Philosophy Compass Teaching & Learning Guide, Philosophy Compass 3/3 (2008): 570572, 10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00140.

Teaching & Learning Guide for: Moral Realism

and Moral Nonnaturalism
Stephen Finlay
University of Southern California

Terence Cuneo
Calvin College
This guide accompanies the following articles:
Stephen Finlay, Four Faces of Moral Realism, Philosophy Compass 2/6 (2007): pp. 82049. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-9991.2007.00100.x
Terence Cuneo, Recent Faces of Moral Nonnaturalism, Philosophy Compass 2/6 (2007): pp. 85079. DOI: 10.1111/j.17479991.2007.00102.x

Authors Introduction
Metaethics is a perennially popular subject, but one that can be challenging to
study and teach. As it consists in an array of questions about ethics, it is really a
mix of (at least) applied metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of language, and
mind. The seminal texts therefore arise out of, and often assume competence
with, a variety of different literatures. It can be taught thematically, but this
sample syllabus offers a dialectical approach, focused on metaphysical debate over
moral realism, which spans the century of debate launched and framed by G. E.
Moores Principia Ethica. The territory and literature are, however, vast. So, this
syllabus is highly selective. A thorough metaethics course might also include more
topical examination of moral supervenience, moral motivation, moral epistemology,
and the rational authority of morality.

Authors Recommend:
Alexander Miller, An Introduction to Contemporary Metaethics (Cambridge: Polity
Press, 2003).
This is one of the few clear, accessible, and comprehensive surveys of the subject,
written by someone sympathetic with moral naturalism.
David Brink, Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1989).
Brink rehabilitates naturalism about moral facts by employing a causal semantics
and natural kinds model of moral thought and discourse.
Michael Smith, The Moral Problem (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994).
Smiths book frames the debate as driven by a tension between the objectivity of
morality and its practical role, offering a solution in terms of a response-dependent
account of practical rationality.
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Gilbert Harman and Judith Jarvis Thomson, Moral Relativism & Moral Objectivity
(Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996).
Harman argues against the objectivity of moral value, while Thomson defends it.
Each then responds to the other.
Frank Jackson, From Metaphysics to Ethics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998).
Jackson argues that reductive conceptual analysis is possible in ethics, offering a
unique naturalistic account of moral properties and facts.
Mark Timmons, Morality without Foundations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
Timmons distinguishes moral cognitivism from moral realism, interpreting moral
judgments as beliefs that have cognitive content but do not describe moral reality.
He also provides a particularly illuminating discussion of nonanalytic naturalism.
Philippa Foot, Natural Goodness (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001).
A Neo-Aristotelian perspective: moral facts are natural facts about the proper
functioning of human beings.
Russ Shafer-Landau, Moral Realism: A Defence (New York, NY: Oxford University
Press, 2003).
In this recent defense of a Moorean, nonnaturalist position, Shafer-Landau engages
rival positions in a remarkably thorough manner.
Terence Cuneo, The Normative Web (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007).
Cuneo argues for a robust version of moral realism, developing a parity argument
based on the similarities between epistemic and moral facts.
Mark Schroeder, Slaves of the Passions (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007).
Schroeder defends a reductive form of naturalism in the tradition of Hume,
identifying moral and normative facts with natural facts about agents desires.

Online Materials:
PEA Soup:
http://peasoup.typepad.com
A blog devoted to philosophy, ethics, and academia. Its contributors include
many active and prominent metaethicists, who regularly post about the moral
realism and naturalism debates.
Metaethics Bibliography:
http://www.lenmanethicsbibliography.group.shef.ac.uk/Bib.htm
Maintained by James Lenman, professor of philosophy at the University of
Sheffield, this online resource provides a selective list of published research in
metaethics.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
http://plato.stanford.edu
See especially the entries under metaethics.
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Sample Syllabus:
Topics for Lecture & Discussion
Note: unless indicated otherwise, all the readings are found in R. Shafer-Landau and
T. Cuneo, eds., Foundations of Ethics: An Anthology (Malden: Blackwell, 2007). (FE)
Week 1: Realism I (Classic Nonnaturalism)
G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica, 2nd ed. (FE ch. 35).
W. K. Frankena, The Naturalistic Fallacy, Mind 48 (1939): 46477.
S. Finlay, Four Faces of Moral Realism, Philosophy Compass 2/6 (2007): 82049
[DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-9991.2007.00100.x].
Week 2: Antirealism I (Classic Expressivism)
A. J. Ayer, Critique of Ethics and Theology (1952) (FE ch. 3).
C. Stevenson, The Nature of Ethical Disagreement (1963) (FE ch. 28).
Week 3: Antirealism II (Error Theory)
J. L. Mackie, The Subjectivity of Values (1977) (FE ch. 1).
R. Joyce, Excerpt from The Myth of Morality (2001) (FE ch. 2).
Week 4: Realism II (Nonanalytic Naturalism)
R. Boyd, How to be a Moral Realist (1988) (FE ch. 13).
P. Railton, Moral Realism (1986) (FE ch. 14).
T. Horgan and M. Timmons, New Wave Moral Realism Meets Moral Twin
Earth (1991) (FE ch. 38).
Week 5: Antirealism III (Contemporary Expressivism)
A. Gibbard, The Reasons of a Living Being (2002) (FE ch. 6).
S. Blackburn, How To Be an Ethical Anti-Realist (1993) (FE ch. 4).
T. Horgan and M. Timmons, Nondescriptivist Cognitivism (2000) (FE ch. 5).
W. Sinnott-Armstrong, Expressivism and Embedding (2000) (FE ch. 37).
Week 6: Realism III (Sensibility Theory)
J. McDowell, Values and Secondary Qualities (1985) (FE ch. 11).
D. Wiggins, A Sensible Subjectivism (1991) (FE ch. 12).
Week 7: Realism IV (Subjectivism) & Antirealism IV (Constructivism)
R. Firth, Ethical Absolutism and the Ideal Observer (1952) (FE ch. 9).
G. Harman, Moral Relativism Defended (1975) (FE ch. 7).
C. Korsgaard, The Authority of Reflection (1996) (FE ch. 8).
Week 8: Realism V (Contemporary Nonnaturalism)
R. Shafer-Landau, Ethics as Philosophy (2006) (FE ch. 16).
T. M. Scanlon, What We Owe to Each Other (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1998), ch. 1.
T, Cuneo, Recent Faces of Moral Nonnaturalism, Philosophy Compass 2/6 (2007):
850 79 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-9991.2007.00102.x].

2008 The Authors

Journal Compilation 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd