Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Beer
Schlenkerla Rauchbier straight from
the cask
Beer is the world's most widely consumed
[1]
and probably the oldest
[2]
[3]
[4]
of
alcoholic beverages; it is the third most popular drink overall, after
water and
tea.
[5]
It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived
from cereal grainsmost commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize
(corn), and rice are widely used. Most beer is flavoured with hops,
which add
bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings
such as
herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. Some of humanity's earliest known
writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi
included laws regulating beer and beer parlours,
[6]
and "The Hymn to Ninkasi", a
prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer
and as a
method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few lite
rate
people.
[7]
[8]
Today, the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of
several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller
producers ranging from brewpubs to
regional breweries.
The basics of brewing beer are shared across national and cultural boundaries. B
eers are commonly categorized into
two main typesthe globally popular pale lagers, and the regionally dist
inct ales,
[9]
which are further categorized
into other varieties such as pale ale, stout and brown ale. The strength of beer
is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by
volume (abv) though may range from less than 1% abv, to over 20% abv in rare cas
es.
Beer forms part of the culture of beer-drinking nations and is associated with s
ocial traditions such as beer festivals,
as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling and pub gam
es such as bar billiards.
History
Egyptian wooden model of beer making in
ancient Egypt, Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum,
San Jose, California
Add Yeast to
Fermenter
Heat
exchanger
Bottling
Cask or Keg
The first step, where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch sour
ce (normally malted barley) with hot water, is
known as "mashing". Hot water (known as "liquor" in brewing terms) is mixed with
crushed malt or malts (known as
"grist") in a mash tun.
[27]
The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours,
[28]
during which the starches are converted
to sugars, and then the sweet wort is drained off the grains. The g
rains are now washed in a process known as
"sparging". This washing allows the brewer to gather as much of the fermentable
liquid from the grains as possible.
The process of filtering the spent grain from the wort and sparge wa
ter is called wort separation. The traditional
process for wort separation is lautering, in which the grain bed itse
lf serves as the filter medium. Some modern
breweries prefer the use of filter frames which allow a more finely
ground grist.
[29]
Most modern breweries use a
continuous sparge, collecting the original wort and the sparge water t
ogether. However, it is possible to collect a
second or even third wash with the not quite spent grains as separate batches. E
ach run would produce a weaker wort
and thus a weaker beer. This process is known as second (and third)
runnings. Brewing with several runnings is
called parti gyle brewing.
[30]
The sweet wort collected from sparging is put into a kettle, or "cop
per", (so called because these vessels were
traditionally made from copper)
[31]
and boiled, usually for about one hour. During boiling, water in the
wort
evaporates, but the sugars and other components of the wort remain; t
his allows more efficient use of the starch
sources in the beer. Boiling also destroys any remaining enzymes left over from
the mashing stage. Hops are added
Beer
4
during boiling as a source of bitterness, flavour and aroma. Hops may
be added at more than one point during the
boil. The longer the hops are boiled, the more bitterness they contribute, but t
he less hop flavour and aroma remains
in the beer.
[32]
After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. I
n some breweries, the hopped wort may pass
through a hopback, which is a small vat filled with hops, to add ar
omatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter; but
usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the yeast is a
dded. During fermentation, the wort
becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type
[82]
because of this they are often
referred to as "top cropping" or "top fermenting"
[83]
though this
distinction is less clear in modern brewing with the use of
cylindro-conical tanks, where the behaviour of lager and ale yeast are
quite similar. The important distinction for ales is that they are
fermented at higher temperatures and thus ferment more quickly than
lagers.
[84]
Ale is typically fermented at temperatures between 15 and 24C (60
and 75F). At these temperatures, yeast produces significant amounts
of esters and other secondary flavour and aroma products, and the
result is often a beer with slightly "fruity" compounds resembling
apple, pear, pineapple, banana, plum, or prune, among others.
[85]
Before the introduction of hops into England from the Netherlands in
the 15th century, the name "ale" was
exclusively applied to unhopped fermented beverages, the term beer being gradual
ly introduced to describe a brew
with an infusion of hops. This distinction no longer applies.
[86]
The word ale may come from the Old English ealu,
in turn from the Proto-Indo-European base *alut-, which holds connotati
ons of "sorcery, magic, possession,
intoxication".
[87]
Real ale is the term coined by the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) in 1973
[88]
for "beer brewed from traditional
ingredients, matured by secondary fermentation in the container from which it is
dispensed, and served without the
use of extraneous carbon dioxide". It is applied to bottle conditioned and cask
conditioned beers.
Beer
8
Lager
Lager is the English name for cool fermenting beers of Central European origin.
Pale lagers are the most commonly
consumed beers in the world. The name "lager" comes from the German "lagern" for
"to store", as brewers around
Bavaria stored beer in cool cellars and caves during the warm summer months. The
se brewers noticed that the beers
continued to ferment, and to also clear of sediment, when stored in cool conditi
ons.
[89]
Lager yeast is a cool bottom-fermenting yeast (Saccharomyces pastorianus
) and typically undergoes primary
fermentation at 712 C (4554F) (the fermentation phase), and then is given a long seco
ndary fermentation at 04
C (3239F) (the lagering phase). During the secondary stage, the lager clears and mel
lows. The cooler conditions
also inhibit the natural production of esters and other byproducts, resulting in
a "cleaner"-tasting beer.
[90]
Modern methods of producing lager were pioneered by Gabriel Sedlmayr t
he Younger, who perfected dark brown
lagers at the Spaten Brewery in Bavaria, and Anton Dreher, who began
brewing a lager (now known as Vienna
[103]
Some beers, such as table beer are of such low alcohol content
(1%4%) that they are served instead of soft drinks in some schools.
[104]
Beer
9
The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars tha
t are produced during fermentation. The
quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and the variety of yeast used to ferm
ent the wort are the primary factors
that determine the amount of alcohol in the final beer. Additional fe
rmentable sugars are sometimes added to
increase alcohol content, and enzymes are often added to the wort for certain st
yles of beer (primarily "light" beers)
to convert more complex carbohydrates (starches) to fermentable sugars.
Alcohol is a by-product of yeast
metabolism and is toxic to the yeast; typical brewing yeast cannot survive at al
cohol concentrations above 12% by
volume. Low temperatures and too little fermentation time decreases the
effectiveness of yeasts and consequently
decreases the alcohol content.
Exceptionally strong beers
The strength of beers has climbed during the later years of the 20th
century. Vetter 33, a 10.5% abv (33 degrees
Plato, hence Vetter "33") doppelbock, was listed in the 1994 Guinness Book of Wo
rld Records as the strongest beer
at that time,
[105]
[106]
though Samichlaus, by the Swiss brewer Hrlimann, had also been listed by the Guin
ness Book
of World Records as the strongest at 14% abv.
[107]
[108]
[109]
Since then, some brewers have used champagne yeasts
to increase the alcohol content of their beers. Samuel Adams reached
20% abv with Millennium,
[99]
and then
surpassed that amount to 25.6% abv with Utopias. The strongest beer b
rewed in Britain was Baz's Super Brew by
Parish Brewery, a 23% abv beer.
[110]
[111]
The product that is claimed to be the strongest beer made is The End of History,
a 55% Belgian ale,
[100]
made by the
Scottish brewery BrewDog in 2010, who also made Sink The Bismarck!, a 41% abv IP
A,
[112]
and Tactical Nuclear
Penguin, a 32% abv Imperial Stout; these are made using the eisbock
method of freeze distilling in which the
brewery freeze distils a strong ale, gradually removing the ice and freezing aga
from light (thereby preventing "skunked" beer) and have a seal less p
rone to leaking over time than bottles. Cans
were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the qualit
y of a beer, then became commonly
associated with less expensive, mass-produced beers, even though the qu
ality of storage in cans is much like
bottles.
[133]
Plastic (PET) bottles are used by some breweries.
[134]
Beer
11
Temperature
douard Manet's The Waitress
showing a woman serving beer
The temperature of a beer has an influence on a drinker's experience;
warmer
temperatures reveal the range of flavours in a beer but cooler temper
atures are
more refreshing. Most drinkers prefer pale lager to be served chilled,
a low- or
medium-strength pale ale to be served cool, while a strong barley win
e or
imperial stout to be served at room temperature.
[135]
Beer writer Michael Jackson proposed a five-level scale for serving
temperatures: well chilled (7C/45F) for "light" beers (pale lagers); chille
d
(8C/46F) for Berliner Weisse and other wheat beers; lightly chilled
(9C/48F) for all dark lagers, altbier and German wheat beers; cellar
temperature (13C/55F) for regular British ale, stout and most Belgian
specialities; and room temperature (15.5C/59.9F) for strong dark ales
(especially trappist beer) and barley wine.
[136]
Drinking chilled beer began with the development of artificial refriger
ation and
by the 1870s, was spread in those countries that concentrated on brewing pale la
ger.
[137]
Chilling beer makes it more
refreshing,
[138]
though below 15.5C (59.9F) the chilling starts to reduce taste awareness
[139]
and reduces it
significantly below 10C (50F).
[140]
Beer served unchilledeither cool or at room temperature, reveal more of
their flavours.
[141]
Cask Marque, a non-profit UK beer organisation, has set a temperatur
e standard range of
12-14C (53-57F) for cask ales to be served.
[142]
Vessels
Beer is consumed out of a variety of vessels, such as a glass, a beer stein, a m
ug, a pewter tankard, a beer bottle or a
can. The shape of the glass from which beer is consumed can influence the percep
tion of the beer and can define and
accent the character of the style.
[143]
Breweries offer branded glassware intended only for their own beers as
a
marketing promotion, as this increases sales.
[144]
The pouring process has an influence on a beer's presentation. The rate of flow
from the tap or other serving vessel,
tilt of the glass, and position of the pour (in the centre or down the side) int
o the glass all influence the end result,
such as the size and longevity of the head, lacing (the pattern left by the head
as it moves down the glass as the beer
is drunk), and turbulence of the beer and its release of carbonation.
[145]
Beer and society
A tent at Munich's Oktoberfestthe world's
largest beer festival
Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer
drinking, such as playing cards, darts, or other pub games; attending
beer festivals, or visiting a series of different pubs in one evening
;
joining an organisation such as CAMRA; or rating beer.
[146]
Various
drinking games, such as beer pong, are also popular.
[147]
Beer is considered to be a social lubricant in many societies,
[148]
and is
consumed in countries all over the world. There are breweries in
Middle Eastern countries such as Iran, and Syria, as well as African
countries. Sales of beer are four times that of wine, the second mos
t
popular alcoholic beverage.
[149]
[150]
In Russia, consumption is on the
rise as younger generations are choosing beer over vodka.
[151]
In most
societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage.
Beer
12
Health effects
The main active ingredient of beer is alcohol, and therefore, the health effects
of alcohol apply to beer. The moderate
consumption of alcohol, including beer, is associated with a decreased risk of c
ardiac disease, stroke and cognitive
decline.
[152]
[153]
[154]
[155]
The long-term effects of alcohol abuse, however, include the risk of
developing
alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease.
Overview of possible long-term effects of
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
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nal uploader was
SilkTork at en.wikipedia