Electrical substations: 132 KV

1. 1. 2014 Electrical Substations Project Report, 132 KV Substation, Purukul,

Dehradun Power Transmission Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited Submitted By:
Girish Gupta Id no. 42206, 4th Year, Electrical Engineering, College of
Technology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology,
Pantnagar
2. 2. Project Report 3 Sl. No. INDEX Topic Page No. 1. Training Order 2 2.
Certificate 4 3. Acknowledgement 5 4. Power Transmission Corporation of
Uttarakhand Limited 6 5. 132 KV S/s Purukul, Dehradun 8 6. Substation 10 7.
Transformer 16 8. Power Line Carrier Communication 19 9. Bus Bars 22 10.
Circuit Breakers 23 11. Isolators 27 12. Insulators 28 13. Relays 30 14. Capacitor
Bank 33 15. Protection of Substation 34 16. Conclusion 38 17. Bibliography 39
3. 3. Project Report 4 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Girish Gupta, student
of 4th year, Electrical Engineering, Bachelor of Technology, College of
Technology, Govind Ballabh University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar
has undergone summer training at 132KV Substation, Purukul, Dehradun under
Power Transmission Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (PTCUL) from 7th July,
2014 to 7th August, 2014 under the overall guidance of Mr. Prabhash Dabral,
S.D.O., Purukul, Dehradun. Mr. Girish Gupta has successfully completed his
training and submitted the training project report. During the period of training he
was found sincere, punctual and regular. His conduct and behavior was very
good. Mr. Prabhash Dabral Sub Division Officer 132 KV Substation PTCUL
Purukul, Dehradun
4. 4. Project Report 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am very thankful to Mr. Ravindra
Kumar, Executive Engineer, Power Transmission Corporation of Uttarakhand
Limited who gave me an opportunity to undergo training at 132KV Substation,
Purukul, Dehradun under Power Transmission Corporation of Uttarakhand
Limited (PTCUL). I am also thankful to Mr. Prabhash Dabral, Sub Division Officer,
132 KV Substation, PTCUL who organized the training in a systematic manner
and guided me through the whole training programme. I would also like to thank
all officer/officials who guided and helped me at each and every step in the
training programme. Girish Gupta Id no. 42206 4th year, Electrical Engineering
5. 5. 4. POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION OF UTTRAKHAND Project
Report 6 LIMITED (PTCUL) Power Transmission Corporation of Uttarakhand Ltd.
is the power transmission utility of the state of Uttarakhand formerly known as

Uttaranchal. On 9 November 2000, this 27th state of the Republic of India was
carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining northwestern districts of Uttar Pradesh
per the Uttar Pradesh State Re-organization Act, 2000. The State of Uttaranchal
in exercise of the power granted to it under Section 63(4) of the State Reorganization Act, 2000, formed two separate companies in power sector Uttaranchal Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. for generation of hydro-electricity in the state
and Uttaranchal Power Corporation Ltd. for transmission & distribution of
electricity in the state. Enactment of the Electricity Act, 2003, a distinct watershed
in the Indian power sector, as it introduced innovative concepts like power
trading, Open Access, Appellate Tribunal, etc., and special provisions for the rural
areas, made it mandatory for all the States to restructure their SEBs. As per the
provisions of Electricity Act, 2003, the state government separated power
transmission business from UPCL which was left only with distribution of
electricity. A new company by the name & style of Power Transmission
Corporation of Uttaranchal Ltd. was created to handle power transmission
business and registered as a Government Company under Section 617 of
Companies Act, 1956 on 27th May, 2004. It started functioning w.e.f. 1st June,
2004. 100% shares of the Company is held by the Government of Uttarakhand
either directly or through its nominees. Authorized capital of the Company at the
time of incorporation was Rs. 10 crores divided into one lac equity shares of Rs.
1000 each. At present the authorized capital of the company is rupees one
hundred crores. The Company is managed by the Board of Directors who meet
frequently at least once in every quarter. The day to day management of the
Company is looked after by the Managing Director and other full time Directors of
the Company along with other senior officers. The Corporate and Registered
Office of the company is at Vidyut Bhawan, Near ISBT Crossing, Saharanpur
Road, Majra, Dehradun. Following given is the power line map of Uttarakhand
which shows various installed substations of different capacities and transmission
lines in Uttarakhand. It also indicates the position of the new upcoming
substations in the different regions.
6. 6. Power and Transmission Line Map of Uttarakhand Project Report 7
7. 7. 5. 132 KV SUBSTATION, PURUKUL, DEHRADUN The 132 KV substation was
commissioned in the year 27th March, 1983. There are two main 132 KV bus
incoming for the substation. These buses are:- 1. 132 KV Purukul-Dhalipur Line
2. 132 KV Purukul-Majra Line Now the transmission line first parallel connected
with lightning arrester to diverge surge, followed by CVT connected parallel. CVT
measures voltage and steeps down from 132KV to 63.5 Volts A.C. for control

