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I. NOMENCLATURE
DER - Distributed Energy Resources
MAS - Multi-Agent System
DA - Distribution Automation
DNC Distribution Network Control
II. INTRODUCTION
2008 IEEE.
Machine Interactions
Assumptions
Communication network
Figure 1 shows the agents hosted on the network
protectors based on the understanding that the
network protectors may have sufficient on-board
processing capability. The network protectors are
assumed to be close enough to the transformers to
allow for direct wired or short-range RF sensor
monitoring.
It is assumed that transformer agents have access to
temperature, current, and/or power measurements
taken at the transformer.
Bandwidth
It is not expected that the transformer values and load
controller signals would need to be sent with urgent
frequency. It is likely that messages could be sent between
the agents on a time scale measured in minutes or perhaps
even tens of minutes. The largest use of bandwidth is likely
the management agent requesting the costs of actions from the
load controller and generator agents.
Depending on the number of allowable permutations of each
device, the matrices of actions and associated costs could be
sizable and numerous. For example, a load controller may be
able to exercise five different demand response options (such
as temperature reset, lighting reduction, etc.) If there are
three levels to each of these options (such as low, medium,
and high) then there are 35 = 243 total number of
combinations. One must also account for the time window
over which the actions are evaluated. Calculating the number
of permutations over a time window of, say, three hours into
the future with a 15-minute control update interval implies
that the true number of results in the cost matrix is in the tens
or hundreds of thousands.
The bandwidth required can be estimated from the number of
values that must be transmitted within a certain time. As an
example we assume that a matrix of actions and costs
contains 250,000 values and must be transmitted every ten
minutes. If the numbers are four-byte integers then it is
implied that the allowable transfer rate must be in excess of
1300 baud for each load controller. It is safe to assume that
each compact network would contain multiple load controller
agents, possibly tens or hundreds. The communication
bandwidth would have to accommodate all of the messages
send at this rate as well as the conventional messages used by
the utility for normal operations.
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES