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TABLE OF FORCES

DESIGN OF TRUSS ROOF

There are three important points to be considered while

calculating the member forces:

Chapter 7

1. Panel load multiplied with unit load forces gives the

member forces by the principle of superposition.
According to this principle, which is applicable for
elastic structures, if a unit load is applied on a truss
and the force in any member is calculated as F; then if
we apply another unit load simultaneously at the same
point, the force in the member will be 2F.

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Similarly, this member force will be 3F for three unit

loads or P x F if P times unit loads are applied.
2. Effects of various types of loads are to be added while
calculating member forces.
Vertical and inclined loads on the truss cannot be
added directly because of different lines of action of
each.
However, separate member forces due to vertical and
inclined loads have the same direction (along the
member longitudinal axis) and hence can be
algebraically added together.
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3. Probability of occurrence of various loads in a load

combination and corresponding load factors (factor of
safety) are also applied during these calculations.
In case only dead, live and wind loads are acting on a
truss, following combinations may be investigated:
1.

1.2D +

1.6Lr + 0.65W

(Wind effect is small and may be ignored especially

suction is present throughout)

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2.

1.2D + 0.5Lr + 1.3W

Wind towards the Right
Wind towards the left

The third combination is critical for reversal of forces

and hence is evaluated for upward wind pressures.

3.

0.9D + 1.3W
Wind towards the Right
Wind towards the Left

In case the wind load has two values, one downward

and one upward, the downward value should be used
for the second combination and the upward value
should be used for the third combination.

For the roof design, the first (gravity) or second (wind)

load combination is critical. It is to be noted that the
downward wind load is to be considered in the second
combination.
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It would be unreasonable to include full wind and full

snow (or live load) stresses together in a single
combination.
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Similarly, when the wind is blowing at its full strength,

The negative sign with the wind forces only indicates

the live load intensity may be reduced.

that the combination is critical when the wind is

producing member forces opposite in sense to that
produced by the dead loads.

The second combination reflects the condition when

most severe windstorm is blowing and hence the live
load intensity may be reduced to 0.5/ 1.6 or 0.31 times
its maximum intensity, showing less probability of
occurrence of full live load together with wind.
The third combination represents an unoccupied
building subjected to the heaviest wind.
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The design forces may be calculated by entering the

values into a Table of Forces as in Table 7.2.
The first four columns of this table are directly taken
from the unit load analysis of the truss while columns 5
to 9 are calculated using the first four columns and the
algebraic values of the panel loads, already determined.
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(0.9 PD) x Col.2

+1.3 P ww x Col.4
+1.3 PwL x Col.3

Maximum factored tension

(Tu)

Maximum factored
Compression (Pu)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

Remarks

(0.9 PD) x Col.2

+ 1.3 P ww x Col.3
+ 1.3 PwL x Col.4

(4)

(1.2 PD + 0.5 PL) x Col.2

+ 1.3 P ww x Col.4
+ 1.3 PwL x Col.3

(3)

(1.2PD+1.6PL) x Col.2

Member force due to unit wind load on roller side

(2)

After getting the values in these columns, the maximum

factored tension and compression may be found out and
entered in the next two columns.

(1.2 PD + 0.5 PL) x Col.2

+ 1.3 Pww x Col.3
+ 1.3 PwL x Col.4

Unit gravity load member force

(1)

Member force due to unit Wind load on hinge

side

Member No.

Sample Table of Forces

Usually tension is represented by positive sign and

compression by a negative sign in columns 2 to 4 and
hence maximum tension is defined as the maximum
positive value and maximum compression as the
minimum value (maximum negative answer) in
columns 5 to 9.

(12)

The remarks column is used to describe the type of the

member for design such as pure tension member, pure
compression member, member under reversal of
stresses and zero force member.

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Unit Gravity Loads

A computer spreadsheet may conveniently be used to

construct such a table.
The truss members may now be selected by using the
procedure given in earlier chapters and connections
may be designed by the methods outlined in the coming
chapters.
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Unit gravity load member force

Member force due to unit wind load on roller side

(1.2PD+1.6PL) x Col.2

(1)

Member force due to unit Wind load on hinge

side

Member No.

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(10)
(11)

Remarks

Maximum factored
Compression (Pu)

(9)

Maximum factored tension

(Tu)

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Sample Table of Forces

Unit Wind Load on Hinge Side

(12)

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15

14

Unit Wind Load on Roller Side

If Panel wind load is negative = Suction

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Pww

Pww= +ve

Pwl

Pww

Pww= +ve
Pwl = -ve

(1.2PD+0.5PL) X COL. 2
+ 1.3 PWW X COL. 3

(1.2PD+0.5PL) X COL. 2
+ 1.3 PWW X COL. 3

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18

Load Combination in Column No 6

Pwl

Pww

Pww= +ve
Pwl = -ve

(1.2PD+0.5PL) X COL. 2
+ 1.3 PWW X COL. 3
+ 1.3 PWL X COL. 4

Pwl

Pww

Pww= +ve
Pwl = -ve
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(1.2PD+0.5PL) X COL. 2
+ 1.3 PWW X COL. 3
+ 1.3 PWL X COL. 4

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(4)

(1.2 PD + 0.5 PL) x Col.2

+ 1.3 P ww x Col.4
+ 1.3 PwL x Col.3

(3)

(1.2PD+1.6PL) x Col.2

(2)

(1.2 PD + 0.5 PL) x Col.2

+ 1.3 Pww x Col.3
+ 1.3 PwL x Col.4

Member force due to unit wind load on roller side

(1)

Unit gravity load member force

(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

(8)
(9)

Maximum factored
Compression (Pu)

(10)
(11)

(10)
(11)

Remarks

Maximum factored tension

(Tu)

(9)

Remarks

(1.2PD+1.6PL) x Col.2
(1.2 PD + 0.5 PL) x Col.2
+ 1.3 Pww x Col.3
+ 1.3 PwL x Col.4

(3)

Maximum factored
Compression (Pu)

Member force due to unit wind load on roller side

(2)

Maximum factored tension

(Tu)

Unit gravity load member force

Member force due to unit Wind load on hinge
side

Member No.

(1)

Member force due to unit Wind load on hinge

side

Member No.

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Sample Table of Forces

Load Combination in Column No 7

Pwl

(12)

(12)

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Pww= +ve
Pwl = -ve

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Sample Table of Forces

Pww= -ve
Pwl = -ve

Pww

(1.2PD+0.5PL) X COL. 2
+ 1.3 PWW X COL. 4
+ 1.3 PWL X COL. 3

Pww

(0.9PD) X COL. 2
+ 1.3 PWW X COL. 3
+ 1.3 PWL X COL. 4

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Load Combination in Column No 8

Pwl

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Maximum factored tension

(Tu)
Maximum factored
Compression (Pu)

(1.2 PD + 0.5 PL) x Col.2

+ 1.3 P ww x Col.4
+ 1.3 PwL x Col.3
(0.9 PD) x Col.2
+ 1.3 P ww x Col.3
+ 1.3 PwL x Col.4

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

Maximum factored
Compression (Pu)

(10)
(11)

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)

Remarks

Maximum factored tension

(Tu)

(9)

Remarks

(0.9 PD) x Col.2

+1.3 P ww x Col.4
+1.3 PwL x Col.3

(4)

(0.9 PD) x Col.2

+ 1.3 P ww x Col.3
+ 1.3 PwL x Col.4

(3)

(1.2 PD + 0.5 PL) x Col.2

+ 1.3 P ww x Col.4
+ 1.3 PwL x Col.3

(2)

(1.2PD+1.6PL) x Col.2

(4)

(1.2 PD + 0.5 PL) x Col.2

+ 1.3 Pww x Col.3
+ 1.3 PwL x Col.4

Member force due to unit wind load on roller side

(3)

(1.2PD+1.6PL) x Col.2

Unit gravity load member force

Member force due to unit Wind load on hinge
side

(2)

(1.2 PD + 0.5 PL) x Col.2

+ 1.3 Pww x Col.3
+ 1.3 PwL x Col.4

Member force due to unit wind load on roller side

(1)

Unit gravity load member force

Member No.

(1)

Member force due to unit Wind load on hinge

side

Member No.

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Sample Table of Forces

Load Combination in Column No 9

Pwl

(12)

Sample Table of Forces

(12)

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Pww= -ve
Pwl = -ve

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Pww

(0.9PD) X COL. 2
+ 1.3 PWW X COL. 4
+ 1.3 PWL X COL. 3
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Assignment:
Draw the Table of Forces for
Your Data & find the Truss
Member Forces.

Time Allowed: 2 week

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