panel, at the location a wave trap is connected to carrier communication at higher

frequencies. A current transformer is connected in series with line which measure
current and step down current at ratio 800:400:200:1 for control panel.
Switchgear equipment is provided, which is the combination of a circuit breaker
having an isolator at each end. Two transformers are connected to main bus. The
main bus has total capability of 60 MVA for 132 KV, which is subdivided into two
transformer capacity of 60 MVA (40MVA + 20MVA) parallel connected for 132KV.
In addition to the Main bus, Transfer Bus is also provided in the substation in
case any maintenance work is to be carried out on the main bus or there is a
glitch in the main bus. After the Main bus, lightning arresters, current
transformers, isolators and circuit breakers before the transformers are provided.
Current Transformers steps down current at ratio 400:200:1 for control panel.
Then Transformer step downs voltage from 132KV to 33KV. The main bus is then
again provided with switchgear equipment & a current transformer. This gives
way to six feeders transmitting power to various places. The main bus is
connected to jack bus or transfer bus through a bus coupler & 33KV is provided
with switchgear equipment. This gives way to feeders transmitting power to
Project Report 8 1. Opto Electronics 2. Anarwala I 3. Anarwala II 4. Mussoorie I
5. Mussoorie II 6. I.T. Park 7. GEMES A step down transformer of 33KV/440V is
connected to control panel to provide supply to the equipments of the substation.
Capacitor bank is connected to main bus of 33KV. It is provided to improve power
factor & voltage profile. Capacitor Bank comprises of two units of 5 MVAR
making total capacity of 10 MVAR.
8. 8. At present, an extra 20 MVA transformer is being currently installed at the
substation. Also an additional 132 KV Purukul-Bindal Line is now being
connected to the substation. Project Report 9
9. 9. Pole mounted substation TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION They are known as
transformer substations as because transformer is the main component
employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed served
transformer substations may be Underground substation Outdoor substation
Indoor substation Switching Substation 2. According to the constructional
features: Convertor Substation Collector Substation Industrial substation
Converting substation Frequency change substation Power factor correction
substation Switch substation Transformer substation Project Report 10 6.
SUBSTATIONS A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission
and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the
reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the

generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several
substations at different voltage levels. Substations may be owned and operated
by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial
customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote
supervision and control. A substation may include transformers to change voltage
levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at
the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. Substations are
classified by two broad categories:- 1. According to the service requirement:
10. 10. Project Report 11 classified into: a) STEP UP SUBSTATION The generation
voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transmission of electric
power. These are generally located in the power houses and are of outdoor type.
b) PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION Here, electric power is received by primary
substation which reduces the voltage level to 33KV for secondary transmission.
The primary grid substation is generally of outdoor type. c) SECONDARY
SUBSTATIONS At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to
11KV. The 11KV lines runs along the important road of the city. The secondary
substations are also of outdoor type. d) DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION These
substations are located near the consumers localities and step down to 400V, 3phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two
phases is 400V & between any phase and neutral it is 230V. SUBSTATION
CHARACTERISTICS 1. Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and
hence plant outage does not necessarily result in loss of supply. 2. A fault on the
feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer and feeder
circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker. 3. A
fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the
substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker. 4.
Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.
5. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows
circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.
11. 11. Project Report 12 STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION The First Step in
designing a Substation is to design an Earthing Earthing Materials Substation
Earthing Calculation Methodology Calculations for earth impedances, touch and
step potentials are based on site measurements of ground resistivity and system
fault levels. A grid layout with particular conductors is then analyzed to determine
the effective substation earthing resistance, from which the earthing voltage is
calculated. In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation
earth grid calculation purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient

margin such that expansion of the system is catered for. To determine the earth
resistivity, probe tests are carried out on the site. These tests are best performed
in dry weather such that conservative resistivity readings are obtained. Earthing
and Bonding The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an
earthing system connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing
impedances may be connected in order to pass the maximum fault current. The
earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical damage occurs on
the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation and
maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotent
bonding such that there are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the
substation. In designing the substation, three voltages have to be considered
these are: 1. Touch Voltage This is the difference in potential between the surface
potential and the potential at earthed equipment whilst a man is standing and
touching the earthed structure. 2. Step Voltage This is the potential difference
developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his feet while not touching
any other earthed equipment. 3. Mesh Voltage This is the maximum touch
voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthing grid. and Bonding System.
12. 12. Switchyard Fence Earthing The switchyard fence earthing practices are
possible and are used by different utilities. These are: a) Extend the substation
earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence is then bonded to
the grid at regular intervals. b) Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the
switchyard earthing grid and bond the fence to its own earthing rod system. This
earthing rod system is not coupled to the main substation earthing grid.
CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN An ideal conductor should
fulfill the following requirements: a) Should be capable of carrying the specified
load currents and short time currents. b) Should be able to withstand forces on it
due to its situation. These forces comprise self-weight, and weight of other
conductors and equipment, short circuit forces and atmospheric forces such as
wind and ice loading. c) Should be corona free at rated voltage. d) Should have
the minimum number of joints. e) Should need the minimum number of
supporting insulators.Project Report 13 1. Conductors Bare copper conductor is
usually used for the substation earthing grid. The copper bars themselves usually
have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters, and they are laid at a
shallow depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential
earth grid, a separate above ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all
metallic substation plant is bonded. 2. Connections Connections to the grid and
other earthing joints should not be soldered because the heat generated during

fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually bolted. 3.
Earthing Rods The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist
in the dissipation of earth fault currents and further reduce the overall substation
earthing resistance. These rods are usually made of solid copper, or copper clad
steel.
13. 13. Project Report 14 f) Should be economical. The most suitable material for the
conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may be used but has limitations
of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion. In an effort to make the
conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and these include: Flat
surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors .
OVERHEAD LINE TERMINATIONS Two methods are used to terminate
overhead lines at a substation. a) Tensioning conductors to substation structures
or buildings b) Tensioning conductors to ground winches. The choice is
influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the substation. The
following clearances should be observed: VOLTAGE LEVEL MINIMUM GROUND
CLEARANCE less than 11kV 6.1m 11kV - 20kV 6.4m 20kV - 30kV 6.7m greater
than 30kV 7.0m Clearance in accordance with voltage value
14. 14. STANDARD SIZES OF CONDUCTOR FOR LINES OF VARIOUS VOLTAGES
The following sizes have now been standardized by CEA for transmission lines of
different voltages:- Project Report 15 1. For 440 KV Lines Twin 'Moose' ACSR
having 7-Strands of steel of dia 3.53 mm and 54-Strands of Aluminum of dia 3.53
mm. 2. For 220 KV Lines 'Zebra' ACSR having 7-strand of steel of dia 3.18 mm
and 54-Strands of Aluminum of dia 3.18 mm. 3. For 132 KV Lines 'Panther'
ACSR having 7-strands of steel of dia 3.00 mm and 30-Strands of Aluminum of
dia 3.00 mm.
15. 15. Project Report 16 7. TRANSFORMERS Transformer is a static machine,
which transforms the potential of alternating current at same frequency. It means
the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high voltage to low
voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called
step up transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS 1. Power Transformer It is used for the
transmission purpose at heavy load, high voltage greater than 33 KV & 100%
efficiency. It also having a big in size as compare to distribution transformer, it
used in generating station and Transmission substation at high insulation level.
They can be of two types: Single Phase Transformers and Multi Phase
Transformers. 2. Instrument Transformers These transformers are used for the

measurement purposes at that points where standard voltmeters and ammeters

cannot be used. They are of two types:- a) CURRENT TRANSFORMER A
current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating electric currents.
When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring instruments, a
current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the
current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and
recording instruments. A current transformer isolates the
16. 16. measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored
circuit. Project Report 17 b) POTENTIAL OR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Voltage transformers (VT) (also called potential transformers (PT)) are a parallel
connected type of instrument transformer, used for metering and protection in
high-voltage circuits or phasor phase shift isolation. They are designed to present
negligible load to the supply being measured and to have an accurate voltage
ratio to enable accurate metering. A potential transformer may have several
secondary windings on the same core as a primary winding, for use in different
metering or protection circuits. 3. Auto Transformers An autotransformer is an
electrical transformer with only one winding. The "auto" prefix refers to the single
coil acting on itself and not to any kind of automatic mechanism. In an
autotransformer, portions of the same winding act as both the primary and
secondary sides of the transformer. The winding has at least three taps where
electrical connections are made. Autotransformers have the
17. 17. advantages of often being smaller, lighter, and cheaper than typical dualwinding transformers, but the disadvantage of not providing electrical isolation.
Project Report 18 4. On the basis of working On the above basis, transformers
are of two types: Step up Transformer and Step down Transformer. 5. Distribution
Transformers A distribution transformer is a transformer that provides the final
voltage transmission in the electrical power distribution system, stepping down
voltage to the level used by customers.
18. 18. 8. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC) Reliable & fast
communication is necessary for safe efficient & economic power supply. To
reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the interconnected grid
system in optimum working condition; to coordinate the operation of various
generating unit communication network is indispensable for state electricity
board. In state electricity boards, the generating & distribution stations are
generally located at a far distance from cities where P & T communication
provided through long overhead lines in neither reliable nor quick. Power-line
communication (PLC) carries data on a conductor that is also used

simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution to

consumers. By using the existing AC power lines as a medium to transfer the
information, it becomes easy to connect the houses with a high speed network
access point without installing new wirings. This technology has been in wide use
since 1950 and was mainly used by the grid stations to transmit information at
high speed. PRINCIPLE OF PLCC Power-line communications systems operate
by adding a modulated carrier signal to the wiring system. All type of information
is modulated on carried wave at frequency 50Hz to 500 KHz. The modulated HF
carrier fed into the power line conductor at the sending end and filtered out again
at the respective stations. Long earlier system double side band amplitude
modulation was more common but the present amplitude modulated system.
Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy
on the high voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot be
directly connected to high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling equipments
have therefore to be employed which will permit the injection of high frequency
carrier signal without undue loss and with absolute protection of communication
equipments or operating personal from high voltage hazard. Project Report 19
Therefore, the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following: 1. Wave
Trap or Line Trap Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the
point of connection of coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible
impedance to HF carrier. Wave trap stands electromechanically and thermally for
short circuit current in the event of fault on the line. On the basis of blocking
frequency bank, the wave trap can be following type: a) All wave
19. 19. Project Report 20 b) Single Frequency c) Double Frequency d) Broad Band
2. Coupling Capacitor The modulated carrier is let into power line through
coupling capacitor specially designed to with stand line voltage under all-weather
condition. The upper end of the coupling capacitor is connected directly to the
line and the lower end is connected to the ground through a carrier frequency
chock coil or drain coil. Thus coupling capacitor forms the link between the PLCC
equipment and power line. The coupling capacitor used in UPSEB is 2200pf
capacitance. The coupling capacitor are designed for outdoor use and hence to
withstand normal atmospheric phenomenon such as temperature & humidity
changes, rain, snow, anticipated wind load, nominal wire tension etc. at full rated
voltage. In some case capacitive voltage transformers (CVT) used as a source of
line voltage for metering and protection as also used coupling capacitor for
PLCC. 3. Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrestor This is connected across
the primary of the coupling filter i.e. one end is connected to the bottom of the

coupling capacitor and other end is earthed. This is provided to protect the
coupling filter against line surges. An air gap is provided, where voltage of the
order of 1.8 to 2KV as observed across due to lighting etc. on line. 4. Coupling of
Filter The coupling filter is inserted between the low voltage terminal of the
coupling capacitor and the carrier frequency connection of the carrier terminal.
Sometime an earth switch is also provided with this unit. This unit mainly
performs two functions; firstly it isolates the connection of equipment from the
power line. Secondly it serves to match characteristic impedance of the power
line to that of the H.F. cable to connection equipments. 5. H. F. Cable H.F. cable
normally used to connect the coupling filter to another coupling terminal. The
cable is insulated to withstand the test voltage of 4KV. The impedance of this H.F.
cable is so as to match with the output of the PLCC terminal and secondary
impedance of coupling filter.
20. 20. Project Report 21 APPLICATION OF PLCC PLCC technology can be
deployed into different types of applications in order to provide economic
networking solutions. Hence merging with other technologies it proves useful in
different areas. These are few key areas where PLC communications are utilized:
a. Transmission & Distribution Network: PLCC was first adopted in the electrical
transmission and distribution system to transmit information at a fast rate. b.
Home control and Automation: PLCC technology is used in home control and
automation. This technology can reduce the resources as well as efforts for
activities like power management, energy conservation, etc. c. Entertainment:
PLCC is used to distribute the multimedia content throughout the home. d.
Telecommunication: Data transmission for different types of communications like
telephonic communication, audio, video communication can be made with the
use of PLCC technology. e. Security Systems: In monitoring houses or
businesses through surveillance cameras, PLCC technology is far useful. f.
Automatic Meter Reading Automatic Meter reading applications use the PLCC
technology to send the data from home meters to Host Central Station. Wave
Trap
21. 21. Duplicate bus bar system In large stations it is important that break downs
and maintenance should interfere as little as possible with continuity of supply to
achieve this, duplicate bus bar system is used. Such a system consists of two
bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of bus coupler, which
consist of the circuit breaker and isolator. In substations, it is often desired to
disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and repairs. An isolating
switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no load condition. It

does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity.
In some cases isolators are used to breaking charging currents or transmission
lines. While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while
closing a circuit the isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are
neces sary on supply side of circuit breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the
circuit breaker from live parts for the purpose of maintenance. A transfer isolator
is used to transfer main supply from main bus to transfer bus by using bus
coupler (combination of a circuit breaker with two isolators), if repairing or
maintenance of any section is required. Bus Bars Single bus bar system with
section alisation. Single bus bar system Project Report 22 9. BUSBARS When
numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be
directly connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical
component. Bus bars are made up of copper rods operate at constant voltage.
The following are the important bus bars arrangements used at substations:
22. 22. Project Report 23 10. CIRCUIT BREAKERS A circuit breaker is an
automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit
from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a
fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and
then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying
sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to
large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
There are different types of circuit breakers which are:- 1. Low-voltage circuit
breakers Low-voltage (less than 1,000 VAC) types are common in domestic,
commercial and industrial application, and include Miniature Circuit Breaker
(MCB) and Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB). 2. Magnetic circuit breakers
Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid (electromagnet) whose pulling force
increases with the current. Certain designs utilize electromagnetic forces in
addition to those of the solenoid.
23. 23. Project Report 24 3. Thermal magnetic circuit breakers Thermal magnetic
circuit breakers, which are the type found in most distribution boards, incorporate
both techniques with the electromagnet responding instantaneously to large
surges in current (short circuits) and the bimetallic strip responding to less
extreme but longer-term over-current conditions. The thermal portion of the circuit
breaker provides an "inverse time" response feature, which trips the circuit
breaker sooner for larger over currents. 4. Common trip breakers Three-pole
common trip breaker for supplying a three-phase device. This breaker has a 2A

rating. When supplying a branch circuit with more than one live conductor, each
live conductor must be protected by a breaker pole. To ensure that all live
conductors are interrupted when any pole trips, a "common trip" breaker must be
used. These may either contain two or three tripping mechanisms within one
case, or for small breakers, may externally tie the poles together via their
operating handles.
24. 24. Project Report 25 5. Air circuit breakers Rated current up to 6,300 A and
higher for generator circuit breakers. Trip characteristics are often fully adjustable
including configurable trip thresholds and delays. Usually electronically
controlled, though some models are microprocessor controlled via an integral
electronic trip unit. Often used for main power distribution in large industrial plant,
where the breakers are arranged in draw-out enclosures for ease of
maintenance. 6. Vacuum circuit breakers With rated current up to 6,300 A, and
higher for generator circuit breakers. These breakers interrupt the current by
creating and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container. 7. Oil circuit breakers A
high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat
and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil,
generating a gas whose high pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the
arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to prevent a restrike of the arc. The
arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts
and because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor. They are further of
two
25. 25. types: Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (BOCB) and Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
(MOCB). Project Report 26 8. Sulfur hexafluoride (Sf6) high-voltage circuit
breakers A sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts surrounded by sulfur
hexafluoride gas to quench the arc. They are most often used for transmissionlevel voltages and may be incorporated into compact gas-insulated switchgear.
26. 26. Project Report 27 11. ISOLATERS In electrical engineering, a disconnector,
disconnect switch or isolator switch is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is
completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often
found in electrical distribution and industrial applications, where machinery must
have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage
isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus
such as circuit breakers, transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance.
The disconnector is usually not intended for normal control of the circuit, but only
for safety isolation. Disconnector can be operated either manually or
automatically (motorized disconnector). Unlike load break switches and circuit

breakers, disconnectors lack a mechanism for suppression of electric arc, which

occurs when conductors carrying high currents are electrically interrupted. Thus,
they are off-load devices, intended to be opened only after current has been
interrupted by some other control device. Safety regulations of the utility must
prevent any attempt to open the disconnector while it supplies a circuit.
Standards in some countries for safety may require either local motor isolators or
lockable overloads (which can be padlocked). Disconnectors have provisions for
a padlock so that inadvertent operation is not possible (lockout-tag out). In highvoltage or complex systems, these padlocks may be part of a trapped-key
interlock system to ensure proper sequence of operation. In some designs, the
isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby
providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which
inter-connect power distribution systems where both ends of the circuit need to
be isolated.
27. 27. Suspension insulator For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual practice to
use suspension type insulators shown in Figure. Consist of a number of porcelain
discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. The conductor is
suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the string is
secured to the cross -arm of the tower. The number of disc units used depends
on the voltage. Pin type insulator As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is
mounted on a pin on the cross -arm on the pole. There is a groove on the upper
end of the insulator. The conductor passes through this groove and is tied to the
insulator with annealed wire of the same material as the conductor. Pin type
insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages
up to 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators become
too bulky and hence uneconomical. Project Report 28 12. INSULATORS An
electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely,
and therefore make it very hard to conduct an electric current under the influence
of an electric field. The insulator serves two purposes. They support the
conductors (bus bar) and confine the current to the conductors. The most
common used material for the manufacture of insulator is porcelain. There are
several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator etc.)
and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement. Different
types of insulator are:28. 28. Shackle insulator In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain
insulators. But now a day, they are frequently used for low voltage distribution
lines. Such insulators can be used either in a horizontal position or in a vertical

position. They can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt or to the cross arm.
Strain insulator A dead end or anchor pole or tower is used where a straight
section of line ends, or angles off in another direction. These poles must
withstand the lateral (horizontal) tension of the long straight section of wire. In
order to support this lateral load, strain insulators are used. For low voltage lines
(less than 11 kV), shackle insulators are used as strain insulators. However, for
high voltage transmission lines, strings of cap-and-pin (disc) insulators are used,
attached to the crossarm in a horizontal direction. When the tension load in lines
is exceedingly high, such as at long river spans, two or more strings are used in
parallel. Project Report 29
29. 29. Project Report 30 13. RELAYS In a power system it is inevitable that
immediately or later some failure does occur somewhere in the system. When a
failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected and
disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits
the amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into
the system. For high voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired
function of automatic protective gear. The relays detect the fault and supply the
information to the circuit breaker. Differential Relay A differential relay is one that
operates when vector difference of the two or more electrical quantities exceeds
a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater than the
pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the
faulty section. Electromagnetic Induction RELAY USED IN CONTROLLING
PANEL OF SUBSTATION Electromagnetic Attraction The electrical quantities
which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency, current, phase
angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the
current flowing in the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy
current flow through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its
contacts. This in turn closes the trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit
breaker open and isolating the faulty section from the rest of the system. In this
way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from the damage and
normal working of the healthy portion of the system. Relay works on two main
operating principles:30. 30. Tripping Relay This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When
main relay sense any fault in the system, it immediately operates the trip relay to
disconnect the faulty section from the section. Earth Fault Relay This type of
relay sense the fault between the lines and the earth. It checks the vector sum of
all the line currents. If it is not equal to zero, it trips. Over Current Relay This

