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Concentrating
06/09/2012
James Spelling
06/09/2012
James Spelling
James Spelling
06/09/2012
James Spelling
Why Concentrate?
Concentration increases the density of the radiant energy flux,
allowing more power to be absorbed for a given surface area
Increased concentration means lowers areas for heat loss, allowing
effective receiver operation at higher temperatures
In a concentrating system two surfaces are defined:
The solar collector intercepts the incident solar
radiation, concentrates and redirects it
Ib,a
James Spelling
Why Concentrate?
Concentration increases the density of the radiant energy flux,
allowing more power to be absorbed for a given surface area
Increased concentration means lowers areas for radiative heat loss,
allowing effective receiver operation at higher temperatures
Ib,a
James Spelling
Concentration Ratio
Concentration increases the density of the radiant energy flux,
allowing more power to be absorbed for a given surface area
The key parameter that determines the level of temperature that can
be reached is the solar concentration ratio
Two different definitions exist:
Ib,a
CRg =
1
Ar
Aa
Ar
I A
r
I b ,a
James Spelling
Concentration Ratio
Concentration increases the density of the radiant energy flux,
allowing more power to be absorbed for a given surface area
The key parameter that determines the level of temperature that can
be reached is the solar concentration ratio
Two different definitions exist:
Geometric Concentration Ratio: CRg
Optical Concentration Ratio: CRo
Ib,a
James Spelling
10
Concentration Technologies
Currently four key solar thermal power technologies:
06/09/2012
Parabolic Trough
Central Receiver
Linear Fresnel
Parabolic Dish
James Spelling
11
Concentration
Tracking
Scale
Linear Fresnel
15 60
One-Axis
Line
< 500C
unlimited
Parabolic Trough
30 - 100
One-Axis
Line
< 600C
unlimited
Heliostat Field
500 - 1000
Two-Axis
Point
< 1200C
Parabolic Dish
1000 - 10000
Two-Axis
Point
< 750C
James Spelling
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James Spelling
13
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James Spelling
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James Spelling
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James Spelling
16
4
Q use = ArI r Ar Tsurf
Ta4
4
Q use = Ar CRo I b ,a Tsurf
Ta4
r
Image Source: J. Spelling, 2011
06/09/2012
:
surface absorptivity [-]
:
surface emissivity [-]
: Stephan-Boltzmann constant
Tsurf: surface temperature [K]
Ar: receiver surface area [m2]
James Spelling
17
))
Maximum Temperature
The maximum temperature that can be reached is when the useful
energy extracted from the receiver is equal to zero
The incident solar flux is totally dissipated by the radiation losses
From the energy balance equation this gives:
4
Ta4 = 0
Q use = ArCRo I b ,a Ar Tsurf
Tmax
CRg
= T + opt
I b,a
4
4
a
James Spelling
18
Example 1: Temperature
What is the maximum operating temperature for
a parabolic trough collector with a concentration
ratio of 120 at standard conditions?
Ta = 25C, AM = 1.5 (i.e. 850 W/m2)
The optical efficiency of the trough is 90%, and
the absorber is non-selective.
Tmax
opt:
:
:
CRg:
:
Ib,a :
CRg
= T + opt
I b,a
4
4
a
optical efficiency
receiver absorptivity
receiver emissivity
concentration ratio
Stefan-Boltzmann cst.
beam irradiation
N.B = 5.67e-8
06/09/2012
James Spelling
19
Example 1: Temperature
What is the maximum operating temperature for
a parabolic trough collector with a concentration
ratio of 120 at standard conditions?
Ta = 25C, AM = 1.5 (i.e. 850 W/m2)
The optical efficiency of the trough is 90%, and
the absorber is non-selective.
Tmax
opt:
:
:
CRg:
:
Ib,a :
CRg
= T + opt
I b,a
4
4
a
optical efficiency
receiver absorptivity
receiver emissivity
concentration ratio
Stefan-Boltzmann cst.
beam irradiation
N.B = 5.67e-8
06/09/2012
James Spelling
20
Collector Efficiency
The efficiency of the solar collector is the ratio of energy input to
useful heat output:
sol
4
4
Q use Ar CRo I b ,a Tsurf Ta
= =
Qsol
Aa I b ,a
))
sol = opt
4
(Tsurf
Ta4 )
CRg I b ,a
James Spelling
21
Example 2: Efficiency
What concentration ratio is needed to operate a
solar collector at 500C with 75% efficiency
under nominal conditions:
Ta = 25C, AM = 1.5 (i.e. 850 W/m2)
The optical efficiency is 90%, and the absorber
can be considered as a black-body.
sol = opt
opt:
:
:
CRg:
:
Ib,a :
4
(Trec
Ta4 )
CRg I b ,a
optical efficiency
receiver absorptivity
receiver emissivity
concentration ratio
Stefan-Boltzmann cst.
beam irradiation
N.B = 5.67e-8
06/09/2012
James Spelling
22
Example 2: Efficiency
What concentration ratio is needed to operate a
solar collector at 500C with 75% efficiency
under nominal conditions:
Ta = 25C, AM = 1.5 (i.e. 850 W/m2)
The optical efficiency is 90%, and the absorber
can be considered as a black-body.
