Information Element

Example

Establishing a territory- via Topic

Meanwhile,

Generalization.

studies on benthic invertebrates in

Yubudo

were

former

Ministry

small

carried
of

number
out

by

Science

of
the
and

Technology (1989), Ko (2009), and the

Korea

Marine

Environment

Management Corporation (2010)

Indicating a Gap

However,

reported

most

only

of

on

the

the

studies

dominant

species, and no data were reported

on the overall diversity of benthic
invertebrates that inhabit Yubudo.
- However, there is still a lack of
research

on

the

diversity

and

distribution features of the benthic

invertebrates of Yubudo.
Adding to what is known

- This accounted for the change in the

sedimentary

composition

of

the

Yubudo area.
Announcing the Recent Research

- Furthermore, many bird researchers

are

continuously

monitoring

and

studying migratory birds at Yubodo

(Kang et al 2010; Han 2011, 2012;
Hur et al 2011).
Presenting Research Questions or

The

diversity

Hypothesis

structure

in

affects

the
the

mudflat
benthic

invertebrate habitat in Yubudo, and

such

diversity

in

the

habitat

environment has displayed a close

relationship

to

the

distribution

of

benthic invertebrate fauna.

Stating the Value of the Present

- Consequently, the purpose of this

Research

study is to verify the biodiversity of

the benthic invertebrates living in the
island intertidal zones and to use it as
fundamental data for research on the
changes in distribution of benthic
invertebrate fauna in accordance to
the mud flat sedimentary structure.

Outlining the Structure of the

Research Paper

Information Element

Example

Establishing a territory- via Topic

- Although only a few studies have

Generalization.

been carried out to investigate the

effects of these land-use changes on
the floral and faunal communities
around

the

Negombo

estuary

in

general, their impacts on the avian

diversity have never been addressed.
- A few studies that assess estuarine
avian communities have already been
carried out in Sri Lanka. For example,
Bellio and Kingsford (2013) studied
the alteration of wetland hydrology
and

its

implications

on

shorebird

conservation in Bundala National Park

(a

Ramsar

lagoons
activities

site),

and
such

detrimental

and

found
as
effects

Embilikele

that

human

pollution
on

had
bird

communities.
Indicating a Gap

- However, the direct impacts of

urbanization

on

estuarine

avian

diversity in Sri Lanka have not yet

been addressed.
Adding to what is known

- In many parts of the world human

activities

around

estuaries

significantly affect bird communities,

their behavior, and existence.
Announcing the Recent Research

- Therefore, the present study was

carried out to assess the changes of
the avifaunal diversity in relation to
land-use patterns around this estuary
in Sri Lanka.

Presenting Research Questions or

- Therefore, it is important to focus on

Hypothesis

this particular aspect with regard to

estuaries with varying degrees of
urbanization among different land-use
patterns associated with them.

Stating the Value of the Present

Research
Outlining the Structure of the
Research Paper

Information Element

Example

Establishing a territory- via Topic

- A pre-vious study has demonstrated

Generalization.

that

temperature

onaromatase,

serum

has

impact
E2

and

testosterone (T) levels in P. fulvidraco

(Liu et al., 2011).

- Previous studies have reported that

primordial gonadsof P. vachelli can
differentiate

into

sexual

organs

(ovaries or testes)on the 23rd day of

development under different water
tempera-tures.
Indicating a Gap

- On the contrary, P.fulvidraco attains

a smaller body size (less than 300 g)
and a slowergrowth rate (only 125 g
after

20-month

whencompared
However,

growth

with

it

has

P.
a

period)
vachelli.

remarkable

capabilityto adapt to the ecological

environment,

such

as

lower

consumptionrate of oxygen and lower

choke points (Li, 2010).
Adding to what is known

Therefore,

accurate

concerning

the

temperature

is

information

optimal
crucial

to

growth
feeding

costs and economic benefits.

Announcing the Recent Research
Presenting Research Questions or

- These data were further used to

Hypothesis

determine sex ratioand the optimum

rearing temperature for the maximum
growthrate in aquaculture.

Stating the Value of the Present

- Herein, we reared the juveniles of P.

