Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overview in general
Heat Ventilation and Air Condition (HVAC)
Part 1: Steam technology
Part 2: Refrigeration-, Air conditioning technology
Introduction
Steam pressure generation systems
Heat exchangers
Firing systems and combustion
Supply systems of boilers
The water-steam-circuit
Condensate management
Safety-, regulation- and warning systems of boilers
Commissioning and decommissioning of boilers
Boiler damages
References
Mayr F.: Kesselbetriebstechnik, Verlag Dr. Ingo Resch GmbH, 12. Edition 2009
Effenberger, Helmut; Dampferzeuger; Deutscher Verlag fr Grundstoffindustrie; 1989; 374 S.
Repetitorium Dampferzeuger; Energie & Management Verlagsgesellschaft mbH; 1996;227 S.
Brandt, Fritz; Wrmebertragung in Dampferzeuger und Wrmeaustauschern; VULKAN;
1995; 307 S.
Steinmller; Taschenbuch Dampferzeugertechnik; Vulkan 1999; 278 S.
Introduction
Historical Development
History of steam-use goes back to 1st century
1712 first operational steam machine by Thomas Newcomen =0,5%
1769 James Watts steam engine was patented =3%
First steam turbine by Carl Gustav Patrik de Laval-1883 acting on action principle, almost at
once (1884) reaction turbine Charles Parsons
Utilization of steam was essential precondition for industrialization
Steam today
Steam as heat transfer medium Heating- and process steam
Steam power plant with unit outputs up to 1300 MWel
Steam generation by:
combustion of fossil fuels
nuclear fission
geothermal energy
sun energy
waste heat (chemical processes, production processes .)
History of steam in power plant technology
Striving for increase of efficiency leads inevitable to:
pS 250 bar 300 350 bar,
S 550C 600 - 750C
changed boiler constructions
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new boiler steels (creep-resistant steel with high load cycle number)
Todays efficiency of power plants up to app. 50 %
Efficiency can drop in future ( Exhaust-after treatment plants)
Characteristic Boiler
Steam boilers are heat transmitter, which have on the one hand exhaust gas- and radiant
heat as source of energy and on the other hand water or steam as process medium.
Exhaust gas and water or steam are divided by a solid barrier (steal tubes or steal pates)
Supply systems of boilers
For the continuous operation important supply systems are:
boiler feeding water system including water treatment
fuel supply system
combustion air supply system
combustion support systems (e.g. ash drain)
regulation- and control systems
safety systems
Demands on Boilers
High operating safety
Simple operation
Quick adjustment on changing of loads
Small required space
Low weight
Low noise emission
Additional for ship boilers:
save operation at rolling and pitching of the ship
adequate cooling of heated surfaces at extreme trim- and stern positions
1.
Boiler
Natural
Circulation Boiler
Forced
Circulation Boiler
Forced
Once-through
Boiler
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Picture 6: Flue Tube Smoke Tube Boiler (two passed with reversing chambers)
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Problem:
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1.3 Once-Through-Boiler
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