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Mathematical Statistical Physics

29 July - 3 August 2013, YITP, Kyoto

Phase separation, interfaces and


wetting in two dimensions. Exact
results from field theory
Gesualdo Delfino
SISSA, Trieste

Based on :
GD, J. Viti, Phase separation and interface structure in two dimensions from
field theory, J. Stat. Mech. (2012) P10009 [arXiv:1206.4959]
GD, A. Squarcini, Interfaces and wetting transition on the half plane. Exact
results from field theory, J. Stat. Mech. (2013) P05010 [arXiv:1303.1938]
GD, A. Squarcini, Multiple interfaces, to appear

phase separation classical topic of statistical mechanics emphasizing role of boundary conditions and notion of interface


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exact analytic results for bulk magnetization have been available


for 2D Ising
issues in 2D:
general results
role of integrability
universality
answers provided by field theory

Pure phases and kinks


ferromagnet with spin taking discrete values, and 2nd order
transition at Tc
scaling limit Euclidean field theory
below Tc : degenerate vacua |ai

2
1

elementary excitations in 2D : kinks |Kab()i connecting


|ai and |bi
(e, p) = (mab cosh , mab sinh )

12

23
3

|ai, |b i non-adjacent if connected by |Kac1 (1)Kc1 c2 (2) . . . Kcj1 b(j )i with

j > 1 only

limR

: pure phase a

R
a

hia ha|(x, y)|ai

Phase separation (adjacent phases)


a

surface tension :

R/2

Z (R)

1 ln ab
ab = limR R
Za (R)

R/2
a

boundary states :
|Bab( R
2 )i =
|Ba( R
2 )i =

i
hR
P R
R
H
d
=e 2
2 f ()|Kab ()i + c |KacKcb i + . . .
R
2H

=e

P R
[|ai + c |KacKcai + . . .]

|f (0)|2

R
R
mab R

Zab(R) = hBab ( 2 )|Bab ( 2 )i 2m R e


ab
= ab = mab

Z (R) = hB ( R )|B ( R )i h | i = 1
a
a 2
a
a a
2

magnetization profile :
h(x, 0)iab = Z1 hBab ( R
)|(x, 0)|Bab( R
2
2 )i
ab

|f (0)|2
Zab

12 1 2
2

R d d
1
2
1 2 F ( | ) em[(1+ 4 + 4 )Ri12x]
2 2 ab 1 2

( | ) hK ( )|(0, 0)|K ( )i
Fab
1 2
ab 1
ab 2

mR 1

a b

a b
=

a b

P
hiahib
n + 2 ( )hi
= i i + n=0 cn 12
a
12
12
[Berg, Karowski, Weisz, 78; Smirnov, 80s; GD, Cardy, 98] Does not require
integrability

1 hi + hi 1 hi hi erf
2m x
h(x, 0)iab = 2
[ a
[
]
(
a
b]
b
2
R )

+c0

2 e2mx2 /R + . . .
mR

erf(z)

Rz
2
t
0 dt e

q
1
1
h(x, 0)iab = 2 [hia + hib] 2 [hia hib] erf( 2m
R x)
2 e2mx2 /R + . . .
+c0 mR

Ising: hi+ = hi , c0 = 0 (by parity);

matches lattice result [Abraham, 81]

hi+ hi+ erf(

q-state Potts:
c (x) = s(x),c 1/q ,
hcia = (qac
cab,c
0

B(3) =

2m
x)
R

1.0

c = 1, . . . , q

h1i12 /M
h3i12 /M

M
1) q1

0.8

q=3

0.6
0.4

mR = 10

0.2

= [2 q(ac + bc )]B(q)
M
,
4 3

B(4) =

-10

-5

3 3

-0.2
-0.4

non-local (erf) term amounts to sharp separation between pure phases


local (gaussian) term sensitive to interface structure

10

mx

percolation:
sites randomly occupied with probability p
on the plane: infinite cluster for p > pc
P =prob. site infinite cluster
maps on q 1 Potts
on the strip, take only configurations
without clusters connecting left
and right parts of the boundary

s
0

Ps(x, 0)=prob. (x, 0) cluster spanning at x < 0 (p > pc)




2mx2 /R

2 e
= P2 1 erf( 2m
x)

R
mR

Passage probability and interface structure


R +
h(x, 0)iab = du ab(x|u) p(u)

.x

p(u)du = passage probability in (u, u + du)

ab(x|u) = (ux)hia +(xu)hib +A0(xu)+A1 (xu)+. . .


