Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

Schiphol redirects here. For the railway station, see 8.8% to and from Asia; cargo volume was mainly between
Schiphol railway station.
Schiphol and Asia (45%) and North America (17%).[6]
In 2010, 106 carriers provided a total of 301 destinations
on a regular basis. Passenger destinations were oered by
91 airlines. Direct (non-stop) destinations grew by 9 to a
total of 274. Regular destinations serviced exclusively by
full freighters (non-passenger) grew by eight to a total of
twenty-seven.[7]

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (Dutch: Luchthaven

Schiphol, Dutch pronunciation: [lxtav(n) sxpl])
(IATA: AMS, ICAO: EHAM) is the main international
airport of the Netherlands, located 4.9 nautical miles (9.1
km; 5.6 mi)[5] southwest of Amsterdam, in the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, province of North Holland.
It is the fth busiest airport in Europe in terms of passengers. The airport is built as a single-terminal concept:
one large terminal split into three large departure halls.

The airport is built as one large terminal (a singleterminal concept), split into three large departure halls,
which connect again once airside. The most recent of
these was completed in 1994 and expanded in 2007 with
a new section, called Terminal 4, although it is not considered a separate building. Plans for further terminal
expansion exist, including the construction of a separate
new terminal between the Zwanenburgbaan and Polderbaan runways that would end the one-terminal concept.

Schiphol is the hub for KLM and its regional aliate

KLM Cityhopper as well as for Corendon Dutch Airlines,
Martinair Cargo, Transavia and TUI Airlines Netherlands. The airport also serves as a European hub for Delta
Air Lines and as a base for EasyJet and Vueling.

Because of intense trac and high landing fees, some

low-cost carriers decided to move their ights to smaller
airports, such as Rotterdam The Hague Airport and
Eindhoven Airport. Many low-cost carriers, such as
EasyJet, however, continue to operate from Schiphol, using the low-cost H-pier. There have been talks about using the Lelystad Airport for low-cost carriers.[8]

Schiphol opened on 16 September 1916 as a military airbase. The end of the First World War also saw the beginning of civilian use of Schiphol Airport and the airport eventually lost its military role completely. By 1940,
Schiphol had four asphalt runways at 45-degree angles.
The airport was captured by the German military that
same year and renamed Fliegerhorst Schiphol. The airport was destroyed through bombing but at the end of the
war the aireld was restored quickly. In 1949, it was decided that Schiphol was to become the primary airport
of the Netherlands. The airports ocial English name,
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, reects the original Dutch
word order (Luchthaven Schiphol).

Schiphol is equipped with eighteen double jetway gates

in preparation for airlines introducing the Airbus A380.
Emirates was the rst airline to y the A380 to Schiphol
in August 2012, deploying the aircraft on its double daily
DubaiAmsterdam service.[9] During the summer, China
Southern Airlines also uses the A380 on its Beijing
Amsterdam route.

Description
2 History

Schiphol Airport is an important European airport, ranking as Europes fth busiest and the worlds fourteenth
busiest by total passenger trac in 2015 (14th in 2014
and 2013 and 16th in 2012). It also ranks as the worlds
fth busiest by international passenger trac and the
worlds sixteenth busiest for cargo tonnage. 52.569 million passengers passed through the airport in 2013, a 3%
increase compared with 2012.[4] Schiphols main competitors in terms of passenger trac and cargo throughput are London Heathrow Airport, Frankfurt Airport,
ParisCharles de Gaulle Airport and MadridBarajas
Airport.

Schiphols name is derived from a former fortication

named Fort Schiphol, which was part of the Stelling
van Amsterdam defence works.[10] Before 1852, the
Haarlemmermeer polder in which the airport lies was a
large lake with some shallow areas. There are multiple
stories of how the place got its name. The most popular
story is that in the shallow waters sudden violent storms
could claim many ships. This was the main reason for
reclaiming it. In English, Schiphol translates to Ship
Grave, a reference to many ships supposedly lost in the
lake. When the lake was reclaimed, however, no ship
In 2010, 65.9% of passengers using the airport ew to wrecks were found. Another possible origin of the name
and from Europe, 11.7% to and from North America and is the word 'scheepshaal'. A scheepshaal is a ditch or lit1

A Ford being used to power a winch for towing gliders at Schiphol

in 1933.

HISTORY

The air trac control tower at Schiphol in 1960

tle canal in which ships would be towed from one lake to

another. A third explanation would be that the name derived from the words scip hol. This is a low-lying area
of land (hol) from where wood would be obtained to build
ships.[11]
Schiphol opened on 16 September 1916 as a military airbase, with a few barracks and a eld serving as platform
and runways. When civil aircraft started to use the eld
(17 December 1920), it was often called Schiphol-lesbains. The Fokker aircraft manufacturer started a factory near Schiphol airport in 1919.[12] The end of the
First World War also saw the beginning of civilian use of The apron in 1965
Schiphol Airport and the airport eventually lost its military role completely.
By 1940, Schiphol had four asphalt runways at 45-degree dustrial estate. In 1967, Dutch designer Benno Wissing
angles, all 1,020 metres (3,350 ft) or less. One was created signage for Schiphol Airport well known for its
extended to become todays runway 04/22; two oth- clear writing and thorough color-coding; to avoid confuother signage in the shades of yelers crossed that runway at 521843N 44800E / sion, he prohibited any
[14]
low
and
green
used.
This was part of the new terminal
52.312N 4.800E. The airport was captured by the Gerbuilding that replaced the older facilities once located on
man military that same year and renamed Fliegerhorst
Schiphol. A large amount of anti-aircraft defences were what is now the east side of the airport. The A-Pier of the
airport was modied in 1970 to allow Boeing 747 aircraft
installed in the vicinity of the airport and fake decoy airelds were constructed in the vicinity near Bennebroek, to make use of the boarding gates.
The construction of a new Air Trac Control tower was
completed in 1991 as the existing tower could no longer
oversee all of the airport. New waynding signage was
designed that year as well by Paul Mijksenaar.[15] A sixth
runway was completed at quite some distance west of the
rest of airport in 2003 and was nicknamed the Polderbaan, with the connecting taxiway crossing the A5 motorway. The distance of this runway means that taxi times
to and from this runway can take between 10 and 20 minutes. It also required the construction of an additional Air
Trac Control tower as the primary tower is too far away
[16]
A new terminal building was completed in 1949 and it to oversee this part of the aireld.
was decided that Schiphol was to become the primary air- On 25 February 2005, a diamond robbery occurred at
port of the Netherlands. Expansion came at the cost of Schiphols cargo terminal. The robbers used a stolen
a small town called Rijk, which was demolished to make KLM van to gain airside access. The estimated value of
room for the growing airport. The name of this town is the stones was around 75 million euros, making it one
remembered in the name of the present Schiphol-Rijk in- of the largest diamond robberies ever.[17] Later that year,
Vijfhuizen and Vogelenzang in an attempt to confuse allied bombers. A railway connection was also constructed.
Despite these defences, the aireld was still bombed intensively, and an exceptionally heavy attack on 13 December 1943 caused so much damage that it rendered the
aireld unusable as an active base. After that, it served
only as an emergency landing eld, until the Germans
themselves destroyed the remainders of the aireld at the
start of Operation Market Garden. At the end of the war,
the aireld was restored quickly, with the rst aircraft, a
Douglas DC-3, landing again on 8 July 1945.[13]

3.1

Terminal

a re broke out at the airports detention centre, killing

11 people and injuring 15. The complex was holding
350 people at the time of the incident. Results from
the investigation almost one year later showed that re
safety precautions were not in force. A national outrage resulted in the resignation of Justice Minister Donner
(CDA) and Mayor Hartog of Haarlemmermeer. Spatial
Planning Minister Dekker (VVD) resigned as well, because she bore responsibility for the construction, safety,
and maintenance of state-owned buildings.

Infrastructure

Air Trac Control Towers at Schiphol

Map showing the six runways of Schiphol

3.1

Terminal

Schiphol uses a one-terminal concept, where all facilities

are located under a single roof, radiating from the central
plaza. The terminal, though, is divided into three sections or halls designated 1, 2 and 3. To all of these halls,
piers or concourses are connected. However, it is possible, on both sides of security or border inspection, to
walk from between piers, even those connected to dierent halls. The exception to this is the low-cost pier M:
once airside (past security), passengers cannot access any
other areas. Border control separates Schengen from nonSchengen areas. Schiphol Airport has approximately 165
boarding gates.
Schiphol has large shopping areas as a source of revenue
and as an additional attraction for passengers. Schiphol
Plaza is the shopping centre before customs, hence it is
used by air travelers and non-traveling visitors.

Boeing Jumbo 747 on the Taxiway Bridge crossing the Highway

A4 E19

3.1.1 Departure Hall 1

Departure Hall 1 consists of Piers B and C, both of which
are dedicated Schengen areas. Pier B has 14 gates and
Pier C has 21 gates.

3.1.2 Departure Hall 2

Departure Hall 2 consists of Piers D and E.
Pier D is the largest pier and has two levels. The lower
oor houses non-Schengen ights and the upper oor is
used for Schengen ights. By using stairs, the same jet-

3 INFRASTRUCTURE
museum is closed until the end of 2016, due to refurbishment.
In summer 2010, Schiphol Airport Library opened alongside the museum, providing passengers access to a collection of 1,200 books (translated into 29 languages) by
Dutch authors on subjects relating to the countrys history and culture. The 89.9 m2 (968 sq ft) library offers e-books and music by Dutch artists and composers
that can be downloaded free of charge to a laptop or mobile device.[20] The Schiphol Airport Library closed in
September 2014 for refurbishment until the end of 2016.

For aviation enthusiasts, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

has a large rooftop viewing area, called the Panoramaterras. It is not accessible to connecting passengers unSchiphol Airport Library
less they rst exit the airport. Enthusiasts and the public can enter, free of charge, from the airports landside.
ways are used to access the aircraft. Schengen gates are Since June 2011, it is the location for a KLM Cityhopper
numbered beginning with D-59; non-Schengen gates are Fokker 100, modied to be a viewing exhibit.[21] Besides
the Panoramaterras, Schiphol has other spotting sites, esnumbered from D-1 to D-57.
pecially along the newest Polderbaan runway and at the
Pier E is a dedicated non-Schengen area and has 14
McDonalds restaurant at the north side of the airport.
gates. It is typically home to SkyTeam hub airlines Delta
Air Lines and KLM, along with other members, such as Schiphol has its own mortuary, where the dead can be
China Airlines and China Southern Airlines. Other Mid- handled and kept before departure or after arrival. Since
dle Eastern and Asian airlines such as EVA Air, Etihad October 2006, people can also hold a wedding ceremony
Airways, Iran Air, Air Astana and Malaysia Airlines also at Schiphol.[22]
typically operate out of Pier E.
Schiphol is building a new state-of-the-art cube-shaped
hotel with 433 rooms, rounded corners and diamondshaped windows. The spacious atrium will have a 413.1.3 Departure Hall 3
metre-high (135 ft) ceiling made of glass and will be in
the heart of the building. A covered walkway will conDeparture Hall 3 consists of piers F, G, H and M. Pier F nect the hotel directly to the terminal. The hotel will be
has 8 gates and is typically dominated by SkyTeam mem- completed in 2015.[23]
bers such as primary airline KLM, Kenya Airways, China
Airlines and China Southern Airlines, and other members. Pier G has 13 gates and is, except for pier E, the
only terminal that handles daily Airbus A380 service, by
3.2 Future expansions
Emirates and China Southern Airlines. Piers H and M
have 7 gates each and are home to low-cost airlines. Piers
F, G and H are non-Schengen areas. Pier M is a dedicated In 2012, Schiphol Group announced an expansion of
Schiphol, featuring a new pier,[24] an expansion of the
Schengen area.
terminal, and a new parking garage.[25] Pier A will be part
of Departure Hall 1, which already has Pier B (14 gates)
and Pier C (21 gates). The new Pier A will have 11 gates
3.1.4 General aviation terminal
for exible use. It can handle either 3 wide-body aircraft
5 narrow-body aircraft, or 11 narrow-body aircraft.
A new general aviation terminal was opened in 2011 on and
[26]
The
rst activities are expected to start in 2017 and
the east side of the airport, operated as the KLM Jet Cento
be
completed
in 2019. The expansions will cost about
ter. The new terminal building has a oorspace of 6,000
euro.
500
million
2
2
m (65,000 sq ft); 1,000 m (11,000 sq ft) for the actual
terminal and lounges, 4,000 m2 (43,000 sq ft) for oce The new Pier A will be built next to Pier B, in an area now
space and 1,000 m2 (11,000 sq ft) for parking.[18]
used as a freight platform for planes. Pier A will mainly
be used for ights within Europe. To handle the extra
passengers that come with this new pier, Schiphol will
3.1.5 Other facilities
eventually expand the terminal and build new facilities
for check-ins and arrivals. From the new building, direct
The Rijksmuseum operates an annex at the airport, of- access will be made to the platforms of the underground
fering a small overview of both classical and contempo- railway station. When the new terminal is nished in
rary art.[19] Admission to the exhibits is free. The airport 2023, Schiphol can handle over 70 million passengers.[27]

3.3

Tower

The Schiphol air trac control tower, with a height of

101 m (331 ft), was the tallest in the world when constructed in 1991. Schiphol is geographically one of the
worlds lowest major commercial airports. The entire
airport is below sea level; the lowest point sits at 3.4
m (11 ft) below sea level (or 1.4 m (4.5 ft) below the
Dutch Normaal Amsterdams Peil (NAP)); the runways
are around 3 m (9.8 ft) below NAP.[28][29]

3.4

Runways
TUI Boeing 737-800 in Amsterdam

Schiphol has six runways, one of which is used mainly by

general aviation.[5] The northern end of the Polderbaan,
the newest runway, is 7 km (4.3 mi) north of the control tower, resulting in taxi times up to 20 minutes to the
terminal.

4
4.1

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

Note: The concourses listed are not denite since very

few airlines have dedicated piers or gates; the piers listed
easyJet Airbus A319 in Amsterdam
below are based on typical operations.
^1 Some of Garuda Indonesias ights from Jakarta to Amsterdam stop in Singapore, but all ights from Amsterdam to
Jakarta are nonstop.
^2 Flights would have begun 27 March 2016, suspended until
further notice because of the 2016 Brussels bombings.

4.2

Cargo

4.3

Other users

Other regular users of Schiphol are the Dutch Coast

Guard whose aircraft are operated by the Royal Netherlands Air Force, the Dienst Luchtvaart Politie and the Transavia Boeing 737-800 in Amsterdam
Dutch Dakota Association.

Statistics

Other facilities

The TransPort Building on the Schiphol Airport property

houses the head oces of Martinair and Transavia.[45]
Construction of the building, which has 10,800 m2
(116,000 sq ft) of rentable space, began on 17 March
2009. Schiphol Group and the architect rm Paul de
Ruiter designed the building, while De Vries and Verburg,
a rm of Stolwijk, constructed the building.[46]

The World Trade Center Schiphol Airport houses the

head oce of SkyTeam,[47][48] the Netherlands oce of
China Southern Airlines,[49] and the Netherlands oces
of Iran Air.[50] The head oce of Schiphol Group, the
airports operator, is located on the airport property.[51]
The Convair Building, with its development beginning
after a parcel was earmarked for its development in
1999, houses KLM oces,[52] including KLM Recruitment Services and the head oce of KLM Cityhopper.[53][54] The original control tower of Schiphol Airport,
which the airport authorities had moved slightly from its
original location, now houses a restaurant.[52] The area
Schiphol-Rijk includes the head oces of TUI Airlines
Netherlands and Amsterdam Airlines.[55][56]

GROUND TRANSPORT

KLM Boeing 777-200ER in Amsterdam

Schiphol Group oces

Cathay Pacic Airbus A340 in Amsterdam

The Convair Building, which houses KLM Cityhopper and KLM

oces, and the original Schiphol control tower

Schiphol.[66] In 2003 the museum moved to Lelystad Airport and was renamed the "Aviodrome.[67]

7 Ground transport
7.1 Rail

Kenya Airways Boeing 777-200ER in Amsterdam

At one time KLM had its head oce on the grounds

of Schiphol Airport.[57] Its current head oce in
Amstelveen had a scheduled completion at the end of
1970.[58] Previously Martinair had its head oce in the
Schiphol Center (Dutch: Schiphol Centrum) at Schiphol
Airport.[59][60] Formerly, the head oce of Transavia was
in the Building Triport III at Schiphol Airport.[61][62][63]
NLM Cityhopper and later KLM Cityhopper previously had their head oces in Schiphol Airport building The construction of the tunnel and railway station in 1992
70.[64][64]
Nippon Cargo Airlines has its Europe regional head- Main article: Schiphol railway station
quarters at Schiphol.[65] The National Aerospace Museum AviodomeSchiphol was previously located at The Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS), the national Dutch

7
train operator, has a major passenger railway station directly underneath the passenger terminal complex that offers transportation into Amsterdam, Utrecht, The Hague,
Rotterdam and many other cities.[68] There are intercity
connections to Lelystad, Amsterdam Centraal, Utrecht
Centraal, both The Hague Centraal and The Hague
HS, Rotterdam Centraal, Eindhoven, 's-Hertogenbosch,
Leeuwarden, Groningen, Enschede, Arnhem, Nijmegen
and Heerlen. Schiphol is also a stop for the Thalys international high-speed train, connecting the airport directly
to Antwerp, Brussels, Lille and Paris, as well as to Bourg
St Maurice (winter) and Marseille (summer).

7.2

Bus

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is also easily accessible by

bus, as many services call or terminate at the bus station
located outside in front of the terminal building.[69]
The Taiwanese EVA Air provides private bus services
from Schiphol to Belgium for its Belgium-based customers. The service, which departs from and arrives
at bus stop C11, goes to Sint-Gillis, Brussels (near
the Brussels-South (Midi) railway station) and Berchem,
Antwerp (near Antwerp-Berchem bus station). The service is co-operated with Reizen Lauwers NV.[70]

7.3

Car

Schiphol Airport can easily be reached by car via the A4

and A9 motorways.

Incidents and accidents

The crash site of El Al Flight 1862 in 1992

On 14 November 1946, a Douglas C-47 operated by

KLM from London approached Schiphol during bad
weather conditions. The rst two attempts to land
failed. During the third attempt, the pilot realized
that the airplane was not lined up properly with the
runway. The aircraft made a sharp left turn at low
speed, causing the left wing to hit the ground. The
airplane crashed and caught re, killing all 26 people
on board.

The crash site of Turkish Airlines Flight 1951 on 25 February

2009

On 4 October 1992, El Al Flight 1862, a Boeing

747-200F cargo jet en route to Tel Aviv, lost both
right-wing engines (#3 and #4) just after taking o
from Schiphol and crashed into an apartment building in the Bijlmer neighbourhood of Amsterdam
while attempting to return to the airport. A total of
43 people were killed, including the planes crew of
three and a non-revenue passenger. Several others
were injured.
On 4 April 1994, Flight KL433 to Cardi, a Saab
340 operated by KLM Cityhopper, returned to
Schiphol after setting the number two engine to
ight idle because the crew mistakenly believed that
the engine suered from low oil pressure because of
a faulty warning light. On nal approach at a height
of 90 ft (27 m), the captain decided to go-around
and gave full throttle on only the number one engine
leaving the other in ight idle. The airplane rolled to
the right, pitched up, stalled and hit the ground at 80
degrees bank. Of the twenty-four people on board,
three were killed including the captain. Nine others
were seriously injured.
On 25 February 2009, Turkish Airlines Flight 1951,
a Boeing 737-800 from Istanbul crashed on approach, just 1 km (0.6 mi) short of the airports
Polderbaan runway. The plane carried 128 passengers and 7 crew on board. 9 people were killed
and a further 86 were injured, including six with
serious injuries. Four of the dead were employees of Boeing, involved in an advanced radar deal
with Turkey. An initial report from the Dutch Safety
Board revealed that the left radio altimeter had failed
to provide the correct height above the ground and
suddenly reported 8 ft (2.4 m). As a result of
this the autothrottle system closed the thrust levers
to idle, as it is programmed to reduce thrust when
below 27 ft (8.2 m) radio altitude. This eventually
resulted in a dropping airspeed that was not acted
upon until it was too late to recover, and the aircraft
stalled and crashed in a eld.

11

Canon of Amsterdam

[16] Schiphol Junior Geschiedenis Schiphol, article retrieved

21 July 2014.

Schiphol is window number 35 in the Canon of Amsterdam.

10

See also

[19] Rijksmuseum Amsterdam Schiphol.

Retrieved 24 May 2013.

Hello Goodbye (TV series)

11.1

Rijksmuseum.

[20] Clark, Nicola (15 September 2010). At Schiphol, an Unlikely Sanctuary of Books. The New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2013.

References

[21] Fokker 100 van KLM op Panoramaterras Schiphol.

Schiphol Amsterdam Airport. 8 June 2011.

Citations

[1] Corporate Stats and Facts. Delta News Hub.

[2] Amsterdam airport Economic and social impact. Ecquants. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
[3] CBS StatLine Luchtvaart; maandcijfers Nederlandse
luchthavens van nationaal belang. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
[4] Transport and Trac statistics. Retrieved 26 December
2014.
[5] EHAM Amsterdam / Schiphol.
Netherlands, eective 28 Apr 2016

[17] Rosie Cowan. Up to 52m in gems stolen in airport raid.

the Guardian. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
[18] Schiphol.nl New General Aviation Terminal at
Schiphol-East opened for use, article retrieved 8 June
2014.

Transport in the Netherlands

11

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transavia.com Westelijke Randweg 3, building Triport III
1118 CR Schiphol Airport
[63] "Annual Report 2004/2005. Transavia.com. 28/28. Retrieved on 16 February 2011. transavia.com Westelijke
Randweg 3 P.O. Box 7777 1118 ZM Schiphol Centrum
The Netherlands
[64] World Airline Directory. Flight International. 27 March
2 April 1991. 98. Head Oce: Building 70, PO
Box 7700, 1117 ZL Schiphol Airport (East), The Netherlands.
[65] "Europe. Nippon Cargo Airlines.
Retrieved on
17 February 2012.
Vrachtstation 5, Pelikaanweg
47,1118DT,Luchthaven Schiphol, The Netherlands
[66] "Engels. National Aerospace Museum Aviodome
Schiphol. 6 August 2002. Retrieved on 26 December
2011. Westelijke Randweg 201, 1118 CT Luchthaven
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[67] "Engels. Aviodrome. 21 June 2003. Retrieved on 26
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[68] Nederlandse Spoorwegen ocial website.
[69] Schiphol. Schiphol Busdiensten [Schiphol Bus services]. schiphol.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 February
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[70] "Between Belgium and Amsterdam Airport. EVA Air.
Retrieved on February 29, 2016.

11.2 Bibliography
Heuvel, Coen van den. Schiphol, een Wereldluchthaven in Beeld, Holkema & Warendorf, 1992,
978-9-0269-6271-4

10

12

12

External links

Ocial website
Fire Brigade Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
Accident history for AMS at Aviation Safety Network

EXTERNAL LINKS

11

13
13.1

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Text

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol?oldid=718930130 Contributors:

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