Power Flow Studies

Scenarios
Base Case
(Contingency)

Weaknesses
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Control of Power Flow

Prime mover and excitation control.
Switching of shunt capacitor banks, shunt
reactors, and static var systems.
Control of tap-changing and regulating
transformers.
FACTS elements.

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Newton-Raphson Power Flow

Quadratic convergence
mathematically

superior to Gauss-Seidel

method

More efficient for large networks

The Newton-Raphson equations are
cast in natural power system form

solving

for voltage magnitude and angle,

given real and reactive power injections

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Newton-Raphson Method

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Newton-Raphson Method

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Newton-Raphson

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Newton-Raphson

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Power Flow Equations

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Newton-Raphson

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Jacobian Matrix

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Jacobian Terms

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Jacobian Terms

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Iterative Process

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Newton-Raphson

Slack Bus / Swing Bus

The

voltage and angle are known for this bus.

bus is not included in the Jacobian matrix formation

PV (Voltage Controlled) Bus

have

known terminal voltage and real (actual) power

injection.
the bus voltage angle and reactive power injection
are computed.
bus is included in the real power parts of the
Jacobian matrix.

PQ (Load) Bus
have

known real and reactive power injections.

bus is fully included in the Jacobian matrix.
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Newton-Raphson Procedure

1. Set flat start

For

load buses, set voltages equal to the slack bus.

For voltage controlled buses, set the angles equal the
slack bus or 0.

2. Calculate power mismatch

For

load buses, calculate P and Q injections using the

known and estimated system voltages.
For voltage controlled buses, calculate P injections.
Obtain the power mismatches, P and Q

3. Form the Jacobian matrix

Use

the various equations for the partial derivatives

the voltage angles and magnitudes

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Newton-Raphson Procedure

4. Find the matrix solution

inverse

the Jacobian matrix and multiply by the

mismatch power.

compute and V
5. Find new estimates for the voltage
magnitude and angle.
6. Repeat the process until the mismatch
(residuals) are less than the specified
accuracy.

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Fast Decoupled Power Flow

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Fast Decoupled Power Flow

The matrix equation is separated into two decoupled

equations

requires considerably less time to solve compared to the full

Newton-Raphson method
JP and JQV submatrices can be further simplified to eliminate
the need for recomputing of the submatrices during each
iteration
some terms in each element are relatively small and can be
eliminated
the remaining equations consist of constant terms and one
variable term
the one variable term can be moved and coupled with the
change in power variable

the result is a Jacobian matrix with constant term

elements

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Fast Decoupled Power Flow

Jacobian calculations
can be simplified

Qi
Pi
Off-diagonal:
-|ViVj|Bij
= |V|

V
j
j
Qi
Pi
|V|
diagonal:
-|Vi|2 Bii
=
Vi
i

By manipulating the equations:

-Bii -Bij

i
j

-Bji -Bjj

|Vj|

|Vn|

-Bnn

Qi
|Vi|
Qj
|Vj|

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-Bni

|Vi|

B simple to calculate

-Bji -Bjj

Pn
|Vn|

-Bii -Bij

-Bnn

-Bni

Pi
|Vi|
Pj
|Vj|

Qn
|Vn|

Very fast calculations

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Distribution Power Flow

Radial systems.
Ladder network.
Relationships between current on
branches and voltage at buses.

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