scenarios in Figure 115 below, identified by the cells with larger, non-black fonts. If you change any input for any scenario, the
key results shown immediately below the input column will be updated because the inputs for each set of
inputs are linked to a model for that particular set of inputs; these 3 models are shown to the right of
Figure 11-5. If you want to return to the our original inputs for any model, you can go to Scenario Manager
(Data, What-If Analysis, Scenario Manager) and pick the original scenario for the 3 cases.
IRR
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
AI
We add worst-case and best-case scenarios, including the probability that each scenario will occur, as
shown below in Figure 11-5. Management determined that some of the inputs were not likely to stray far
from the base-case levels, and the NPV was not terribly sensitive to them anyway, so in our analysis we
change only 6 inputs: equipment cost, units sold in Year 1, annual change in units sold after Year 1, sales
price per unit, variable cost per unit, nonvariable cost, and the tax rate. Management gathered advice from
experts in their marketing, operations, logistics, HR, accounting, and finance departments for the
probability of each scenario and the values to use for the worst-case and best-case scenarios.
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
99
AH
11-6 Scenario Analysis--Repeate Here for User's Convenience
66
98
AG
1/25/2013
Worksheet 6-DecTree
This worksheet extends the scenario analysis (shown in Tab 3a-Scen) to incorporate the possibility of
abandoning the project if demand is low. We also provide an introduction to real options. For the user's
convenience, we repeat the scenario analysis before addressing abandonment.
6632.19375
44.45%
14.81%
###
1073.725
1610.95
537.225
1
4
22,461
$1.97
$1.06
$2,087
$44,215
$0
7.41%
537.225
0
$20,125
$11,155
$1,910
$2,416
$4,644
###
$3,251
$2,416
2
$26,163
$14,362
$1,967
$3,223
$6,611
$1,983
$4,627
$3,223
3
$34,011
$18,491
$2,026
$1,074
$12,420
$3,726
$8,694
$1,074
4
$44,215
$23,807
$2,087
$537
$17,783
$5,335
$12,448
$537
$906
$0
$0
$4,761
$1,177
$0
$0
$6,673
$1,531
$0
$0
$8,237
$639
$192
$6,632
$0
$0
$20,065
2
###
###
###
3
###
###
###
4
$29,467
$13,705
$19,468
$19,468
Profitability index
2.90
Payback
Err:504
Discounted payback
Err:504
Year:
0
1
-10268.75 -5507.4475
-10268.75
###
-10268.75
###
Appendix 11A
DEPRECIATION TABLES
Depreciation percentages personal property (i.e., assets other

than real estate), as stated in IRS i4562.
Actual IRS Deprecia
Class of Investment
Ownershi
p Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
3-Year
33.33%
44.45%
14.81%
7.41%
5-Year
20.00%
32.00%
19.20%
11.52%
11.52%
5.76%
7-Year
10-Year
Ownership
Year
14.29%
24.49%
17.49%
12.49%
8.93%
8.92%
8.93%
4.46%
10.00%
18.00%
14.40%
11.52%
9.22%
7.37%
6.55%
6.55%
6.56%
6.55%
3.28%
100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
MACRS for Residential Real Property
Year
1
2-27
28
29
1
3.485%
3.636%
1.970%
0.000%
99.99%
2
3.182%
3.636%
2.273%
0.000%
99.99%
3
2.879%
3.636%
2.576%
0.000%
99.99%
4
2.576%
3.636%
2.879%
0.000%
99.99%
Month
5
2.273%
3.636%
3.182%
0.000%
99.99%
Property Placed in Service

6
1.970%
3.636%
3.458%
0.000%
99.96%
MACRS for Nonresidential Real Property

Month Property Placed in Service
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2.461%
2.247%
2.033%
1.819%
1.605%
1.391%
2-39
2.564%
2.564%
2.564%
2.564%
2.564%
2.564%
40
0.107%
0.321%
0.535%
0.749%
0.963%
1.177%
100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Year
Rounded Percentages Used in Analysis

Property Life (in years):
Depreciation in Year 1 (assuming half-year convention):
Rounded Depreciation in Years 2-39:
Depreciation in Year 40:
39
1.30%
2.60%
1.30%
1/25/2013
Actual IRS Depreciation Percentages for Personal Property

