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REGULATION - 2013
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
PART A:
1. Define spinning reserve.
2. What is meant by load frequency control?
3. What are the advantages of pool operation with respect to LFC?
4. What is the use of secondary loop in ALFC system?
5. Define connected load?
6. What is the role of computers in the operation and control of power system?
7. What is load curve?
8. What is base load?
9. Define load factor.
10. What is the need for load forecasting?
11. What is the need for voltage regulation in power systems?
12. List the advantages of multi area operation.
13. Define diversity factor.
14. What is the effect of load factor on the cost of generation?
15. Define the term average load.
16. What is system level control
17. What are the effects of variable load in power system
18. What is the objective of power system control
19. What is the necessity of frequency regulation in power system.
20. What is the difference between load curve and load duration curve.
21. What are the different types of load
22. What is the significance of load factor and diversity factor.
23. Define load.
24.Write down the quadratic and exponential equation
PART B:
1. i) Define the following: (1) Hot reserve (2) Cold reserve (3) diversity factor
ii)A generating station has the following daily load cycle:
Time in (hrs)
0-6
6-10
10-12
12-16
16-20
20-24
Load(MW)
20
25
30
25
35
20
Draw the load curve and calculate maximum demand, units generated per day, average
load, load factor.
2. Explain the following: (i) Load forecasting (ii) Economic dispatch control.
3. (i) Explain the following terms: Installed reserve, spinning reserve, cold reserve, hot
reserve.
(ii)A power station has to meet the following demand:
Group A:200KW between 8 A.M and 6 P.M
Group B:100KW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M, Group C:50KW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M
Group D:100KW between 10 A.M and 6 P.M and then between 6 P.M and 6 A.M. Plot
the daily load curve and determine diversity factor, units generated per day and load
factor.
4. (i)Discuss about the recent trends in real time control of power
Part-A
Unit-3
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Unit
Mm(MW)
Max(MW)
150
600
1.1
100
400
1.0
50
200
1.2
5. (i) Explain the unit commitment problem using priority ordering load dispatch.
(ii) Explain the term Incremental Operating Cost of power system related with economic
dispatch.
6. The fuel inputs per hour of plants 1 and 2 are given as F 1=
2
0.2P1 +40P1+120 Rs/hr
2
F2=0.25P2 +30P2+150Rs/hr
Determine the economic operating schedule and the corresponding cost of generation if the
maximum and minimum loading on each unit is 100MW and 25MW.Assume the
transmission losses are ignored and the total demand is 180 MW. Also determine the saving
obtained if the load is equally shared by both the units.
7. Explain various constraints in UC and indicate the steps involved in solving UC by DP
method.
8. Formulate the coordination equations with losses neglected and also explain the algorithmic
steps of iterative method to find the solution of coordination equations.
9. (i)Explain the priority list method of solving unit commitment Problem. State merits and
limitations of this method.
10. The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in $/h are given
by
2
F1=0.004Pg1 +5.3Pg1+500
2
F2=0.006Pg2 +5.5Pg2+400
2
F3 =0.009Pg3 +5.8Pg3+200 where Pg1,P g2,Pg3 are in MW. Find the
optimal dispatch and the total cost when the total load is
925 MW with the following generator limits.
100MWPg1450MW,
100MWPg2350MW,
100MWPg3225MW
11. (i)Explain the forward dynamic programming method of solving unit commitment problem.
(ii)Develop an iterative algorithm for solving the optimum dispatch equation of an 'n' bus
power system taking into account the effects of system losses.
12. (i)Construct the priority list for the units given below.
2
0.05,0.10 and 0.15 MW per MW of generation. Find the optimal dispatch for a total load of
100MW and also its incremental cost of received power.
ii) The input output curve characteristics
of three units are
2
F1=750+6.49Pg1+0.0035Pg1 .
2
F2=870+5.75Pg2+0.0015Pg2 .
2
F3=620+8.56Pg3 +0.001Pg3 . The fuel cost of unit 1 is 1.0 Rs/MBtu, 1.0 Rs/MBtu for
unit 2 and 1.0 Rs/MBtu for unit 3. Total load is 800MW. Use the participation factor
method to calculate the dispatch for a load is increased to 880MW?
14. With a neat flow chart explain the iterative algorithm for solving the economic
dispatch equation of N bus power system taking into account the effects of
system losses.
15. The fuel-cost functions for three thermal plants are given by
2
F1=0.004Pg1 +5.3Pg1+500 $/hr
2
F2=0.006Pg2 +5.5Pg2+400 $/hr
Unit-5
COMPUTER CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS
Part-A
1. What are the functions of SCADA?
2. Define state estimation.
3. What is SCADA?
4. Write any two functions of Load Dispatch Center.
5. Define the EMS system.
6. Define network topology in power system.
7. What are the different operating states in power system.
8. Distinguish between reliability and security of power system.
9. What are the EMS functions?
10. List out the conditions for normal operations of a power system.
11. What do you understand by security constraints?
12. What is contingency analysis program
13. List the factors that affects the power system security
14. What are the typical sensors used in power system application
15. When is power system considered to be secured?
16. Define restorative state.
17. What is normal state?
18. What are the tasks of energy control center?
19. What are the important types of relay used for protection,
20. Denote the hierarchical levels used in EMS.
21. Write the importance of state estimation in power system.
22. List out the conditions for normal operation of power system.
23. What are the functions of load control centre?
Part-B
1. Briefly explain various functions of SCADA with neat diagram. Also list some of the
common features of all SCADA systems
2. Discuss the various functions, system monitoring and control of load dispatch center.
3. (i) What is EMS? What are its major functions in power system operation and control?
(ii) Draw the block diagram to show the hardware configuration of a SCADA system for
a power system and explain the application of SCADA in monitoring and control of
power system
4. Explain the security monitoring using state estimation with necessary diagrams.
(ii) (i)Explain need of computer control of power system. Explain the major functions of
system security control.
5 Explain various state transitions and control strategies using state transition diagram.
6 Briefly discuss the various functions of energy control centre.
7 List the various contingencies that are generally considered for steady sate security
analysis. Explain the major functions of system security control.
8 Write short notes on energy control centre EMS and its functions.
9 Explain the state estimation method in power system.
10 (i) Explain the network topology determination method with the factors involved in it.
(ii)Explain the power system security and control with neat flow chart.
11.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)