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Darcy -Weisbach equation use to calculate pressure drop/head loss

through pipe.
Head Loss= f (L/D)(V2/2g)
Head Loss= p1-p2/g
p= f (L/D)(V2/2)
Where f =Friction factor

L= length of pipe
D= dia. Of pipe
V= Velocity of liquid
= density of liquid

Friction Factor and Reynolds no


Friction factor (f ) is decided by flow of fluid.
Reynolds no decide type of flow.
1. Re<= 2100 then f =64/Re
2. 2100<Re<=4000 use Churchill Equation
3. Re>4000 use Colebrook-White Equation
We can use Moodys chart also to estimate friction factor.
For that we need value of pipe roughness.

Churchill Equation

: Pipe Roughness

Colebrook-White Equation

Also we can use following equations to estimate approximate value of


friction factor

Moody chart

Pipe roughness
Material
Drawn Tubing, Glass, Plastic

Roughness (mm)
0.0015-0.01

Drawn Brass, Copper, Stainless Steel (New)

>0.0015-0.01

Flexible Rubber Tubing - Smooth

0.006-0.07

Flexible Rubber Tubing - Wire Reinforced

0.3-4

Stainless Steel
Wrought Iron (New)
Carbon Steel (New)
Carbon Steel (Slightly Corroded)
Carbon Steel (Moderately Corroded)
Carbon Steel (Badly Corroded)
Carbon Steel (Cement-lined)
Asphalted Cast Iron
Cast Iron (new)
Cast Iron (old, sandblasted)

0.03
0.045
0.02-0.05
0.05-0.15
0.15-1
1-3
1.5
0.1-1
0.25
1

Sheet Metal Ducts (with smooth joints)

0.02-0.1

Galvanized Iron
Wood Stave
Wood Stave, used
Smooth Cement
Concrete Very Smooth
Concrete Fine (Floated, Brushed)
Concrete Rough, Form Marks
Riveted Steel
Water Mains with Tuberculations
Brickwork, Mature Foul Sewers

0.025-0.15
0.18-0.91
0.25-1
0.5
0.025-0.2
0.2-0.8
0.8-3
0.91-9.1
1.2
3

Methods to Calculate head loss/pressure loss from


fittings
3K method
2K method
Equivalent length method

Chemsys Process Engineering P. Ltd


Fitting

3K Method

90 Elbow, Threaded

90 Elbow, Flanged or
Welded

90 Elbow, Mitered

45 Elbow, Threaded

Head Loss= K( V2/2g)

45 Elbow, Mitered

180 Bend

Tee Through-branch as
an Elbow

Tee Run-through

Angle valve
Globe valve
Plug valve
Gate valve
Ball valve
Diaphragm
Swing check valve
Lift check valve

K1

Kd (in0.3)

Kd (mm0.3)

800

0.14

10.6

800

0.071

4.2

11.1

800

0.091

10.6

800

0.056

3.9

10.3

Long Radius (R/D = 4)

800

0.066

3.9

10.3

Long Radius (R/D = 6)


1 weld 90
2 welds 45
3 welds 30
Standard Radius (R/D =
1)
Long Radius (R/D = 1.5)
1 weld 45
2 welds 22.5
threaded, close-return
(R/D = 1)
flanged (R/D = 1)
all types (R/D = 1.5)

800
1000
800
800

0.075
0.27
0.068
0.035

4.2
4
4.1
4.2

11.1
10.6
10.8
11.1

500

0.071

4.2

11.1

500
500
500

0.052
0.086
0.052

4
4
4

10.6
10.6
10.6

1000

0.23

10.6

1000
1000

0.12
0.1

4
4

10.6
10.6

threaded (r/D = 1)

500

0.274

10.6

threaded (r/D = 1.5)


flanged (r/D = 1)
stub-in branch
threaded (r/D = 1)
flanged (r/D = 1)
stub-in branch
45, full line size, = 1

800
800
1000
200
150
100
950

0.14
0.28
0.34
0.091
0.05
0
0.25

4
4
4
4
4
0
4

10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
0
10.6

90 full line size, = 1


standard, = 1
branch flow
straight through
three-way (flow
through)
standard, = 1
standard, = 1
dam type
Vmin = 35[
(lbm/ft3)]1/2
Vmin = 40[
(lbm/ft3)]1/2

1000
1500
500
300

0.69
1.7
0.41
0.084

4
3.6
4
3.9

10.6
9.5
10.6
10.3

300

0.14

10.6

300
300
1000

0.037
0.017
0.69

3.9
3.5
4.9

10.3
9.2
12.9

1500

0.46

10.6

2000

2.85

3.8

10

Types
Standard Radius (R/D =
1)
Long Radius (R/D = 1.5)
Standard Radius (R/D =
1)
Long Radius (R/D = 2)

