ACTINO 1

As one of the oldest multicellular animals (Love et al., 2009), marine sponges (phylum
Porifera) often harbor dense and diverse microbial communities, and the sponge-microbe
associations represent one of the most complex symbioses on earth (Taylor et al., 2007).
Actinobacteria are commonly found in association with sponges (Simister et al., 2012). In
the past decade, extensive efforts have been made in isolating actinomycetes from
sponges (Zhang et al., 2006; Abdelmohsen et al., 2010, 2014b; Vicente et al., 2013). To
date, at least 60 actinobacterial genera have been set apart from marine sponges
(Abdelmohsen et al., 2014a). The investigations on the culturable diversity of spongeassociated actinomycetes not only advanced our knowledge of those actinomycetes in
pecialhabitatsbutalsoprovidednewopportunitiesfornaturalproductsearchand
discovery(Abdelmohsenetal.,2014a).InChinaoceans,thelargestgroupofsponges
inhabitstheSouthChinaSea(Zhangetal.,2003).Toourknowledge,inpreviousstudies
15actinobacterialgenerahavebeenisolatedfromSouthChinaSeasponges(Jiangetal.,
2007,2008;Sunetal.,2010;Lietal.,2011;Xietal.,2012).Nevertheless,previous
cultivationattemptsweresettoafewSouthChinaSeaspongespeciesoutofthousands
ofSouthChinaSeasponges,whichprobablyunderestimatedtheculturablediversityof
spongeassociatedactinomycetes.Thus,collectingasmanyspongesaspossiblefromthe
SouthChinaSeaissignificanttocomprehensivelyexploretheirassociated
actinomycetes.
Previoussurveyshavedemonstratedthatspongesarechemicallydefendedfrom
predationandmarinepathogenseitherbythecompoundstheyproduceorthoseproduced
bysymbiontsorassociatedmicroorganisms(Puglisietal.,2014).
Actinomycetederivedaromaticpolyketidecompoundshaveexhibitedawiderangeof
bioactivitiesandclinicalimportance(Hertwecketal.,2007).Notably,afew
anthracyclinesandtetracyclineshaveemergedasclinicaldrugsfordecades,suchas
doxorubicin(antineoplastic)andtetracycline(antibiotic).Furthermore,manyofthese
compoundsarepromisingdrugcandidates(Hertwecketal.,2007).Therefore,sponge
associatedactinomycetesmayprovidechemicaldefensefortheirhostsbyproducing
aromaticpolyketides.Recently,inexploringnewsourcesofaromaticpolyketidesthe
spongeassociatedactinomyceteswarrantedparticularattention.Particularly,afew
structurallynovelaromaticpolyketideswerediscoveredfromspongeassociated
actinomycetessuchasSaccharopolysporaandStreptomycesstrains(Perezetal.,2009;
Motohashietal.,2010;Schneemannetal.,2010a).Inviewoftheremarkablediversityof
spongeassociatedactinomycetes,theproducersofaromaticpolyketidesarenotmerely
limitedtoSaccharopolysporaandStreptomyces.Thus,weopinethatthepotentialof
spongeassociatedactinomycetesinproducingaromaticpolyketidesisunderexploredand
itisworthinvestigatingindepth.
ACTINO 2, SPONGE 1
butweresincethenalsofoundinspongessuchasPseudoceratinaclavatafromtheGreat
BarrierReef.47Severaladditionalobligatemarinenewspecieswereisolated,suchas
Streptomycesaxinellaesp.nov.fromthemarinespongeAxinellapolypoidescollected

fromBanyulssurMer,France48andSaccharopolysporacebuensissp.nov.isolatedfrom
thespongeHaliclonasp.collectedfromCebu,Philippines.49Micromonospora
yangpuensissp.nov.(fromanunidentiedsponge)andActinoalloteichus
hymeniacidonissp.nov.(fromHymeniacidonperleve)werebothisolatedfromthe
Dachanreef,China.50,45ThenovelactinomyceteTsukamurellaspongiaesp.nov.was
isolatedfromadeepwatermarinespongecollectedoffthecoastofCuraao,Netherlands
Antilles.51Threenovelactinomycetes,Streptomycestateyamensissp.nov.,S.marinussp.
nov.,andS.haliclonaesp.nov.,wereisolatedfromHaliclonasp.offshoreTateyama
City,Japan.52
SPONGE 1
Marineecosystemsconsistoftaxonomicallyandbiologicallydiversemacroand
microorganismswhichexhibituniquephysiologicalandstructuralfeaturesenablingthem
tosurviveundertheextremesofpressure,salinity,andtemperature.Manymarine
organismsarefurtherendowedwiththeabilitytoproducenovelmoleculeswith
interestingtherapeuticapplicationsnotobservedintheirterrestrialcounterparts.13
Sponges(phylumPorifera)areamongtheoldestmulticellularanimalswithafossil
recorddatingbacktoPrecambriantimes.4Spongespopulatetropicalreefsingreat
abundancebutalsothepolarlatitudesandthedeepsea,aswellasfreshwaterlakesand
rivers.5Theyaresedentarylterfeederscapableofpumpingthousandsoflitersofwater
perday.6
TINPUS ACTINO 3
The actinomycetes are noteworthy known as antibiotic producers, making three quarters
of all known products; the streptomyces are especially prolific and can produce many
types of antibiotics and other class of biologically active secondary metabolites[2].
SPONGE 3
Demosponges have the large number bioactive compounds produced from sponge
associated microbes. More than 8,000 to 10,000 species of sponges were identified as
Aplysina archeri, Xestospongia muta, Acanthella pulchra, Helicona simulans, Axinella
dissimilis, Discodermia dissolute, Raspailia ramosa (Hooper, 2000). Marine sponges are
considered as a gold mine during the past 50 years, with respect to the diversity of
secondary metabolites. Sponges are studied because of their wealth in metabolites with a
wide variety of biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor (De
Rosa et al., 2002). Marine sponges with the rich source of novel microorganisms have the
potential to produce secondary metabolites (Hentschel et al., 2001).
The sponge-associated bacteria cts as a high potential source for the production of
antibiotic com-pounds. More than 15,000 species have been described, such as bacteria,
archea, fungi and cynobacteria with Haliclona simulans having 80 fungal isolates and 100
bacterial isolates. These microbes have the novel genes for producing the bioactive
products. The genes like polyketide synthases (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide
synthetases (NRPS) are multifunctional enzymes which are involved in the synthesis of a
broad range of structurally diverse natural compounds, many of them are of medical
importance (Hutchinson, 2003).

SPONGE 4 asosisasi
Sponges(Porifera)havebeenrecognizedasarichsourceofnovelcompoundsthatareof
potentialinteresttomankind[11].Theyproducesecondarymetabolitesandother
compoundstorepelanddeterpredators[25]andcompeteforspacewithothersessile
species.Oftheinvestigatedmarinespongespecies,morethan10%haveexhibitedcyto
toxicactivity[41]suggestingproductionofpotentialmedicinals.Theyweredetermined
aspotentialsourceofnovelantimicrobialagents[13,31]1.Somespongesseemtopro
ducepotentiallyusefulantifoulingagents[3].
Sincemarineorganismsliveinasignificantlydifferentenvironmentfromthoseofthe
terrestrialorganisms,itisreasonabletoexpectthattheirsecondarymetabolitewill
differconsiderably.Thepresenceoflargeamountsofmicroorganismswithinthe
mesophylofmanydemospongeshasbeenwelldocumented[16,17].Bacteriacan
contributeupto40%ofthespongebiomass(equaltoabout108109bacteria/goftissue)
andareprobablypermanentlyassociatedwiththehostspongeunlesstheyaredisturbed
byexternalstressfactors[12,35,40].Anumberofbacteriaandcyanobacteriaassociated
withspongeswerefoundtobethesourcesofantibioticsandotherbioactivecompounds
inthemarineenvironment.Itwasreportedthatthewiderbiosyntheticcapabilitiesof
spongeswereassociatedwiththesymbioticmicroorganism[1].Themarinebacterium,
PseudomonasisolatedfromitshostspongeSubereacrebacollectedfromtheCoralseaof
NewCaledoniaproducedstrongantibioticquinines[7].Albeit,themarineactinomycetes
areconsideredasarichsourceofnovelantimicrobialagents,thesepotentialresources
werescarcelyexplored.Thoughthegenomicandmetabolomicdiversityofmarine
actinomycetesremainsunknown,manypromisingbioactivecompoundsincluding
antimicrobial,antitumour,immunosuppressiveagentsandenzymesarebeingdiscovered
inmarineactinomycetes[21].Recently,actinomycetesassociatedwithmarinesponges
havebeenreportedasrichestsourceofpotentialantagonists[10,26,32].Inthepresent
study,wereportthefindingsofantimicrobialpotentialofactinomycetesassociatedwith
marinespongescollectedfromtheBayofBengalcoast.
METODE(SPONGE4)
ACTINO4
Actinomycetesarefilamentous,antibioticsproducingbacteria.Theyarefoundin
freshwaterandmarinewaterhabitats[13].ThedominantactinomycetesMicromonospora
canbeisolatedfromaquatichabitatssuchasstreams,rivers,lakemud,riversediments,
beachsands,spongeandmarinesediments[4,5].Severalnovelbioactivecompoundswere
discoveredfromaquaticactinomycetes,forexamplerifamycinfromMicromonospora[6];
salinosporamideA,ananticancermetabolitefromaSalinisporastrain[7];marinomycins
fromMarinophilussp.[8];abyssomicinCfromVerrucosisporasp.andmarinopyrroles
fromStreptomycessp[9,10].

