Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1) Lubricants
Lubricants can be liquids, solids, or even gases, and they are most often oils or greases. Liquid
lubricants often provide many functions in addtion to controlling friction and wear, such as
scavenging heat, dirt and wear debris; preventing rust and corrosion; transferring force; and
acting
as
a
sealing
medium.
Engineers are called upon to select and evaluate lubricants, to follow their performance in service,
and to use them to best advantage in the design of equipment. Lubricant manufacturers and
distributors may have hundreds of lubricants in their product line, each decribed separately in the
product literature as to intended applications, properties, and benefits, as well as performance in
the selected standard tests. Lubricants are selected according to the needs of the particular
application. Careful lubricant selection helps obtain improved performance, lower operating cost,
and longer service life, for both the lubricant and the equipment involved. Industrys demands for
efficient, competitive equipment and operations, which meet the latest enviromental regulations,
create continued demand for new and improved lubricants. Equipment manufacturers and suppliers
specify lubricants that suit their particular equipment and its intended operating condition, and
their recommendations should be followed.
Liquid Lubricants
A liquid lubricant consists of (1) a mixture of selected base oils and additives, (2) blended to a
specific viscosity, with (3) the blend designed to meet the performance needs of a particular type of
service. A lubricant may contain several base oils of different viscosities and types, blended to meet
viscosity requirements, or to minimize cost.
Lubricantes
Los lubricantes pueden ser lquidos, slidos, o incluso gases, y la mayora suelen ser aceites o grasas.
Lubricantes lquidos casi siempre proveen muchas funciones adicionalmente al control de friccin y desgaste,
como la recoleccin de residuos de calor, suciedad o partculas de desgaste; previniendo oxidacin y
corrosin; transfiriendo fuerza; y actuando como un sellador mediano.
Los ingenieros son llamados a seleccionar y evaluar los lubricantes, a seguir su actuacin en servicio, y a
usarlos para sacar la mejor ventaja en el diseo de equipamiento. Fabricantes y distribuidores de lubricantes
pueden tener cientos de lubricantes en sus lneas de produccin, cada una descripta separadamente en el
folleto del producto como para aplicaciones previstas, propiedades, y beneficios, como tambin la actuacin
en las pruebas de seleccin de estndar. Los lubricantes son seleccionados de acuerdo a las necesidades en
una aplicacin particular. Una seleccin cuidadosa de lubricantes ayuda a obtener una mejor actuacin,
disminuyendo costos de operacin, y alargando la vida del servicio, para lo cual se involucra a ambos
lubricante y equipamiento. La industria demanda eficiente y competitivo equipamiento y operaciones, que
satisface las ltimas regulaciones medioambientales, crea una demanda continua para nuevos y mejores
lubricantes. Fabricantes de lubricantes y abastecedores especifican lubricantes que se acomoden a su
equipamiento particular y se intenta operar con condicin, y sus recomendaciones deben ser respetadas.
Lubricantes lquidos
Un lubricante lquido consiste en (1) una mezcla de seleccionadas bases de aceites y aditivos, (2) mezclados
para una viscosidad especfica, con (3) la mezcla designada para satisfacer las necesidades de un tipo
particular de servicio. Un lubricante puede contener diversas bases de aceites de diferentes viscosidades y
tipos, mezclados para lograr los requerimientos de viscosidad, o para minimizar costos.
Ingls Tcnico I
Ingls Tcnico I
3) Preferred numbers
Many manufactured articles are made in several sizes which may be designated by some dimension,
speed, capacity, or other feature. Each such series of products may be paralleled by a series of
numbers.
It is generally agreed that such number series should be geometric progressions; i.e., each term
should be a fixed percentage larger than the preceding. A geometric series provides small steps for
small numbers, large steps for large numbers, and this best meets most requirements. The small
steps in the diameter of the numbered twist drills would be absurd in drills of 1 in diameter and
larger.
In the case of sized objects that are used principally as raw material, .e.g., steel rod, an arithmetic
progression may be preferred because it tends to reduce the cost of machining. It is desirable to be
able to buy raw material a fixed amount (rather than a fixed percentage) larger than the finished
article.