2K Method

Chemsys Process Engineering P. Ltd


Fitting

Type

K1

Threaded, SR (R/D = 1)

800

0.4

Flanged/Welded, SR (R/D =
1)

800

0.25

All Types, LR (R/D = 1.5)

800

0.2

1 Weld (90 Angle)


2 Weld (45 Angle)
3 Weld (30 Angle)
4 Weld (22.5 Angle)
5 Weld (18 Angle)

1000
800
800
800
800

1.15
0.35
0.3
0.27
0.25

All Types, SR (R/D = 1)

500

0.2

All Types LR (R/D = 1.5)

500

0.15

45 Elbow Mitered

1 Weld (45 Angle)


2 Welds (45 Angle)

500
500

0.25
0.15

Screwed, SR (R/D = 1)

1000

0.6

180

Flanged/Welded, SR (R/D =
1)

1000

0.35

All Types, LR (R/D = 1.5)

1000

0.3

Screwed, SR (R/D = 1)

500

0.7

Screwed, LR
Flanged/Welded, SR (R/D =
1)
Stub-in-tpye Branch
Screwed
Flanged/Welded
Stub-in-type Branch

800

0.4

800

0.8

1000
200
150
100

1
0.1
0.05
0

Full Line Size, Beta = 1

300

0.1

Reduced Trim, Beta = 0.9

500

0.15

Reduced Trim, Beta = 0.8

1000

0.25

Globe, Standard
Globe, Angle

1500
1000

4
2

Diaphragm, dam type

1000

Butterfly
Lift
Swing
Tiliting-disk

800
2000
1500
1000

0.25
10
1.5
0.5

90 Elbow Curved

90 Elbow Mitered R/D 1.5

45 Elbow

Tee, used as elbow

D:Internal diameter of pipe (Inches)


K :Resistance Coefficient
K1:Resistance Coefficient for fitting at Re=1
K:Resistance Coefficient for large fitting at
Re=
Re: Reynolds number

Tee, Run Through

Valves, Gate/Ball/Plug

Valves

Check Valves

Equivalent length Method


Fitting
90 Elbow Curved, Threaded

1. Calculate Equivalent length


with reference to given chart.
2. Add this length to straight
length and calculate head
loss/pressure drop.

90 Elbow Curved, Flanged/Welded

90 Elbow Mitered

45 Elbow Curved. Threaded


45 Elbow Mitered
180 Bend

Tee Through-branch as an Elbow

Tee Run-through

Angle valve
Globe valve
Plug valve

Types

(L/D)eq

Standard Radius (R/D = 1)

30

Long Radius (R/D = 1.5)

16

Standard Radius (R/D = 1)

20

Long Radius (R/D = 2)

17

Long Radius (R/D = 4)

14

Long Radius (R/D = 6)

12

1 weld (90)
2 welds (45)
3 welds (30)

60
15
8

Standard Radius (R/D = 1)

16

Long Radius (R/D = 1.5)


1 weld 45
2 welds 22.5

15
6

threaded, close-return (R/D = 1)

50

flanged (R/D = 1)
all types (R/D = 1.5)
threaded (r/D = 1)
threaded (r/D = 1.5)
flanged (r/D = 1)
stub-in branch
threaded (r/D = 1)
flanged (r/D = 1)
stub-in branch

60
20
20

45, full line size, = 1

55

90 full line size, = 1

150

standard, = 1
branch flow
straight through

340
90
18

three-way (flow through)

30

Gate valve
Ball valve
Diaphragm

standard, = 1
standard, = 1
dam type

8
3

Swing check valve

Vmin = 35[ (lbm/ft3)]1/2

100

Lift check valve

Vmin = 40[ (lbm/ft3)]1/2

600

Hose Coupling

Simple, Full Bore

Example 1. Oil, with = 900kg/m3 and kinematic coefficient of viscosity =


0.00001m2/s, flows at Q= 0.2m3/s through 500 m of 200-mm diameter
cast-iron pipe. Determine (a) the head loss and (b) the pressure drop if the
pipe slopes down at 10 in the flow direction.
Z1

Z1
10

L*Sin10
Z2

Example 2. Calculation of Pressure Loss: if fittings are present.(3K)


Pipe Size: DN100 (4")
Pipe Diameter (Nominal): 4"
Pipe Internal Diameter:102.3 mm
Pipe Length: 50 m Fittings: 3 x 90 long radius (R/D = 2)
flanged elbows Fluid Velocity: 3 m/s
Fluid Density: 1000 kg/m3
Reynolds Number:306,900
Friction Factor: 0.018
Gravitational Acceleration:9.81 m/s

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