Research

fulvidraco, P. vachelli and thehybrids

from P. fulvidraco () P. vachelli ()
at

explore

water
the

temperaturelevels
effect

of

to

water

temperature on sex ratio andgrowth

rate.

Outlining the Structure of the

Research Paper

Information Element

Example

Establishing a territory- via Topic

The

use

of

freshwaterliquid

Generalization.

aquaculture waste for crop production

has been shown toincrease

plant

biomass, and freshwater aquaponic

systems

are

usedto

environmental

risks

lessen
of

the
food

production (Castro et al.,2006; Ghaly

et al., 2005; Turcios and Papenbrock,
2014).
Indicating a Gap

However,little

research

has

investigated the fertilization potential

of

wasteeffluent

from

marine

aquaculture systems.
- Furthermore, there are limitations
tomarine aquaponics associated with
either a relatively low demandfor the
crop and/or the negative effects of
salinity (Boxman et al.,2015).
Adding to what is known

- Aquaculture waste streams typically

contain

ammonia,

phosphorus

nitrate,

(Hargreaves,

and
1998),

which are essentialfor plant growth,

suggesting that aquaculture effluent
may be aviable nutrient source for
plant production.
Announcing the Recent Research

- Several studies suggest that marine

waste effluent can be suc-cessfully

used to irrigate salt-tolerant crop
species (Dufault andKorkmaz, 2000;
Dufault et al., 2001; McIntosh and
Fitzsimmons,2003) and plants with
potential as forage and oil seed crops
(Brownand Glenn, 1999).
Presenting Research Questions or

Although

Hypothesis

marine

there

is

aquapon-ics

potential
to

for

conserve

water and salt in recirculating culture

systems, thereremain economic and
environmental challenges in disposal
of thesolid portion of the effluent.
Stating the Value of the Present

- Therefore,the aim of the present

Research

study was to investigate the use of

waste solids removed from both a
minimal-exchange,
shrimpaquaculture
marine

finfish

intensive
system

and

recirculating

aquaculturesystem (RAS) as nutrient

sources for the nursery production of
twosalt-tolerant
commonly

used

restorationprojects,

marsh
in

plants
coastal
Spartina

alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus.

Outlining the Structure of the
Research Paper

Information Element

Example

Establishing a territory- via Topic

Generalization.

In this study, Fenton reactions were

introduced to microbial fuel cells (MFCs)
for bio-electrochemical degradation of

PAM without external power supply.

Indicating a Gap

However, external energy (e.g.

electricity, light and ultrasonic wave)
input causes extra operating cost.

Adding to what is known

Recent advances made in the

improvement of conventional Fenton
technology have led to various Fentonlike systems with high efficiency, such as
electron Fenton by applying external
voltage, ultraviolet (UV)/photo-

Announcing the Recent Research

this project aims at exploring the

feasibility of enhanced PAM degradation
by an MFC-Fenton system

Presenting Research Questions or

Hypothesis
Stating the Value of the Present
Research

While generally safe for use at the

recommended dose, even small
overdoses may lead to fatal liver
damage [6]. With its widespread
application in pharmaceutical industries
and daily life, PAM is becoming a key
environmental research topic.

Outlining the Structure of the Research

Paper

To better understand the stepwise

degradation of PAM, the pathway of bioelectrochemical reaction was
investigated and kinetic mechanisms
were proposed based on the
intermediates identified.

Information Element

Example

Establishing a territory- via Topic

Generalization.

Our results show that N fertilization did

not only decrease microbial respiration,
but also microbial C uptake, indicating
that less C was intracellularly processed
in the N fertilized soils. The reason for
reduced C uptake and increased CUE in
the N-fertilization treatments is likely an
inhibition of oxidative enzymes involved
in the degradation of aromatic
compounds by N in combination with a
reduced energy requirement for
microbial N acquisition in the fertilized
soils

Indicating a Gap

However, little is known about the

turnover time of the microbial biomass,
which is in part due to a lack of suitable
methods to access the microbial biomass
turnover time in soil.

