Analysis of portal frame building

In accordance to EN 1993-1-1(2005)
1 description
A/ The portal frame is the main structural element of the

building.
The frame is designed for the following loads

Roof loads such as workmen, snow or hail

Wind loads
Wind loads can be positive as on AB or negative (suction)as on BC,CD and DE. Roof loads are
positive and up to down direction
B/ If The joints at B,C and D are not rigid,they will open up and the frame will be unstable

C/ 1) Vertical loading on the frame results in A and E tending to be pushed outwards.if the foundation
cannot resist this horizontal push,outward movement will occur,and the frame will l oose structural
strength

2) Wind subjects the portal frame to uplift forces(the roof tends to fly-off)like an
overturning forces on the sides and ends of the building,

plane wing,to

These destabilizing forces are resisted essentially by the weight of the building,and in this regard,the
foundations contribute significantly to this weight. Generally speaking it is a fact that portal frame
buildings of this kind are light weight structures, and as such they tend to collapse sideward and
upwards rather than do wnwards. The effect of wind on a light building cannot be overemphasized.
The destabilization it causes is a major design consideration, and in this context, foundations can be
regarded as the buildings anchors
D/ the rafter of the portal frame is a slender structural element,and it is restrained it will buckled when
loaded.

In a braced roof this restraint is provided by the purlins acting together with a braced bay.The purlins
provide the restraining force for the rafters,and the braced bay acts as a buttress wich absorbs these
purlin restraining forces.

While this system is effective in restraining the top flange of the rafter I-beam,the bottom flange
remains relatively unrestrained, and to achieve the requisite restraint,short lengths of angle iron are
connected at intervals between the bottom flange of the I-beam and the purlins.This simple and
necessary anti-buckling feature is sometimes neglected in the design of the portal frames.

E/

A building frame subjected to wind forces along its length will tend to collapse as shown above ,while a
building with a braced side bay as shown below will be stable,since the braced bay will functions as a
buttress to resist the wind forces, and transform them to the foundations

2 portal frame design

2.1 Basic data
Total length

b = 70 m

Bay width d= 25 m

Spacing
s= 7 m

E=210000N/mm 2 G=80770N/mm 2 Steel:S235

Height
h= 7.5 m

Roof slope
= 5

Purlin
spacing
sp=1.5 m

Cladding
rail
spacing
Sp=2.0m

Articulated purlin

purlin

cladding rail
column

I nternal portal frame

door 4*5m

= 5

7.5m

6.41m

25.0m
Int ernal portal frame

2.2 Loads
2.2.1 Permanent loads
Self-weight of the beam
Roofing with purlins
For an internal frame

G= 0.35 KN/m 2
G=0.35*7=2.45 KN/m

G=-2.45 KN/m

=5

6.406 m

7.5 m

25.0 m

2.2.2 Construction loads

Q=0.5 KN/m 2

EN 1991-1-6 clause 4.11(2005)

For an internal portal frame

Q=0.5*7=3.5 KN/m

2.2.3 Wind loads

Take from the document treated wind actions to EN 1991-1-4(2005) as a values described below

-3.74 (J)
-6.55 (G)

-3.74 (H)
-3.74 (I)

-8.88(F)
92.0 (F1 etF2 )

w1

-2.34 (E)

+2.34(D)

1.5

11

1.5

11

2.2.4 Approximation calculations

1/ wind forces applied to duopitch roofs and partial variables live loads

These actions are very small in ccomparison with the wind actions on vertical walls(0.5% to 1.3%). In
this case they will be neglected for calculations.

2/ wind forces (up-to fly)

The actions applied to duopitch roofs are oriented as described above (perpendicular to rafters).For
simplifications we admit that these forces will be oriented vertically as gravity forces.
3/ Forces transmitted by purlins
The forces transmitted to rafters by purlins, (are ponctual forces and must be applied in calculations
of rafters),will be converted to linear forces.The error caused by this simplification is 0.5%,and
conduct to increase the moments at B and D
4/ Stiffness at B and D
To conduct manually calculations we consider that the inertia of the column and the rafter are equals
Ic =IR
The coefficient of stiffness

IR h
will be
S IC

h
s

This simplification ,justified by the presence of the haunchs ,conduct to increase the moment at C and
decrease moments at B and D.It will be compensated by the simplification applied to purlin
calculations,wich act in opposite sens.

2.3 Simple cases

1/Case 1 Vertical actions

dead (G) variable (Q) loads

C
s

IR

f=1.09

h=6.41

HA

VA

VE

Rigidity coefficient at B and D

K

I h
stiffness.of .rafter
R
stiffness.of .comumn
S IC

In application of Castigliano thorem and with the structure symetry

M dM
ds 0
ABCDE EI dH

where H is the horizontal force

Displacement 1 in AB column.
In any ordinate point ,y, of the column AB , the moment is M H . y ,then
dM
y and
dH

Hy
1
. y.dy
EI R
EI R

2
Hy dy
0

Displasment 2 in BC rafter
The moment expression at abscissa ,x,is:

x 2 cos2
M H h x sin q
Vx cos
2
dM
h x sin
dH

and

x 2 cos2
2 H h x sin q
Vx cos h x sin dx
2

0
s

HE

1 Hh3
EI R 3

cos

We have

1
EI R

l
and
2s

f
then
s

sin

f 2s
1
5 2

. H . h 2 .s
h. f .s q
l . f .s
hl 2 s
3
12
96

Then the equation 1 2 0 give the result

ql 2 s
32 I R

h
IC

5 f 8h
h s
f 2
f

2
IR
h
h
2

and may be reduced if we use the rigidity

h
s

IR h
s IC

in place of the real expression

We obtain the simplified expression

ql 2
5 f 8h
2
32 h k 3 f 3h f

Conclusion

M B M D Hh

ql 2
MC
H h f
8

H A HE H

VA VE

ql 2
5 f 8h
2
32 h k 3 f 3h f

ql
2

2/Case 2 Vertical actions( wind up to fly)

M B M D Hh

MC

ql 2
H h f
8

H A HE H

ql 2
5 f 8h
2
32 h k 3 f 3h f

VA VE

ql
2

Y
q
C
-

+ B

HA

+ D

VA

VE

3/Case 3 Horizontal actions( wind 1 pressure)

qh2
MB
H E .h
2

M D H E .h

HE

5kh 6 2h f
qh2
HE
16 h2 k 3 f 3h f

H A q.h H E

qh2
MC
HE h f
4

qh2
VE VA
2l

Y
C
-

+ B

+ D

HA

VA

HE

VE

4/ Case 4 Horizontal actions( wind 1 succions)

MD

qh2
H A .h
2

HA

M B H A .h

5kh 6 2h f
qh2
2
16 h k 3 f 3h f

H E q.h H A

qh2
MC
H A h f
4

qh2
VE VA
2l

Y
C

+
+ B
+

D
q
-

HA

A
VA

HE
VE

Calculation of the rafter in bending

Dead loads G=2.45KN/m

W1 wind in long span (internal surpressure)

Wc,3

Wc,1

Wc,2

wc ,1 2.34 KN / m see fig above

wc ,2 2.34KN / m

wc,3 3.74KN / m
W2 wind in long span (internal depressure)
Wc,3

Wc,1

Take

c p ,i 0.3

Wc,2

EN 1991-1-4(2005) (7.2.9 (6)note 2)

wc ,1 c p ,e c p ,i q p s 0.7 0.3 0.668*7 4.68 KN / m

wc,2 0KN / m
We have choose the max value of G zone for wind calculation but not the better

wc ,3 c p ,e c p ,i q p s 1.2 0.3 0.668*7 4.21KN / m

And For the zones H;I,and J this value is

wc ,3 c p ,e c p ,i q p s 0.6 0.3 0.668*7 1.4 KN / m

W3 wind gear ( with internal surpressure)
Wc,3

Wc,1

W3

Wc,2

We take a middle value of the zones G,H and I as described in wind actions to
EN 1991-1-4(2005)
We take also a middle value of the zones A,B and C then we will have

wc,1 wc,2 0.668*7 4.676 4.68KN / m

wc,3 1.0*7 7 KN / m
Calculus actions
It is to determinate:
--the support reactions

HA ; H E ;VA and VE

-- the max bending moments M B ;M C and M D

These forces are obtained from the actions mentioned in tables above
Values for calculations: S=12.55; f=1.09 ; h=6.41; k=0.511

2.45*252
5*1.09 8*6.41
H A HE
16.494KN
32 6.412 0.511 3 1.09 3*6.41 1.09
VA VE

2.45* 25
30.625KN
2

2.45*252
MC
16.494 6.41 1.09 67.7 KNm
8

M B M D 16.494*6.41 105.73KNm

actions

case

q(KN/m)

H A(KN)

HE(KN)

VA(KN)

VE(KN)

M B(KNm) M C(KNm) M D(KNm)

2.45

16.494

16.494

30.625

30.625

105.73

67.7

105.73

3.5

23.31

23.31

43.75

43.75

149.42

98.62

149.42

W 1 ;W c,1

2.34

11.39

3.61

1.92

1.92

24.933

3.04

23.14

W 1; W c,2

2.34

3.61

11.39

1.92

1.92

23.14

3.04

24.933

W 1 W c,3

3.74

24.9

24.9

46.75

46.75

159.61

105.44

159.61

39.90

17.12

50.59

42.91

207.68

105.44

111.54

Total
W 2 ;W c,1

4.68

22.69

7.21

3.85

3.85

49.93

6.0

46.22

W 2 ;W c,2

W 2 ;W c,3

4.21

28.03

28.03

52.63

52.63 179.67

118.68

179.67

50.72

35.24

56.48

48.78

229.6

124.68

133.45

Total

W 3 ;W c,1

4.68

22.79

7.21

3.85

3.85

49.93

6.0

46.22

W 3 ;W c,2

4.68

7.21

22.79

3.85

3.85

46.22

6.0

49.93

W 3 ;W c,3

46.61

46.61

87.5

87.5

298.77

197.3

298.77

31.03

31.03

87.5

87.5

295.06

185.3

295.06

Total

3 Load combinations
Partial factor

G max 1.35

permanent loads

G min 1.0

permanent loads

Q 1.50

variable loads

When there is more then one variable action acting,requiring the actions to be combined, the
expression is
ULS

g, j

GK , j 0.9 Q ,i QK ,i
i 1

SLS

K, j

0.9 QK ,i
i 1

These combinations are obtained from the NADF2 (French,national annex )

the coefficient 1.2 applied for wind will be omitted if we use combinations above
ULS combination
combination

Reactions (KN)
HA

101 1.35G 1.5Q

HE

57.23

102 1.35G 1.5W1

VA

Bending moments (KNm)

VE

MB

MC

MD

57.23

106.97

106.97

366.87

239.33

366.87

useless

103 1.35G 1.5W2

53.81

30.59

43.38

31.83

201.66

95.63

57.44

104 1.35G 1.5W3

24.28

24.28

89.91

89.91

299.85

186.56

299.85

105 G 1.5W1

43.36

9.19

45.26

33.74

205.79

90.46

61.58

106 G 1.5W2

59.59

36.37

54.09

42.55

238.67

119.32

94.45

107 G 1.5W3

30.05

30.05

100.63

100.63

336.86

210.25

336.86

108 1.35G 1.8W1

49.55

8.55

49.72

35.89

231.09

98.4

109 1.35G 1.8W2

69.03

41.17

60.32

46.46

270.54

133.03

97.47

110 1.35G 1.8W3

33.59

33.59

116.17

116.17

388.37

242.15

388.37

The maximum values are collected in the table

Reactions (KN)
HA

Bending moments (KNm)

HE

VA

VE

MB

MC

MD

57.23

57.23

106.97

106.97

388.37

239.33

388.37

69.03

41.17

116.17

116.17

366.87

242.15

366.87

4/ Rafter
4.1/Resistance
The maximum moment in:
- Apex connection : M B= M D=-366.87 KNm
- Eave connection : M C=+239.33 KNm
The expression

With

M Rd

M M Rd

W pl . f y

M0

must be verified for bending

.We have

W pl . f y

M0

then

W pl

M . M 0
fy

58.04

For

366.87
apex connection Wpl 235000
239.33
eave connection Wpl 235000

- In apex connection

Wpl 1561.1cm3

- In eave connection

Wpl 1018.4cm3

IPE 360+(1/2) IPE 360

IPE 360

The 1.5 IPE360 section is considered as welded beam . the table below show its
characteristics

Caractristiques du profil P.R.S.

Caractristiques
gomtriques

Caractristiques
mcaniques

Axe neutre
lastique

Axe neutre
plastique

h = 540 mm
hw = 514,6 mm
tw = 8 mm
bf = 170 mm
tf = 12,7 mm

g = 66,21 kg/m
A = 84,35 cm2
Iy = 39105,7 cm4
Wel.y = 1448,4 cm3
Wpl.y = 1668,1 cm3
iy = 21,53 cm
Iz = 1042,1 cm4
Wel.z = 122,6 cm3
Wpl.z = 191,7 cm3
iz = 3,52 cm
It = 32 cm4
Iw = 722861 cm6

Zane = 270 mm Zanp = 270 mm

Yane = 85 mm Yanp = 85 mm

This choice is preliminary and will be completed by others

4.2/ Vertical deflection

Vertical deflection of the rafter
The vertical deflection will be calculated under G Q
The moment in a section is

q
ql
M x M B x x2
2
2
By integration of the equation

d2y
M

dx 2
EI
We have
l
2

dy
M
1

dx
dx 0 EI
EI
For

1
y
EI

l
2

l
2

ql
q 2

0 B 2 2 x dx

dy
0
we have dx
then

l
2

ql 2 q 3
l ql 3
0 M B .x 4 x 6 x M B . 2 24

dx

For x=0 we have y=0 then

ymax

1
384 EI

5ql

48M B .l 2

E=210000 MPa=210000N/mm 2=2.1x108 KN/m 2

I=16270 cm 4
q= G Q =2.45+3.5=5.95KN/m
L=25.1m
M B=105.73+149.42=255.15 KNm
For IPE 360 the vertical deflection is

5*5.95* 25.1

ymax

48* 255.15* 25.12

384 * 2.1*108 *16270 *10 8

0.3119m 31.2cm

In this case we must upgrade to IPE 500 and we obtain a limit value but less
because we havent consider the presence of apex

5*5.95* 25.1

ymax

f adm

48* 255.15* 25.12

384* 2.1*108 * 48200*10 8

0.1052m 10.52cm

l
2510

12.55cm
200 200

CARACTERISTIQUES GEOMETRIQUES

h = 500 mm
b = 200 mm
tw = 10,2 mm
tf = 16 mm
r = 21 mm
d = 426 mm

IPE 500

CARACTERISTIQUES MECANIQUES

g = 90,70 kg/m
A = 116,00 cm 2
Iy = 48 200,00 cm 4
Wel.y = 1 928,00 cm 3
Wpl.y = 2 194,00 cm 3
iy = 20,43 cm
Avz = 59,87 cm 2
Iz = 2 142,00 cm 4
Wel.z = 214,20 cm 3
Wpl.z = 335,90 cm 3
iz = 4,31 cm
It = 89,29 cm 4

We remark that IPE 500 is very suffisant to resist under positif and negative bending moment

4.3/Classification
The section is class 1 as a similar (but not the same) verification for the column (see5)

4.4/Buckling resistance
This figure shows different

Sections categories and buckling modes

Lateral torsional buckling check using the simplified assessment methods for
beams with restraints in buildings:

8*1.5m

Lateral restraints
(purlins)

IPE 500

4.19m

Lateral restraints
(bracing system)

3*4.18m

Bracing system

In buildings , members with discrete lateral restraint to the compression flange are not susceptible to
lateral-torsional buckling if the length L c between restraints or the resulting equivalent compression
flange slenderness

k L
i
c

f ,z

satisfies:

c ,0

M
M

c , Rd

[6.3.2.4]

y , Ed

Where
M

y,Ed

is the maximum design value of the bending moment within the restraint spacing

k is a slenderness correction factor for moment distribution between restraints, see EN 1993-1-1
c

Table 6.6;
i , is the radius of gyration of the compression flange including 1/3 of the compressed part of the web
fz

area, about the minor axis of the section;

c ,0 is the slenderness parameter of the above compression element:

c ,0 LT ,0 0.10
LT ,0 0.4
1

c ,0 0.4 0.10 0.5

E
93.9 and
fy

fy

I f ,z

then

235
N

mm 2

d tw
I z 2* *
3 12

[6.3.2.3]

then

I f ,z

42.6 1.02
2142 2*

*
3 12

1069.74cm4
2

1
d
Af , z A 2* * tw
2
3 then
1

42.6
2
I f , z 116 2*
*1.02 43.52cm
2
3

I f ,z

i f ,z

Af , z

1069.74
4.96cm
43.52

Wy Wpl , y 2194cm3
E
93.9 93.9
fy

1
M c , Rd

Wy f y

M1

2194* 235*103

515.59 KNm
1.0

Combination 1.35G 1.5Q

MB=MEd=366.87 KNm
We consider that the coefficient is the same if the rafter is unrestraint then

M C 239.33

0.65235
M B 366.87

Then KC

1
1

0.647
1.33 0.33 1.33 0.33*0.65235

table 6.6

But between restraints in the centre of the rafter where the moment are maximum,
the moment distribution may be considered as constant :K C=1.0

table 6.6

KC LC
1.0*150

0.322
i f , z 1 4.96*93.9

The maximum bending moment is at the origin B of the rafter then the lateral torsional buckling may
be also in the origin

y , Ed

366.87 KNm

M
M

c ,0

c , Rd

0.5*

y , Ed

515.59
0.703
366.59

KC LC
1.0*150

0.322
i f , z 1 4.96*93.9

0.322 0.703
Combination

MB= M
c ,0

M
M

y , Ed

c , Rd

1.35G 1.8W3
388.37 KNm

0.5*

y , Ed

515.59
0.6637
388.37

KC LC
1.0* 418

0.8975 Not verified

i f , z 1 4.96*93.9

Its necessary to add other bracing systems each 3m spacing then

LC=3m

y , Ed

c ,0

M
M

388.37 KNm
c , Rd
y , Ed

0.5*

515.59
0.6637
388.37

KC LC
1.0*300

0.6441
i f , z 1 4.96*93.9

0.644 0.663
Then the lateral torsional buckling is satisfactory

A detailed procedure to do verification for the rafter is sho wn below as for column
When the above procedure is not satisfactory.
NOTA
The real comportement of the rafter is shown in the figure

1 tension flange

7 restraints

2 elastic section

8 bending moment diagram

3 plastic stable length

9 Compression flange

4 plastic stable length

10 plastic stable length

5 elastic section

11 plastic stable length

6 plastic hinge

12 elastic section
Annex A
y

4.5/ the haunch verification

C

- D

S
x

the equation of the bending moment curve is a parabolic form

Y aX 2

the point F is considered the limit of elastic moment M el

Wel f y

M0

1928*103 * 235

453.8KNm
1.0

0m

S=12.55

M C=242.15

M D+MC=388.37+242.15=630.52

Then

Y
630.52

4
2
X
157.5

The bending moment curve equation will be

For X 12.55 F then Y M el

Wel f y

Then 454 4 12.55 F then

2

Conclusion

M0

Y 4X 2

1928*103 * 235
453.8 KNm
1.0

F 2 100.4 F 176 0

F 1.78m

Length of the rafter F=2m

The same verification for buckling 1/about yy
2/about zz
3/lateral torsional buckling
as for column in section 5 may be used

5/COLUMN
The verification of the column is carried out for the combination 101 1.35G 1.5Q

Ed

106.97KN

Ed

57.23KN

(assumed to be constant along the column)

(assumed to be constant along the column)

M Ed 366.87 KNm (at the top of the column)

5.1/Classification of the section

Web: the web slenderness is

dN

c
437.6

42.9
tw
10.2

N Ed
106970

44.63
tw f y 10.2* 235

d w d N 426 44.63

0.552 0.50
2d w
2* 426

Then the limit for the class is

5.5 (tab5.2)

396
396*1

64.119
13 1 13*0.552 1
42.9 64.119

Until

the web is class 1

Flange: the flange slenderness is

c

tf

b t w 2r
tf

2 73.9 4.618
16

5.5 (tab5.2)

The limit of the class is

9 9*1.0 9
Until

4.618 9.0

the flange is class 1

So the section is Class 1. The verification of the member will be based on the plastic
resistance of the cross-section.
5.2 /Resistance
Verification for shear force
Shear area
AV max A 2bt f t w 2r t f ; hwt w

.6.2.6

AV max 11600 2*200*16 10.2 2*21 *16;1.0*426*10.2

AV max 6035.2; 4345.2
AV 6035.2mm2

V pl , Rd

AV y
6035.2 235

3
3

*103 818.84 KN
M0
1.0

VEd
57.23

0.07 0.5
V pl , Rd 818.84

6.2.8(2)

The effect of the shear force on the moment resistance may be neglected
Verification to axial force

N Pl , Rd

Ed

Af y

M0

11600* 235
*103 2726 KN
1.0

6.2.4

106.97KN

0.25N Pl , Rd 0.25*2726 681.5KN

6.2.9.1(4)equ 6.33

0.5hwtw f y

M0
Since

0.5* 426 *10.2 * 235

510.56 KN
1.0 *1000

106.97 681.5 and

6.2.9.1(4)equ 6.34

106.97 510.56

The effect of the axial force on the moment resistance may be neglected
Verification to bending moment

M pl , Rd

WPl , Rd f y

M0

2194* 235
515.59 KNm
1.0*1000

M Ed
366.87

0.711 1.0 Ok!

M pl , Rd
515.59

6.2.5

5.3 serviability limit state

Horizontal Deflection
Horizontal Deflection at the top of the column must be verified for two combinations

and

Combination 201: G+Q

combination 202:G+W1

Combination 201 G+Q

The moment at a point x in the column is

G+Q

M
x
HA

M x H A.x

By introducing a virtual force P at the summit of the column AB

This effort generate the following forces

k

IR h
h

s IC
s

k 3 3 3 2

f
h

1 3 2
1

RA

1 3 2
1

RE P RA

1
2

1 3 2
2

P 3 2
1

2
2

VA VE

M B Ph

M C Ph
M D Ph

Ph
l

For an IPE 500 column we obtain :

k 0.511

0.17004

4.10786

Then we have the results

RA 0.534P

RE 0.466P

The moment in the point M is

M X 0.534Px
The resultant moment under the two actions is

M X H A x 0.534Px
the internal potential energy of the column is:

1
W
2EI

H A x 0.534Px dx
2

0.56913

0.43087

0.04458

1
W
2EI

H A 0.534P

1
W
2 EI

2
1 3
x
H

0.534
P

A
3

x 2 dx

0
h

h3
2
W
H A 0.534P
6 EI
dW
1.07 3
h HA
P 0
dP
6 EI C

1.07*6.413 *3980.4

1.847cm
6
6*2.1*10 *48200
l
641

2.137cm
300
300
Since

1.847 2.137 OK!

Combination 202 G+W

H A 16.494 39.9 23.406KN

By application a similar resolution as the above

x2
M X H A x q 0.534 Px
2
the internal potential energy of the column is:
2

1
x2
W

H
x

0.534
Px

dx
A

2 EI 0
2

Using a similar calculation we have

1
W
2 EI

x2
0 H A x q 2 0.534Px dx
h

1 3 1

2
1
x qx H A 0.134 P H A 0.534P 0.05q 2 x 2
2 EI 4
3

1 3 1

2
1
h qh H A 0.134 P H A 0.534 P 0.05q 2 h 2
2 EI 4
3

1
4
3
dW
P 0 0.067qh 0.178H A h
EI
dP
0.067*234*6414 *102 0.178*2340.6*6413
1.345cm

6
2.1*10 *48200

B
M

qx2 /2

q
HA

A
RA

5.4 Buckling Resistance

The buckling resistance of the column is sufficient if the following conditions are fulfilled
(no bending about the weak axis, M Z,Ed=0):

N Ed
M Ed
k yy
1
y N RK
LT M y , RK

M1

6.3.3

equation 6.61

M1

N Ed
M Ed
k zy
1
y N RK
LT M y , RK

M1

equation 6.62

M1

Buckling about yy

CR , y

6.41m

h 500

2.5 1.2
b 200

Ncr , y

EI y
L2cr , y
Af y

N cr , y

t f 16mm 40mm buckling curve :a(y=0.21)

table 6.2

210000*48200*104

24313.64 KN
64102 *103
2

11600 * 235
0.335
24313.64 *103

6.3.1.2

y 0.5 1 y 0.2 y 0.5 1 0.21 0.335 0.2 0.3352 0.5703

y
2
y

2
y

1
0.5703 0.5703 0.335
2

0.9691

Buckling about zz

Buckling curve :b (z=0.34)

Ncr , z
z

2 EI z
2
cr , z

Af y
N cr , z

2 *210000*2142*104
6410

1080.5KN

11600* 235
1.5883
1080.5*103

z 0.5 1 z z 0.2 z
2

z 0.5 1 0.34 1.5883 0.2 1.58832 1.9973

z
2
z

2
z

1
1.9973 1.9973 1.5883
2

0.3117

1 tension flange
2 plastic stable length
3 elastic section
4 plastic hinge
5 restraints
6 bending moment diagram
7 compression flange
8 plastic with tension flange restraint,
9 elastic with tension flange
Column with restraints by cladding rail
along long span
Annex A

Lateral torsional Buckling

h 500

2.5 2
b 200

Annex A

then buckling curve c(LT=0.49)

Moment diagram with linear variation :

then C1 1.77

The simplification of critical moment may be used:

