Penjelasan

Contoh Kalimat

Simple Present Tense

Rumus:
S + V-1
Penggunaan:

Simple present tense untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, dan

kejadian yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ini.
(Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is
repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily
event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can
also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.)

We agree with the

speakers opinion.
(Kami setuju dengan
opini pembicara.)
She is so beautiful.
(Dia sangat cantik.)

Present Continuous Tense

Rumus:

S + am/is/are + present participle/V-ing

Penggunaan:
Present continuous tense untuk membicarakan aksi yang sedang
berlangsung sekarang (Use the Present Continuous with Normal
Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at
this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is
not happening now)

Im driving a car to
Bandung now.
(Saya sedang menyetir
mobil ke Bandung
sekarang.)
The buses are
arriving in an hour.
(Bus-bus tersebut tiba
dalam satu jam.)

Present Perfect Tense

Rumus:
S + have/has + past participle/V-3
Penggunaan:
Present perfect tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu
aktivitas atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan
telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu atau

masih berlanjut sampai sekarang. We use the Present Perfect to

say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now.
The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present

Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one

year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at
that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present
Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once,
many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc

Ive read this book.

(Saya sudah membaca
buku ini.)
I have lived in
Cilegon for 3 months.
(Saya telah tinggal di
Cilegon selama 3 bulan.)

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:

S + have/has + been + present participle/V-ing

Penggunaan:
Present perfect continuous tense untuk mengungkapkan aksi
yang telah selesai pada suatu titik dimasa lampau atau aksi telah
dimulai di masa lalu dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang.
Biasanya aksi tersebut ada durasi waktu tertentu dan ada

The
toddlers have been
playing a ball for an
hour.
(Balita-balita itu telah
bermain bola selama satu
jam.)
The construction
labors are thirsty since
they have been

removing the
scaffoldings.
(Pekerja konstruksi haus
karena mereka telah
memindahkan perancah.)

relevansinya dengan kondisi sekarang. We use the Present

Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past
and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two
weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used
with the Present Perfect Continuous.
Simple Past Tense
Rumus:
S + V-2
Penggunaan:
Simple past tense untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian
terjadi di masa lampau. Use the Simple Past to express the idea
that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.
Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific
time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

The party started at

10.00 a.m.
(Pesta dimulai jam 10
pagi.)

The
team was playing basket
ball all day yesterday.
(Tim bermain basket
sepanjang hari kemarin.)

When he came
last night, the cake had
run out.
(Ketika dia datang
semalam, kue sudah
habis.)

The labors had been

demonstrating for an
hour when the manager
came.
(Pekerja telah
berdemonstrasi selama
satu jam ketika manager
datang.)

Past Continuous Tense

Rumus:
S + was/were + present participle/V-ing
Penggunaan:
Past continuous tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa
suatu aksi sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the
past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action
in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or
just an interruption in time.

Past Perfect Tense

Rumus:
S + had + past participle/V-3
Penggunaan:
Past perfect tense untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi telah
selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi.
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred
before another action in the past. It can also show that something
happened before a specific time in the past.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Rumus:
S + had + been + present participle/V-ing
Penggunaan:
Past perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan
suatu aksi (dengan durasi waktu tertentu) telah selesai pada
suatu titik waktu tertentu dimasa lalu. We use the Past Perfect
Continuous to show that something started in the past and

continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes"

and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with
the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to
the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not
continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.

Simple Future Tense

Rumus:

S + will + bare infinitive

S + be (is/am/are) + going to + bare infinitive)

Penggunaan:
Simple future tense untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi
dimasa depan, secara spontan atau terencana.

You will win the

game.
(Kamu akan
memenangkan permainan
tersebut.)
I am going to
meet him tomorrow.
(Saya akan menemuinya
besok.)

Future Continuous Tense

Rumus:
S + will + be + present participle/V-ing

He will be
sleeping at 10 p.m.
(Dia akan sedang tidur
pada jam 10 malam.)

At this time
next month, Ill have
finishedmy English
course.
(Pada waktu yang sama
bulan depan, saya akan
telah menyelesaikan
kursus bahasa Inggris.)

The cat will have

been sleeping long when
you get home.
(Kucing itu telah lama
tidur ketika kamu
pulang.)

Penggunaan:
Future continuous tense untuk mengungkapkan aksi yang akan
sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa depan.
Future Perfect Tense
Rumus:
S + will + have + past participle/V-3
Penggunaan:
Future perfect tense untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu
aktivitas akan sudah selesai pada suatu titik waktu di masa
depan. The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will
occur before another action in the future. It can also show that
something will happen before a specific time in the future.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Rumus:
S + will + have + been + present participle/V-ing
Penggunaan:
Future perfect continuous tense untuk mengungkapkan
bahwa suatu aksi akan sudah berlangsung selama sekian lama
pada titik waktu tertentu di masa depan. Future Perfect
Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and
"be going to have been doing." Unlike Simple Future forms,
Future Perfect Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
Simple Past Future Tense

Rumus:
S + would + bare infinitive

Penggunaan:
Simple past future tense untuk menyatakan suatu aksi yang akan
dilakukan, membuat prediksi, dan membuat janji di masa
depan pada saat berada dimasa lalu.

He would forgive yo
u.
(Dia akan
memaafkanmu.)

Past Future Continuous Tense

Rumus:
S + would + be + present participle
Penggunaan:
Past future continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja
untuk menyatakan aksi atau situasi imajiner yang sedang
berlangsung apabila unreal condition-nya terpenuhi (present
continuous conditional ~ conditional sentence type 2 dengan
continuous tense).

I would be attending the

conference if I was in
Jakarta.
(Saya akan sedang
menghadiri konferensi
tersebut jika saya ada di
Jakarta.)
Fakta:
but Im not in Jakarta (tapi
saya tidak di Jakarta)

Past Future Perfect Tense

Rumus:
S + would + have + past participle/V-3
Penggunaan:
Past future perfect tense untuk membicarakan suatu aksi yang
tidak terjadi di masa lalu (conditional sentence type 3).

If you had saved your

jewelry and foreign
currency in a safety deposit
box, theywouldnt have
gone.
(Jika kamu telah
menyimpan perhiasan dan
mata uang asingmu di safety
deposit box, mereka tidak
akan hilang.)

Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:
S + would + have + been + present participle
Penggunaan:
Past future perfect continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata
kerja untuk menyatakan suatu aksi atau situasi imajiner sedang
berlangsung pada titik tertentu atau selama periode tertentu di
masa lampau (perfect continuous conditional ~ conditional type
3dengan continuous)
2. Conditional Sentence
Conditional Clause and Main Clause
If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
conditional clause
main clause

If his Visa had been

approved, he would have
been working abroad for a
week.
(Jika visa dia telah disetujui,
dia akan telah bekerja
selama seminggu.)
Fakta:
but his Visa wasnt
approved (tapi Visa-nya
tidak disetujui)

I will go to Japan, if I have enough money

main clause
conditional clause
First, Second, and Third Conditional
1. First conditional:

If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.

2. Second conditional:

If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.

3. Third conditional:

If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

Conditional clause
1. If + Present Tense
a.

Main clause
will + inf / present tense / imperative

If you help me with the dishes (if + pres),

I will help you with your homework. (will + inf)

b. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,

the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense)
c. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
2. If + Past Tense

would + inf

3. If + Past Perfect Tense

would have + past participle

We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause,

only in the main clause.
Uses of the Conditional
1. First conditional
a. Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.
b. Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

2. Second conditional
a. Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.
b. Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present,
now.
e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
If I were you, I would tell my father.
Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security
system. (Said by a presidential candidate)
If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said
by a schoolboy: improbable)
If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)
3. Third conditional
a. Nature: unreal
b. Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the
past.)

e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that
party.(But you didn't, and I have).
Remember!
1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in ifclauses. EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be
used in if-clauses.
e.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.
I would be grateful if you would give me a little help.
(= please, come this way; please, give me...)
2. For the second conditional, were replaces was:
If I were a rich man...
3. After if, we can either use "some(-one, -where...)" or "any(-one, -where...).
If I have some spare time next weekend....or :
If I have any spare time...
4. Instead of if not, we can use unless.
e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike.
He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.
5.There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the
past:
If + Past Perfect - would + inf.
If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now].

