Overview of Rotating Equipment PDF

Overview of Rotating Equipment
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John Crane
An Overview of Rotating Equipment

Session Agenda:
1. An Overview of Rotating Equipment
2. Prime Movers Drivers
3. Rotating Equipment Driven
4. Connectors Modifiers & Couplings
Further Rotating Equipment:
5. Centrifugal Pumps
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
7. Summary and Conclusions
John Crane
Introductory Exercise
Can you already identify the machines
listed below as Drivers or Driven Equipment?
Driver
Driven
Compressors
Mixers
Wind Turbines
Hydraulic Motors
Fans
Steam Turbines
Screw Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
Diesel Engines
Electric Motors
John Crane

In most cases energy is transferred into rotating equipment, from a driving equipment
(known as the Prime Mover) to the driven equipment (known as Rotating Equipment
or the Functional Machine).
Prime
Mover
(Driver)
Examples of Prime Movers include:

Turbines Steam, Gas, Water &
Wind
Internal Combustion Engines
Electric Motors
Rotating
Equipment
(Driven)
Examples of Rotating Equipment include:

Centrifugal and Positive Displacement
Pumps
Compressors
Agitators/Mixers/Reactors
Electric Generators and Alternators
Fans and Blowers
John Crane

Typical rotating equipment fitted with mechanical seals includes:
centrifugal and positive displacement pumps

centrifugal gas compressors and refrigeration compressors
turbines (steam, gas, water, wind)
agitators / mixers / reactors
anywhere a rotating shaft passes through a stationary housing where
product has to be contained
John Crane
2. Prime Movers Turbomachinery

The term turbomachinery describes machines that transfer energy between a
rotor and a fluid, including both turbines and compressors.
A turbine transfers energy from a fluid to a rotor.
A compressor transfers energy from a rotor to a fluid.
Typical Steam Turbine
Typical Centrifugal Gas Compressor

John Crane
2. Prime Movers Steam Turbines

Steam turbines work on the principle of using pressurised steam to rotate turbine
blades.
This rotation is then used to drive other equipment, in a similar way as an electric
motor but utilising the heat and pressure of the steam rather than electricity as the
driving energy.
John Crane
2. Prime Movers Gas Turbines

Gas turbines work on the principle of using pressurised fuels to rotate turbine
blades, they can produce a great amount of energy for their footprint size and
weight. Their smaller footprint, low weight and multiple fuel applications make them
the ideal power plant for offshore use.
The rotation is used to drive other equipment, in a similar way as the steam turbine
utilising the heat and pressure of the fuel as the driving energy.
Hot exhaust gases can be used for steam generation, heat transfer, heating and
cooling purposes.
John Crane
2. Prime Movers Water Turbines

The water turbine converts energy in the form of falling water into rotating shaft
power. The amount of power which can be obtained depends upon the amount of
water available i.e. the flow rate, and the head or fall through which it depends.
The rotating element (`runner') of a reaction turbine is fully immersed in water and
is enclosed in a pressure casing. The runner blades are profiled so that pressure
differences across them impose a lifting force (the wings on an aircraft), which
cause the runner to rotate.
Francis Reaction Turbine Runner Typical Francis Reaction Turbine
Typical Kaplan Reaction Turbine

John Crane

An impulse turbine runner operates in air, driven by a jet (or jets) of water. Here the
water remains at atmospheric pressure before and after making contact with the runner
blades.
In this case a nozzle converts the pressurised low velocity water into a high speed
jet. The runner blades deflect the jet so as to maximise the change of momentum of the
water and thus maximising the force on the blades.
Typical Pelton Wheel Turbines
Typical Turgo ImpulseTurbine

John Crane

This type of water turbine operates in a similar manner as a wind turbine but exploits
underwater currents rather than air, based on the principle that all fluids behave the
same way.
John Crane
2. Prime Movers Wind Turbines

A Wind turbine is a machine that converts kinetic energy from the wind into
mechanical energy, and this energy can be used to produce electricity e.g. wind
generators / farms, or used to drive other machinery to do useful work e.g. windmills.
John Crane
2. Prime Movers Internal Combustion Engines

