Parte 6

Ciclo Combinado

Preparado por:
W. Galarza S.

Pgina N 1
30/11/2015

INTRODUCCION

Comprende la generacin elctrica mediante dos tipos de

turbinas, una turbina a vapor y otra a gas, usando una misma
fuente de entrada de energa primaria.
As se genera fuerza motriz que activa estas dos turbinas de
manera independiente.
Una abreviatura comn es CTCC: Central Trmica de Ciclo
Combinado o sus siglas en ingles CCGTs: Combined cycle gas
turbine.
Se describe la planta de generacin con sus principales
elementos.

TURBINA A VAPOR

Es una mquina trmica donde la energa transportada por el

fluido pasa al eje de la mquina.
La energa de la corriente de vapor es transferida en un proceso
de expansin del fluido al eje.
El vapor se utiliza como fluido debido a la cantidad alta de
energa por unidad de mas que transporta (el ratio para el agua
es tres veces mayor que para el aire).
La diferencia que se tiene entre la presin de entrada y de salida,
requiere de una expansin en etapas a fin de mejorar la
eficiencia interna.

TURBINA A VAPOR

TURBINA A GAS
La turbina de gas es una maquina trmica de reaccin de flujo
continuo donde la energa trmica pasa al eje de la mquina.
La energa transferida al eje proviene de la corriente de gases de
combustin y se transfiere en el proceso de expansin del
gases. El proceso de compresin de aire absorbe
aproximadamente 2/3 del trabajo producido por la turbina.

TURBINA A GAS

CICLO COMBINADO
Ciclo Combinado, es una
infraestructura de
generacin de energa
que combina dos ciclos
termodinmicos en un
mismo sistema: uno
cuyo fluido de trabajo es
el aire (ciclo superior) y
otro en el que el fluido es
vapor de agua (ciclo
inferior). La combustin
se da en la cmara de
combustin de la turbina
a gas.

CONFIGURACION DEL CC (I)

1.- Una o ms TG, entregan 2/3 de la potencia de la planta.

2.- Una o ms TV, entregan 1/3 de la potencia de la planta.
3.- Caldera Recuperadora, HRSG, (una o mas), aprovecha el
calor de gases de las TG y generan vapor que al expandirse en
la TV.
4.- Estacin de medicin y reduccin de presin del gas
natural (ERM).
5.- Centro de Control.
6.- Sistema de Refrigeracin

CONFIGURACION DEL CC (II)

7.- La configuracin de una planta de Ciclo Combinado puede

responder a
distintos criterios.
8.- El nmero de unidades Turbogas (TG) por unidad de
Turbovapor (TV) vara de 1 a 1 hasta 4 a 1.
9.- En la TV existen tres alternativas:
Sin fuego adicional
Con fuego adicional para control de la temperatura.
Con fuego adicional para aumento de la temperatura y de
la presin de vapor

CC en un solo eje
con Post Combustin

CC en mas de un eje
con Post Combustin

ARREGLOS TG Y TV

CICLO COMBINADO

INYECCION DE AGUA.
CICLO CHEM

HRSG: Sistema de Vapor

EL HRSG
Los HRSG son principalmente de tres tipos:
HRSGs CIRCULACION NATURAL
HRSGs CIRCULACION FORZADAA
ONCE THROUGH HRSGs

Tiene cuatro componentes bsicos:

Evaporadores (gas to wet steam heat exchanger)
Economizadores (gas to water heat exchanger)
Sobrecalentadores / Recalentadores (gas to dry steam heat exchanger)
Precalentadores (gas to water/glycol/air etc. Heat exchanger)

DIFERENCIA ENTRE EL HRSG Y EL CALDERO

DE POTENCIA

DESGASIFICADOR.
MAKE UP

REFRIGERACION DE CICLOS COMBINADOS

15th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering

November 10-13, 2014, Belm, PA, Brazil

Proceedings of ENCIT 2014

Copyright 2014 by ABCM

THERMODYNAMICS ANALYSIS AND ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF A

COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
Caio Felipe de Paula Santos, cfps89@gmail.com
Regina Francielle Silva Paulino, repaulino28@yahoo.com.br
Celso Eduardo Tuna, celso.tuna@feg.unesp.br
Jose luz Silveira, joseluz@feg.unesp.br
Fernando Henrique Mayworm de Arajo, fernandoaraujo@feg.unesp.br
UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, Engineering College, Energy Department

Abstract. The purpose of this article is to through the analysis of the first law of thermodynamics for a combined cycle
and determine the ecological coefficient of the same. This system consists of two gas turbines, two heat recovery
boilers and a steam turbine, having a total installed capacity of power generation of 500MW.This plant will be
installed in a small town located 180 km from So Paulo. This place was chosen based on technical aspects by
present proximity to the pipeline and transmission line, water availability and other favorable environmental aspects of
the project. The natural gas that will serve as the plant's fuel will come from the Field of Mexilho, from the base of
Caraguatatuba, and the water used for cooling will come from the Paraba do Sul River.
Keywords: combined cycle plant, thermodynamics, power plants, ecological efficiency.
1. INTRODUCTION
While the efficiency of modern gas turbines varies between 25 and 43%, the efficiency of combined cycle units is
generally near 50%. This makes this technology particularly more attractive from the standpoint of efficiency, since it is
possible to generate more power from the energy recycling of the exhaust gases of the turbine.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel and its main component is methane (CH4). In addition, natural gas is the fossil fuel with
more efficient burning and produces less waste.
Advances in natural gas consumption can be seen as positive from the environmental point of view, since it reduces
oil consumption and it is less pollution. Natural gas is richer in hydrogen compared with other fossil fuels; the
proportion of carbon dioxide generated by burning is significantly lower.
Natural gas is also considered one of the safest fuels that exist, given its lower density than air, dissipating easily
into the atmosphere - unlike, for example liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which accumulates near the ground in case of
leaks. The gas composition used in this study is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 - Composition of Gas
Component
CO2
N2
Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
Total

Mass (%)
3,75
1,11
80,60
10,19
4,48
3,28
100

Volume (%)
1,50
0,70
89,00
6,00
1,80
1,00
100

PCI (kg/kJ)
50.000
47.525
46.390
45.775
48.722

The primary air pollutants emitted by thermoelectric units are nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides (SOX), volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), particulate materials, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and
nitrogen dioxide (N2O). Small amounts of organic compounds (hydrocarbons) are released into the atmosphere when
the combustion process of the fuel is not completed. Emissions are directly influenced by the type of fuel, combustion
technology, size and age of the installation, maintenance procedures and operation. Thus emission rates increase several
orders of magnitude for facilities that are operated with reduced efficiency of the combustion process or unsuitable
maintenance (EPA, 1998)
2. THERMODYNAMICS ANALYSIS
The analysis on the topic 2.1 demonstrates through the first law of thermodynamics the amount of heat and
electricity generated by the thermoelectric plant investigated as well as its final electrical efficiency, this quantitative
analysis is thus not be considered power quality. The first law analysis need to be divided into two stages, first the

15th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering

November 10-13, 2014, Belm, PA, Brazil

Proceedings of ENCIT 2014

Copyright 2014 by ABCM

analysis of the Brayton cycle and then the analysis of the Rankine cycle is performed. In the first cycle, will be analyzed
two gas turbines considered identical.
2.1 First law of thermodynamics analysis
Figure 1 shows a simplified thermoelectric plant cycle proposed for analysis and the Tables 2 and 3 shows the
points that will be studied in this work.