M cr C1

2 EI z
L2cr , LT

2
I w Lcr , LT GI t

Iz
2 EI z

2 210000*2142*10 4 1249000*10 6 6410 2*80770*89.29 *104

M cr 1.77

64102 *106
2142*104
2 210000* 2142*104
M cr 1.77

2 2.1* 21420 1249*105

6412

2142

6412 *8077 *89.29

676.32 KNm
2 21* 21420

 LT

Wpl , y f y
M cr

2194*10 3 * 235
0.8731
676.32*10 6

2
LT 0.5 1 LT LT LT ,0 y

LT 0.5 1 0.49 0.8731 0.4 0.75*0.8731 2 0.9663

With a values of

LT

LT ,0 0.4

LT

For 0

2
LT

then

2
LT

Kc

0.75

and

1
0.9663 0.96632 0.75*0.87312

0.6377

1
0.7519
1.33 0.33

Bending moment diagram and the

6.3.2.3 table 6.6

coefficient

2
f 1 0.5 1 K c 1 2 LT 0.8

2
f 1 0.5 1 0.7519 1 2 0.8731 0.8 0.8773 1

0.6377
LT ,mod LT
0.7269 1
f
0.8773

Calculation of the factor K yy

K yy Cmy CmLT

y
1

N Ed
N cr , y

Cmy Cmy ,0 1 Cmy ,0

2
Cm , LT Cmy

1
C yy

annex A

y aLT
1 y aLT

aLT

N Ed
1
N cr , z

N Ed
1
N cr ,T

annex A

1
annex A

N Ed
N cr , y

N Ed
1 y
N cr , y
1

annex A

Wel , y
1.6 2
1.6 2 2
C yy 1 wy 1 2
Cmy max
Cmy max n pl bLT

w
w

Wpl , y
y
y

Calculation of

106.97
24313.64
y
0.9998
106.97
1 0.9691
24313.64
1

wy

Wpl , y
Wel , y

2194
1.138 1.5
1928

Critical axial force in the torsional buckling mode

N cr ,T

2 EI w
A

GI t 2
I 0
Lcr ,T

For a doubly symmetrical section

I 0 I y I z y02 z02 48200 2142 50342cm 4

Ncr ,T

11600
2 *2.1*105 *124.9*104 *106
4

80770*89.29*10

50342*104 *103
64102

Ncr ,T 3113.56KN
M cr ,0 C1

2 EI z
L2cr , LT

L2cr , LT GI t
Iw

Iz
2 EI z

M cr ,0 is the critical moment foe the calculation of 0

annex A . Then we have

M cr ,0 1*

C1=1

2 210000*2142*104 1249000*106
64102 *106

for uniform bending moment as specified in

2142*104

64102 *80770*89.29 *104

382.1KNm
2 210000*2142*104

W pl , y f y
M cr ,0

2194*103 * 235

1.162
382.1*106

0,lim 0.2 C1 4 1

N Ed
N cr , z

For doubly symmetrical section

106.97

N Ed
1
N cr ,TF

Ncr ,TF Ncr ,T

106.97

0,lim 0.2 1.77 4 1

1
0.2569
1080.5
3113.56
Then

0 0,lim

Calculation of

Cmy

Cmy Cmy ,0 1 Cmy ,0

y

M y , Ed
N Ed

aLT 1

y aLT
1

y aLT

A
366.87*103 11600

20.635
Wel , y
106.97 1928*103

It
89.29
1
0.928
Iw
1249

Calculation of C my,0

Cmy ,0 0.79 0.21 y 0.36 y 0.33

With a value

y 0

table A2

then

Cmy ,0 0.79 01188

106.97
0.7895
24313.64

Cmy 0.7895 1 0.7895

2
Cm , LT Cmy

N Ed
N cr , y

20.635 *0.928
0.9596
1 20.635 *0.928

aLT

N Ed
1

N cr , z

N Ed
1

N cr ,T

Cm, LT 0.95962

Then

0.928
106.97
106.97
1
1

1080.5 3113.56

0.9457 1

Cm, LT 1

Calculation of C yy

1.6 2
Wel , y
1.6 2 2
C yy 1 wy 1 2
Cmy max
Cmy max n pl bLT

wy
wy

Wpl , y

max max y ; z z
M z , Ed 0 bLT 0
n pl

N Ed
106970

0.03924
N Rk 11600* 235
1.0
M1

1.6
1.6

C yy 1 1.138 1 2
*0.95962 *1.5883
*0.95962 *1.58832 *0.03924 0.978
1.138

1.138

Wel , y
Wpl , y
Since

1928
0.8787
2194
0.978 0.8787 Ok!

Calculation of K yy

K yy Cmy CmLT

K yy 0.9596*1*

y
1

N Ed
N cr , y

1
C yy

0.9998
1
0.9853
106.97 0.978
1
24313.64

Verification with interaction formula

N Ed
M Ed
k yy
1
y N RK
LT M y , RK

M1

M1

106970
366.87 *106
0.9853*
0.766 1
0.9691*11600* 235
2194*103 * 235
0.9663*
1.0
1.0

OK!

The buckling resistance of the section is satisfactory

This figure illustrate different categories of buckling modes

A similar method of calculation of the factor

K yz

in the equation 6.62 mentioned above

May be used for the verification of the second formula(not treated for this sheet)

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