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

An adjective clause is also called a relative clause or an adjectival clause. A clause is a group of
words that have a subject and predicate. There are two kinds of clauses: independent and
dependent. Independent clauses are sentences because they express a complete thought.
Examples are: The dog ran away. and Get the door. In the second one, the subject is implied.
To explain the function of an adjective clause, we will look at dependent clauses.( adjective
clause atau relative clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagaiadjective dan
menjelaskan noun atau pronoun pada main clause dari suatu complex sentence (kalimat yang
terdiri dari independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent clause).
Relativ
e

Function

Example

Who

Untuk menggantikan subyek orang (I, you, we, they, she, he,
Budi (nama orang). Setelah kata who, selalu diikuti oleh verb
(kata kerja)

The student who studies in

EnglishOnline is smart.

Whom

Untuk menggantikan obyek (me, you, us, them, her, him,

Budi). Setelah kata whom, selalu diikuti oleh subjek.

The student whom I teach is

Budi.

Whose

Untuk menggantikan kepemilikan (my, your, our, their, her,

his, its, Budis). setelah kata whose, selalu diikuti oleh noun
(kata benda).

The student whose car is red

is Agus.

Which

Sama seperti who dan whom, hanya saja which digunakan

untuk benda dan atau binatang.

Pizza, which most people love

is not healthy.

Where

Untuk menjelaskan tempat.

The building where you stay

is large.

When

Untuk menjelaskan waktu.

The day when you went away

is Monday.

Why

Untuk menjelaskan alasan.

Give me the reason why you

study in EngllishOnline.

ADVERB CLAUSE
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb (predicate). This differs from a
phrase, which does not have a subject and a verb, like to the park. Clauses can be
independent or dependent.
Independent clauses are called sentences as they can stand alone and express a complete
thought.
Dependent clauses, or subordinate clauses, are subordinate to something else, usually an
independent clause, and depend on it for meaning.
(Adverbial clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (kata keterangan)
dan memberikan informasi tentang verb,adjective, atau adverb yang berada pada independent
clause dengan kapasitasnya menjawab pertanyaan: how, when, where, why, atau to what
degree.)
Adverb Clause
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan
kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata
penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata
penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
* Shut the door before you go out.
* You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
* While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
* By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
* No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti
where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
* They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
* The guard stood where he was positioned.
* Where there is a will, there is a way.
* Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
* Go where you like.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling
berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti
although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:

* As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.

* Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
* Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
* He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi.
Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that,
dll.
Contoh:
* He did as I told him.
* You may finish it how you like.
* They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan
menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest,
in case, dll.
Contoh:
* They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
* She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
* He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
* I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause
jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
* Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
* It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
* The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
* The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
* The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
* I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
* He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
* The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
* It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to
stay indoors.
* It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that
he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
* She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
* They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
* Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
* This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat
digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
* Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
* Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
* Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that
the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as,
inasmuch as
Contoh:
* Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
* Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
* As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in
a movie.
* Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace
are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
* Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
* Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
* Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb
Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek
dari main Clause sama.
Contoh:
1. DAPAT DIRUBAH
* While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
* While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
* Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this

country, Mary has made many friends.

2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH
* While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
* While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.
7. Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan.
Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in
even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that),
supposing (that), dll.
Contoh:
* If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
* She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
* Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
* In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
* The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
* We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary
information.

EXPRESION OF AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT

Pesetujuan (Agreement)
Absolutely.

I absolutely agree.

Exactly.

I completely agree.

I think so.

I have the same opinion.

I suppose so.

I am of the same opinion.

There is no doubt about it.

That is exactly the same as I think

I agree entirely.

Thats true.

I totally agree.

Youre right.

I agree with you.

You are absolutely right

I simply must agree with that.

.

Ketidaksetujuan
(Disagreement)

That is not true.

I dont agree.

