A Smart Grid Simulation Testbed using Matlab/Simulink

Sriharsha Mallapuram, Paul Moulema, and Wei Yu

Department of Computer and Information Sciences
Towson University
7800 York Road, Towson, MD 21252
Emails: smalla1@students.towson.edu, pmoule1@students.towson.edu, wyu@towson.edu

ABSTRACT
The smart grid is the integration of computing and communication technologies into a power grid with a goal of enabling
real time control, and a reliable, secure, and efficient energy system [1]. With the increased interest of the research
community and stakeholders towards the smart grid, a number of solutions and algorithms have been developed and
proposed to address issues related to smart grid operations and functions. Those technologies and solutions need to be
tested and validated before implementation using software simulators. In this paper, we developed a general smart grid
simulation model in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, which integrates renewable energy resources, energy storage
technology, load monitoring and control capability. To demonstrate and validate the effectiveness of our simulation
model, we created simulation scenarios and performed simulations using a real-world data set provided by the Pecan
Street Research Institute.
Keywords: Smart grid, bulk power generation, simulation, distributed energy resources, MatLab, Simulink,
communication network

1. INTRODUCTION
The current power grid is a centralized power generation and distribution designed decades ago, which is showing clear
signs of obsolescence and inadequacy to the modern world. The exponential growth of the population and the expansion
of industries have pushed the energy demand to near capacity limit of the power grid. The depletion of fossil fuels,
pollution and climate concerns because of the extensive use of fossil fuels, along with limited automation and situational
awareness, rise serious concerns on the sustainability of the traditional grid. All these issues have urged the need to
develop a modern, efficient, secure, reliable, intelligent, and environment-friendly power grid, which is commonly
referred to as the smart grid. Generally speaking, the smart grid is considered as an integration of power technologies
with the modern information and communication technologies and renewable energy resources, supporting an efficient,
reliable, and intelligent energy generation, transmission, and distribution. This will be achieved through the effective
integration of communication networks, which can enable two-way power flows and real-time information exchange
between consumers and utilities.
In the recent past, a number of technologies, solutions and standards have been proposed. Nonetheless, the smart grid is
a complex, heterogeneous, and a large distributed system. Considering the nature of the power grid, with the inherent
security and safety issues, the power grid is an energy-based critical infrastructure for our society. As such, the
developed research ideas cannot be directly tested and validated in a real-world power grid. As an example, a failure or a
design/function defect could raise serious harm to the economy and even lead to life threatening situations. Hence,
regardless of the quality assurance and the theoretical study of technology solutions proposed for the smart grid, the
developed technologies and algorithms should be tested and validated prior to the deployment or implementation in the
field [5, 9]. To this end, the design of an effective, safe, and reusable simulation framework to validate new concepts,
solutions, and algorithms is important for the smart grid. Generally speaking, simulating the power grid could provide a
number of benefits, including the simulation and observation of the system capabilities, the validation of developed
technologies and solutions, and the identification of defects and limitations in order to identify areas of improvement to
enhance the smart grid.

Cyber Sensing 2014, edited by Igor V. Ternovskiy, Peter Chin, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9097, 909705
2014 SPIE CCC code: 0277-786X/14/$18 doi: 10.1117/12.2050392

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In this paper, we leverage the capabilities and features of MATLAB/Simulink and develop a general smart grid
simulator with a load monitoring and control capability, which encompasses renewable energy resources and energy
storage technology. Our developed simulator not only allows the simulations of the power grid (e.g. generation,
transmission, and distribution), but also enables dynamic load control and balance in a real-time energy demand
response and shows the effectiveness of renewable energy and energy storage technologies in keeping the power grid
stable and cost-efficient. To demonstrate and validate the effectiveness of our developed simulator, we created and
performed three representative simulations scenarios based on a real dataset from the Pecan Street Research Institute [3]
and use cases defined by the Smart Grid Interoperation Panel (SGIP) [1, 10].
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we review the smart grid system and the related work
in Section 2. In Section 3, we describe our simulator model and scenarios. In Section 4, based on the smart grid network
system requirements contributed by SGIP PAP 2 release [10, 11], we conducted the smart system performance
evaluation, running smart metering and demand-response and load control scenarios with and without renewable energy
and storage technology. We conclude the paper in Section 5.

2. BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK

In this section, we first review the smart grid in general, and then review the related work on smart grid simulation.
2.1 Smart Grid System
The smart grid is the integration of power technologies with the modern information and communication technologies.
Indeed, the integration of renewable energy resources (e.g. solar and wind plants) will supply green energy and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. A robust, secured, and reliable communication network makes the grid smarter because it
enables real-time data exchange, real-time control, and effective interaction among components in the smart grid [11,
14]. For example, using real-time energy demand data, the operation control can accurately schedule power supply and
forecast peaks hours. Users could use the price information received from the utility to monitor, adjust, and schedule
their power usage accordingly. The smart grid architectural model is a domain model, which consists of domains:
markets, operations, service providers, bulk generation, transmission, distribution, and customers [12, 13]. The
architectural model defines communications, energy flows, and relationships between domains and how they interact.

Figure 1: Simulink Line Diagram

2.2 Related Work

A number of research efforts have been conducted on physical and software simulation frameworks [2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
16, 17, 18]. For example, Yu et al. [2] reviewed the concept and the key characteristics of the smart grid and described
key components of the smart grid with a specific focus on energy distribution management. Gomes et al. [4] proposed a
distributed and agent based system to simulate the performance of a demand response function and its impact on the

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smart grid performance. Karnouskos et al. [5] proposed a software-agents simulator, which simulates the dynamic
behavior and the interaction between physical components and domains of the smart grid. Their simulation is limited to a
city area. Molderink et al. [6] proposed a three-step control methodology, which enables the management of cooperation
between smart grid technologies and domains. Sambamoorthy et al. [7] proposed a synchronized smart grid cosimulation framework, which can evaluate wide area measurement and control schemes. Schutte et al. [8] designed a six
layer modular simulation framework, which is referred to as MosaiK, to enable smart grid simulation using
heterogeneous simulation models. Pipattanasomporn et al. [9] discussed the design and implementation of a multi-agent
system, which provides intelligence to the smart grid. Using in the MATLAB environment, Chowdhury et al. [16]
designed and simulated a solar based non-conventional energy generation model and evaluated the performance of their
model under disturbances. Moulema et al. [17] conducted the simulation study to evaluate the performance of mesh
networks on the smart grid. Lin et al. [18] investigated optimal protocols to distribute energy resources.

powergui

Industria I Load
A

Linear Transformer'

DJ MS

Lata

Linear T anhormer2

Restarte i Lata 2

cmc

Linear Transformer3

Figure 2: Smart Grid Simulink Model

3. A SMART GRID SIMULATION TESTBED

In this section, we describe our developed simulation model and then present the simulation scenarios.
3.1 Overview
The real-world power grid is a critical system that cannot be used for testing and validation. Hence, simulation is a
feasible and efficient way to investigate the dynamic behavior of the smart grid and validate standards and technologies
solutions. The goal of our developed simulation testbed is to meet this need by providing a reusable framework to
simulate diverse smart grid functions and operations. Our simulation tested is based on MATLAB/Simulink. MATLAB
and Simulink are a multi-domains system modeling and analysis environment, which enables power system simulation
and optimization [19].
Figures 1 and 2 represent the diagram for the Simulink model and the micro grid Simulink model, respectively. Figure 1
gives an overview of the electric network and its major components: low voltage distribution substation, residential and
dynamic loads, photovoltaic panels that generate solar energy within customer premises, Plug-in Electric Vehicles
(PEV), and a control station.
A detailed description of these components and their roles is given in following subsections.

