Summer Course 2015 - Exercise Examples

Undersaturated Reservoirs

1.

IPR rate calculation

Calculate the surface production rate (here p = 0 MPa) and the quantities at a pressure of 5
MPa for the following reservoir under steady state conditions.

2.

p
= 20 MPa

pwf = 10 MPa

= 0,003 Pas

k = 100 mD

h = 10 m

re = 100 m

rw = 0,15 m

S=1

IPR calculation
Calculate the production rate for steady state , pseudo steady state and transient fluid flow
for the well with the following parameters:
pe = pi = 17 MPa

= 1,62. 10-3 Pas

pwf = 10 MPa

B = 1,1

re = 100 m

h = 10 m

rw = 6,538 = 83 mm

S=0

k = 100 mD
1,78

= 0,2

ct = 1,3. 10-5 Pa-1

t = 30 days = 2592000 s
3.

Productivity index
The average reservoir pressure of well XY in a depth of 2000 m is 21 MPa. The test point of
this undersaturated reservoir was at 18 MPa and generated 250 m/day.

Draw the IPR curve!

Calculate the PI-Index and the AOF!
Calculate the skin factor!

= 1,62. 10-3 Pas

B = 1,1

rw = 6,538 = 83 mm

k = 100 mD

re = 100 m

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h = 10 m

Summer Course 2015 - Exercise Examples

4.

Dietz shape factor

Compare the surface production rates under steady state conditions for the two different
drainage patterns and the given reservoir data. Draw the IPR curves and calculate the
productivity index.
B = 1,1

A = 570 acre = 24829200 ft

= 1,5 cP

S=0

k = 9 mD

h = 35 ft

rw = 0,3281 ft

= 1,78

p
= 3000 psi

pwf = 1200 psi

5.

Water and Oil Production

Calculate the oil and water production rate under steady state conditions. The water
saturation is 55 %.
p
= 15 MPa

pwf = 10 MPa

re = 100 m

rw = 83 mm

h = 10 m

k = 100 mD

S=3

oil = 1,62. 10-3 Pas

Boil = 1,12

water = 0,8. 10-3 Pas

Bwater = 1,04
6.

IPR Horizontal Wells

Calculate the production rate for the given horizontal well.
k H = 10 mD

k V = 3 mD

reH = 500 ft

pi = 5000 psi

pwf = 2750 psi

h = 55 ft

B = 1,15

= 1,55 cP

rw = 0,351 ft

Saturated Oil Reservoirs

7.

Vogel equation
Develop an IPR curve for the given saturated reservoir. A well test was performed at a
pressure of 3000 psi.
p
= 4350 psi

8.

pb = 5210 psi

qo = 680 bpd

Generalized Vogel Equation

Develop an IPR curve for the following data.
p
= 4000 psi

pb = 2000 psi

qo@1200 psi = 532 bpd

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pwf = 1200 psi

Summer Course 2015 - Exercise Examples

9.

Fetkovich Method
Develop Calculate and plot the IPR using the Fetkovich Approximation / compare with the
Vogel equation!
p
= 3600 psi

10. Jones Method

Two flow tests were performed on a high rate oil well. Develop the PI plot and compare
the IPR curve for the given data and a 20% increased perforation length
p
= 5448 psi

11. Standing Method

Calculate the IPR for both, the present and the future for the following parameters: (draw
the graphs)
Pressure test: qo = 400 [STB/day]

pwf = 1815 [psig]

12. Fetkovich Method (future)

Calculate the future IPR curve for the following parameters: (use the properties from the
Fetkovich example)
p
= 3600 psi

p
F = 2950 psi

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Summer Course 2015 - Exercise Examples

Gas Reservoirs
13. Gas IPR
Generate the IPR curve for the following gas reservoir, using the Russell and Goodrich
Solution:
g = 0,9

p
= 4000 psi

T = 240F (700R)

S=3

k = 10 mD

h = 5 ft

rw = 0,3125 ft

re = 500 ft

14. Gas IPR

Create the IPR curve and evaluate pwf for a production rate of Q = 3865 Mscf/day for the
following gas reservoir: (Al Hussainy, Ramey and Crawford Solution)
g = 0,85

p
= 3600 psi

T = 200F (660R)

S = 2,5

k = 10 mD

h = 5 ft

rw = 0,3125 ft

re = 1000 ft

Skin Effect
15. Permeability Impairment
A damaged wellbore has a radius rw of 0,328 ft.
For the first step we assume that the relationship

k
kd

is 5 and the penetration of damage is 3

ft beyond the well. Calculate the magnitude of the skin effect! Calculate the apparent
wellbore radius!
k

For the second step we assume that the relationship k = 10.

d

What would be the penetration of damage (rd ) if we want to reach the same skin factor for
k
kd

= 10 with the relationship

k
kd

=5?

16. Perforation (& Damage) Skin

Calculate the skin effect caused by the perforations in combination with the damaged skin
for two different cases (rd = 20 in, rd = 7,25 in). Evaluate the difference in the production rate
(steady state).

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Summer Course 2015 - Exercise Examples

17. Completion Skin

A well with rw = 0,328 ft is completed in a 33 ft reservoir. In order to avoid water coning
problems, only 8 ft are completed and the midpoint of the perforations is 29 ft above the
base of the reservoir. Calculate the skin effect due to partial completion and skin for a
vertical well. What would be the composite skin effect if = 45 ?

18. Apparent Skin

Calculate the apparent skin factor for a deviated gas well ( = 30) with a radius of 0,328 ft
and a production rate of 20000 Mscf/day. The reservoir consists of consolidated sandstone,
a height of 100 ft and an average permeability of 3 md.
sdp = 1,25

sc+ = - 0,5

L = 80 ft

h = 100 ft

= 0,02 cp

g = 0,65

kv
kh

= 0,5

Vertical Lift Performance

19. Single Phase Flow
The well flowing pressure of a 1300 meter (TVD) deep single - phase oil well is 14,5 MPa.
The length of the borehole is 1550 meter (MD). The ID of the production tubing is 2,441 (62
mm). Calculate the required wellhead pressure to produce 250 m per day.
(The tubing pipe is of commercial steel)
What would be the wellhead pressure if the flow rate is doubled?
= 0,0015 Pas

= 950 kg/m

20. Gas Flow

The well flowing pressure of a 1300 m (4264 ft) (TVD) deep gas well is 1800 psi. The length
of the borehole is 1550 m (5084 ft) (MD). The ID of the steel production tubing is 2,441.
Calculate the required wellhead pressure to produce 3 MMscf/day.
= 15 cp

g = 0,95

pwf = 1800 psi

TSurface =15 C

Ggrad = 5 C/100 m

TProd@Surface =30 C

21. Evaluation of
The following data are known for a particular well:
ID tubing = 2,441

qL = 1000 STB/day

Water fraction = 0,5

GLR = 400 scf/STB

H = 12000 ft

pwh = 160 psi

Find the required pwf to lift the fluid to the surface!

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Summer Course 2015 - Exercise Examples

22. Maximum wellhead pressure:

This example demonstrates the use of the vertical curves to find the maximum permissible
wellhead pressure that will result in a required production rate. The well is equipped with 2
7/8 tubing.
ID tubing = 2,441

qoil = 1000 STB/day

Water fraction = 0,5

GLR = 400 scf/STB

H = 12000 ft

p
= 4000 psi

qL max = 11111 STB/day

Saturated reservoir

Find the required pwh to lift the fluid to the surface!

23. Liquid load up:
Use the vertical curves to estimate the minimum production rate for the given well
conditions that will prevent the well from loading up. This demonstrates the effect of
slippage.
Tubing ID = 2,992

Water fraction = 0

H = 8000 ft

pwh = 240 psi

GLR = 500 scf/STB

24. Evaluation of the required GLR:

This example demonstrates the application of the vertical curves in determining the
minimum GLR that will allow a well to flow.
From a well test it was determined that qLmax= 3100 STB/day and
Tubing ID = 1,995

pb = 3200 psi

pwh = 400 psi

H = 9000 ft

p
= 3200 psi.

Water fraction = 0,5

Find the GLR required to produce 800 STB/day total fluid.
25. Directional Well:
Estimate the pwf for the following directional well:
Tubing ID = 1,995

qL = 1500 STB/day

GLR = 800 scf/STB

MD = 9000 ft

Water fraction = 0

TVD = 6000 ft

pwh = 160 psi

Procedure: Use the vertical curve to find the total pressure drop over the TVD and use the
horizontal curve to estimate the extra pressure drop due to friction acting over the tubing
length MD TVD.

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Summer Course 2015 - Exercise Examples

Nodal Analysis
26. Variation of tubing diameter
Determine the producing capacity of the well described below for nominal tubing sizes of 2
3/8, 2 7/8 and 3 1/2 inches.
p
= 3482 psi

pb = 3600 psi

Depth = 10000 ft

GLR = 400 scf/STB

API = 35

g = 0,65

pwh = 400 psi

Water fraction = 0,5

Test data: qL = 320 STB/day, pwf = 3445 psi

27. Variation of the flowline
The following data belong to a flowing oil well without surface choke.
p
= pb = 2400 psi

psep = 100 psi

GLR = 800 scf/STB

Flowline size = 2 in

Tubing size = 2 7/8 in. 2,441 in.

fw = 0

Flowline length = 3000 ft Tubing depth = 7000 ft

API = 35

g = 0,65

Test data: qo = 710 STB/day, pwf = 2000 psi

28. Effect of Stimulation

Two stabilized tests were conducted on a well that is presently equipped with 2 7/8 in.
tubing.

The flow efficiency of the well at present

The producing capacity at present conditions for 2 7/8, 3 1/2 and 4 in. tubing if
wellhead pressure is maintained at 400 psi.
The producing capacity for the conditions stated in Part B if FE = 1,3

p
= 3482 psi

GLR = 800 scf/STB

fw = 0

pwh = 400 psi

Tubing size = 2 7/8 in. 2,441 in.

Depth = 10000 ft

Test data: qo1 = 1000 STB/day, pwh1 = 920 psi

qo2 = 2000 STB/day, pwh2 = 630 psi
29. Effect of Depletion
The following data pertain to a well producing from a reservoir with a weak water drive.
The reservoir pressure at the present time is 2250 psi and from current test q o max = 1257
STB/day. Using Standing method for generating future IPRs, determine the oil producing
capacity of the well at various reservoir pressures given.
API = 35

pwh = 80 psi

Tubing size = 2 3/8 in.

g = 0,65
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Depth = 5000 ft

Summer Course 2015 - Exercise Examples

Tubing Design / Tools

30. Temperature Dependency of the Yield Strength

Calculate the reduction of the yield strength of a 125 ksi duplex steel at a temperature of
T = 350F!
31. Stress Calculation
A 10000 ft long tubing is loaded with an axial load of 300 000 lb. Calculate the stress and the
elongation of the 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft tubing! (neglect self-weight)

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Summer Course 2015 - Exercise Examples

32. Maximum Axial Force

Calculate the maximum axial force a 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft tubing, grade L80 can support!
33. Weight of Tubing
Generate the load vs. depth profile of the axial load, caused by the self-weight of a 10000 ft
long, vertical tubing string in air. 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft
Calculate the elongation due to the self-weight of the tubing string!
34. Buoyancy
Calculate the axial load of the 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft tubing in sea water (s.g. 1,02)
35. Pressure testing plug
Calculate the axial load of a tubing pressure test in a vertical well in seawater: p = 5000 psi,
Tubing: 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft, The plug is installed near the base of the tubing.
36. Ballooning
Calculate the ballooning force, resulting from the pressure test for the 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft tubing
(no outside pressure). Calculate the movement if the tubing is free hanging.

37. Temperature Effect

A vertical completion uses a 2000 meter long 2 7/8 tubing and to prevent movement.
During the installation the tubing temperature equalizes with the surrounding temperature,
given by the following equation: T(d)=1,5.10-5.d - 0,005.d + 50 C
(d in m)
Calculate the length change that occurs during the installation of the tubing, if the storage
temperature of the pipes is TSurface = 10 C! (Duplex Steel)
38. Fluid Drag
Calculate the friction force of a water injection well with a frictional pressure drop of 90
psi/1000 ft and the elongation if the tubing is free hanging.
Tubing: 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft
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Summer Course 2015 - Exercise Examples

39. Bending Stresses

Assume the buoyant tubing string from the previous example (tubing: 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft, 10000
ft long). Calculate the bending stresses and the bending load, if there is a dogleg of 3/100ft
from 8000 ft to 10000 ft.
40. Axial Loads
In a 3000 meter deep 7 23 lb/ft, J55 (di=6,366) casing a 2 7/8 6,4 lb/ft (9,52 kg/m) and a
packer are installed. The annulus is filled with brine s.g. 1,02 (pch=0 MPa). Evaluate the
behavior of the tubing if the well is switched after tubing installation and perforation to
production (pwf = 40 MPa, s.g. 0,9, 40C at surface). Calculate the force the packer must
support for a fixed tubing and a tubing with extension device. Check the tension safety
factor!

Friction pressure losses: 110 psi/ft (2,48 MPa/1000m)

TSurface = 10 C
Geothermal gradient = 3 C/100m
Packer setting force = 10000N tension

41. Packer
Calculate the required friction force and the additional burst pressure to support 100000 N.
(6 slips each 80 x 20 mm)
= 0,45
= 10
42. SSSV: Fail close setting depth calculation
Calculate the fail close setting depth for a well with hydraulic oil control line fluid (0,87 s.g.),
1,2 s.g. packer fluid, a recorded valve closure pressure of 1500 psi and a recommended
safety margin of 200 psi.

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