Persetujuan Secara
Sebagian (Partial
Agreement)

I totally disagree.
I completely disagree.
I dont guess so.
I am sorry, but I disagree with you.
I am afraid, I cant agree with your opinion.
I doubt with that.
Your opinion was in complete contradiction
to..
I have a different opinion with you.
I am of different opinion.
I cannot agree with your idea.
I dont think so.

That is not always true.

I am not so sure about that.

I agree with your principle, but..

Yeah, you could be right.
That is true, but there are some portions
that should be..
I can agree, but..
That seems obvious, but..
That is not as simple as you think

THE EXPRESION OF INVITATION

Expressing

Invitation

(Mengundang

Yes, of course

Seseorang)

Okay, Ill come

Would you mind to go with me?

Thats a good idea

Would you come to?

All right

Would you like to join us?

I cant say no

Would you go with me tonight?

How about hanging out with us tonight?
Do you like to come?

Refusing Invitation (Menolak Undangan)

I am sorry, I cant come
I am terribly sorry

Accepting Invitation (Menerima Undangan)

I am afraid I cant go

I would like to

Thank you, but

ASKING AND GIVING

PERMISSION

Would you mind if + verb

Asking Permission

Would you mind if I sit beside

you?

Would you mind if I use your

laptop for a few minutes?

Ini adalah beberapa ekspresi yang bisa Anda

gunakan untuk meminta izin secara lebih

Would it be possible for + infinitive

sopan. Biasanya dipergunakan untuk orang

yang baru Anda kenal atau orang yang lebih

tua.

Would

it

possible

for

me

to

borrow your English book?

o

Would it possible for me to date

with your daughter?

May + verb
o

May I study in this room?

May I talk with your CEO?

Do you mind if + verb

o

Do you mind if I close the door?

Do you mind if I wear your dress?

Do you think I could + verb

Untuk orang yang telah Anda kenal baik dan
o

Do you think I could ask your

food?

seumuran, Anda bisa menggunakan ekspresiekspresi informal berikut ini.

Do you think I could play football

with my friends tonight

Could I please + verb

o

Could I please use your phone?

Could I please ask your drink?

Can + verb
o

Can we put our car here?

Can I ask you to teach me?

Is it okay if

Of course you can.

No problem.
Please feel free.

Is it okay if I play your piano?

Is it okay if I hang out tonight?

Refusing Permission

Giving Permission

Sederhananya, ini adalbah bentuk penolakan

Setelah

mempelajari

ekspresi

asking

permission, berikut ini ada beberapa ekspresi

izin

terhadap

sesuatu.

Berikut

beberapa

ekspresinya:

giving permission yaitu ketika Anda member

izin kepada orang lain untuk melakukan

Unfortunately, you cant do that.

sesuatu.

Sorry, I think its impossible for

you.

Yes, please.

I have to say no for this case.

Yes, certainly. (formal)

You cannot do that.

Yes, of course.

You could not do that.

Yes, you may do that.

I am afraid not.

EXPRESSING SURPISE AND DISBELIEF

Expressing Surprise

4.

Are you serious?

1.

What a surprise!

5.

You must be kidding!

2.

That cant be

6.

It must be wrong.

3.

Oh! Wow!

7.

You must be joking

4.

Great!

8.

Really?

5.

Incredible

9.

I have no faith on you.

6.

I am amazed at

10.

It was beyond belief.

7.

Unbelieveable!

11.

Thats unbelievable.

8.

Your story sounds fishy to me

12.

I cant believe you.

9.

This is really a big surprise!

13.

Are you kidding?

10.

That was very surprising!

14.

Youre kidding?!

11.

I am really surprise

15.

Its hard to believe you.

12.

Nonsense

16.

I cant trust you!

13.

I am surprise at you

17.

I cant believe it!

14.

My goodness!

18.

Ow come on, you cant be so

serious.

Expressing Disbelief

19.

You are lying, arent you?

1.

I dont believe you

20.

I dont think that you are serious,

2.

I dont trust you

3.

Thats unbelievable

do you?
21.

Thats wrong, isnt it?

22.

He is not serious, is he?

23.

You are kidding.

24.

You must be kidding me.