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Substation: The substation is responsible for power distribution through 10 km three-phase transmission lines.
Transmission lines nominal voltage is 13.8 kV. A three-phase electric meter installed at the front end of the
substation continuously measures the amount of energy being supplied and sends the data to the controller
station for monitoring purposes.

Loads: In our model, there are four types of load: (i) Residential load: It consists of 10 houses. The input for the
residential load is provided by the Pecan Street project [3]. The data set consists of a 1 minute interval dataset
for a week (August 1925, 2012), representing whole house energy consumption and load profile. A sample of
house inputs is provided in Figure 3. Inputs of individual houses are injected to the electric network in the form
of Power as Pgrid. Viewed from the grid side, the relationship between Power grid, Power used, and Power
generation is as follow: Pgrid represents the Power from the grid side view (Blue line in the graph), Pused the
Power consumed by the house (Red line in the graph), and Pgen, the Power generated by the solar plants
attached to the houses (Green line in the graph). (ii) Dynamic load: It is primarily used to simulate demandresponse and load control and a situation of overload in the grid, where the demand-side load exceeds the
capacity of the substation. (iii) Plug-in electric vehicles load: It is present to some houses-precisely house
number 5. (iv) Industrial load: It is used to consume the supplement of energy supplied by the substation.

Renewable Energy Resources: The type of distributed energy resources that we use is solar power. As shown in
Figure 1, Photovoltaic (PV) arrays are installed specifically in three houses and are distributed such that there is
one PV array attached to each phase of the electric network.

Controller: The role of the controller is to self-balance the power level in the grid assuring that load is less or
equal to the source-side. To this end, two three-phase electric meters located at the load-side and at the
substation-side continuously send power measurements to the controller through wired or wireless connections.
Whenever the energy demand exceeds the capacity of the substation, the controller will generate and send a
signal, in the form of pulses, to an Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) bridge inverter to which a battery
source is connected causing injection of additional energy to the grid.

Energy Storage Device: The energy storage device stands as a backup power supply connected to the grid
through an inverter. We assume that the storage device is being continuously charged during normal operation
and that its capacity is sufficient to supply the differential energy demands.

15

15

House 1

House 4

Pgrid
Psolar
Phouse 0

10

10

15

20

25

Time (hours)

10

ime (hours)

20

25

Figure 3: Example of House Data Inputs

3.2 Simulation Scenarios

In this subsection, we describe three scenarios we created and used to test our power grid simulator.

Scenario 1: This scenario consists of two steps. First, we simulate and observe the normal behavior of the
power grid without a dynamic load. The demand-side load consists of 10 residential and industrial loads. In this
first step, energy demand is at all-time less than or equal to the total capacity of the substation. In the second

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half of the scenario, we introduce a dynamic load on one of the phases and observe the impact on the grid. The
dynamic load is set such that, at a specific point in time, the grid will be overloaded as the total energy demand
overloads the capacity of the substation. When the overload occurs, there will be a significant drop in the
current and power on the residential load side as more power is provided by the substation and is being
absorbed by the dynamic load. The under-voltage in the grid negatively impacts the household appliances and
motors. Appliances motors may burn up due to a high current flow or they simply will not run because of a
low level voltage. It is worth noting that a high current flow will cause overheating and damage of insulated
conductors and other electronic components within these appliances. The solution to this problem is addressed
in scenario 2.

Com onent
Substation

Transmission

Settin s
-

Phase to Phase RMS voltage: 13.8kV

Frequency: 60 Hz
Base voltage: 25kV

- Line length: 10 Km
Positive and Zero sequence resistance
(Ohms/Km): 0.01273 ohms & 0.3864 ohms.
- Frequency: 60 Hz
Positive and Zero sequence inductance
(HiKrn): 0.9337e -3 & 4.1264e -3
Positive and Zero sequence capacitance
(F/Km): 12.74e -9 & 7.751e-9
Data Provided by Pecan Street Project
10 houses Each having two (2) 120v loads and One(1) 240V load
P nd: Power received from the grid
Pwed: Actual power consumed
Pte,: power generated by the solar plant

Nominal voltage phase -to -phase voltage Vn: 13800V

Frequency: 60Hz
Active Power PON): - 10e6
Reactive power QL: 1000 var

- Fully Charged Voltage: 1.4136V

Nominal Voltage: 240 V
Rated Capacity: 10
- Nominal Discharge Current: 0.3A
Initial stage of charge:100% - Internal Resistance: 0.008Ohms
Maximum capacity:
- Battery Response time: 30sec
1.615Ah
Proportional Gain 1.6 (Kp) - Sample Time 20e-6
Integral Gain 36 (Ki)

Residential Loads

Remaining Load

Energ Storage
Device (Battery)

Proportional Integral (PI) Controller

-

Source resistance: le -3
Ohms
Source inductance: le -6 H

Table 1: Simulation Settings

Scenario 2: The goal of scenario 2 is to address the overload situation described in scenario 1 and verify the
grid ability to adjust the amount of energy supply and reestablish the power balance. To this end, we integrate
an energy storage device and a controller. As aforementioned, the controller is responsible for the power
balance between the energy demand (load) and the power supplied by the substation to insure a smoother and
stable power grid. To make the necessary adjustments, the controller receives as inputs the power from the
substation and the load-side through meters acting as sensors using either a wired or wireless network
connection. Once the controller recognizes an imbalance in the grid, it will send the trigger, in form of pulses,
to an inverter to which a battery source is connected causing injection of additional energy to the grid. We will
observe the response of the controller as it resolves the power imbalance and restores the stability of the grid
and the status of the energy storage as well.

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Scenario 3: This scenario aims to evaluate the impact of the communication delay on the performance of the
grid. To simulate a communication network and enable data exchange between microgrid components, we
leverage UDP (User Datagram Protocol) transport protocol blocks, which are provided by MATLAB
framework. UDP blocks are attached respectively to the controller, substation-side, and load-side. In the
previous scenario, the controller receives inputs from three-phase meters through a wired connection with
latency near zero. For the current scenario, we introduce a communication delay between a three-phase meter
and the controller to observe the impact on the response time of the grid in reestablishing the power balance.

4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
In this section, we first give the simulation methodology and then present the simulation results.
4.1 Simulation Methodology
We simulate our micro grid using the three scenarios described above for a 24 hour duration. For each scenario, we
recorded output metrics at the source substation-side and at the demand-side: As required in Alternative Current circuits,
current and voltages are stated as root mean square or rms values. Rms value is the effective value of a periodic or
varying quantity. The metrics include: (i) Rms Voltage for each phase in volts (VRms): Rms voltage is the equivalent
Direct Current (DC) voltage that produces the same power dissipation in a load. (ii) Rms Current for each phase in
amperes (IRms): It is the steady Direct Current (DC), which would convert electrical energy to thermal energy at the
same rate. (iii) Rms Active Power in Watts (P): It is defined as the effective energy supplied by the substation or
consumed by end users; and (iv) Rms Reactive power in Watts (Q): It is defined as the effective energy alternately stored
and released by inductors and/or capacitors.
Explicitly, we first simulate the micro grid without a dynamic load and without an overload with the demand-side load
being less or equal to the source end. In the second phase of this scenario we introduce the dynamic load and in the third
phase we observe the spikes as the demand-side load exceeds the substation capacity. Then, in the second scenario, we
introduce an energy storage device and the controller to observe how the controller resolves the power imbalance and
restores the stability of the grid by injecting supplemental power to the grid. For the third scenario, we introduce a
communication delay between three-phase measurement meters and the controller to evaluate the impact of incurred
delays on the grid operation. Simulation settings and parameters for micro grid components are shown in Table 1.
4.2 Simulation Results
Scenario 1: For simulation without dynamic load, Figure 4 and 5 show voltage, current and power outputs of the source
side (substation) and the demand-side for three phases, respectively. As we can see, the power grid is stable with no
significant spike. Nonetheless, the voltage and the power on the demand end are slightly less than on the source end
because of the incurred transmission loss. For example, the voltage of the source end is at 1.38x104 volts whereas it is
approximately 1.38x104 volts at the load end. For simulation with dynamic load on third phase, Figures 6 and 7 represent
voltage, current and active power outputs for the source end and the load end for three phases when a dynamic load is
connected to the electric network specifically on the third phase at a specific time. As shown in the figures above, at
3000th and 11500th second, there is a peak on the third phase due to the sudden increase of energy demand, causing a
drop in current and voltage on other phases and a drop in power on both ends of the grid. Precisely, the power dropped
from 10x104 watts to 9.8x104 watts while the current dropped from 41.5 to 40 amperes. Effects of under-voltage in the
grid negatively impact the household appliances and motors. Appliance motors may burn up due to the high current flow
or they simply will not run because of low level voltage. Overload situations in the electric network need to be addressed
in a timely manner.
Sceneario 2: Figures 8 represents active and reactive power for the source and load ends and energy storage status when
a controller is used to mitigate peaks and drops caused by a sudden increase of the load. As shown in the previous
figures, peaks represent a sudden increase in energy demand. The peak appeared only for a very short time as the
controller commands the injection of more power to the grid restoring the grid to a balance status. Unlike scenario 1,
where there is no drop in power, suggests that the controller effectively handles the overload. At the same time, we can
observe when the overload occurs, seeing a significant increase of energy released by the battery. This is because the
controller commands, through the inverter, more energy from the storage to satisfy the increased demand.

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Vollege (V. rms)

Vane (V.mie)
i

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r'1.1,

r,, vi

0.nenlA,inn)

125

Power (W)

Arrive Pp.

Pert Power

Time (sec)

Figure 4: Simulation without dynamic- Source-side

Figure 5: Simulation without dynamic load- demand-side

Vokge (V, mis)

Voltage (V, rms)

:10
1.3795

1.379 -.
1.3705
1.378
1.3775

1.377

1.>t

Current (A. rms)

Curren (Arms)

44

43

42
U

41

40

39

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5

Power

018

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Power (W)

142

10

10

18

18

Active Power

16

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SI

12

129
2801

1181

IBN

1310

I......................... .......................
0

INN

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Figure 6: Simulation with dynamic load Source-side

Figure 7: Simulation with dynamic load demand-side

Scenario 3: Figure 9 represents energy storage outputs and power outputs at the substation end in an overload situation
with a communication delay of 10 s between the three-phase electric meters and the controller. As shown in Figure 9,
when a delay in communication prevents the data to reach the controller, no balance readjustment is possible and worse,
this creates a situation of serious disturbance and instability causing the active power to drop drastically. To resolve the
problem as seen in energy storage waveform, more power is being dragged from the storage to supply the grid. As a
conclusion, communication delay needs should be contained within a critical range to avoid a negative impact to the
grid.

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Source side Power (W)

Active Power
Reactive Power

`.5_

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10

..

'

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Load side Power ON)

Active Power

2.5
2

Reactive Power

1.5
0.5
o
x

.,

Battery Power(W)

10

'

-2

r--7

.
1

-4

-6

-8-

mo

Time (sec)

Figure 8: Active and Reactive Power Load-side, and Energy Storage (Scenario 2)

Reactive Power Active Power

Battery Power (VV)

Figure 9: Active and Reactive Power Load-side, and Energy Storage (Scenario 3)

5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we developed a smart grid simulation framework, which consists of a substation, renewable energy
resources, an energy storage device, and a smart power balance controller for demand-response and load control through
continuous monitoring and real-time data exchange. To demonstrate the functionality and the effectiveness of our
simulation model, we created and performed different demand-response scenarios. Our results show that this model as
designed, achieved a smooth, stable, and balance power grid and is a good foundation for future extensive
experimentations.

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