type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value.
The actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a
current transformer. These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for
fault flow in the either direction. This relay operates when phase to phase fault
occurs. Project Report 31
31. 31. Auxiliary Relay An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb
or showing various flags.Project Report 32
32. 32. Improve Power Factor Improve Terminal Voltage Supply Reactive Power
Project Report 33 14. CAPACITOR BANK The load on the power system is
varying being high during morning and evening which increases the
magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power
factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and
therefore take lagging currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it
causes increases in current, resulting in additional losses. So in order to ensure
most favorable conditions for a supply system from engineering and economic
stand point it is important to have power factor as close to unity as possible. In
order to improve the power factor come device taking leading power should be
connected in parallel with the load. One of such device can be capacitor bank.
The capacitors draw a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the
lagging reactive component of load current. Main functions of Capacitor Bank
are:33. 33. Buchholz Relay Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled
power transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil
reservoir called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device
sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment. Depending on
the model, the relay has multiple methods to detect a failing transformer. On a
slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas produced by
decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top of the relay and forces the
oil level down. A float switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal.
Depending on design, a second float may also serve to detect slow oil leaks. If an
arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator.
This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path of the
moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit breaker to isolate the
apparatus before the fault causes additional damage.Project Report 34 15.
PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION LIGHTNING ARRESTORS A lightning arrestor
is a device used in power systems and telecommunications systems to protect
the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of

lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground
terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels
along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through
the arrestor, in most cases to earth. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed.
Therefore chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the
consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is
quickly disconnected from the system. This provides adequate automatic
protection for transformers against possible faults. Various protection methods
used for transformers are:34. 34. Conservator and Breather When the oil expands or contacts by the change
in the temperature, the oil level goes either up or down in main tank. A
conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to predetermined value in the
transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the top of the tank. Breather
is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as i t
spoils the insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of
oil air is drawn in or out through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with
cobalt chloride. Silica gel is checked regularly and dried and replaced when
necessary.Project Report 35
35. 35. Transformer cooling When the transformer is in operation heat is generated
due to iron losses the removal of heat is called cooling. There are several types
of cooling methods, they are as follows: 1. Air natural cooling In a dry type of selfcooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used for its
cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformers. 2.
Air blast cooling It is similar to that of dry type self-cooled transformers with to
addition that continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and
winding for better cooling. A fan produces the blast. 3. Oil natural cooling Medium
and large rating transformers have their winding and core immersed in oil, which
act both as a cooling medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the
cores and winding is passed to the oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and
place is Marshalling box It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the
oil and winding of main tank. If temperature of oil or winding exceeds than
specified value, relay operates to sound an alarm. If there is further increase in
temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to open the circuit breaker
controlling the transformer. Project Report 36
36. 36. Project Report 37 taken by cool oil from the bottom of the cooling tank. 4. Oil
blast cooling In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of

transformers immersed in oil. 5. Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling Oil
is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling
plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank. 6. Forced oil and water
(OWF) cooling In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in
external water heat exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling
tubes in the heat exchanger.
37. 37. Project Report 38 16. CONCLUSION Now from this report one can conclude
that electricity plays an important role in our life. At the end of the training, I came
to know about the various parts of substations and how they are operated. Also I
learnt about how transmission is done in various parts of Uttarakhand. As evident
from the report, a substation plays a very important role in the transmission
system. Thats why various protective measures are taken to protect the
substations from various faults and its smooth functioning. Power Transmission
Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited takes such steps so that a uniform and stable
supply of electricity can reach in every part of this state.
38. 38. Project Report 39 17. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Energy efficiency in electrical
utilities, Guide book for National certification examination for energy managers
and energy auditors, Bureau of energy efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of
India, 2003. 2. General aspect of energy management and energy audit, Guide
book for National certification examination for energy managers and energy
auditors, Bureau of energy efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, 2003. 3.
www.wikepedia.com 4. www.slideshare.com 5. www.electrical-installation.org 6.
www.home-energy-metering.com 7. www.enspecpower.com 8.
www.allaboutcircuits.com