Outof22500biologicallyactivecompoundsobtainedfrommicrobes,45%arefrom
actinomycetes,38%fromfungiand17%fromotherbacteria[11].Speciesof
Streptomyces,accountformorethan70%ofthetotalantibioticproductionand
MicromonosporawaslessthanonetenthasmanyasStreptomyces[13].
MDR(ACTINO4)
Antimicrobialdrugsusedforprophylacticortherapeuticpurposesinhuman,veterinary
andagriculturalpurposeswerefavoringthesurvivalandspreadofresistant
organisms[19].Theappearancesofmultidrugresistantpathogenicstrainscaused
substantialmorbidityandmortalityespeciallyamongtheelderlyandimmuno
compromisedpatients.Toovercomethissituation,thereisaninteresttoimproveor
discovernovelclassantibioticsthathavedifferentmechanismsofaction
worldwide[20,21].
TinpusSPONGE(ACTINO6)
Marinesponges(PhylumPorifera)aremulticellularinvertebratesessilefilterfeedersthat
provideuniqueandfavorableenvironmentalconditionsformicrobialcolonizationand
oftenharborabundantanddiversemicrobes.Microbialcommunitiesassociatedwith
marinespongesareverycomplex,contributingupto40%ofthespongebiomass[1,2].
Marinespongeassociatedbacterialcommunitiesincludethefollowingtaxa:
Acidobacteria,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Chlamydiae,Chloroflexi,Cyanobacteria,
DeinococcusThermus,Firmicutes,Gemmatimonadetes,Nitrospira,Planctomycetes,
Proteobacteria,SpirochaetesandVerrucomicrobia[37].Amongthebacterialassociates,
membersofActinobacteriaareoftenspongespecific[4,8]andhavebeenidentifiedas
dominantproducersofbiologicallyactivecompounds[911].Thereisevidencethatthe
presenceofbiosynthesisgenesencodingpolyketidesynthases(PKSs)andnonribosomal
peptidesynthetases(NRPSs)inmarinespongederivedactinomycetesareuseful
indicatorsfortheselectionofstrainstoisolatenewnaturalproducts[12].
ACTINO6
Actinomycetesarewidelydistributedinmarinesponges.Atthetimeofwriting,over30
spongegenerahadbeenreportedtobehostsofactinomycetes,withtengenerahaving
eachbeencollectedindifferentseaareas[4,5,7,8,1318].Amongthenearly10,000
spongederivedmicrobialsequencessubmittedtopublicdatabases,aboutonesixth
belongtoActinobacteria[19],indicatingthatthisisanimportantgroupamongsponge
associatedmicroorganisms.Actinomycetesabundanceinmarinespongesisvariablebut
canmakeupover20%ofthetotalmicroorganismsinsomemarinesponges[20,21].The
studyofmarinespongeassociatedactinobacterialdiversityinvolvesbothculture
dependentandcultureindependentmethods.Inthepastdecade,alargenumberofmarine
spongederivedactinomyceteshavebeenidentifiedusingculturemethods,spanning26
genera[12,2229].Theuseofcultureindependentmethodshasenabledthedetectionof

anadditionalfivegeneraofactinomycetesinmarinesponges,aswellasmany
unculturablenovelactinobacterialtaxa[21,30,31].Althoughbothoftheabovementioned
methodshavedefectsandbias,theculturedependentmethodisstillpopulareveninthe
omicsage[32].Thisispartlybecausetheisolatesyieldedfromthismethodprovide
veryusefulphenotypicandgenotypicinformation[33],suchasphysiologicaltraitsand
biosyntheticpotential,forfurtherecologicalinvestigationandbioprospecting.
DiversespongesarefoundintheChinaSeas,withtheSouthChinaSeabeingestimated
tocontainnearlyhalfofthemarinespongespeciesintheworld[34].Theaimofthis
studywastoinvestigatethediversityandbiosyntheticpotentialofculturable
actinomycetesassociatedwithvariousspongesfromtheSouthChinaSeaandtheYellow
Sea.Tothisend,severalselectiveisolationmediawereused,andtheisolateswere
subjectedtophylogeneticanalysesbasedon16SrRNAandotherhousekeepinggenes,
andweretestedforantimicrobialactivityaswellasthepresenceofsecondarymetabolite
genesencodingpolyketidesynthases(PKSIandPKSII)andnonribosomalpeptide
synthetases(NRPSs).
Sponge(ACTINO7)
Themarineenvironmenthasrecentlybeendescribedasasourceofnovelchemical
diversityfordrugdiscovery,1asmanybioactivesubstancesareisolatedfrommarine
organismsincludingphytoplankton,algae,sponges,tunicatesandmollusks.2,3
ACTINO7
Ourgrouprecentlyengagedintheisolationofmicroorganismsfrommarinesources
includingfungiandactinobacteria.Someoftheisolatedfungiwerefoundtoproduce
novelcompounds,namely,JBIR27,28,1215,1337and38.14Amongactinobacteria,
manynovelmembersofthegenusStreptomyceswereisolatedfromamarinesponge
Haliclonasp.15Interestingly,manyoftheisolatedstrainsrequiredsaltfortheiroptimal
growth.Therequirementofsaltbythesestrainsmayindicatetheirmarineorigin.One
suchsaltrequiringstrainStreptomycessp.NBRC105896wasisolatedfromHaliclona
sp.Whentestedfortheproductionofnovelsecondarymetabolites,Streptomycessp.
SPONGE5(asosiasi)

Marinespongesarehosttoawiderangeofmicrobes.Theroleofthesediverse
microbesinspongebiologyvariesfromthedigestionofmicrobesasafoodsource
tomutualisticsymbioseswiththesponge.Formutualisticassociations,theponge
isbelievedtoprovideshelterfrompredators,asubstrateforcolonization,accessto
sunlightforphotosyntheticmicrobes,andasupplyofnutrients.Proposed
benefitstothespongeofmicrobialsymbioticassociationsincludetheprovisionto
thespongeofphotosynthatesandtheeliminationoftoxicmetabolicbyproducts
(Tayloretal.2007).Bioactivemetaboliteproducingmicrobesarealsobelievedto

haveamutualisticsymbioticrelationshipwiththesponge,withmicrobes
producingmetabolitesthatprotectthespongefrommicrobialdiseaseand
predation.

SPONGE5(haliclona)

Themarineenvironmentandspongesinparticulararearichsourceofnew
bioactivemetabolitesover200novelmetaboliteswereisolatedfrommarine
spongesin2005(Bluntetal.2007).InHaliclonaspecies,over190metabolites,
withwiderangingbiologicalactivities,havebeenisolated(Yuetal.2006).These
includecompoundswithantifouling(Devietal.1998;Seraetal.2002),anti
microbial(Clarketal.2001;RichelleMaureretal.2001),antifungal(Barrettet
al.1996;Clarketal.2001),antimalarial(Sakaietal.1986),andcytotoxic
activities(Ericksonetal.1997;Rashidetal.2000).Therangeofcompounds
isolatedfromHaliclonasp.includesteroids,terpenoids,polyacetylenes,
alakaloids,cyclicpeptides,unsaturatedfattyacids,andpolyketides(Yuetal.
2006).Thewidespreadisolationoftypicalmicrobialmetabolites,suchas
polyketides,fromspongesledtothehypothesisthatthesemetabolitesareinfact
theproductsofmicrobialmetabolism.Theisolationofsecondarymetabolite
producingbacteriafromspongesandofmicrobialsecondarymetabolismgene
clustersfromthemetagenomeofspongeshasledtothegeneralacceptancethat
thesemetabolitesare,inmanycases,theproductofmicrobialsymbiontsandare
notderivedfromthemicrobialdietofsponges(FortmanandSherman2005).
ACTINO10(asosiasi)
MembersoftheclassActinobacteriaareknowntoproducepharmaceuticallyimportant
compoundsandhavebeenextensivelystudied(McVeighetal.,1994;Bulletal.,2000;
NewmanandHill,2006).Soilhassofarservedastheprimarysourceofactinobacteria.
However,therateofnovelcompounddiscoveryfromtheseterrestrialstrainshas
decreasedsignificantly(LiandVederasetal.,2009).Analternateapproachisthe
isolationandscreeningofmarineactinobacteria,includingfreelivingandmarine
invertebrateassociatedactinobacteria.MarinespongesorthemembersofPoriferamay
serveasagoodsourceofactinobacteriaastheyareremarkablefilterfeeders,some
filtering24m3kg1spongeday1(Vogel,1977).
Althoughisolationofactinobacteriafrommarinespongesandstudiesoftheirdiversity
(Montalvoetal.,2005;Zhangetal.,2006;Jiangetal.,2008)havebeenreported
SPONGE7

Themarineenvironment,particularlywithsponges,isarichsourceofnewbioactive
metabolites287novelmetaboliteswereisolatedfrommarinespongesin2008[1].
ACTINO12
Theactinomycetes,Grampositivebacteriathatarecommononlandandinthesea,are
themajorgroupofbacteriathatproducebioactivesecondarymetabolites.Over10,000
bioactivemoleculeshavebeenderivedfromculturedactinomycetes,andasignificant
percentageofthesehavebeenisolatedfrommembersoftheverycommonlyencountered
genusStreptomyces.1Duetotheincreasingrateofrediscoveryofknownbioactive
naturalproductsfromterrestrialactinomycetes,therehasbeenanincreasedfocuson
marinemicrobialsourcesofbioactivenaturalproducts.2

ACTINO13
Actinomycetesaregrampositivebacteriawithhighguaninecytosinecontentof
over55%[3]intheirDNA,whichhavebeenrecognizedassourcesofseveral
secondarymetabolites,antibiotics,andbioactivecompoundsthataectmicrobial
growth.[4]Actinomyceteshavelamentousnature,branchingpaern,andconidia
formation,whicharesimilartothoseoffungi.Forthisreason,theyarealsoknown
asrayfungi.[5]Actinomycetesproducebranchingmyceliumwhichmaybeoftwo
types,viz.,substratemyceliumandaerialmycelium.Streptomycesarethe
dominantofallactinomycetes.[6]
ACTINO14
Actinomycetesaregrampositivebacteriashowingafilamentousgrowthlikefungi.They
areaerobicandwidelyspreadinnature.ActinomycetesDNAarerichinG+Ccontent
withtheGC%of5775%(Loetal.,2002).Theyarepredominantindryalkalinesoil.
Actinomyceteshavebeenwellknownfortheproductionofsecondarymetabolite.Many
ofthepresentlyusedantibioticssuchasstreptomycin,gentamicin,rifamycinand
erythromycinaretheproductofactinomycetes.Theactinomycetesareimportantnotjust
tothepharmaceuticalindustriesbutalsotheagriculture.Previousstudyshowedthat
actinomycetesisolatedfromMalaysiasoilhavethepotentialtoinhibitthegrowthof
severaltestedplantpathogens(Jeffreyetal.,2007).Oskayetal.(2004)alsoreportedthat
theabilityofactinomycetesisolatedfromTurkeysfarmingsoilhavetheabilitytoinhibit
Erwiniaamylovoraabacteriathatcausefireblighttoappleandagrobacterium
tumefaciensacasualagentofCrownGalldisease.
ACTINO15
Marinemicroorganisms,particularlymarineactinomycetes,haveattractedconsiderable
attentionassomeofthemostimportantresourcesfornewbiologicallyactive

metabolites.1Ofinteresttous,newcompoundshavebeenisolatedfromactinomycetesof
spongeorigin.25