Reciprocating or Hydraulic
Diesel / Gas Engines
Hydraulic Motors
A Reciprocating Engine, also often known
as a piston engine, is a heat engine that
uses one or more reciprocating pistons to
convert pressure into a rotating motion.
A Hydraulic Motor is a mechanical

actuator that converts hydraulic pressure
and flow into torque and angular
displacement (rotation).
Diesel Engines
John Crane
2. Prime Movers Electric Motors

An Electric Motor converts electrical energy into Electric Motors
mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate
Direct on line (DOL)
through interacting magnetic fields and current Star Delta
carrying conductors to generate force.
Variable speed/variable
frequency
Electric motors are commonly started Direct On
Line (DOL) where the full line voltage is applied
to the motor terminals. This is the simplest type
of motor starter.
For Softer starts Star Delta is preferred where
the start is controlled in two phases'
Variable Speed/ Variable Frequency allows full
control of the start up and operation.
Electric Motor
John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)

Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal
Pumps
Compressors
Mixers
Fans
Propellers
Centrifugal Driven machines are similar

to a turbine but operating in reverse.
Centrifugal force is defined as moving, or
pulling away from a centre or axis.
Typically a Centrifugal Pump uses a
rotating impeller to increase the pressure
of a fluid.
Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to
move liquids through a piping system.
The fluid enters the pump impeller along or
near to the rotating axis and is accelerated
by the impeller, flowing radially outward
into volute chamber (casing), from where it
exits into the downstream piping system.
Centrifugal Pump
John Crane

Positive Displacement Pumps
Reciprocating
or Hydraulic
Gear Pumps
Screw Pumps
Piston Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
Archimedes' screw pump
All Positive Displacement pumps deliver a constant

amount of fluid for each revolution or stroke.
Gear Pumps use the meshing of gears to pump fluid by
displacement. They are one of the most common types of
pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications. Gear pumps
are also widely used in chemical installations to pump fluid
with a certain viscosity.
Screw Pumps use one or several screws to move fluids
or solids along the screw(s) axis. In its simplest form (the
Archimedes' screw pump), a single screw rotates in a
cylindrical cavity, thereby moving the material along the
screw's spindle.
A Piston Pump is where the high-pressure seal
reciprocates with the piston. Piston pumps can be used to
move liquids or compress gases.
A Reciprocating Pump is a plunger pump. It is often used
where relatively small quantity of liquid is to be handled
and where delivery pressure is quite large.
John Crane

Compressors
A centrifugal gas compressor is a
mechanical devise that increases the
pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.
As with a pump for liquids, a compressor
increases the fluid pressure, and can
transport the fluid through a pipe.
However, as gases are compressible,
the compressor also reduces the gas
volume whereas the main result of a pump
is to increase the pressure of a liquid to
allow it to be transported.
John Crane

Compressors
Centrifugal Gas Compressor Construction
Comprises a casing containing rotating shaft,
on which is mounted a cylindrical assembly of
compressor blades.
Each blade on the compressor produces a
pressure variation, similar to an aircraft
propeller airfoil.
Centrifugal compressors also do work on the
flow by rotating (thus accelerating) the flow
radially.
John Crane

Compressors
Centrifugal Gas Compressor Applications
They are used throughout industry because they:
9 have few moving parts
9 are very energy efficient
9 give higher airflow that a similarly sized
reciprocating compressor
John Crane

Compressors
Refrigerant Compressors
Designed specifically for air conditioning,
heat pumping and refrigeration applications.
They are integral components of the
refrigeration cycle, in which refrigerant gases
are cyclically evaporated and condensed,
absorbing heat from the load to be cooled, and
delivering it to an open environment where it is
dissipated.
There are 3 main types of refrigerant
compressors:
Screw
Piston
Scroll
John Crane

Agitators / Mixers / Reactors
Agitators / Mixers / Reactors are machines for mixing or agitating a product within
a pressure vessel. They are installed in process plants in industries such as
chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper processing etc.
Applications include:
9 blending
9 dissolving
9 heat transfer
9 solids dispersion
9 solids suspension
9 complete chemical reactions
9 polymerisation
9 crystallisation
9 neutralisation
John Crane

