Definition

Pushover Analysis option will allow engineers to perform pushover analysis as per FEMA 356 :
2000 and ATC 40. Pushover analysis is a static, nonlinear procedure using simplified nonlinear
technique to estimate seismic structural deformations. It is an incremental static analysis used to
determine the force-displacement relationship, or the capacity curve, for a structure or structural
element.

The analysis involves applying horizontal loads, in a prescribed pattern, to the structure
incrementally, i.e. pushing the structure and plotting the total applied shear force and associated
lateral displacement at each increment, until the structure or collapse condition.
Purpose of Pushover Analysis
It is expected that most buildings rehabilitated in accordance with a standard, would perform
within the desired levels when subjected to the design earthquakes. Structures designed
according to the existing seismic codes provide minimum safety to preserve life and in a major
earthquake, they assure at least gravity-load-bearing elements of non-essential facilities will still
function and provide some margin of safety. However, compliance with the standard does not
guarantee such performance. They typically do not address performance of non-structural
components neither provide differences in performance between different structural systems.
This is because it cannot accurately estimate the inelastic strength and deformation of each
member due to linear elastic analysis. Although an elastic analysis gives a good indication of
elastic capacity of structures and indicates where first yielding will occur, it cannot predict
failure mechanisms and account for redistribution of forces during progressive yielding.

To overcome this disadvantages different nonlinear static analysis method is used to estimate the
inelastic seismic performance of structures, and as the result, the structural safety can be secured
against an earthquake. Inelastic analysis procedures help demonstrate how buildings really work
by identifying modes of failure and the potential for progressive collapse. The use of inelastic
procedures for design and evaluation helps engineers to understand how structures will behave
when subjected to major earthquakes, where it is assumed that the elastic capacity of the
structure will be exceeded. This resolves some of the uncertainties associated with code and
elastic procedures. The overall capacity of a structure depends on the strength and deformation
capacities of the individual components of the structure. In order to determine capacities beyond
the elastic limit some form of nonlinear analysis, like Pushover Analysis, is required.

Theory on which it is based

There are two nonlinear procedures using pushover methods:
a)

Capacity Spectrum Method,

b)

Displacement Coefficient Method.

In STAAD Displacement Coefficient method has been followed.

Displacement Coefficient Method is to find target displacement which is the maximum
displacement that the structure is likely to be experienced during the design earthquake. It
provides a numerical process for estimating the displacement demand on the structure, by using a
bilinear representation of capacity curve and a series of modification factors, or coefficients, to
calculate a target displacement. Refer Section 3.3.3.3.2 of FEMA 356: 2000 for detailed
description of calculation of target displacement
Types of non-linearity
Both geometric and material non-linearities are considered in this static nonlinear pushover
analysis.
Geometric non-linearity
This is a type of non-linearity where the structure is still elastic, but the effects of large
deflections cause the geometry of the structure to change, so that linear elastic theory breaks
down. Typical problems that lie in this category are the elastic instability of structures, such as in
the Euler bulking of struts and the large deflection analysis of a beam-column member. In
general, it can be said that for geometrical non-linearity, an axially applied compressive force in
a member decreases its bending stiffness, but an axially applied tensile force increases its
bending stiffness. In addition, P-Delta effect is also included in this concept.
Material non-linearity
In this type of non-linearity, material undergoes plastic deformation. Material non-linearity can
be modeled as discrete hinges at a number of locations along the length of a frame (beam or
column) element and a discrete hinge for a brace element as discrete material fibers distributed
over the cross-section of the element, or as a series of material points throughout the element.