1

1. Nouns
Common and proper

Presentation
A Look at the picture and read about it.

This is a girl.
Her name is Mina. She has a dog.
The dog is called Blackie.
They live in a village.
They call their village Gairigaun.
B Here are some words from above. These words are nouns.
Some begin with a small letter and others with a capital letter.
Can you tell why?

girl
dog
village

Mina
Blackie
Gairigaun

Nouns are words that name people,

places, animals or things.

Special names of people, places, animals or things are proper nouns.

girl any girl
Girl is a common noun.
Dog and village are other common nouns.
Mina special name of a particular girl
Mina is a proper noun.
Blackie and Gairigaun are other proper nouns.
Proper nouns always
begin with a capital letter.

Practice
A Copy the nouns from the box in the right place.
Remember to use capital letters for proper nouns.

city

gopal

man

pokhara

tree

kathmandu stone

ganga

ramayana
nepal

simran
monkey

book
country

Common nouns

Proper nouns

B Copy the sentences below. Use capital letters for proper nouns.

1. He lives in a small town named janakpur.

2. He comes from beijing. It is the capital of china.

3. I have a cat. I call him tommy.

4. There is a river near the town. People call it the bagmati.

5. My best friend is hari. He lives in chitwan.

Production

A Fill in the blanks on your own.

My name is
I live in ...
My schools name is ..
. is the name of my country.
. is the name of my district.
The place where I live is called
B Rani has got three new pets. She is trying to give them names.
Can you suggest three different names for each pet?

What shall I call my dog?

What shall I call my parrot?

What shall I call my cat?

Extension
A Name four places you have visited.

B Name two places you would like to visit.

C Name four rivers from Nepal.

D Write the names of four famous people from Nepal.

2. Nouns
Singular and plural

Presentation
A Read this. Pay attention to the highlighted words.

There is a bird in the tree.

The hunters are looking for it.
They cant see the bird
because it is hiding in the branches.
The big hunter is carrying a gun.
The small hunter is carrying two guns.
B Now discuss why some nouns end in s and some do not.

bird
hunter
gun
tree

hunters
branches
guns

Focus on s
Singular noun means one.
Plural noun means more than one.
Many plural nouns end with the letter s.

hunter - It is a singular noun.

hunters - It is a plural noun.

I have three cubs.

Practice
A Can you tell if these nouns are singular or plural?

child

bus

forests

lotus

stones

B Copy the nouns from the box in the right place.

book

pencils

toy

bag

branches

egg

rivers

page

computers

keyboard

knives

rupee

ears

mouse

bones

foxes

Singular nouns

Plural nouns

Focus on y endings

If a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) comes before y,

just add s to make the noun plural.
toy toys
If a consonant comes before y, you change it to
i and add es.
cry cries
Focus on ch, sh, s, and x endings

Add es to singular nouns ending in ch, sh, s and

x to make them plural.
match matches
box boxes
brush brushes
gas gases

Focus on f and fe endings

For most singular nouns that end in f or fe,

you change f or fe to v and add es.
wife wives
loaf loaves

Practice

C These nouns end in y. Write their plural forms.

boy

cry

tray

lady

key

fairy

day

puppy

D These nouns end in ch, sh, s or x. Make them plural.

tax

watch

fox

bush

mass

bench

glass

face

E Write the plural of these nouns ending in f or fe.

life

leaf

loaf

Focus on more plurals

All nouns do not form their plural by adding s.

Some nouns have their own plural form.
man men
child children
ox oxen

12

knife

10

Practice
F Match the singular nouns with their plural forms.
1. foot

appendices

2. goose

data

3. mouse

deer

4. woman

feet

5. tooth

geese

6. sheep

lice

7. louse

media

8. deer

mice

9. medium

people

10. person

sheep

11. datum

teeth

12. appendix

women

Production
A Write the plural forms of these nouns.
cross

staple

farm

computer

teacher

country

loaf

foot

life

woman

home

sky

problem

turkey

farmer

cloud

nose

valley

man

river

inch

owl

day

copy

B Look at the pictures and write the plural nouns.

C Look around you. What things do you see that are more than one
in number? List five such nouns here.

11

3. Nouns

Countable and uncountable

Presentation
A Read this poem.

Pancakes
Pancakes, pancakes
Bubbling in the pan
Toss them high, watch them fall
Catch them if you can!
Eggs and creamy milk
Beaten up and down
Add the flour, stir some more
Round and round and round!
Take a plate, stack them high,
Pancakes hot and brownSqueeze the lemon, eat with honey
The very best in town!
B Look at the highlighted nouns in the poem. Which ones can
you count and which ones can you not ? List them here.

Nouns I can count

Nouns I cannot count

12

13

Some nouns have a

singular and plural form.

pancake pancakes
egg eggs
They can be counted. They are countable nouns.
Some nouns do not have a plural form.
flour
milk
honey
They cannot be counted. They are uncountable nouns.

You use a or an before singular countable nouns.

a pancake
an egg
You dont use a or an before uncountable nouns.
flour
milk

14

Practice
A Copy the nouns from the box in the right place.

pen

bookshops

salt

girls

car

rice

tables

oil

finger

doll

butter

rivers

milk

tree

eyes

Singular countable nouns

Plural countable nouns

Uncountable nouns

Did you know?

To find out whether a noun is countable or uncountable, ask yourself:

Can I put a/an before it?
Can I make the noun plural?
Can I put a number before it?
If the answer is yes, the noun is countable.
If the answer is no, the noun is uncountable.

15

Practice
B Write C for countable and U for uncountable nouns.

book

hair

tea

air

toe

sand

water

milk powder

apple

plate

C Underline all the nouns in the sentences. Which ones are

countable and which ones are uncountable? Write them in
the correct box below.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

The weather is beautiful in the hills.

He saw the milk boiling in the pot.
She stepped in a puddle on the way to school.
I need some ink for my pen.
Hydrogen and oxygen are gases.
English is a beautiful language.
Water changes into ice on freezing.
We do not have electricity in our village.
I like coffee better than tea.
The boy wants to have sugar.

Countable nouns:

Uncountable nouns:

16

Production

A Complete the sentences with suitable nouns. Write C in the

box if the noun is countable and U if it is uncountable.

1. We breathe _________ to live.

2. Cheese is made from _________.
3. I write with a __________.
4. Cows eat ________.
5. Bread is made from __________.
B Discuss in groups and come up with your own list of countable
and uncountable nouns.

Countable nouns

Uncountable nouns

4. Adjectives
Presentation
A Read this text.

There in the jungle I saw a bear.

It was a brown bear.
It was an ugly, brown bear,
It was a wild, ugly, brown bear.
It was an angry, wild, ugly, brown bear.
It was a hungry, angry, wild, ugly, brown bear.
And it wanted to eat me!
B What kind of bear was it?
C The highlighted words in the above text are adjectives. They
describe the noun bear. Can you think of other adjectives to
describe a bear?

Adjectives are words that give more

information about a noun or pronoun.
Words like hungry, angry, wild, ugly and brown are adjectives.
An adjective may tell you about:
- the state of a noun or pronoun:
- the size of a noun or pronoun:
- the colour of a noun or pronoun:
- the number of a noun or pronoun:

happy
large
blue
two

angry
small
red
ten

sad
thin
pink
first

wild
heavy
dark
last

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18

Practice
A Underline the adjectives in these sentences.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

I saw a small, dirty boy playing with a brown dog.

The little, white bear looked at me.
The long snake lay in the green grass.
She went out into the dark night.
The hungry boy sat on the cold floor.

B Look at the picture.

Fill in the missing adjectives in the sentences.

1.The man in the _________ coat is saying, Goodbye.

2.There is a __________ dog at the door.
3.The _________ woman is carrying a __________ bag.
4.The _________ girl has __________ apples in her hands.
5.The house is __________ .

19

Production

A Look at the picture. Use an adjective and a noun to describe it.

Also use the article a or an.

a sunny day

and
B Use adjectives of your own to complete this poem about an
elephant.

In the zoo I met an elephant.

It was a ___________ elephant.
It was a __________, __________ elephant.
It was a __________, __________, __________, _________ elephant.
It was a ________, ________, ________, _________, __________
elephant.
And it wanted to play with me!

20

Extension
Read this story. Do the activities as you read along.

Once there lived a poor shoemaker next to a rich goldsmith.

The shoemaker was happy but the goldsmith was always sad.
All the words in the bold print are adjectives! Now, can you
underline the adjectives in this part of the story?
Every day, the shoemaker sang lovely songs while he did his hard
work. All the young children in that small town loved to hear the
shoemaker sing his beautiful songs. They sat on comfortable chairs
and listened to him sing melodious songs.
The adjectives in the remaining part of the story are missing! Find
them in the box and put them in the blanks to complete the story.
precious

old

shiny

bad

happy

brilliant

useless

poor

large

heavy

The goldsmith stayed awake all night counting his ________ gold
coins. He slept during the day as he didnt sleep at night. The shoe
makers singing disturbed him. He thought the songs were _________
and __________ He thought, What can I do to make the shoemaker
stop singing? One day he made a _________ plan. He called the
__________ shoemaker and gave him a __________ bag full of
goldcoins as a gift. The shoemaker was __________ to get this gift.
He took the __________ bag and stored it in an __________ box in
his house. He started worrying about his __________ gold coins from
that day, and he stopped singing!

21

5. Adjectives
Comparison

Presentation
A Read this interesting story about three cats and a monkey.

Three clever cats lived in a house.

The white cat was big. The black cat
was bigger than the white cat. The striped
cat was the biggest of the three.
One day they baked a cake for dinner.
I will eat all the cake, said the white
cat in a loud voice.
I will eat it alone, said the black cat in a louder voice.
I will eat it all myself, said the striped
cat in the loudest voice.
A clever monkey lived in a tree nearby. He was
cleverer than the cats. In fact, he was the
cleverest monkey in the world. He heard
what the cats said and came into their house.
The cats were busy fighting among
themselves. They didnt see the monkey.
The monkey ate up the whole cake.
At last they stopped fighting. Wheres the cake? they said.
It ran away because you made so much noise, said the monkey.
B Look at the highlighted adjectives in the story and answer
these questions.

What adjectives are used to compare the three cats?

What adjective is used to compare the monkey with the cats?
What adjective is used to compare the monkey with other monkeys
in the world?

22

Comparative adjectives compare between two.

The black cat was bigger than the white cat.
The monkey was cleverer than the cats.
Superlative adjectives compare among three or more.
The striped cat was the biggest of the three.
He was the cleverest monkey in the world.

Most adjectives add er and est in their

comparative and superlative forms.
tall
taller
tallest
small
smaller
smallest
fine
finer
finest (fine already has e)
Adjectives ending in y change y to i before adding er or -est.
lazy
lazier
laziest
funny
funnier
funniest
If the adjective is long and doesnt end in y, we add more and most
in front of it.
beautiful
more beautiful
most beautiful
intelligent
more intelligent
most intelligent
Some adjectives have their own comparatives and superlatives.
good better best
little less least
bad worse worst
many more most

23

Practice
A Fill in the blanks with the comparative forms of the
adjectives given in brackets. Dont forget to use with
the comparative form!

1. Ram is ____________ Rita. (tall)

2. A pen is _____________ a sword. (useful)
3. Sarita is _____________ her sister. (young)
4. This dress is _____________ that dress. (beautiful)
5. Mangoes are _____________ apples. (cheap)
6. Iron is ___________wood. (heavy)
7. Mr. Thapa was _________ Mr. Poudel. (wealthy)
8. A car runs _______________ a bicycle. (fast)
9. Summer feels ____________ winter. (hot)
10. The fox was _____________ the jackal. (cunning)
11. I am ________________ my friend. (happy)
12. Your idea is ________________ my idea. (good)

24

Practice
B Fill in the blanks with the superlative forms of the adjectives
given in brackets. Dont forget to use the in front of superlatives!

1.

Russia is ___________ country in the world. (big)

2.

Mt Everest is ___________ mountain peak. (high)

3.

King Solomon was ___________ of all the kings. (wise)

4.

The Nile is ___________ river in the world. (long)

5.

Mr. Khatri was ___________ among

the soldiers. (brave)

6.

Deepa was ___________ among the girls. (intelligent)

7.

Australia is ___________ island in the world. (large)

8.

Suliman was ___________ and ___________ man in the whole

village. (lazy, unpopular)

9.

___________ trees in the world are found in North America. (tall)

10. Rina is wearing ___________ dress. (bright)

11. She told me ___________ story. (interesting)
12. His story was ___________ story in the competition. (bad)

Production

25

A Rewrite each sentence using either the comparative or the superlative form
of the adjective.
1. Hari is _________________________Gopal. (intelligent)
2. The whale is _________________________ animal in the world. (large)
3. This road is _________________________ that road. (long)
4. The Cheetah is _________________________ animal on earth. (fast)
5. Running is _________________________ walking. (difficult)
6. The bridge was _________________________ the road. (wide)
B Write five sentences of your own using comparative adjectives.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
C Write five sentences of your own using superlative adjectives.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

Extension
A Look around the class. Make comparisons.
B Compare the different towns and cities of Nepal.

6. Verbs and adverbs

Presentation
A Here is a poem for you to read.

The Frog
The frog jumps quickly.
The frog jumps quickly, unwillingly.
The frog jumps quickly, unwillingly, hastily, blindly.
When he sees a snake appear hungrily.
B What does the frog do? How does it do it?

Verbs tell us of something being doneTo read, count, sing, jump or run.
How things are done, the adverbs tellAs slowly, quickly, badly or well!
A verb is a doing word. It shows the action.
The frog jumps.
We eat food.
An adverb tells us more about the verb.
It tells us how the action takes place.
jump quickly
appear hungrily
An adverb tells us:
how the action takes place
when the action takes place
where the action takes place

slowly, quickly, nicely

today, early, all day
here, outside, there

26

27

Practice
A All the words in the box are adverbs. Put each adverb under the
correct heading.

yesterday

happily

hastily

well

inside

nearby

tomorrow

later

never

there

always

easily

How:
When:
Where:

B Fill in the blanks with suitable adverbs from the box.

1. The lion roared __________

quietly

2. I am tired. Lets walk __________

slowly

3. I woke up because the phone rang __________

angrily

4. She does not complain about the food.

She eats __________

noisily

5. The children are reading __________

6. I cannot catch him. He runs __________

quickly
loudly

28

Practice
C Finish these sentences with adverbs of your own. The
question words in brackets will help you.

1. The big man laughed __________________ (how?)

2. The dog slept ________________________ (where?)
3. The lion ran _________________________ (how?)
4. The baby cried _______________________ (when?)
5. The boy played ______________________ (where?)
6. Ill do my homework __________________ (when?)

Production
A Read this adverb poem. Write a similar poem of your own.
Use adverbs given in the box. You may also use adverbs of
your own.

Slowly the wind blows up the sand,

Lazily the shadows cross the land,
Warily the cart horse pulls his load,
Wickedly the snake looks at the toad,
Restlessly the sun goes across the sky,
Playfully the piglets run about the sty,
Rapidly the river runs down the hill,
Merrily the miller works in his mill!

quietly

gently

softly

lightly

swiftly

brightly

loudly

lovingly

Extension
We can make adverbs by adding ly to some adjectives.

high highly
smart smartly
happy happily

A Now change the adjectives into adverbs. Then write a

sentence about each picture using the adverbs.

1. strong strongly
The boy kicked the ball strongly.
2. happy _________
__________________________________________
3. beautiful _________
_________________________________________
4. loud _________
____________________________________________
5. soft _________
____________________________________________
B Discuss about different activities you do. Tell how, when
and where you do them.

29

7. Verbs

The simple present tense

Presentation
A Read about the Frog familys daily
morning routine.

Mr Frog and Mrs Frog love their garden.

They keep it clean and beautiful. Every day
Mr Frog gets up early. He goes to the
river nearby. He brings water in a bucket.
He waters the plants. Mrs Frog joins him later.
They water the plants together.
B Discuss about the things you and your family members do in
the morning every day. Then take turns to tell the class about
the things you discussed.

We use the simple present form of the verb such as

do/does work/works brush/brushes read/reads
to talk about things we do repeatedly, as a habit or routine.
Study this table.
I
We
You
They
Ram and Meena

get up at 6 oclock.
go to school on time.
work hard.

He
She
It
Ram
Meena

gets up at 6 oclock.
goes to school on time.
works hard.

30

31

Practice
A Tick (P) the correct words in the brackets.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Ram (love, loves) chocolates.

The girls (dance, dances) well.
The teacher (teach, teaches) us grammar.
The baby (cry, cries) for milk.
Our school (open, opens) at 9 oclock.
They (grow, grows) vegetables.
We (enjoy, enjoys) playing games.
Bunu (write, writes) poems.
Birds (fly, flies) in the sky.
The cow (eat, eats) grass

B Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the
brackets.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Gopi and Hari ________ their homework everyday. (do)

Seema ________ her hair every morning. (wash)
Many animals ________ in the jungle. (live)
A fisherman ________ fish. (catch)
The teacher ________ on the blackboard. (write)
The sun ________ us light and heat.(give)
The stars ________ at night. (twinkle)
The students ________ their uniforms. (wear)
My mother ________ me with my lessons. (help)
They ________ poor people. (help)
She ________ the answer. (know)
I ________ with a pencil. (write)

32

Practice
C This is Gopis morning routine.

I get up at 6 oclock. I take a bath first of all. Then I take a cup of

tea and some biscuits. I study my lessons. I have my meal and brush
my teeth. I polish my shoes. I wear my uniform and comb my hair.
I carry my lunch and leave for school.
Now tell Gopis morning routine in your words.
Gopi gets up at 6 oclock. He.

Production
Write about your familys daily activities.

8. Verbs

The present continuous tense

Presentation
A Read this conversation.

Boy
Girl
Boy
Girl

:
:
:
:

What are you doing?

I am drawing a picture.
What is it about?
It is the picture of a frog family.
Heres Mr. Frog. He is watering the plants.
Look! The baby frogs are playing in the garden.

B What is the difference between He waters the plants and He

is watering the plants? Discuss among yourselves and find out.

When we talk about things happening at

the time of speaking, we use the present
continuous form of the verb.
We say:
I am reading a book.
He is watering the plants.
They are playing football.
Study the table.
I am
He is
She is
It is
Ram is
Meena is
You are
We are
They are
Ram and Meena are

reading.
laughing.
singing.
dancing.
playing.
drawing.
running.
jumping.
sleeping.
writing.
walking.

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34

Practice
A Tick (P) the correct words in the brackets.

1. The man (am, is, are) wearing a cap.

2. Birds (am, is, are) sitting on treetops.
3. We (am, is, are) learning grammar.
4. People (am, is, are) walking in the streets.
5. A kite (am, is, are) flying high up in the sky.
B

Fill in the blanks with the present continuous form of the verbs
given in the brackets. Do not forget to use am, is or are.