Most equipment can be classified into three types of configurations:
Top Entry the mixer is mounted through an entry port at the top of the vessel.
Bottom Entry the mixer is mounted through an entry port at the bottom of the
vessel.
Side Entry the mixer is normally mounted through a nozzle on the side of the
vessel (normally mounted near the bottom of the vessel, to allow mixing at low
liquid levels, and during filling and emptying).
John Crane

Most agitators and mixers operate at low
shaft speeds typically around 100 500 RPM.
The deflection on a long overhung shaft will
affect the design of the vessel and the sealing
device. They will have to tolerate any run-out
or misalignment due to shaft deflection.
John Crane

Electric Generators & Alternators
Electrical
An Electric Generator is a device that

converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy. The reverse conversion of electrical
energy into mechanical energy is done by a
motor; motors and generators have many
similarities.
The source of mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water
falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an
internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a
hand crank, compressed air or any other
source of mechanical energy.
An Alternator is an electromechanical device
that converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy in the form of alternating current.
Alternators in power stations driven by steam
turbines are called Turbo-Alternators.
John Crane

Fans & Blowers
Industrial fans and blowers consist of shaft mounted rotor blades contained
within a casing, and are used for creating a flow of gas (air).
Fans and blowers have diverse applications in many industries for the following
typical processes:
Extraction
Ventilation
Cooling
Aeration
Drying etc.
Typical Industrial Fan
Power Station Fly Ash Blower
John Crane
4. Connectors Modifiers and Couplings

Whenever two pieces of rotating
machinery such as a pump and a
motor need to be connected
together, there is the possibility of a
direct or indirect connection.
Equipment can be indirectly connected by belts or chains for example think of a bicycle as
the chain transfers pedal power to the wheel:
However indirectly coupled equipment is usually inefficient, due to frictional losses when the
belts or chains slip during power transmission.
John Crane
4. Connectors- Modifiers and Couplings

The alternative solution is a direct connection between the 2 machines:
Prime
Mover
(Driver)
Motor (Driver)
Connector
Rotating
Equipment
(Driven)
Pump (Driven)
John Crane

With a Direct Drive between the driver and the driven equipment, some form of
connector device is needed:
Prime
Mover
(Driver)
Connector
Rotating
Equipment
(Driven)
Modifiers
Couplings
The types of driving and driven equipments being driven will affect the choice of the
suitable connector device.
There are various types of connector devices commonly in use in process industries.
John Crane

Modifiers are connectors and are so described
as they Modify or Change the input to output
transmission properties such as:
Speed
Torque
Rotational Direction
Examples of Modifiers include:
Fluid coupling
Gearbox
Belts
Chains
John Crane

Modifier
A Fluid Coupling is a hydrodynamic device used to
transmit rotating mechanical power.
It also has widespread application in marine and
industrial machine drives, where variable speed
operation and/or controlled start-up without shock
loading of the power transmission system is essential.
John Crane
Modifier
A Transmission or Gearbox provides speed and torque
conversions from a rotating power source to another
device using gear ratios.
John Crane
Modifier
A Belt is a loop of flexible material used to
link two or more rotating shafts mechanically.
Belts may be used as a source of motion, to
transmit power efficiently.
John Crane
Modifier
A Chain Drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power.
By varying the diameter of the input and output sprockets
with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered.
John Crane

The other types of connector devices are known as couplings:
Disc
Gear
Grid
Chain
Diaphragm
Elastomeric
Rubber Block
Universal Joint
Rigid
Hose
Pin & Bush
All the above connectors transmit torque and
speed without change to the drive characteristics
seen with modifiers.
Couplings can be used in conjunction with
modifiers - they are not in direct competition.
John Crane

A coupling is a device used to connect two
shafts together at their ends for the
purpose of transmitting torque.
John Crane
Exercise
Can you identify if the Connectors listed below

are Modifiers or Couplings?
Modifier
Coupling
Universal Joint
Gear Box
Belt Drive
Chain
Pin & Bush
Chain Drive
Elastomeric
Fluid Coupling
John Crane
5. Further Rotating Equipment - Pumps

