Reducing of Internal Resistance Lithium Ion Battery Using

Glucose addition
Andri Pratama Salim1, Noor Hafidlullah1 and Agus Purwanto1, a)
Research Group of Battery & Advanced Material, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sebelas Maret University,
Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A Kentingan, Surakarta Indonesia 57126
a)

Corresponding author: aguspurw@gmail.com

Abstract. There are two indicators of battery performance, i.e : capacity and the internal resistance of battery. In this
research, the affect of glucose addition to decrease the internal resistance of lithium battery was investigated. The ratio of
glucose addition were varied at weight ratio 1%, 3%, and 5% and one mixtures without glucose addition. Lithium ferri
phosphate (LiFePO4), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), acetylene black (AB) and glucose were materials that used in this
study. Both of mixtures were mixed in the vacuum mixer until became homogeneous. The slurry was coated on an
aluminium foil sheet and the coated thickness was 200 m. The performance of battery lithium was examined by Eight
Channel Battery Analyzer and the Internal resistance was examined by Internal Resistance of Battery Meter. The result
from all analyzer were showed that the internal resistance reduced as well as the battery capacity. The best internal
resistance value is owned by mixtures with 3wt% ratio glucose addition. It has an internal resistance value about 64
miliohm.
Keywords : Internal resistance, glucose, lithium ion battery

INTRODUCTION
In the past few years rechargeable battery was succesfully developed. There were four basic component in a
battery, the component is cathode, anode, separator, and electrolyte solution. The one of developed materials as
cathode in battery industries is LiFePO4 [1]. Then, MCMB and LiPF6 are used as anode materials and electrolyte
solution [2-3].
LiFePO4 is used in large scale application as a cathode material cycle due to it is environmental-friendly material
[4,5]. There were two indicators of battery performance, the indicators are capacity and the internal resistance of
battery [6]. The lithium ion battery had not same values in internal resistance, it caused the different of producer
characteristic [7]. The internal resistance is the important parameter that showed the performance of battery in addition
to capacity and lifespan[8].
The accurate values of battery internal resistance can be retrieved by a complex measurement. The measurement
can use Internal Resistance of Battery Meter to obtained an instant values of internal resistance [9]. There are two
parts of internal resistance : ohmic resistance and polarization resistance. Ohmic resistance is composed electrode
materials, electrolyte, separator resistance contact resistance of each part. Polarization resistance is affected by
polarization in electrochemical reaction.[10]
In the previous studies, the addition of sucrose in LiCoO2 cathode was successfully decrease the internal resistance
of battery with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) [11]. This research investigated the affect of the
internal resistance performance by adding glucose in LiFePO4 cathode and did the direct measurement using the
internal resistance of battery meter.

EXPERIMENTAL PART
Lithium ferri phosphate (LiFePO4), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), acetylene black (AB) and glucosee are many
materials that used in this study. Materials for electrode was prepared by following instruction from MTI corp module,
USA. The procedur is describing how to made slurry for electrode film. LiFePO4 powder (90 gram), PVDF (6 gram)
and AB (4 gram) were calculated for ten formulas of batterypaste
LiFePO4 were prepared on 4 sample. Sample A was used for non-glucose addition material, then sample B, C
and D referred to the addition of glucose : 1, 3, and 5 wt% respectively. Sample B, C and D were milled in ball mill
for 10 minutes, After milling, the mixture was heating up at 300C for a half hour in furnace. Finally, LiFePO4 from
the furnace was milled with AB in ball mill for 10 minutes.
The working electrode was prepared by mixing the mixture of LiFePO4 and AB with PVDF and NMethylpyrrlodine (NMP) mixture. NMP was added as a solvent to form a homogeneous slurry. Both of mixtures were
mixed in the vacuum mixer until became homogeneous. The slurry was coated on an aluminium foil sheet, that has
200 m thickness. after that the films were dried in the oven at 150C for several minutes and did the same treatment
for another side of aluminium sheet. And then the dried films were cut in 4 parts to obtain standard size for battery
case.
The cathode, separator and anode film (was made from materials such as graphite, AB, styrene butadiene rubber
(SBR) as binder, (CMC) and NMP) were rolled. Then, the rolled material was inserted into the cell case. The anode
and cathode films were connected to the case with a nickel welding. Then the battery was put into a argon-filled glove
box to be filled with the LiPF6 electrolyte solution and the case cover was pressed with manual press machine.
Finally, the battery was created. The performance of battery were analyzed using the eight channel battery analyzer
and the internal resistance were measured using the internal resistance of battery meter.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

FTIR was conducted to analyze groups in the mixture of LiFePO4. Figure 1 shows the spectra of all mixtures of
LiFePO4.

120

80
60
40
20

% Transmitter

100
0%
1%
3%
5%

0
5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

Wavelength (cm-1)
FIGURE 1. FTIR Spectra of LiFePO4 Powder

The FTIR spectrum of 0wt%, 1wt%, 3wt%, and 5wt% glucose addition shows at the wavelength 2922.28, 2923.25,
2821.32, 2842.53 cm-1 indicating O-H groups. But, the FTIR spectrum of 3wt% glucose addition at the wavelength
2821.32 cm-1 was found HC=O groups.
Internal Resistance of Lithium-Ion battery was analyzed using Intenal Resistance of Battery-meter. The result of
analysis Internal Resistance was presented on Table 1.

capacity (mAh/jhour)

Table 1. Internal Resistance of Battery at Variation of Glucose Addition

No
Glucose added (wt%)
Internal Resistance (milliohm)
1
0
85
2
1
171
3
3
64
4
5
183
The results showed the battery with 3wt% glucose addition had the lowest internal resistance value and the 5%
addition had the highest internal resistance value.
The charge and discharge performances analysis were conducted using eight channel battery analyzer. Each of
battery cell were charged and discharged to 5 cycles. The charge performances of battery cell were presented on figure
2.
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

0%
1%
3%
5%
0

Cycle
FIGURE 2. The Charge Performances Of battery cell

The discharge performances of battery cell are presented on figure 3. The 1wt% glucose addition shows best
performance battery with charge capacity of 113.438 mAh/gram and discharge capacity of 95.079 mAh/gram. While,
the 3wt% glucose addition, that had best internal resistance value, shows bad performance battery with charge capacity
of 64.3504 mAh and discharge capacity 57.0543 mAh/gram.

capacity (mAh/hour)

120
100
80

0%

60

1%

40

3%

20

5%

0
0

Cycle
FIGURE 3. The Discharge Performances of battery cell

Based on the theoritical of internal resistance was affected by composed electrode materials. The 3wt% of glucose
addition had difference chemical groups attached. At wavelength 2821.32 cm-1 on FTIR spectrum the 3% of glucose
addition was attached HC=O group. It may the group of the 3% glucose addition had the lowest internal resistance
value.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results, the addition of glucose to cathode will decrease the internal resistance of lithium batteries.
The 3wt% of glucose addition gave the lowest internal resistance that was 64 miliohm but the sample had bad
performance battery that was charge capacity of 64.3504 mAh and discharge capacity 57.0543 mAh/gram. This study
shows that the internal resistance was reduced as well as the battery capacity. To confirmed that results need more
visceral study.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank the Battery & Advanced Material Research Group, Department of
Chemical Engineering and the Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) for the financial support as a
part of Mobil Listrik Nasional (MOLINA) project.

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