A Compressor
B Gas Turbine
C Combustor
D Heat Recovery Steam Boiler
E High Pressure Steam Turbine
F Low Pressure Steam Turbine
G Condenser
H Pump

Figure 1 Simplified plant diagram and equipment

Table 2 - Points of the Brayton cycle
Point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

P (MPa)
0,099
0,099
0,094
1,381
1,312
0,099
0,1

T (C)
22
185
22
379
1320
612
86

m (kg/s)
18,26
18,26
787,88
787,88
806,14
806,14
806,14

Table 3 - Points of the Rankine cycle

Point
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

P (MPa)
13,1
2,413
0,3351
2,701
0,00728
0,38
14,01

T (C)
566
566
292
340
40
40
42

m (kg/s)
96,36
110,44
13,67
96,36
124,11
124,11
124,11

h (kJ/kg)
3511
3610
3052
3098
2358
167,9
188,2

s (kJ/kg.K)
6,652
7,523
7,621
6,702
7,565
0,5723
0,5933

The energy provided by the fuel to the cycle can be defined by the Equation 1

& 2 PCIGN = 889.663,4 [kW ]

ECOMB = m

(1)

The energy consumed by the compressor can be defined by the Equation 2.

W4 =

m& 4 ( T4 T3 ) c p

= 334.273,4 [kW ]

(2)

The mechanical energy generated by the gas turbine can be defined by the Equation 3.

W6 = [( m& 5 T5 ) ( m& 6 T6 )] c p = 690.033,3 [kW ]

(3)
The electrical energy generated by the gas turbine cycle can be defined by the Equation 4.

WGTC =5W6 g 3W4 = 311.258,2 [kW ]

(4)

The mechanical energy generated by the steam turbine can be defined by the Equation 5.

W11,12 = [(m& 8 h8 ) + (m& 9 h9 ) + (m& 10 h10 ) (m& 11 h11 ) (m& 12 h12 ) [kW ]

8,9,10

(5)

The electrical energy generated by the steam turbine cycle can be defined by the Equation 6.

WSTC =8 ,9 ,10W11,12 g = 178.176,8 [kW ]

(6)

Proceedings of ENCIT 2014

Copyright 2014 by ABCM

15th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering

November 10-13, 2014, Belm, PA, Brazil

2.2 Electrical Efficiency of the Plant

The electrical efficiency of the plant can be defined by the Equation 7.

ele =

WGTC + WSTC
= 55,01% [kW ]
ECOMB

(7)

2. PULLUTANT EMISSIONS AND ECO-EFFICIENCE

The purpose of this item is to determine the rates of emissions in tons / year of CO2, NOX, SO2 and PM of the
thermoelectric plant selected. In the second stage, is to determine how these pollutants affect the environment by
calculating the ecological efficiency. The ecological efficiency assesses how polluter is a thermoelectric plant,
considering the combustion of one kg of fuel, and not the amount of gases released per unit of energy generated.
3.1 Pollutant emissions
The general chemical formula for combustion of natural gas is described below in Equation 8 (Villela and Silveira,
2007). This equation determines the emission of CO2, NOX, Particulate Matter (PM) and SO2 .

a1CH 4 + b1C2 H 6 + c1C3 H 8 + d1C4 H 10 + e1C5 H 12+ f 1CO2 + g1 N 2 + h1O2 + i1N 2

w1CO2 + y1 H 2O + z1N 2 + k1 ( 1 )O2

(8)

Equation 9 can determine the value of the molar mass of the natural gas to be considered in this study:

M = 16 a1 + 30 b1 + 44 c1 + 58 d1 + 72 e1 + 44 f1 + 28 g1

(9)

The values of the resulting products of combustion of 1 kg of natural gas can be calculated considering the
following emissions shown below in equations 10, 11 and 12 (Villela and Silveira 2007; Carvalho Jr and Lacava, 2003):
3.2.1 CO2 Emissions:

M CO2 =

( w1 44 1 )
[kgCO2 / kgGN ]
M

(10)

3.2.2 NOX Emissions:

M NOX

2.270 22 ,4 10 3
[kgNOX / kgGN ]
=
M 10 3

(11)

3.2.3 Particulate matter emission:

M PM =

240 22 ,4 10 3
[kgPM / kgGN ]
M 10 3

(12)

3.2.4 SO2 emission:

In this fuel, natural gas, the sulfur concentration is very low and only exists because sulfur is added to the gas so
that in case of leaks in gas transmission lines or any plant, leakage can be perceived through the sense of smell.
Therefore, its rate of emissions should be invalid.
3.2.4 Carbon dioxide equivalent:
From these data, the emission of carbon equivalent can be obtained by equation 13.