Classification of pumps:
Pump types are generally classified according to how they transfer energy to the
fluid, and the combination of pressure and flow which they are designed to
generate:
pumps which pass kinetic energy to the fluid by means of a rapidly rotating
impeller are known as kinetic or dynamic or centrifugal pumps
pumps in which the fluid is mechanically displaced are termed positive
displacement pumps
John Crane

The Application Data Sheet will usually indicate the Type of pump:
John Crane

A pump data sheet or manufacturers rating plate should at least contain the following
information:
Manufacturer
Pump serial No
Pump Direction of Rotation
Duty Generated Head
Duty Flowrate
Pump Absorbed Power at Duty Point
Pump Running Speed
Pump Casing Design Pressure
John Crane

The following data relevant to seal selection should also be included:
Shaft Size
Pumped Process Fluid (including temperature)
Barrier Fluid (including temperature)
Suction Pressure
Discharge Pressure
Chamber pressure
API Piping Plan
John Crane
API 610 / ISO 13709 provides a code to classify the various types:
John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps OH1

Centrifugal Pump
- Horizontal, overhung,
flexibly coupled, foot-mounted (OH1)
Semi-open Impeller
Seal Chamber
John Crane

Seal Chamber Pressure (OH1)
Influenced by:
Size of the impeller for a given shaft
Type of Seal Chamber
1. Traditional cylindrical with throat bushing
2. Cylindrical with open throat
3. Conical or Tapered bore
Diameter of the seal chamber bore adjacent to back of the impeller
The radially smaller the back vane sweep the lower its effectiveness
The larger the bore diameter the higher the chamber pressure
The smaller the impeller size the higher the chamber pressure
Seal Chamber Pressure = Suction + K x (Differential Pressure) where K is a
relative % value
K = 10% for Chamber type 1
K = 10% to 30% for Chamber type 2 depending on impeller size
K = <= 80% for Chamber type 3 depending on impeller size and bore diameter
adjacent to back of the impeller
John Crane
Many single-stage pumps are known as back pull-out designs, because of the way
that the bearing frame assembly is pulled out from the back of the pump volute:
John Crane
Seal Chamber
Image: Sulzer Pumps
Typical OH2 Process Pump

Closed impeller
Balance holes
Typical pumping applications

from petroleum,
petrochemical and gas
processing industries
John Crane

Typical pumping applications include
Petroleum, petrochemical and
Gas processing industries
Image: Flowserve Pumps

John Crane

Seal Chamber Pressure for OH2 pumps
Strongly influenced by the position of the balance hole in relation to the impeller
blade
Typically holes in front of the blade
Chamber pressure very close to Suction pressure conditions.
Suggest the formula (Suction + 10% Differential Pressure) is used
Be careful!
If within the blade curvature this can be below suction pressure.
Some Circulator pumps have no rear wear rings or balance holes. These
pumps typically operate at significant suction pressures and the head or
differential pressure is low (2 to 3 bar). Seal chamber is at DP.
Check if it is 2 stage. In Pump language, Multistage means 3 stages or
more!
John Crane

Horizontal, overhung, flexibly coupled, centreline-mounted OH2
- 2-stage design
Seal chamber pressure =
1st Stage DP + (10% 2nd Stage
Differential Pressure)
Typical pumping
applications include pulp
& paper and general
applications.
Sulzer Ahlstom APP
John Crane

Overhung, Vertical, In-Line, bearing frame Pump (OH3)
Sulzer OHV Pump

refineries, oil & gas production, pipeline
boosting and offshore applications.
John Crane

Seal Chamber Pressure as for OH2
Often fitted with Plan 13 which may
reduce the pressure even closer to
Suction pressure
Be careful of 2 stage designs
John Crane

Overhung, Vertical, In-Line, Rigidly Coupled Pump (OH4)
- Not commonly used
Typical pumping
applications include
flammable liquids,
fuel, petroleum,
petrochemicals,
light oils, hydrocarbon
booster, water and
general applications.
Double Suction impeller
Flowserve OH4 Pump
John Crane

Overhung, In-Line, Vertical, Close-coupled Pump (OH5)
A Shell preference DEP pump
John Crane

Overhung, In-Line, Vertical, Close-coupled Pump (OH5)
Seal Chamber Pressure as for OH2
Often fitted with Plan 13 which may reduce the pressure even closer to Suction
pressure
Be careful of 2 stage designs!
Seal Chamber Pressure

= Suction + (50% Differential Pressure)
Flowserve OH5 Pump
John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps - Multistage

Multistage pumps - a between bearings configuration:
A multistage pump is an example of a between bearings design, where the shaft
and impellers are supported on 2 sets of bearings, one at either end of the pump:
bearings
multiple impellers
shaft supports (bearings)

This is in contrast to an overhung design commonly used on many single-stage pumps,
where the shaft and impeller are supported on only one side, and overhang as a
cantilever. However with multiple impellers a shaft support is needed at both ends.
The 2 ends of a multistage pump are generally referred to as the drive end DE (i.e. the
motor & coupling end of the shaft) and the non-drive end NDE respectively.
John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps Horizontally Split

Horizontal split casing pumps:
Horizontal split casing pumps are versatile designs, found in a wide
variety of applications such as:
water supply schemes
irrigation
industrial water supply
oil refineries
chemical and fertilizer plants
electricity boards
mining etc.
John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps Horizontally Split

Horizontal split casing pumps:
Examples of industrial applications for horizontal split casing pumps include:
large axially split pumps used

on a hydropower project
(India)
hot water circulation pumps in a

district heating system
(China)
John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps Axially Split BB1

Between Bearing, single stage, axially split (BB1) Pump
Nearly always supplied with a double suction (low NPSH with high Q)
Seal Chamber
Seal Chamber
Seal chamber pressure = Suction

pressure
Flowserve BB1 single stage Pump
John Crane

Between Bearing, 2 stage, axially split (BB1) Pump
Seal Chamber
Chamber Balance Line
Seal
Chamber
Flowserve BB1 2 stage Pump

John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps BB1

Seal Chamber Pressure (2-stage BB1)
Seal chamber on Suction end (Drive End) = Suction Pressure
Seal chamber on Non-Drive end = Suction + (50% Differential Pressure)?
Is a balance line connected from the NDE Chamber back to the suction
pressure? If so both ends = Suction Pressure
Not always done on a 2 stage pump, particularly those without a double suction
inlet impeller (already balanced axial thrust)!
The existence of a balance line is NOT clear from the Pump Data Sheet
Recommend always assume NO balance line fitted. i.e.
Seal chamber on Second stage end = Suction + (50% Differential Pressure)
John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps Balance Lines

Reducing axial thrust across the pump:
balance line
Balance line:
Another way of equalising pressure and balancing
axial loading across the pump casing is to use a
balance line. This type of design is also used in
multi-stage pumps.
The balance line consists of an external pipe,
connecting the high (discharge) side of the pump
back to the low (suction) side.
John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps Radially Split BB2

Between Bearing, single stage, radially split (BB2) Pump
Nearly always supplied with a double suction
Seal
Chamber
Typical pumping
hydrocarbon
processing.
Seal
Chamber
Sulzer BB2 Pump
Seal chamber pressure

= Suction pressure
John Crane

Between Bearing, 2 stage, radially split (BB2) Pump
Balance Line
Sulzer BB2 2 stage pump
Seal chamber pressure

= Suction pressure
John Crane

Between Bearing, 2 stage, radially split (BB2) Pump
Face to Face impellers
Axial Force balanced
No rear wear rings or
balance holes
Balance Line?
Seal Chamber Pressure?
Be very careful of BB1 &
BB2 seal chamber
pressure predictions
Typical pumping applications include heavy

oil, boiler feed, oil / shale sands, hydraulic
press (metal), hydrocracking, hydrotreating,
acid transfer, industrial gases, catalytic
cracking, caustic and chor-alkali.
John Crane

Multistage, axially split Pumps (BB3)
4 stage back-to-back impellers
Diffuser
Seal Chamber

include refineries, petrochemicals, pipelines, water
injection and power generation
applications.
Sulzer BB3 Pump
John Crane

Multistage, axially split Pumps (BB3)
9 stage opposed or back-to-back impellers
Seal chamber pressure = Suction pressure on both ends
Discharge
Suction
Sulzer BB3 Pump
Balance Line
John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps Radially Split