1. I ____ __________ chocolates. (eat)

2. My friends ____ __________ me. (call)
3. It ____ __________ outside. (rain)
4. Meena and Rita ____ __________ to school. (go)
5. The children ____ __________ noise. (make)
6. Ouch, you ____ __________ on my toe! (step)
7. Look! They ____ __________ this way. (come)
8. The farmer ____ __________ in the field. (work)
9. My little brother ____ __________. (cry)
10. The teacher ____ __________ (stand) and
the students ____ __________. (sit)

Production

35

A Look at this picture. Describe what is happening.

B Look around as well as outside the classroom. Say what is

happening.

36

9. Verbs
The simple past tense

Presentation
A Look at what the boy and the girl are saying.

Boy : What did you do yesterday?

Girl : It was Saturday yesterday.
I went shopping in the morning.
I bought a beautiful dress.
Boy : What did you do during the day?
Girl : I watched TV.
Boy : What did you do in the evening?
Girl : I played tennis.
B Sit in pairs and have a similar conversation about what you did last Saturday.

We use the past tense of the verb to talk

about actions that took place before now.
We usually add d or ed to the verb to change it into the simple past tense.
walked
talked
danced
closed
wanted
lived
revised
go went
drink drank

You do not add d or ed to some verbs.

They have a different past form of their own.
think thought
eat ate

write wrote
sleep slept

37

Practice
A Use the past tense of the verbs in the box to fill in the blanks.

wake

win

teach

sing

fall

dance

steal

hurt

carry

ring.

1. Dad me how to use the computer.

2. The bell loudly.
3. Everyone and at the picnic.
4. The tortoise the race.
5. The player down and his leg.
6. Somebody my purse in the market.
7. He a large bag.
8. They up early.

38

Practice
B Rewrite these sentences in the simple past tense.

1. She wants to wear a new frock.

2. Ranju sings beautifully.
3. They try to break into the house.
4. We write in our notebooks.
5. I go to the playground.
6. We play hide and seek.
7. He seems to be angry.
8. You know the truth.
9. Sanjay shouts for help.
10. It starts raining heavily.

Production

Circle all the verbs in this story. Then rewrite the story using the
past tense form of the verbs.

Kitty is a greedy cat. One day she find. a

large piece of cake. She want to eat it alone
in some quiet and peaceful place. She run
towards the forest with the cake in her mouth.
She come to a bridge on the way. As she
start crossing the bridge, she look down at
the clear water in the river. She see her own
reflection in the water. She think to her
herself that there is another cat there with
a nice piece of cake! She like to have that
cake too. She jump into the river to snatch
it from the other cat. Sadly, she lose her own piece of cake in the water.
She get out of the water with great difficulty. She go away feeling sad and
angry at herself.

10. Verbs

The past continuous tense

Presentation
A Practise this conversation in pairs.

Girl:
Boy:
Girl:
Boy:
Girl:

What is wrong with your hand?

I broke my hand yesterday.
How did it happen?
Well, I fell down.
Oh, really?
What were you doing at that time?
Boy: I was sitting on the sofa.
Girl: So, you were sitting on the sofa when you fell down and broke
your hand. That sounds funny!

He fell down and broke his

hand while he was sitting on
the sofa.

B What happened to the boy? What was he doing?

What is the difference between these two sentences?

He sat on the sofa.

He was sitting on the sofa.

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40

Was or were followed by

ing form of the verb is the
past continuous tense.
I was running.
They were walking.
We use the past continuous to say that an action continued for some period
of time in the past.
Study this table.
I

I was swimming.

He

He was going home.

She

was

She was crying.

It

It was raining heavily.

Singular noun

Ram was brushing his teeth.

verb -ing

You
We
They
Plural noun

You were having tea.

We were sleeping.

were

They were reading books.

The girls were playing.

41

Practice
A Fill in the blanks with the past continuous form of the verbs given
in brackets.

1. Rubina _______________ on the phone. (talk)

2. The birds _______________ around the garden. (fly)
3. I _______________ for the bus. (wait)
4. It _______________ all morning. (rain)
5. He _______________ a letter to his pen pal. (write)
6. You _______________ me about your childhood. (tell)
7. She _______________ to school. (run)
8. They _______________ under the tree. (sit)
9. The farmer _______________ his land. (plough)
10. We _______________ in a row. (stand)

42

Practice
B Fill in the blanks with the past continuous form of the verbs
given in brackets.

1.

It ________________ when I got up this morning. (rain)

2.

We ______________ the last exercise when the bell rang. (do)

3.

The children ________________ when I last saw them. (play)

4.

I ________________ along the street when

I met my friend. (walk)

5.

They ________________ to God when they

got into trouble. (pray)

6.

You ________________ when I peeped into your room. (sleep)

7.

Rani ________________ the vegetables when she cut

her finger. (chop)

8.

He ________________ when the lights went out. (read)

9.

The mouse ________________ across the room when the cat

noticed it. (run)

10. She ________________ the road when

the car knocked her down. (cross)

Production

43

Complete this story by filling in the verbs in brackets in the correct

form of past tense (simple past or past continuous).

One day a lion ___________ (walk) through the forest when he

___________(step) on a thorn. It ___________(hurt) him a lot and
he ___________(cry) in pain. He ___________(limp) along the forest
when he ___________(see) a shepherd. He ___________(go) near the
shepherd. The shepherd ___________(see) that the lion ___________(limp).
He ___________(examine) his paw. He ___________(find) the thorn
and ___________(pull) it out. The lion ___________(wag) his tail to thank
him. Some people ___________(do) not like the shepherd.
They___________(say) that he ___________(is) a thief. One day, the
shepherd ___________(look) after his sheep when the Kings soldiers
___________(come) to arrest him. They ___________(take) him to the
King. The King ___________(order) them to throw the shepherd into a
lions cage. The lion ___________(roar) loudly seeing the man, but when
it ___________(come) near him, it at once ___________(recognize) the
shepherd. It______________(is) the same lion the shepherd had helped
in the forest. When the King ___________(know)
why the lion wouldnt kill the
shepherd, he ___________(give)
orders to free both of them.

11. Verbs

The simple future tense

Presentation
A Sit in pairs and practise this conversation.

Boy: What will you do tomorrow?

Girl: I shall go shopping.
Boy: What will you buy?
Girl: Oh, I will buy lots of things.
I will buy a new dress.
I will also buy a nice doll.
Maybe I will buy a pair of new shoes, too.
Boy: Will you show them to me?
Girl: Yes, I shall show them if you come to my house.
Boy: I will surely come.
B Now have similar conversations.

Talk about what you will do...

this evening.
tomorrow.
next week.
next year.
when you grow up.

44

45

When we want to talk about future

actions, we use will or shall together
with the other verbs.

I shall go.
I will buy.
You will come.
We will play.

Remember !
We use shall or will with I and we.
We use will with he, she, it, you and they.

Practice
A Complete the sentences in the future tense.
Use the verbs given in the box.

get
be
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

grow
watch

do
read

eat
carry

getup
see

Mohan is six years old. Next year he ___________ seven years old.
Give me the book. I ___________ it tonight.
Lets walk faster. It ___________ dark soon.
I ___________ TV after I finish my homework.
My puppy ___________ into a big dog next year.
Someone is at the door. I ___________ who it is.
I ___________ my homework after dinner.
Its raining outside. I ___________ an umbrella.
I ___________ early tomorrow morning.
Its lunchtime. I ___________ my lunch.

46

Practice
A Saru tells you about her morning routine here.

I get up at 5 in the morning.

I have a bath and eat my breakfast.
I watch the TV news at 6.
After that I do my homework.
At 7 Oclock, I pack
my lunch. I wear my uniform.
I get ready for school.
The school bus arrives at 8.
I get into the bus. I meet my friends in the bus. I say Hi to everyone.
I go to school with my friends.
Now write what Saru will do tomorrow.
Tomorrow, Saru will get up at 5 in the morning.
She
.......
.......
.......
.......
Saru does not go to school on Saturdays Write down ten things you
think she will do next Saturday.
Saru will not go to school next Saturday. She will.......

12. Articles

47

Presentation
A Read the text given below. Pay attention
to the highlighted words as you read.

I met a boy on my way to school.

The boy had an apple and a mango with him.
He gave the apple to me. He ate the mango himself.
B Look again at the sentences above.
Did you notice that we use a or an with the singular nouns?
Why do you think we use the with the same nouns again?

a boy
a mango
an apple

the boy
the mango
the apple
a an the

These are called articles.

We use a before singular nouns beginning with a consonant sound.

a boy
a table
We use an before singular nouns beginning with a vowel sound.
an apple an elephant
We use a or an when we mention a singular countable noun for the first time.
We use the when we repeat the noun.
I met a boy. The boy was going to school.

48

Practice
Complete these passages by filling in a, an or the correctly.

1. . tortoise and . hare were neighbours. One day

. hare challenged . tortoise to . race. .
tortoise won . race.
2. Yesterday, my father bought . umbrella for me. .
umbrella is small and beautiful. I like . umbrella very much.
3. I have . dog and . parrot for pets. . dog is
always quiet but . parrot is noisy.

Production
A Write a few sentences about each of the pictures. Remember
to use a or an when you mention the singular noun for the
first time. Use the when you repeat the noun.

This is a girl.
The girl is carrying a bag.
The bag looks heavy.

........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................

.......................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................

........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................

........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................

49

50

Extension
We use an before the silent h.

an hour
an honour
We use a before u and eu when they sound like y.
a uniform (say yoo-niform)
a eucalyptus (say yoo-calyptus)

A Write a or an before each of these words. Pay attention to the

sound and not just the letter.

European tourist
house
useless dress
honourable man
umbrella
unicorn
hour and a half
university
unhappy man
honest boy

13. Prepositions
Presentation
A Mr Monkey has lost something.
Read what he says.

Where have I put it?

