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Can. J. Civ. Eng. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Renmin University of China on 06/04/13
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Abstract: Sixty-degree equal-leg steel angles find widespread application as leg members of
triangular-base lattice towers. Compared to 90' angles of the same size, these angles are weaker in
torsional-flexural buckling. The design of such angles is being explicitly covered for the first time in
CSA Standard S37-94, "Antennas, towers and antenna-supporting structures." Recent experimental
studies have shown that the design of 60" angles will be quite safe, if design is carried out using the
expressions for factored axial compressive resistances given in CANICSA-S16.1-M89, taking into
account only the effect of local buckling and flexural buckling about minor axis, and neglecting
torsional-flexural buckling. The Canadian Standards Association Technical Committee on Antenna
Towers also noted that the calculated resistances will still be less than the strengths according to the
widely used Standard ANSIIASCE 10-90, "Design of latticed steel transmission structures," which
considers all the three modes of buckling. The present paper explains the rationale behind the design
procedure adopted by the Technical Committee.
Key words: angles, buckling, compression, design strength, schifflerized angles, specifications, steel
towers, 60" angles.
Resume : L'utilisation de cornikres d'acier i ailes Cgales, comportant un angle de 60, est largement
r$andue dans la fabrication de pyldnes i treillis i section triangulaire. ComparCes aux comikres i angle
de 90" de m&medimension, celles avec un angle de 60" sont plus faibles lorsque soumises au flambage
en flexion et en torsion. La conception de ces comikres est traitCe de manikre explicite pour la premikre
fois dans la norme CSA S37-94, << Antennes, pyldnes et supports d'antenne >>.De rCcentes Ctudes
expCrimentales ont dCmontrC que la conception de cornikres i angle de 60" ne prCsente pas de problkme
de sCcuritC, se celle-ci est rCalisCe en utilisant les expressions pour le calcul des rksistances pondCrCes i
la compression axiale contenues dans la norme CANICSA-S16.1-M89, et si elle ne tient compte que de
l'effet du flambage local et du flambage en flexion autour d'un axe. Le ComitC technique sur les
pyldnes d'antenne de 1'Association canadienne de normalisation a Cgalement remarquC que les
resistances calculCes demeureront infkrieures aux rksistances obtenues avec la norme ANSIIASCE 10-90,
Design of latticed steel transmission structures B, qui tient compte des trois modes de flambage. Cet
article explique la logique derrikre la mkthode de conception adoptCe par le ComitC technique.
((
Mots clis : cornikes, flambage, compression, risistance de calcul, spCcifications, pyldnes d'acier,
cornikres i angle de 60".
[Traduit par la raaction]
I,Introduction
The chief advantage of steel angles lies in the ease with
which they can be connected to other members. A great proportion of their usage lies in latticed electrical transmission
towers and communication towers. These towers can be
either self-supporting or guyed. Guyed communication towers
Received July 14, 1993.
Revised manuscript accepted December 5, 1994.
usually consist of a mast with a triangular cross section supported by guy wires at different levels of the mast. he
triangular-base mast consists of three main leg members at
the vertices of an equilateral triangle and several cross members bracing the main leg members at intervals. These bracing members are either directly connected to the main leg
members without the use of any gusset plates, or, gusset
plates are used to facilitate the connection For rectangularbase towers, this can be easily achieved, since the bracing
planes, as well as the leg plates of the main leg members,
intersect at 90" to each other. However, for triangular-base
towers, the bracing planes intersect at 60" to each other. If
triangular-base towers use hot-rolled 90" angles, the bracing
members cannot be directly attached to the leg members. If
gusset plates are used, they have to be bent- The most POPlar solution to the problem is to use angles whose leg plates
Can. J. Civ. Eng. 22: 603-610 (1995). Printed in Canada / Imprimt au Canada
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Can. J. Civ. Eng. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Renmin University of China on 06/04/13
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< w/t r 3 8 0 1 6 ,
(iii) When 3 8 0 1 6
where
6. Experimental investigation
After determining the effective yield stress, FYI,the factored axial compressive resistance, Cr, corresponding to
flexural buckling about the minor axis (z-axis) is computed
from the following equations (same as in CANICSAS16.1-M89):
606
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Specimen
designation
No. of
specimens
S5-5/16
S4-114
S3.5-5/16
S3-318
S3-114
3
3
3
6
3
Nominal size
(mm)
127
102
89
76
76
x
x
x
x
127 X 7.9
102 x 6.4
89 x 7.9
76 x 9.5
76 x 6.4
Actual measured
yield stress, Fya PI,, (average)
(a)
(MPa)
Effective length
(mm)
1654
1654
1654
1654
1654
333
356
369
475
363
436
292
355
286
204
Failure
modet
T-F-B
T-F-B
F-B
F-B
F-B
t ~ - ~torsional-flexural
- ~ ,
buckling; F-B, flexural buckling.
Table 2. Details of test specimens: schifflerized angles - second set.*
Specimen
designation
No. of
specimens
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
Nominal size
(mm)
76
76
76
76
102
102
102
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Actual measured
yield stress, F,,
(MPa)
Effective length
(mm)
Failure
modet
76 x 6.4
76 x 4.8
76 x 4.8
76 x 4.8
102 x 6.4
102 x 6.4
102 x 6.4
T-F-B
T-F-B
T-F-B
T-F-B
T-F-B
T-F-B
T-F-B
?T-F-B,torsional-flexural buckling.
Table 3. Details of test specimens: cold-formed 60" angles.*
Specimen
No. of
designation specimens
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
3
3
3
3
3
4
Nominal size
(mm)
38
38
38
51
51
51
x
x
x
x
X
X
38
38
38
51
51
51
x
x
x
x
X
X
3.2
3.2
3.2
4.8
4.8
4.8
Effective length
(mm)
Actual measured
yield stress, Fya P,,, (average)
(MPa)
768
553
343
1128
747
37 1
310
3 14
337
303
303
3 12
Ow
Failure
mode?
49
61
74
116
136
162
F-B
T-F-B, F-B
T-F-B
F-B
F-B
T-F-B
- first set.
Case III
Case II
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Specimen designation
S5-5/16
S4- 114
S3.5-5/16
S3-318
S3-114
Weighted average
Standard deviation
Coefficient of variation
Notes: Case I: calculations based on measured yield stress, 6 = 1.0, considering only local buckling and
flexural buckling about minor axis; Case 11: calculations based on measured yield stress, 6 = 1.0, considering
local buckling, flexural buckling about minor axis, and torsional-flexural buckling; Case 111: calculations based
on CSA Standard S37-94 (nominal yield stress of 300 MPa, 6 = 0.9, and considering only local buckling and
flexural buckling about minor axis).
Table 5. Comparison of calculated and experimental failulre loads: schifflerized angles - second set.
Case I
Specimen designation
A,
Pcalc
(kN)
Case III
Case 11
P,,I,
P,,,,
A,
Pca~c
P,,,,
(kN)
P,,,,
Pca~c
pcalC
(kN)
P,,,,
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
Weighted average
Standard deviation
Coefficient of variation
-
--
For explanation of cases I, 11, and 111, refer to the notes in Table 4.
Table 6. Comparison of calculated and experimental failulre loads: cold-formed 60" angles.
Case I
Specimen designation
A,
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
Weighted average
Standard deviation
Coefficient of variation
1.13
0.81
0.51
1.21
0.80
0.40
Case 11
Pca~c
Pca~c
-
(kN)
P,,,,
Pca~c
A,
(kN)
Case 111
P,,,,
P,,,,
Pcalc
(kN)
P,,,,
P,,,
For explanation of cases I, 11, and 111, refer to the notes in Table 4.
and Madugula (1991) for schifflerized angles. The expressions presented in Appendix 2 were used to calculate the
properties of cold-formed 60" angles.
As mentioned above, Case I of Tables 4 -6 accounted for
local buckling and flexural buckling only (and ignored
608
Fig. 2. Comparison of experimental failure loads with loads calculated according to CSA Standard S37-94.
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1.4
+
0
for X 5
r 4
300
250
300 MPa).
n,
E 200L.7
150
100-
50
0
ANSIIASCE 10-90
I
10
15
20
25
w It
Iw/t 5
377.281-,
5 w/t I 25,
-.--.-_-
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300
.-.
.
u'
loo -
specified guaranteed minimum yield stress Fy, width-tothickness ratio w/t, and slenderness parameter A, the compressive strength from [lo] and [ l l ] is higher than the
factored axial compressive resistance obtained from [4] -[6].
This comparison is carried out in Fig. 4 for Fy = 300 MPa.
The maximum value of X corresponds to the slenderness ratio,
KLIrz, of 120. This is the maximum permissible slenderness
ratio for leg members, according to CSA Standard S37-94.
It can be shown that, for any given member, the factored
axial compressive resistance obtained from CSA Standard
S37-94 (which considers local buckling and flexural buckling
only) will be less than the compressive strength obtained
from ANSIIASCE 10-90 (which considers all three buckling
modes). The Canadian Standards Association Technical
Committee on Antenna Towers took this also into consideration in deciding to ignore torsional-flexural buckling for the
design of 60" steel angles.
9. Summary
The paper has examined the factored axial compressive
resistance of 60" steel angles (both schifflerized and coldformed) in light of recent experimental results. Sixty-degree
angles are weaker in torsional-flexural buckling than 90"
angles. However, the results of experiments have shown that
the design according to CSA Standard S37-94 by taking into
account the effect of only local buckling and flexural buckling will be conservative. This is because of the conservative
nature of the expressions for the calculation of factored axial
compressive resistances. The CSA Technical Committee on
Antenna Towers (CSA-S37) also took into consideration that
the proposed design method results in calculated resistances
that are less than the strengths computed according to the
very widely used Standard ANSIIASCE 10-90, which requires
all the three types of buckling to be considered for 60" angle
design.
Acknowledgement
The present work was carried out with the financial support
from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
of Canada.
References
Adluri, S.M.R., and Madugula, M.K.S. 1991. Factored
axial compressive resistance of schifflerized angles.
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 18(6):
926-932.
Adluri, S. M.R., Madugula, M.K. S., and Monforton, G.R.
1991. Finite element failure analysis of schifflerized
angles. Computers and Structures, 41(5): 1087 - 1093.
Adluri, S.M.R., Madugula, M.K.S., and Monforton, G.R.
1992. Schifflerized angle struts. ASCE Journal of
Structural Engineering, 118(7): 1920- 1936.
American Society of Civil Engineers. 1992. Design of
latticed steel transmission structures. New York, N.Y.,
Standard ANSIIASCE 10-90.
Bleich, F. 1952. Buckling strength of metal structures.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y.
Canadian Standards Association. 1989a. Cold formed
steel structural members. Rexdale, Ont., Standard
CANICSA-S 136-M89.
Canadian Standards Association. 19896. Limit states
design of steel structures. Rexdale, Ont., Standard
CANICSA-S16.1-M89.
Canadian Standards Association. 1994. Antennas, towers
and antenna-supporting structures. Rexdale, Ont.,
Standard S37-94.
Sankisa, K.K., Adluri, S.M.R., and Madugula, M.K.S.
1993. Further studies on the compressive strength of
60" equal-leg steel angles. Proceedings of the
Structural Stability Research Council Annual
Conference, April 5-7, Milwaukee, Wis.,
pp. 309-320.
61 0
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r,
2b
+ 2.09trm(0.173rm+ 0.5t)2 - A $
5. Saint-Venant torsion constant:
J =4 3
= 2t(b
+ 1.047rm)
t
-rm--+
2
1. Cross-sectional area:
A
+ 2.09rm
Ips = I,,
+ Iz+ A $
Ec