Radially split / stage casing pumps:
Some pump designs have the pump body radially
split (vertically split) into individual stages. Each
stage is fitted with a diffuser guiding the flow into
the next stage, thereby increasing the pressure by
the head generated in each individual impeller.
These designs are sometimes also known as stage
casing pumps.
Pumps of this design normally have a very robust
construction, for use on high pressure services. The
pump casings are held together by tie-bolts, and all
impellers are dynamically balanced.
water booster pumps, boiler feed
pumps and building services
tie-bolts
John Crane

Multistage, radially split Pumps, single casing (BB4)
Sometimes called Ring Section or Segmental Ring Pumps
Non preferred by API 610/ISO 13709
Seal Chamber pressure = Suction pressure if balance drum used to manage shaft
axial thrust
Be careful if design uses a balance disc to manage shaft axial thrust
Suction end seal chamber = Suction pressure
Other end seal chamber = Suction pressure + ?% Differential Pressure
John Crane


include desalination,
descaling, water supply /
distribution, crude, product
and CO2 pipelines, groundwater development /
distribution, irrigation and
water treatment.
Seal chamber pressure (NDE & DE) = Suction
pressure
Balance Drum
John Crane

include water supply /
distribution, desalination, mining
dewatering / supply,
groundwater development
and irrigation applications.
Balance Disc
Seal chamber pressure (DE) = Suction pressure

Seal chamber pressure (NDE) = Suction pressure
+ ?%Pressure
John Crane

Multistage, radially split Pumps, double casing (BB5)
Sometimes referred to as, Barrel Casing Pumps
Eliminates the potential leak path between each stage segment
include oil production, refining,
and boiler feed applications.
Balance Drum
Sulzer BB5 Pump
John Crane

Multistage, radially split Pumps, double casing (BB5)
Shaft axial thrust imbalance designs as for single
casing BB4 pumps
Note the Pump Data Sheet rarely indicates the use
of a throat bushing, balance drum or disc
Normally suction inlet on DE & Seal Chamber
pressure = Suction pressure
NDE Seal Chamber pressure with balance drum =
Suction pressure
NDE Seal Chamber pressure with balance disc =
Suction pressure + ?%Differential Pressure
Wear of drum and disc increases NDE Seal
Chamber pressure; discuss with OEM the
tolerance range.
Applies to both BB4 and BB5.
Weir FK BB5 Pump
Typical pumping applications include sea water injection,

produced water injection, main oil lines, condensate
export, boiler feed, power plant and refinery applications.
John Crane
Vertically Suspended VS1
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Column Discharge
Diffuser design (VS1)
Wet Pit Pump
Flowserve VS1 Pump
John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Column Discharge
- Diffuser design (VS1)
Typical pumping
Seal Chamber pressure = Discharge
pressure
chemical / petrochemical,
liquefied gas pipeline /
transfer service, offshore
crude oil loading,
lubricating oil,
condensate extraction,
seawater lift,
stormwater / drainwater
services, recovered oil,
and tank services.
Flowserve VS1 Pumps
John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Column discharge
- Volute design (VS2)
Limited number of stages
Seal Chamber pressure = Discharge pressure
Typical pumping applications include raw water intake,

freshwater supply / distribution, irrigation, fire protection,
condensate extraction, heater drainage, transfer, loading
and unloading, steel mill cooling and quench services,
mine dewatering and acid leaching, brine recirculation
and MSF desalination blowdown.
Flowserve VS2 Pump
John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Column discharge
- Axial Flow design (VS3)
Limited number of stages
Seal Chamber pressure = Discharge pressure

water treatment, agriculture, power
plant cooling water, mine dewatering
and supply and groundwater,
development / irrigation.
Flowserve VS3 Pump
John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Sump discharge
- Line-shaft design (VS4)
Sump Pump
John Crane
- Cantilever design (VS5)
Sump Pump
John Crane
Vertically Suspended VS4 & VS5
- VS4 & VS5
Liquid level in column same us sump
Seal Chamber in air or inert gas in sump
Seal Chamber at Atmospheric pressure
Typical pumping applications include flood