Where could it be?
It is not there on the wall.
No, it is not under the bed.
Oh, it is not in my pocket.
No, no! It is not behind the house.
It is not there between my fingers.
It is not to be found anywhere.
B What do you think Mr Monkey has lost? Where do you think
it is? Tell the class.
Look around the class. Say where different things are. Say
where different people are.

Words like on, under, in, behind

and between are prepositions.

A preposition is a word that shows the relation of a noun or a

pronoun to another word in a sentence.
The book is on the table.
The preposition on shows the relation of the book to the table.

51

52

Practice
A Look at the picture. Write where the ball is in each picture.

...........................

...........................

...........................
behind

between

...........................

........................... ...........................
on

under

in front of

in

B Here are some more sentences with prepositions. Circle the

prepositions in each sentence.

1. The man stood next to the lion and held the umbrella over it.
2. The postman is at the door.
3. The monkeys stood opposite each other.
4. There is a clock on the wall below the picture.
5. The manager sat at his desk on his chair.
6. Mr. Monkey looked through his binoculars.
7. He saw a dog among the cats.
8. Meena is standing by the window.
9. The car is parked near the gate.
10. He is leaning against the door.

Production
Look at the picture.
Write at least ten sentences describing the picture.
Use prepositions in each sentence.

53

54

Extension
We use prepositions to tell the time.

We use in, on and at with time. They are time prepositions.

The preposition at is used with definite points of time.
at 5 Oclock, at 12:15, at half past three
We also say at night.
The preposition on is used with days and dates.
on Sunday, on Baisakh 21, on 5 March, 2006
The preposition in is used with months, years, seasons and with
parts of day.
in December, in 2056, in summer, in the morning
Fill in the blanks with in, on or at.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Our school is over _____ four 0clock.

We do not go to school _____ Saturdays.
It is cold _____ winter.
His birthday falls _____ January.
He was born _____ 15 Jan, 1983.
I go out for lunch _____ the afternoon.
He went to America _____ 1985.
He goes for a walk _____ the evening.
The bell rings _____ 12:45.
She wrote the book _____ March, 1990.
I travel a lot _____ summer.
You should not go out _____ night.

55

14. Pronouns
Presentation
A Read the poem and identify the speaker.

Who am I?
I stop by your house
Almost every day
But do not ask me in,
I have got no time to stay.
I have got places to go
Lots of stuff to deliver.
Sometimes I am a taker
And sometimes a giver.
I am not sure what I am bringing
Or what has been sent
Which makes sense,
Since I work for the government.
I love that on Saturday
I get to saw logs,
But I would like my job more
If there were not any dogs.
I am a

teacher

policeman

postman

driver

B Sit in groups and talk about other people and their professions.

56

A pronoun is a word that that

can be used in place of a noun.

Ram reads a book.

He reads it.
Some pronouns are:
I

me

myself

he

him

himself

she

her

herself

you

you

yourself

it

it

itself

we

us

ourselves

they

them

themselves

Did you know?

The words: my, his, her, your, its,
our and their are adjectives !

57

Practice
A Choose pronouns from the box to replace the underlined
words in the sentences. Rewrite the sentences using pronouns.

they

her

him

it

we

she

he

them

1.My father called me, so I went to see my father.

...............................................................................................................
2.I told the children that I could meet the children in the playground.
...............................................................................................................
3.The girls broke the window.
...............................................................................................................
4.I saw the book on the table.
...............................................................................................................
5.The pen was broken when I found the pen.
...............................................................................................................
6.My friends and I want to play.
...............................................................................................................
7.Mina told Gopal to clean the table .
...............................................................................................................
8.The cow is useful because the cow gives us milk.
...............................................................................................................
9.The children did the work on time.
...............................................................................................................
10. Rohit gave the pencil to Meera.
...............................................................................................................
11.The girl dropped the bottle and the bottle broke into pieces.
...............................................................................................................
12. Mohan handed the letter to Rina and Gopi.
...............................................................................................................

58

Practice
B Use a pronoun from the box to finish each sentence.

myself
himself
herself
yourself

itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

1. The monkey saw . in the mirror.

2. I want to do it .

3. Rita thought . to be lucky.

4. You should keep . healthy.

5. Mohan hurt . in the accident.

6. They decided to do it .

7. We played the game .

8. You all should do your work .

Production

59

A Look at the pictures and add a few sentences of your own.

This is a candle.

This is Deepa.

There are children in the park.

It is burning.

.................................... ........................................................

It is giving light .................................... ........................................................

B Answer these questions on your own. Underline the pronouns
in your answers.

1. What time do you get up in the morning?

2. What do we use a pen for?

3. When is your birthday?

4. Who does your homework for you?

5. Where do you and your friends play after school?

15. Conjunctions

60

Presentation
A Read this conversation once. Then practise it with a friend.

Boy: How was your visit to the zoo?

Girl: It was great! I saw many animals at the zoo.
Boy: What animals were there?
Girl: There were monkeys, bears, guinea pigs and all kinds of other
animals.

Boy: Did you see the python and the crocodile too?
Girl: I saw the crocodile but I did not see the python.
I could not see it because it was hiding.
Boy: What about the tiger?
Girl: Oh, the tiger was sleeping, so I could not see it clearly.
B Look at the highlighted words in the conversation.
What do you think they are called? How are they useful?

61

Words like and, but, because

and so are called conjunctions.

A conjunction is a joining word.

It joins words, groups of words or sentences.
Ram and Sita
two apples and an orange
My father is a driver and my mother is a nurse

I am a wild animal like the tiger and the lion but I dont
eat meat like them because I am a vegetarian.

We hunt other animals, so they

are afraid of us.

62

Practice
A Join the following pairs of sentences using and.

1.

The cat saw the mouse. It decided to catch it.

2.

I bought an apple. I ate it.

3.

He told us a joke. We laughed.

4.

Mani opened his book. He did his homework.

5.

She switched off the lights. She went to sleep.

B Join the following pairs of sentences using but.

1.

I looked for the book. I couldnt find it.

2.

They were hungry. They didnt eat anything.

3.

Seema was unwell. She went to school.

4.

We pushed the door hard. It didnt open.

5.

He doesnt like tea. He likes coffee.

63

Practice
C Join the following pairs of sentences using because.

1. They ate a lot. They were hungry.

______________________________________
2. I didnt go out. It was raining.
______________________________________
3. The woman couldnt walk. She was old.
______________________________________
4. We couldnt see anything. It was dark.
______________________________________
5. He goes home every Saturday. It is a holiday.
______________________________________
D Join the following pairs of sentences using so.

1. It was getting late. I walked fast.

______________________________________
2. I was thirsty. I asked for a glass of water.
______________________________________
3. The boy was blind. He couldnt cross the road.
______________________________________
4. Rina liked the red dress. She bought it.
______________________________________
5. Gopal made a mistake. The teacher corrected him.
______________________________________

Production

64

Fill in the blanks using and, but, because or so.

Tom went to the jungle ______ he wanted to see wild animals. He
walked among the trees ______ bushes ______ he could not see
any animals. He was tired after sometime ______ he sat down to
rest under a tree. He heard something on the branches overhead
______ looked upwards. He saw something with a long tail. Yes,
it was a monkey! The monkey too noticed him ______ it started
chattering in excitement. Tom thought, It is afraid of me ______
it is making that noise to drive me away. Soon, other monkeys
joined the first monkey ______ they had heard it. The noise irritated
Tom ______ he got up ______ left the place. He wanted to explore
further into the jungle ______ it was getting late ______ he decided
to walk back home.

16. Punctuation
Comma
Presentation
A Read this conversation.
Boy: Meena, what have you got in your bag?
Girl: I have got a picture, Hari.
Boy: Oh, it looks pretty.
Girl: There are flowers, trees, birds and animals.
Boy: Yes, it looks really colourful.
B What is the function of a comma [,]? Discuss.

We use the full stop [.] to mark the end of a statement.

We use the question mark [?] to mark the end of a question.
Where to use the comma [,]
to separate words or items in a list or series.
There were elephants, zebras, lions and tigers. (Use and before the last
item.)
to separate the person or people you address.
Meena, what have you got in your bag?
Come here, boys.
to separate expressions such as oh, well, yes, no.
Yes, it looks really colourful.
Oh, it looks pretty.
The comma marks a short pause in speech.
It makes the meaning of a sentence clearer.

65

66

Practice
A Rewrite these sentences using commas where necessary.

1.We bought tomatoes cauliflower onions and spinach.

2.Teachers parents students and the school authorities must maintain
a good relationship.
3.No that is not the way you do it Ganesh.
4.Sir may I use a pencil?
5.Well I think it is a beautiful day.
6.The room was small dark dirty and stinky.
7.Oh I did not see you standing there.
8.Will you open the door Sita?
9.The big wolf the small rabbit and the tiny ant agreed on the plan.
10. Yes that is possible boys.

67

Production
A Complete the following to make your own lists.

1. I will buy .. .. ..
.. .. and

.. for Dashain.

2. .. .. .. .. and
..

are my best friends.

3. My favourite games are

4. My family members include...
5.The subjects I have to study in grade 3 are

Extension
Put commas in the text where necessary, and read it aloud to the class.
Remember to pause a bit where there is comma while reading.
I met a little thin dark and friendly-looking boy on my way to school.
He smiled at me and said, Good morning my friend. I said, Good
morning. Can I help you?
Yes could you show me the way to Pashupati please? he said.
I said, Oh it is easy. Go straight along this road until you come to a
shop that sells flowers incense garlands books and pictures of gods.
Turn right and youll see the Pashupati temple.
He smiled again and said, Thank you friend.