Estimation for Two Population

Parameters
Penaksiran Untuk
2 Buah Parameter Populasi

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-1

Estimation for Two Populations

Estimating two
population values
Population
means,
independent
samples

Paired
samples

Population
proportions

Examples:
Group 1 vs.
independent
Group 2

Same group
before vs. after
treatment

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Proportion 1 vs.
Proportion 2

Chap 9-2

Difference Between Two Means

Population means,
independent
samples

1 and 2 known

Goal: Form a confidence

interval for the difference
between two population
means, 1 2

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 and n2 30

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 or n2 < 30
Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

The point estimate for the

difference is

x1 x2
Chap 9-3

Independent Samples
Population means,
independent
samples

1 and 2 known
1 and 2 unknown,
n1 and n2 30

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 or n2 < 30

Different data sources

Unrelated
Independent
Sample selected from
one population has no
effect on the sample
selected from the other
population
Use the difference between 2
sample means
Use z test or pooled variance
t test

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-4

1 and 2 known
Population means,
independent
samples
1 and 2 known
1 and 2 unknown,
n1 and n2 30

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 or n2 < 30

Assumptions:

Samples are randomly and

independently drawn
population distributions are
normal or both sample sizes
are 30

Population standard
deviations are known

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-5

1 and 2 known
(continued)

Population means,
independent
samples
1 and 2 known

When 1 and 2 are known and

both populations are normal or
both sample sizes are at least 30,
the test statistic is a z-value

and the standard error of

x1 x2 is

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 and n2 30

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 or n2 < 30
Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

x1 x 2

2
1

n1
n2

Chap 9-6

1 and 2 known
(continued)

Population means,
independent
samples
1 and 2 known
1 and 2 unknown,
n1 and n2 30

The confidence interval for

1 2 is:

x 2 z /2

2
1

n1
n2

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 or n2 < 30
Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-7

1 and 2 unknown, large samples

Assumptions:

Population means,
independent
samples

Samples are randomly and

independently drawn
both sample sizes
are 30

1 and 2 known
1 and 2 unknown,
n1 and n2 30

Population standard
deviations are unknown

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 or n2 < 30
Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-8

1 and 2 unknown, large samples

(continued)

Population means,
independent
samples

Forming interval
estimates:
use sample standard
deviation s to estimate

1 and 2 known
1 and 2 unknown,
n1 and n2 30

the test statistic is a z value

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 or n2 < 30
Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-9

1 and 2 unknown, large samples

(continued)

Population means,
independent
samples

The confidence interval for

1 2 is:

1 and 2 known

x
and unknown, *
1

n1 and n2 30

x 2 z /2

2
1

s
s2

n1 n2

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 or n2 < 30
Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-10

1 and 2 unknown, small samples

Population means,
independent
samples

Assumptions:
populations are normally
distributed

1 and 2 known

the populations have equal

variances

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 and n2 30

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 or n2 < 30

samples are independent

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-11

1 and 2 unknown, small samples

(continued)

Forming interval
estimates:

Population means,
independent
samples

The population variances

are assumed equal, so use
the two sample standard
deviations and pool them to
estimate

1 and 2 known
1 and 2 unknown,
n1 and n2 30

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 or n2 < 30

the test statistic is a t value

with (n1 + n2 2) degrees
of freedom

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-12

1 and 2 unknown, small samples

(continued)

The pooled standard

deviation is

Population means,
independent
samples
1 and 2 known
1 and 2 unknown,
n1 and n2 30

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 or n2 < 30

sp

n1 1s

n2 1s2
n1 n2 2
2
1

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-13

1 and 2 unknown, small samples

(continued)

The confidence interval for

1 2 is:

Population means,
independent
samples

1 and 2 known
1 and 2 unknown,
n1 and n2 30

1 and 2 unknown,
n1 or n2 < 30

x 2 t /2 sp

1 1

n1 n2

Where t/2 has (n1 + n2 2) d.f.,

and

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

sp

n1 1s12 n2 1s2 2
n1 n2 2
Chap 9-14

Paired Samples
Tests Means of 2 Related Populations
Paired
samples

Paired or matched samples

Repeated measures (before/after)
Use difference between paired values:

d = x 1 - x2

Eliminates Variation Among Subjects

Assumptions:
Both Populations Are Normally Distributed
Or, if Not Normal, use large samples

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-15

Paired Differences
The ith paired difference is di , where
Paired
samples

di = x1i - x2i
n

The point estimate for

the population mean
paired difference is d :
The sample standard
deviation is

d
i 1

n
n

sd

2
(d

d
)
i
i1

n 1

n is the number of pairs in the paired sample

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-16

Paired Differences
(continued)

Paired
samples

The confidence interval for d is

d t /2

sd
n
n

Where t/2 has

n - 1 d.f. and sd is:

sd

2
(d

d
)
i
i1

n 1

n is the number of pairs in the paired sample

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-17

Two Population Proportions

Population
proportions

Goal: Form a confidence interval for

or test a hypothesis about the
difference between two population
proportions, p1 p2
Assumptions:
n1p1 5 , n1(1-p1) 5
n2p2 5 , n2(1-p2) 5

The point estimate for

the difference is
Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

p1 p2
Chap 9-18

Confidence Interval for

Two Population Proportions

Tools | data analysis | t-test: paired two sample for means

Population
proportions

The confidence interval for

p1 p2 is:

p 2 z /2

p1(1 p1 ) p 2 (1 p 2 )

n1
n2

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-19

Chapter Summary

Compared two independent samples

Compared two related samples (paired samples)

Formed confidence intervals for the differences between two

means
Performed Z test for the differences in two means
Performed t test for the differences in two means
Formed confidence intervals for the paired difference
Performed paired sample t tests for the mean difference

Compared two population proportions

Formed confidence intervals for the difference between two

population proportions
Performed Z-test for two population proportions

Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 9-20