(x)

1,
0,

x0
x<0

matches field theory for

p(u) =

2m e2mu2 /R ,
R

local terms account for branching

A0 = cm0

for y 6= 0 field theory leads to


1
p(u; y) = (y)

(y) =

2m e2mu2 /R2 (y)


R

|y| < R
2 as R

y 2
1 ( R/2
)

= the interface behaves as a brownian bridge

brownian bridge property rigorously known for Ising and Potts


[Greenberg, Joffe, 05; Campanino, Joffe, Velenik, 08]

field theory says that it holds for any interface between adjacent phases

Wetting
is the ability of a phase to maintain contact with a surface

phenomenological description in terms of contact angle c


0 < c < : partial wetting
c = 0 : complete wetting
equilibrium condition at contact points known as Youngs law

half plane :

Ba = boundary condition at x = 0
breaking the symmetry in direction a

h(x, y)iBa = Ba h|(x, y)|iBa hia ,


HBa |iBa = EB |iBa

HBa |Kba()iBa = (EB +m cosh ) |Kba()iBa

boundary condition changing fields :


ab(y) switches from Ba to Bb

a
ym cosh F ()

Ba h|ab (y)|Kba()iBa = e

F() = a + O( 2)

(y)
ab

pinned interfaces :
(R/2)

R
ZBaba = Ba h|ab( R
2 )ba( 2 )|iBa

ab

R d
|a|2 emR
2
mR
cosh

2 |F()| e

2 2(mR)3/2

(R/2)
ba

1
R )(x, 0) ( R )|i
h|
(
h(x, 0)iBaba = ZB
B
Ba
ab
ba
2
2
aba a
2

Z1
Baba

R d1 d2
2 )Ri x]
1
+
m[(1+

12
4
4
2 2 F (1) Fab (1|2) F (2) e

hib +(hia hib) erf( 2m


R x)
h(x, 0)iBaba

hia ,
hib ,

x
R

8m
R

2
2m
xe R x

wall-interface distance

Ising: hi+ = hi ; matches lattice result [Abraham, 80]

mR, mx 1

passage probability :
h(x, 0)iBaba hia

Z x
0

du p(u) + hib

matches field theory for


p(x) = 4


2m 3/2 x2 e2mx2 /R
R

Z
x

mx 1

du p(u) ,

pHxL

mR=2500

0.020

mR=5000
0.015

0.010

0.005

general result provided :


i) adjacent phases
ii) no boundary bound states

50

100

150

200

mx

boundary bound states :

b
b

g
a

kink-boundary amplitude has pole at = iu

iu

u b

|Kba( iu)iBa |iBa


EB = EB + m cos u ,

0<u<

ab

ab
g

ig
F( iu) iu
Ba h|ab (0)|iBa

|iBa now leading as R


ZBaba

2



Ba h|ab(0)|iB emR cos u

(R/2)
ab

h(x, 0)iBaba = h(x, 0)iBa + O(emR(1cos u))


1 , 0)i
h(x m
Baba hia R

(R/2)
ba

mR diverges faster than 1/u2

field theory wetting phenomenology dictionary :


splitting and recombination of Ba partial wetting
u = contact angle
a
b

EB = EB + m cos u Youngs condition

m(cos u 1) = spreading coefficient


u = 0 complete wetting

dy (0, y) boundary interaction :

(1x )

u = u( (TcT )

u = 0 determines wetting transition temperature Tw () < Tc

Double interfaces
suppose going from |ai to |bi requires two kinks
c
a
b
H P R
R
R
2
|Bab( 2 )i = e
[ c d1d2 facb(1, 2) |Kac(1)Kcb (2)i + . . .]

Ashkin-Teller
H=

1, 2 = 1

{J[1(x1 )1(x2 ) + 2(x1 )2(x2)] + J4 1 (x1)1(x2 )2(x1 )2(x2 )}

hx1 x2 i

(+)

(++)

4 degenerate vacua below Tc


scaling limit sine-Gordon
(++)(+) = m

2
2m sin 2(8
2) ,
(++)() =

2m ,
J4 0
4
2

=1

()

(+)

J4 > 0

tanh 2J4
arcsin( tanh
) on square lattice
2J4 1

double interface between () and (++) for J4 0

+
+

++

(dilute for q 4) Potts model at Tc


kinks relate ordered vacua to disordered one [GD, 99; GD, Cardy,
00]

1
q=3

0
3

field theory gives


h1(x, 0)i12

h1 i1
q2
2
2(q1)

q
+ q1

z 2

z e

2z 2

1 2 e



erf(z)

z 2

2z erf(z)e

+ erf2(z)

2m x
R

(cf. asymptotics of Ising hi [McCoy, Wu, 78; Abraham, Upton, 93] )

passage probability

2 +z 2 )
(z
2m
2
1
2
p(x1, x2) = R (z1 z2) e

mutually avoiding interfaces

Conclusion
field theory yields exact asymptotic results for phase separation
in 2D
reason is not integrability, but that interfaces are particle trajectories results are general
notion of interface emerges directly in the continuum
although mR 1 projects to low energies, relativistic particles
essential for kinematical poles ( erf) and contact angle
phase separation basic application of kinematical poles, massive boundary states and boundary changing operators, boundary
bound states
SLE describes fractal curves at criticality; connection with the
off-critical case of this talk?

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