4
Ta4 )
(Trec
CRg =
( sol opt )I b,a
sol = opt
opt:
:
:
CRg:
:
Ib,a :
4
(Trec
Ta4 )
CRg I b ,a
optical efficiency
receiver absorptivity
receiver emissivity
concentration ratio
Stefan-Boltzmann cst.
beam irradiation
==1
CRg = 159
N.B = 5.67e-8
06/09/2012
James Spelling
23
Collector Efficiency
The strongest parameter influencing the efficiency of the solar collector
is the concentration ratio of the system
sol = opt
4
(Trec
Ta4 )
CRg I b ,a
James Spelling
24
Ta
Trec
James Spelling
25
System Efficiency
Can combined the efficiencies to get the system efficiency:
4
4
T
T
rec
a
= opt
CRg I b ,a
) 1 T
Trec
a
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James Spelling
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James Spelling
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Parabolic Troughs
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James Spelling
29
Collector Field
Storage
Temperature
Oil Type
Location
Completed
SEGS 1
14 MWe
82960 m2
3h
307C
Mineral
Daggett
1984
SEGS 2
30 MWe
165380 m2
316C
Mineral
Daggett
1985
SEGS 3, 4, 5
30 MWe
230300 m2
349C
Synthetic
Kramer Jct.
1986, 86, 87
SEGS 6, 7
30 MWe
191140 m2
391C
Synthetic
Kramer Jct.
1988, 88
SEGS 8, 9
80 MWe
474160 m2
391C
Synthetic
Harper Lake
1989, 90
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James Spelling
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PS 10 & 20
Puerto Errado II
Solnova 1, 2 & 4
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33
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Molten Salt
Water/Steam
Thermal Oil
Good heat transfer
Low freezing point
No phase-change
Molten Salt
High heat capacity
Pre-available product
Inexpensive
Chemically inert
06/09/2012
James Spelling
38
Parabolic Troughs
HTF Heaters
SEGS Fire
Original oil-based storage
Damaged in fire
Never replaced
Image Source: L. Hartley, 1999
06/09/2012
James Spelling
39
Power Block
Molten Salt
Storage Tanks
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James Spelling
40
Absorber Tube
Parabolic Mirror
Flexible Joint
Drive Pillar
Support Structure
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James Spelling
41
Tube Receiver
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James Spelling
Drive Axis
42
James Spelling
43
LS-1
LS-2
LS-3
Eurotrough
Heliotrough
Ultimate
Trough
Aperture
2.5 m
5m
5.8 m
5.8 m
6.77 m
7.8 m
Unit Length
6.3 m
12m
15 m
12 m
19 m
24 m
SCA Length
50.4 m
48 m
99 m
148.5 m
191 m
242 m
Active Surface
128 m2
235 m2
547 m2
820 m2
1263 m2
1813 m2
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James Spelling
44
James Spelling
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46
Solar Receiver
Power Block
Heliostats
06/09/2012
James Spelling
47
Heliostats
A heliostat is a Sun-tracking mirror, mounted on a dual-axis tracking
system, allowing it to be positioned freely and direct the solar flux
A number of issues must be addressed during
design of a heliostat:
High reflectivity
High optical precision
High tracking accuracy
Resistant structure
All of these serve to maintain a high optical
efficiency of the collections system:
opt
06/09/2012
Tmax
48
Heliostat Designs
Currently, each solar tower power plant has had its own heliostat
design, each with advantages and disadvantages
06/09/2012
James Spelling
49
Central Receiver
Heat Collection
Modular
Centralised
Energy Transfer
Light
Max. Size
Almost unlimited
Limited by efficiency
of heliostats furthest
from the tower
Temp. Limited By
Receiver materials
Both are capable of utility scale but trough plants can be larger
Largest plant under construction: Solana, 280 MWe (trough)
06/09/2012
James Spelling
50
Power Plants
Size
Receiver Conditions
Storage
Status
PS 10 &20
eSolar Tower
Ivanpah
11/20 MWe
5 MWe
131 MWe
265C / 40 bar
440C / 60 bar
550C / 165 bar
Steam buffer
N/A
Salt tanks (opt.)
Operational
Operational
Under construction
Molten-Salt Tower
Gemasolar
Tonopah
20 MWe
110 MWe
565C
550C
Salt tanks
Salt tanks
Operational
Planning
Volumetric Air
Jlich Tower
1.5 MWe
680C
Packed-bed
Operational
Pressurised Air
AORA Solar
100 kWe
1000C
N/A (hybrid)
Operational
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James Spelling
51
Saturated Steam
Power Block
Heliostat
Field
06/09/2012
Receiver
Tower
Steam
Buffer
James Spelling
Steam
Buffer
Heliostat Field
Central
Tower
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Power Block
James Spelling
53
of
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55
Reheat Steam
Power Block
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James Spelling
56
Heliostat Field
Solar Receiver
Central Tower
Storage Tanks
Power Block
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57
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