( CO2 )e = ( CO2 ) + 80 ( SO2 ) + 50 ( NOX ) + 67 ( PM )

(13)

The following Table 4 shows the estimated mass in tones of pollutant gases, which are issued annually by the
thermoelectric plant investigated in steady state.

15th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering

November 10-13, 2014, Belm, PA, Brazil

Proceedings of ENCIT 2014

Copyright 2014 by ABCM

Table 4 - Estimated mass of pollutant gases per year considering 7200h/year operation
Pollutant Emission
CO2
NOX
Particulate Matter

Mass (ton/year)
1.051.761,41
1.317,18
139,24

3.2 Determination of eco-efficiency

The best fuel from an ecological perspective is the one submitting a minimal amount of carbon dioxide equivalent
(CO2)e obtained from burning of it. To quantify this environmental impact defines as "pollution indicator" (g).
Eco-efficiency () is a dimensionless indicator to assess the environmental impact of exhaust emissions from a
thermal power plant, by comparing emissions of pollutants integrated hypothetically (equivalent CO2) with existing
standards of air quality. It is considered the conversion efficiency as a determining factor on the specific, express
emissions by a fractional number (Cardu and Baica, 2001). Pollution indicator by (Cardu and Baica, 1999; Villela and
Silveira, 2006) and eco-efficiency by (Cardu and Baica, 2001; Villela and Silveira, 2007) are defined by the Equations
14 and 15.

g =

( CO2 )e
= 0 ,06 [ kg / MJ ]
PCIGN

0 ,204 p

p + g

ln( 135 g ) 95,07%

(14)

(15)

According Villela and Silveira (2007) natural gas has values for ecological efficiency between 91,6% and 95,4%
for systems with and without supplementary firing systems, respectively. In the case of diesel engines efficiencies are
between 89,4% and 94,1%.
4. REFERENCES
CARDU, M.; BAICA, M., 1999. Regarding a global methodology to estimative the energy-ecologic efficiency of
thermopowerplants. Energy Conversion and Management, v.40, p.71-87.
CARDU, M.; BAICA, M. A., 2001. A seismic vision regarding a methodology to estimative globally the energyecologic efficiency of thermopower plants, Energy Conversion and Management, v.42, p.1317-1325.
CARVALHO JR, J. A.; LACAVA, P. T., 2003. Emisses em Processos de Combusto., So Paulo Brasil: Editora
UNESP, USBN 85-7139-484-9, 135p.
EPA, 1998. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. AP-42: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Volume I:
Stationary Point and Area Sources. Chapter 1: External Combustion Sources, 5th Edition, USEPA.
SILVEIRA, J. L.; TUNA, C. E., 2003. Thermoeconomic Analysis Method for Optimization of Combined Heat and
Power Systems. Part. I.., Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol.29, n.1, p.479-485.
SILVEIRA, J. L.,1998. Uma contribuio para a Modelagem termoeconmica: Otimizao da Operao e do projeto de
sistemas energticos. 58f. Free Job Teaching, Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguet, Universidade Estadual
Paulista, Guaratinguet.
SILVEIRA, J. L.; CARVALHO JR, J. A.; VILLELA, I. A. C.,2007. Combined cycle versus one thousand diesel
Power plants: pollutant emissions, ecological efficiency and economic analysis. Renewable & Sustainable Energy
Reviews, v.11, p524-535.
VILLELA, I. A. C., SILVEIRA, J. L., 2006. Determinao da eficincia ecolgica de plantas trmicas. In: ENCIT
2006 11th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering. Curitiba Brazil..
VILLELA, I. A. C., SILVEIRA, J. L., 2007. Ecological efficiency in thermoelectric power plants. Applied Thermal
Engineering, v. 27, p. 840-847.

5. RESPONSIBILITY NOTICE
The authors are the only responsible for the printed material included in this paper.