Adding to what is known

we studied microbial CUE and microbial

biomass turnover time in soils of a longterm fertilization experiment in a
temperate grassland comprising five
treatments (control, PK, NK, NP, NPK).
Microbial CUE and the turnover of
microbial biomass were determined
using a novel substrate-independent
method based on incorporation of 18O
from labeled water into microbial DNA

Announcing the Recent Research

the study shows that N availability can

control soil C cycling by affecting
microbial CUE, while plant communitymediated changes in organic matter
inputs and P and K availability played no
important role for C partitioning of the
microbial community in this temperate

Presenting Research Questions or

first, that nitrogen (N) fertilization

increases microbial CUE because the
addition of N allows microorganisms to

Hypothesis

allocate less C to N acquisition and more

C to growth. Second, we hypothesized
that phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)
do not affect microbial CUE because they
are not critical for microbial nutrition in
temperate grasslands. Third, we
hypothesized that the turnover time of
microbial biomass is decreased by N
fertilization, because it reduces the C
costs for nutrient acquisition.

Stating the Value of the Present

Research
Outlining the Structure of the Research
Paper

All plots are mown three times a year,

and the mown biomass is collected and
divided into legume and non-legume
biomass. Based on the three
aboveground biomass harvests, the
annual net primary production (NPP) is
calculated.

Information Element

Example

Establishing a territory- via Topic

Generalization.

Microbial lipid and bio-ethanol were cogenerated by an integrated process

using corn cob bagasse as raw material.
After pretreatment, the acid hydrolysate
was used as substrate for microbial lipid
fermentation, while the solid residue was
further enzymatic hydrolysis for bioethanol production

Indicating a Gap

However, the lignocellulosic ethanol

processes were not economic
competitive due to the high capital cost
(Limayem and Ricke, 2012). In addition,
wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the
primary yeast used in industry, could not
metabolize xylose, the degradation from
hemicelluloses, leading to low ethanol

yield form raw materials. Thus, further

affect the feasibility of second
generation ethanol industrialization
(Singh et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2014; Li et
al., 2014).

Adding to what is known

Another strategy to effectively utilize

xylose in the hemicelluloses hydrolysate
is producing high value products such as
furfural, xylitol and chitosan along with
cellulose based ethanol production
based on the biorefinery concept (Singh
et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2012; Cai et al.,
2013; Cheng et al., 2010).

Announcing the Recent Research

In order to properly metabolize the

xylose and glucose, a biorefinery process
was performed in the current work. After
sulfuric acid pretreatment, the
hydrolysate was used as the raw
material for microbial lipid production,
while the enzymatic hydrolysate was
used to produce bio-ethanol.

Presenting Research Questions or

Compared with S. cerevisiae, several

oleaginous microorganisms have the
ability to accumulate vegetable oils from
xylose (Yu et al., 2011). The microbial
lipid production was also a potential
complement for biodiesel

Hypothesis

Stating the Value of the Present

Research
Outlining the Structure of the Research
Paper

The results demonstrated that the COD

level in acid hydrolysate after oleaginous
microorganism fermentation was
decreased while microbial lipid and
ethanol were obtained simultaneously

Information Element

Example

Establishing a territory- via Topic

Generalization.

, some researchers pointed out that

bioelectrochemical systems have the
ability to promote carbon oxidation on
anode and in-site CO2 capture and
reduction on cathode, thus providing
additional CH4 formation in an integrated
AD system [9,10]

Indicating a Gap

is typically limited by the initial steps of

complex organic matter degradation,
leading to a limited MPR due to sludge
fermentation speed of solid particles

Adding to what is known

Announcing the Recent Research

. In this study, a novel microbial

electrolysis AD reactor (ME-AD) was used
to accelerate methane production for
energy recovery from WAS

Presenting Research Questions or

Hypothesis
Stating the Value of the Present
Research

to convert complex organic compounds

into suitable substrates for
methanogenesis, in raw sludge [3e5].
Commonly, it takes from 20 to 30 days
to degrade 30e50% of the total COD or
volatile solids (VS) of raw WAS, under
mild environmental conditions [6

Outlining the Structure of the Research

Paper

in this study, a coupled system was

tested, by putting a microbial electrolysis
(ME) system into an AD system, for raw
waste activated sludge treatment at mild
environmental conditions. The microbial
electrolysis system was enriched in MECs
and the anodic biofilm was subsequently
used to set up the ME-AD reactor. The
performance of the methane production
rate was evaluated, based on current

electrons in the circuit of the ME-AD

system. Moreover, functional
communities (on key positions) were
analyzed by means of high throughput
sequencing, to illustrate microbial
electrolysis stimulation.