control, groundwater development/irrigation,
water supply/treatment for oil and gas, molten
salt transfer, waste water treatment, heavy oil
and oil sands and shale.
John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Double Casing Pump
Low margin from VP at Suction (low NPSHA)
Small footprint
Seal Chamber
Balance
Chamber
Typical pumping
hydrocarbon booster,
transfer pipeline
booster, chemical /
petrochemical
transfer, condensate,
brine injection, crude
oil loading,
condensate
extraction and
cryogenic services.
Balance
Drum
John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Double Casing Pump
Shaft in Discharge Line
Be careful estimating Seal Chamber pressure!
Seal chamber at Discharge Pressure (Plan13)
Or alternatively:
Leak-off design from throat bushing to
lower Seal Chamber pressure
Balance drum design
Seal Chamber at Suction pressure
Plan 11 or 14
No clarity of design in Pump Data Sheet
Typical pumping
cryogenic applications
handling such
chemicals as
ammonia, ethylene,
propylene, LPG / LNG,
methane and butane.
John Crane

Classifications of positive displacement pumps include:
Positive Displacement Pumps
Sealless rotary PD
Pump designs
Rotary
Screw Pump
Archimedian
Screw Pump
Screw
Pump
Progressing
Cavity Pump
Non-Rotary
Gear Pump
Internal
Gear
External
Gear
Lobe Pump
Vane Pump
Flexible
Vane Pump
Sliding
Vane Pump
Liquid Ring
Pump
John Crane

Seal Chamber Pressure in Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps:
Evaluate the pressure conditions at the process entrance to the Seal Chamber
Is there a process flush to the seal (Plan 01, 11, 12, 14, 21, 22, 31, 32, 41)?
Is there a process flow from the seal chamber (Plan 13, 14)?
Is this flow liable to affect the seal chamber pressure?
John Crane

A positive displacement pump has a cavity or cavities which are alternately filled
and emptied by the pump action, causing fluid to move in a forward-only fashion.
There is an expanding cavity on the suction side of the pump, and a decreasing
cavity on the discharge side.
Liquid is allowed to flow into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands,
and the liquid is then forced out of the discharge as the cavity collapses.
Positive displacement pumps all operate on similar working principles, but are
generally classified into reciprocating and rotary designs. Types of positive
displacement pump design include:
rotary lobe
gear within a gear
reciprocating piston
screw
progressive cavity etc.
Unlike a centrifugal pump, a positive displacement pump will produce the same
flow at a given speed, no matter what the discharge pressure is.
John Crane

Rotary Positive displacement pump: Archimedian Screw Pump
Seal Chamber atmospheric air

Seal required?

include raw and treated sewage
effluent, land drainage and
irrigation.
Image: math.nyu.edu
SeaWorld Adventure Park (San Diego, CA)
John Crane

Rotary Positive displacement pump: Progressing Cavity Screw Pump
Seal Chamber = Suction Pressure

Can be Discharge Pressure if run
backwards!
Mono Compact C
Typical pumping
applications include high
viscosity lotions / pastes
and sewage sludge etc.
Seal Chamber
John Crane

Rotary Positive displacement pump: Screw Pump
Seal Chamber Suction Pressure
Warren Imo Screw Pump
Typical pumping applications include lubrication oils and clean products.

John Crane

Rotary Positive displacement pump: Internal Gear Pump
Albany HD Gear
Pump

lubrication oils and clean products.
Seal Chamber
= [Suction Pressure + (Differential
Pressure/2)]??
John Crane

Rotary Positive displacement pump: External Gear Pump
Seal Chamber
Seal Chamber
[Suction Pressure + (Differential
Pressure/2)]??
Image: Viking Pump Inc
John Crane

Rotary Positive displacement pump: Lobe Pump
Seal Chamber (2 off)
Typical pumping
hygienic materials,
food production
and pharmaceutical
applications
Inlet
Outlet
John Crane

Rotary Positive displacement pump: Lobe Pump
Seal
Seal
Chamber
Seal Chamber Pressure
= [Suction Pressure + (80%
Differential Pressure)]
Careful of pulsations!
John Crane

