Pre - Report

Manufacture of 2032-type Lithium-Ion Battery

2016 / 03 / 14
Section 2 / Rahman Tony Nur
2015101109

1. Title
Manufacture of 2032-type Lithium-Ion Battery

2. Purpose
By making a 2032-type coin cell using the anode and cathode from the previous experiment
prepared by coating we will learn the operating principle of lithium secondary battery.

3. Theory
a. Components of Cells and Batteries
Cells are comprised of 3 essential components:

The Anode is the negative or reducing electrode that releases electrons to the external
circuit and oxidizes during and electrochemical reaction.

The Cathode is the positive or oxidizing electrode that acquires electrons from the
external circuit and is reduced during the electrochemical reaction.

The Electrolyte is the medium that provides the ion transport mechanism between the
cathode and anode of a cell. Electrolytes are often thought of as liquids, such as water
or other solvents, with dissolved salts, acids, or alkalis that are required for ionic
conduction. It should however be noted that many batteries including the conventional
(AA/AAA/D) batteries contain solid electrolytes that act as ionic conductors at room
temperature.

b.

2032-type
Battery
A

CR2032
battery is a
button
cell
lithium
battery rated at 3.0 volts. It is commonly used as a CMOS battery in computers, calculators,
remote controls, scientific instruments, kitchen, office and personal scales, wireless doorbells,
watches and other small devices. Nominal diameter is 20 mm; nominal height is 3.2 mm.
CR2032 indicates a round cell 19.720 mm diameter and 2.9-3.2 mm height as defined by the
IEC standard 60086. Review of 14 data sheets from different suppliers show a range of
weights from 2.8 g to 3.9 g. Except for the two extreme outliers, all reported weights were
between 3.0 g and 3.2 g, with the mode being 3.2 g.
The BR2032 battery has the same dimensions, a slightly lower nominal voltage and
capacity, and an extended temperature range compared with the CR2032. Battery

nomenclature is defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in its 60086

standard "Primary batteries". The first letter indicates the electrochemical system used:
C: () lithium electrode organic electrolyte manganese dioxide electrode (+)
B: () lithium electrode organic electrolyte carbon monofluoride electrode (+)
The second letter R indicates a round (cylindrical) form
c. Electrolyte
Electrolyte serves as catalyst to make a battery conductive by promoting the movement of
ions from the cathode to the anode on charge and in reverse on discharge. Ions are electrically
charged atoms that have lost or gained electrons. The electrolyte of a battery consists of
soluble salts, acids or other bases in liquid, gelled and dry formats. Electrolyte also comes in a
polymer, as used in the solid-state battery, solid ceramic and molten salts, as in the sodiumsulfur battery.
Li-ion uses liquid, gel or dry polymer electrolyte. The liquid version is a solution of lithium
salts with organic solvents similar to ethylene carbonate. Mixing the solutions with diverse
carbonates provides higher conductivity and expands the temperature range. Other salts may
be added to reduce gassing and improve high temperature cycling. Li-ion with gelled
electrolytes receives many additives to increase conductivity, so does the lithium-polymer
battery. The true dry polymer only becomes conductive at elevated temperatures, and this
battery is no longer in commercial use. Additives are also administered to achieve longevity
and unique characteristics.
d. Lithium-Based Battery Evaluation Factors
The electrochemical dynamic response
measures the ion flow between the positive and
negative plates. A strong battery recovers
quickly from an attack whereas a weaker pack
behaves more sluggish.
Lithium-ion batteries have different diffusion
rates. In terms of electrochemical dynamic
response, Li-ion polymer with gelled
electrolyte is found to be faster than standard Li-ion and needs modified parameters to achieve
accuracy. Unique active materials and additives that are kept a top secret by the battery
manufacturers complicate the test procedure.
When scanning a battery from kilohertz down to millihertz in frequency domain mode, the
high frequency range called migration reveals the resistive qualities of a battery that presents a
bird-eyes view of the landscape. However, the unique characteristics of Li-ion lie in the mid
frequency range called charge transfer and the low range dubbed diffusion. Batteries with
faded capacity suffer from low charge transfer and slow active Li-ion diffusion.
Evaluating batteries at sub one-hertz frequency would require prolonged test times. At one
millihertz, for example, one cycle takes 1,000 seconds, or 16 minutes, and several data points
are required to complete the analysis. Rapid-tests should only last a few second and not longer
than five minutes. With clever software simulation the duration can be shortened to fall within
the desired short test time.
In the diagram below, a good and faded battery are scanned from 0.1Hz to 1kHz. The
difference in impedance (-Imp -Z) is strongest between 1Hz and 10Hz. It should be noted that
capturing resistive readings alone has limited value as state-of-charge (SoC) and temperature
also affect the signature and muddle SoH references. Furthermore, different Li-ion

architectures and even how the battery has aged affect the results. Natural aging produces a
different signature than if done by artificial aging and the reason for this discrepancy is not
fully understood.
Test results captured by frequency domain are best represented by the Nyquist plot. Invented
by Harry Nyquist (18891976) while at Bell Laboratories; a Nyquist plot presents the
frequency response of a linear systems displaying both amplitude and phase angle on a single
plot using frequency as parameter. The horizontal x axis of a Nyquist plot reveals the real Ohm

impedance while the vertical y axis represents the imaginary impedance.

4. Experimental Method (Reagent & Apparatus)
a. Reagent & Apparatus
Electrode (anode & cathode), electrolyte, separator, disposable syringe, tweezers, can (top,
bottom), gasket, spacer, spring multimeter, punching tool, crimper
b. Experimental Methods
1. Make disk electrode from previous experiments materials using punching tool.
2. Put the materials that will be used into glove box.
3. Laminate material by bottom can > gasket > cathode > electrolytes> separator >
electrolytes > anode > spacer > spring > Top can in order.
4. Seal the laminated materials (coin cell) using crimper.
5. Measure the OCV (Open Circuit Voltage) using multimeter.

5. Reference
1. Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Chemistry 9th Edition International Edition, Brooks/Cole
Cengage Learning, 2014, p535-538
2. M. Z. A. Munshi, Handbook of Solid State Batteries & Capacitors, World Scientific Publishing,
1995, p339
3. Pankaj Arora, Zhang Zhengming (John), Battery Separators, Chemical Reviews, 2004, p104