Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Yu Shi a,
Yougang Xiao b,
and
Xuejun Li a
a. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China;
b. College of traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China
csuxyg@163.com
Abstract
The rotating center of kiln cross-section can be
measured exactly by displacement measurement along
zero-deformation direction of shell cross-section, whose
measuring principle is studied. In order to distribute kiln
loads evenly and minimize axis deflections, the fuzzy
optimization model of kiln axis alignment is set up. The
results show that fuzzy optimum alignment of kiln axis can
improve kiln performance greatly by making kiln axis as
straight as possible and distributing kiln loads equally.
1. Introduction
Rotary kiln is the key equipment in the industry of
metallurgy and cement. As misalignment of kiln axis can
cause severe economic distress to the owner due to the cost
of wear and premature failure of components, the rotary
kiln industry has responded with various techniques to
monitor and align kiln axis. Using laser targeting, Teskey[1]
developed an electronic theodolite system and applied it to
kiln alignment. Gebhart[2] derived the state of alignment by
direct and continuous non-contact measurement to the
rotating kiln shell. Though it is possible to keep the
average kiln axis error within 1.5mm for the horizontal
plane and within 2.5mm for the vertical plane by applying
these methods, there are difficult to carry on online
monitoring, the error caused by shell deformation alsocant
be eliminated. Support reactions have affected kiln
performance greatly, so it should be considered during kiln
alignment. By analyzing kiln shell deformation, Ross[3],
Andersen [4] drew the conclusion that the deflection of the
shell at the roller position is directly related to the reactions
applied on the support pier. As kiln performance is affected
o2
o1
h
LA
LB
lA
lB
30 0
sensor
1
sensor
2
key3
4
shell
Ra = K aY K b Z + C a
z zA
( y B2 y A2 ) + ( z B2 z A2 )
t
B
yB yA
2( y B y A )
(1)
Rb = K aY + K b Z + C b
(2)
where
1301.0
14.83 30.39 16.86 1.36 0.06
1383.5
30.39 76.01 61.34 17.68 1.96 ,
994.7
1.36 17.68 47.78 52.23 20.77
488.5
0.06 1.96 12.61 20.77 10.05
0.11
25.68 52.63 29.20 2.36
1259.7
52.63 131.65 106.24 30.62 3.39
1335.1
,
2,
Ra = Ra 3 Rb = R b 3 Y = y 3
y4
Ra 4
Rb 4
R
R
y5
a5
b5
z1
z
2
Z = z3
z4
z
5
Ra, Rb signify the left and the right roller forces (unit: kN),
Design variables
Postulating the alignment values of the vertical and
y i , z i ( i = 1,2,...,5 ).
X = [ y 1 ,..., y 5 , z 1 ,..., z 5 ] T
4.2.
(3)
Objective function
Great axis deflections will affect the lining life
f1[ X ] = max
l
ij
z0s + zs z0t zt
f2[ X ] = max
lst
i, j = 1,2,...,5, i j
s, t = 1,2,...,5, s t
(4)
~
g j (X ) hj
(5)
1,
gj (X) hj
0,
gj (X) hj + aj
4.3.
(1)
Constraint
conditions
Alignment values
~
~
[Y L ] Y [Y U ]
~
~
[Z L ] Z [Z U ]
(7)
(8)
X = [ y1 ,..., y 5 , z1 ,..., z 5 ] T
min
f [ X ] = [ f 1 ( X ),
~
[Y L ] Y
~
[Z L ] Z
~
d i [d i ]
s.t.
f 2 ( X ), f 3 ( X )]
~
[Y U ]
~
[Z U ]
(i = 1, 2,..., 5)
5.2.
min
fi (X )
s.t.
g j (X ) bj + a j
can be obtained.
(2) Confirming the minimum mi and the maximum
m i = min f i( X l* ) = f i( X i* )
M
(13)
= max f i( X l* )
1 l 3
qi
(
)
M
f
X
i
u Gi ( X ) = i
mi < f i ( X ) < M i
M i mi
0 ,
fi (X ) M i
(14)
F (X ) =
(9)
(12)
1 l 3
(11)
where a j = ( p j 1)h j .
(6)
(10)
i =1
Gi
(15)
where i = 1, i > 0 .
~
The fuzzy judgment sets D should be the
intersection of fuzzy integrated objective and fuzzy
~
~
constraints. Namely D = F I g~ , so the optimization
problem expressed by Eq. (9) can be changed as follows
u D ( x) =
max
s.t
ug j (X )
(16)
uF ( X )
0 1
8. References
6. Fuzzy optimization results analysis
Items
Pier 1
Pier 2
Pier3
Pier 4
Pier 5
/mm
10.9
3.2
-6.5
-3.8
0.5
Z /mm
7.6
4.2
4.7
0.9
10.8
Y /mm
Z /mm
Ra0 /kN
Rb0 /kN
Ra /kN
Rb /kN
2.90
-0.10
1150.6
1.36
-0.34
982.8
1.50
1.09
0.29
1.44
419.6 1723.5
-2.10
3.33
240.0
1330.1
2220.8
1537.4 495.4
709.1
1305.8
1305.8
1305.8 1067.3
447.5
1305.8
1305.8
1305.8 962.4
454.2
Conclusions
Engineering. 1993,119(2):59-70.
[2] Gebhart, W. Kiln alignment analysis: an overview of the
direct method. Global Cement and Lime Magazine, 2001,53
(11):21-24.
[3] Ross, J. Shell deformation. World Cement. 1994,25(12):20-26
37(2)(2006)300-305