Class of Investment
3-Year
33.33%
44.45%
14.81%
7.41%
5-Year
20.00%
32.00%
19.20%
11.52%
11.52%
5.76%
7-Year
14.29%
24.49%
17.49%
12.49%
8.93%
8.92%
8.93%
4.46%
100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
h Property Placed in Service

7
8
1.667%
1.364%
3.636%
3.636%
3.636%
3.636%
0.152%
0.455%
99.99%
99.99%
9
1.061%
3.636%
3.636%
0.758%
99.99%
10-Year
15-Year
10.00%
18.00%
14.40%
11.52%
9.22%
7.37%
6.55%
6.55%
6.56%
6.55%
3.28%
5.00%
9.50%
8.55%
7.70%
6.93%
6.23%
5.90%
5.90%
5.91%
5.90%
5.91%
5.90%
5.91%
5.90%
5.91%
2.95%
10
0.758%
3.636%
3.636%
1.061%
99.99%
11
0.455%
3.636%
3.636%
1.364%
99.99%
20-year
3.750%
7.219%
6.677%
6.177%
5.713%
5.285%
4.888%
4.522%
4.462%
4.461%
4.462%
4.461%
4.462%
4.461%
4.462%
4.461%
4.462%
4.461%
4.462%
4.461%
2.231%
100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
12
0.152%
3.636%
3.636%
1.667%
99.99%
h Property Placed in Service

7
8
9
1.177%
0.963%
0.749%
2.564%
2.564%
2.564%
1.391%
1.605%
1.819%
100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
10
11
12
0.535%
0.321%
0.107%
2.564%
2.564%
2.564%
2.033%
2.247%
2.461%
100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Senario and Sensivity

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A

Worksheet 7-ApdxA provides depreciation tables as described in Appendix A of the textbook.

11-1 Identifying Relevant Cash Flows

11-2 Analysis of an Expansion Project

Analysis of an Expansion Project: Inputs and Key Results (Dollars in Thousands)

Inputs and Key Results

Part 2. Cash Flows and Performance Measures

Cash Flow Forecast

Cash Flows at End of Year

e base case, use Scenario Manager

Cash Flows at End of

Annual depreciation rate (MACRS)

Annual depreciation rate (Straight-Line)

Worksheet 2-Sensitivity Analysis

Cash Flows at End of Year

Sales revenues = Units Price/unit

11-5 Sensitivity Analysis

With the range still highlighted, open the Table dialog b

% Deviation from Base

Data for Sensitivity Graph

NPV with Variables at Different Deviations from Base

Additional data for Tornado Diagram

Rank of Range of NPV from Sensitivity Table Above

$15,000 $10,000 $5,000

$15,000 $10,000 $5,000

NPV Breakeven Analysis

Input Value that Produces Zero NPV

Data Tables: Multiple Outputs for a Single Input

Two-Way Data Tables: Two Inputs and One Output

% Deviation from Base Case

sitivity analysis. A tornado shows the range of outcomes caused

the input variables that is being changed. We used the RANK

PV. To do this, we have all 3 X-values equal to the base-case NPV

the vertical axis to cross the horizontal axis at the maximum

te automatically if you change the model (and also update the

Scratch for Tornado Diagram

the Differences. Put these data in the

ick Insert, Bar Chart,

xcept choose Series 1 or Series 2; or

Probability Distribution of Scenarios:

Probability Distribution of Scenarios:

Probability Distribution of Scenarios:

Probability Distribution of Scenarios:

Worksheet 3b-Scenario Manager

After renaming cells:

Figure: Not in Printed Book

Salvage value, equipment, Year 4

Units sold, Year 1

Annual change in sales price, after Year 1

Variable cost per unit (VC), Year 1

Nonvariable cost (Non-VC), Year 1

Annual change in Non-VC, after Year 1

Working capital as % of next year's sales

Created by Mike Created by Mike

ad different changing cells. In this worksheet, we

ways. First, there is only 1 column for inputs and

e Summary feature in the Scenario Manager will

ger, select a scenario, and click "Show." The model to

ager, and click on Summary, and

Analysis for Scenario Shown Below:

Basis for depreciation

Annual depreciation rate (MACRS)

Cash Flow Forecast