Result
IE

Move Move Move Move Move Move Move Move Total

1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
Freq
Esta-

Indic
ating
Blishi a
ng a Gap
Territ
oryVia
Topic
Gene
raliz
ation

Addi
ng to
What
is
Kno
wn

Anno
unci
ng
the
Pres
ent
Rese
arch

Pres
entin
g
Rese
arch
Ques
tion
Or
Quet
ion

RA 1

RA 2

RA 3

Anno
unci
ng
Princ
ipal
Outc
ome

No.
Of
Type
s of
Infor
mati
on
Elem
emts

Stati
ng
the
Valu
e of
the
Pres
ent
Rese
arch

Outli
ning
the
Sturc
ture
of
Rese
arch
Pape
r

RA 4

RA 5

RA 6

RA 7

RA 8

All
RAs

10

10

46

42

No.
Of
Pape
rs

Information Element

Example

Establishing a territory- via Topic

Meanwhile,

Generalization.

studies on benthic invertebrates in

Yubudo

were

former

Ministry

small

carried
of

number
out

by

Science

of
the
and

Technology (1989), Ko (2009), and the

Korea

Marine

Environment

Management Corporation (2010)

Indicating a Gap

However,little

research

has

investigated the fertilization potential

of

wasteeffluent

from

marine

aquaculture systems.
Adding to what is known

- Aquaculture waste streams typically

contain

ammonia,

phosphorus

nitrate,

(Hargreaves,

and
1998),

which are essentialfor plant growth,

suggesting that aquaculture effluent

may be aviable nutrient source for
plant production.
Announcing the Recent Research

. In this study, a novel microbial

electrolysis AD reactor (ME-AD) was
used

to

accelerate

methane

production for energy recovery from

WAS (RA 8:2)
Presenting Research Questions or

first, that nitrogen (N) fertilization

Hypothesis

increases microbial CUE because the

addition of N allows microorganisms
to allocate less C to N acquisition and
more

to

growth.

Second,

we

hypothesized that phosphorus (P) and

potassium (K) do not affect microbial
CUE because they are not critical for
microbial

nutrition

in

temperate

grasslands. Third, we hypothesized

that the turnover time of microbial
biomass

is

decreased

by

fertilization, because it reduces the C

costs for nutrient acquisition. (RA
7:100)
Stating the Value of the Present
Research

- Herein, we reared the juveniles of P.

fulvidraco, P. vachelli and thehybrids
from P. fulvidraco () P. vachelli ()
at

explore

water
the

temperaturelevels
effect

of

to

water

temperature on sex ratio andgrowth

rate.
Outlining the Structure of the

in this study, a coupled system was

Research Paper

tested,

by

putting

microbial

electrolysis (ME) system into an AD

system,
sludge

for

raw

waste

treatment

environmental
microbial

activated
at

mild

conditions.

electrolysis

system

The
was

enriched in MECs and the anodic

biofilm was subsequently used to set
up

the

ME-AD

performance

of

reactor.
the

The

methane

production rate was evaluated, based

on current electrons in the circuit of
the

ME-AD

functional

system.

communities

Moreover,
(on

key

positions) were analyzed by means of

high

throughput

illustrate

sequencing,

microbial

to

electrolysis

stimulation. (RA 8: 47)

Introduction
Research articles is a paper written by an investigator to describe a research
study that he or she has completed. The purpose of the research article is to explain
to others in the field what the objectives, methods, and findings of the study were.
Research articles may be published in a professional journal and distributed by a
research institution or publishing company, or it may be written in the form of a
thesis or dissertation. In Marine Science there are several publications of research
paper in various journal with entries from all around the world. There is also a form
standardization for writing of these scientific reports.

Strictly speaking about the writing of report introduction, there has been several
research done leading to the formation of several outline for the introduction part.
For example, three part movement fro writing report introduction where the first
movement is to established a territory followed by the second movement to
establish a niche and last movement to occupy a niche (Swales et al., 2004).
Another example is three part movement which is to first establish a territory,
followed by either the indication a gap in the research or to indicate of adding more
into the research, followed by the announcement of the research done, stating the
question posed by the research hypothesis or question and lastly to state the value
of the research done followed the by the general description of the research paper
(Lim et al., 2012).
Basicly, the typical sections for the scientific report consists of Abstract,
Introduction, Method, Results and Discussion. In Marine Science studies field, many
information not yet been discover especially in our country. Therefore, we need for
more research. The aim of this project paper is to study several scientific project
paper follow the given structure outlined which we learned in this courses. The
study conducted in this particular branch of science is very broad with many
researcher all over the world and there are also journals in which this genre of
report is published with varying degree of standardization. Due to this, we cannot
say that the researcher not following the format of scientific paper by Swales and
Lim. These project paper is follow the AIMRD/C style.

Methods
This research is done to study the information elements in the introductory sections
of research papers in the marine science fields. This is to determine whether the
researchers who wrote the reports is writing their introductions based on the outline
described by Lim (2012).A total of 8 journal were collected from random sources of
the fields and all of this journal is restricted to ones published in the year of 2015-

2016. There are few limitation in order to obtain the journal since most of them
cant be obtain without paying it because it come from a non-free source websites.
Another limitation is the lack of experience in collecting and finding the journal by
the researchers themselves. The samples was obtained from different sources of
website from the University Malaysia Sabah database so that the data collected
from this sample are more reliable and all of the sample collected were taken based
on the marine science field.

Furthermore the journal is analysed to identify any

introduction information element proposed by Lim (2012) in the introduction of the

journal. After that, a frequency table is constructed about the information element
that can be found in the samples and it contain the best example of the element
that can found in the samples.
To make the table, all the samples are labelled from RA1 to RA8 and the analysis of
the information elements in the samples component is done by two people. The
analysis of information element in the table contain the establishment of territory,
indicating a gap, adding to what is known, announcing the present research,
presenting research questions or hypothesis, announcing principal outcomes,
stating the value of the present research and outlining the structure of the research
paper. Then the samples component is tabulated in the frequency table and a
second table is created for the best example of each components from the sample
to be place according to its information element.The variable of this research is the
source of the research reports which are published in different journals and the
difference in the experience of writing research reports of the authors. Statistical
treatment used is only frequency comparison of the occurrence of the introductory
component between each research article as well as the sum of these frequencies

Discussion
The main of objective of this project paper which was stated as to
determine whether or not these article in context of Marine Science Fields
following the format that we learned from this courses. Looking at the result,
it seen that only Establishing a Territory via Topic Generalization and
Indicating a Gap are contained in all articles while for the Outlining the
Structure of Research Paper only one article contain these information
element.
The possible reason to this disparity may be because topic generalization
and indicating a gap the most essential component in an introduction for
article that associated with many fact. These because many researchers tried
to solve the problem or gap for their experiment. Then, after all the problem
has been answered, the solution become a fact. While the lack of outlining
the structure of research paper in our research articles, is probably because
most of the research done is on new leading topics that has not been done
before, thus the researchers not exactly know the proper way how to conduct
the experiment since most of the articles where collected between the years
2015 and 2016.
According to the Swales and Lim, as the number of types of elements per
articles which only contains at most 5 components and missing 2
components, these problem may due to the lack of awareness of an
appropriated structure for writing this article. However, we cannot say that
the research project not good or no doing in proper ways, sometimes there
are things we can include of our scientific paper but sometimes there also
lack of information or research paper before this.
Therefore, the hypothesis which is most of the articles of specific studies
not follow the structure given by Swales and Lim. However, the discussion
above could not be considered conclusive as there is a lack of many other
variables to fix such as data on whether or not the research article writers
have been exposed to research writing courses prior to publishing their work.
Another thing we need to consider which prevent us to making a general

conclusion is that the sample article which we did only 8 research articles
may to be small and not enough evidence to make some conclusion.