ACTINO16
Microorganismsfrommarinehabitats,1,2especiallyactinobacteria,constitutea
promisinguntappedresourceofnovelcompounds;therefore,theseorganismsare
currentlyreceivingagreatdealofattention.Whencomparedtohigherorganisms,
microorganismscanbeeasilymaintainedunderlaboratoryconditions,ensuringa
constantandinexpensivesupplyoftheirsecondarymetabolites.Moreover,many
compoundsoriginallybelievedtobeproducedbymarineorganismshavebeen
foundtobeproducedbyhostassociatedmicroorganisms.3Asignificantbodyof
workontheisolationofactinobacteriafrommarinehabitatshasemergedinthe
last10years,andscreeningoftheseorganismshasyieldedseveralnovelbioactive
compounds.46Ourgrouphasrecentlyengagedintheisolationofmicroorganisms
frommarinesources,includingfungiandactinobacteria.
ACTINO18
Consequently,therehasbeenasignificantdeclineintheidentificationofnewcompounds
duetothereisolationofknowncompoundsfrompreviouslydescribedterrestrialspecies
(Saravanakumaretal.2010).Thistrendhasspurredinterestinexploringthe
actinomycetediversityinmarineenvironments.Notonlyareoceansaresourcefor
biodiversitybecauseofthephysicalpropertiesofdifferentecosystemsbutalso
becausemanymarineorganismshaveestablishedendosymbioticandhostassociated
relationshipswithmicroorganisms(AchtmanandWagner2008;Thomasetal.2010;
Abdelmohsenetal.2010).Inaddition,theemergenceofnewmoleculartechniqueshas
confirmedthepresenceofactinomycetesinuniquemarineenvironments(Greenetal.
2008).
ACTINO27
Naturalproductscontributetothediscoveryofnovelbioactivemetabolites1.Emerging
pathogensarehighlyresistancetodrugsandhasbecomemoreproblematictopublic
health.Thediscoveryofnovelantimicrobialcompoundsiscurrentlythethirstareaof
researchwhereitattemptstoovercometheglobalresistancetopathogenicbacteria.
Actinomycetesaregrampositive,saprophyticbacteriahighlydistributedinsoil2.

Penyakitinfeksiselalumasalahkesehatanyangseriusdenganmorbiditasdanmortalitas
tinggipadamanusia.Meskipunperusahaanfarmasitelahmenghasilkansejumlah
antibiotikbarudalamsepuluhtahunterakhir,resistensiterhadapobatinitelahmeningkat
dankinitelahmenjadikeprihatinanglobal[1].Munculnyaglobalbakteriresistan
terhadapobatsemakinmembatasiefektivitasobatsaatinidansecarasignifikan
menyebabkankegagalanpengobatan[2].Staphylococcusaureus(S.aureus)adalahsalah
satupatogenmanusiayangpalingpentingyangterkaitdenganrumahsakitdankomunitas
diperolehinfeksi.Selamabeberapadekade,jumlahdanproporsipatogenresistan
terhadapobat,termasukmethicillinresistantS.aureus(MRSA),vancomycintahan
Enterococci,cephalosporintahanKlebsiellapneumonia,fluorokuinolontahan
Pseudomonasaeruginosa,tahanbakterimultiobatGramnegatifdaninfeksituberkulosis
resistenobatsecaraluasdiberbagainegaratelahmeningkatkarenamunculnyaepidemi
padamanusia[35].Akibatnya,agenantimikrobabarudaninovatifsangatdibutuhkan
untukmemerangiinfeksimengancamkehidupanini.
trenbarudalampenemuanobatdarisumberalamimenekankanpenyelidikanpada
ekosistemlautuntukmengeksplorasiberbagaientitaskimiayangkompleksdannovel
[6].Halinicatatanlayakbahwasumberlautjugatelahmenunjukkankemampuanluar
biasasebagaiprodusensenyawaantikankerdanmetabolitsekunderbioaktifyang
bertindakmelawanpenyakitmenulardaninflamasi[7].Diantaraorganismelaut,
mikrobayangberasalprodukalamiyangmemainkanperanpentingdalamproses
penemuanobat[8].KelautanActinobacteriahadirsumberyangkayamolekulbaru
dengansifatfarmakologi,yangmerupakansenyawautamauntukpengembanganobat
baru[9,10].Barubaruini,sponsberasalactinomycetestelahmenariksemakinminat
sebagaisumberpotensialdarimetabolitsekunderbioaktifunikdantidakbiasa[11].
Isolasibakterimetabolitmemproduksisekunderdarisponsdandarikelompokgen
metabolismesekundermikrobadarimetagenomedarisponstelahmenyebabkan
pemahamanumumbahwametabolitesareini,inmanycases,produkprodukdarisimbion
mikrobadantidakberasaldaridietmikrobaspons[12].Dalamkelanjutandaripenelitian
kamipadasponsberasalactinomyceteskitasekarangmelaporkansenyawabioaktif
terhadappatogenresistanterhadapobatyangdiproduksiolehSalinisporasp.terisolasi
daritujuanspongeTheonellasp.Thelautdaripenelitianiniadalahuntukmengisolasi
senyawabioaktifyangmenunjukkanaktivitasantibakteridaristrainSalinispora
sp.FS0034,yangdiisolasidariinvertebratalautFiji.