Rotary Positive displacement pump
Flexible & Sliding Vane Pump
Seal Chamber
[Suction Pressure +
(Differential Pressure/2)]??
Clarksol Flexible Vane Pump
Seal Chamber
Image: Blackmer Sliding Vane Pump
Image: Viking Pump Inc
Typical pumping
liquids with poor
lubricating qualities and
food handling
applications
John Crane

Rotary Positive displacement pump: Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Graham 2-stage liquid ring vacuum pump
John Crane

Rotary Positive displacement pump: Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Liquid for liquid ring (normally water) continually injected into the impeller cavity
and the seal chamber (Plan 32)
Injection pressure usually known but sourced from discharge separator
Assume seal chamber is discharge pressure
Statically the chamber may be full vacuum

forming pulp & paper products, e.g. egg
boxes / packaging, petroleum refining,
e.g. vacuum distillation.
John Crane
Exercise
Can you answer the questions below?

True
False
Fluid is mechanically displaced in a Kinetic or dynamic pump?

An impeller will impart kinetic energy to a fluid?
Centrifugal pump types are classified in API 610/ISO 13709?
Impellers can be classed as open, semi-open and closed?
A sliding vane pump is a type of dynamic pump?
Progressing cavity pumps can be run in reverse?
A screw pump is ideal for pumping raw sewage?
A positive displacement pump will produce the same flow at a
given speed, no matter what the discharge pressure is?
John Crane
7. Summary / Conclusion
There is a huge range of rotating equipment used in process industries,
e.g. pumps, compressors, turbines, mixers and fans etc.
Rotating equipment operates in different ways to do work to a liquid or gas,
transferring energy from the driving to the driven machine
The equipment data sheet will identify the equipment type and its design / operating
criteria
The equipment data sheet can also be used to aid seal selection
For effective and reliable performance the sealing solution must integrate with the
equipment design
John Crane
Further Information
Further learning on this topic can be found in the relevant Know-How curriculum:
Pump Principles
John Crane

Overview of Rotating Equipment PDF

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Overview of Rotating Equipment

An Overview of Rotating Equipment

1. An Overview of Rotating Equipment

Examples of Prime Movers include:

Examples of Rotating Equipment include:

1. An Overview of Rotating Equipment

centrifugal and positive displacement pumps

2. Prime Movers Turbomachinery

Typical Steam Turbine

Typical Centrifugal Gas Compressor

2. Prime Movers Steam Turbines

2. Prime Movers Gas Turbines

2. Prime Movers Water Turbines

Francis Reaction Turbine Runner Typical Francis Reaction Turbine

Typical Kaplan Reaction Turbine

2. Prime Movers Water Turbines

Typical Pelton Wheel Turbines

Typical Turgo ImpulseTurbine

2. Prime Movers Water Turbines

2. Prime Movers Wind Turbines

2. Prime Movers Internal Combustion Engines

A Hydraulic Motor is a mechanical

2. Prime Movers Electric Motors

3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)

Centrifugal Driven machines are similar

3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)

Archimedes' screw pump

All Positive Displacement pumps deliver a constant

3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)

3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)

3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)

3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)

3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)

3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)

3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)

3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)

An Electric Generator is a device that

3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)

Typical Industrial Fan

Power Station Fly Ash Blower

4. Connectors Modifiers and Couplings

4. Connectors- Modifiers and Couplings

4. Connectors Modifiers and Couplings

4. Connectors Modifiers and Couplings

4. Connectors Modifiers and Couplings

4. Connectors Modifiers and Couplings

4. Connectors Modifiers and Couplings

4. Connectors Modifiers and Couplings

4. Connectors Modifiers and Couplings

4. Connectors Modifiers and Couplings

Can you identify if the Connectors listed below

5. Further Rotating Equipment - Pumps

5. Further Rotating Equipment - Pumps

5. Further Rotating Equipment - Pumps

5. Further Rotating Equipment - Pumps

5. Centrifugal Pumps OH1

5. Centrifugal Pumps OH1

5. Centrifugal Pumps OH2

Image: Sulzer Pumps

Typical OH2 Process Pump

Typical pumping applications

5. Centrifugal Pumps OH2