2011 Libyan War On Wikipedia As March 30th

Libyan Civil Warand
International military Intervention

Since February 17th up to March 30th, 2011
Wikipedia Articles
as at March 31, 2011
Part One
Articles:
Libyan Civil War. UN Security Council Resolution.
Military Intervention. Casualties. Timeline.
Domestic Reactions. International Reactions
Map of the Wikipedia Articles
2011 Libyan civil war
Protests
International reactions • Domestic responses • Casualties • Timeline
Battles
First Battle of Benghazi • Tripoli clashes • Battle of Az Zawiyah • Battle of Misurata • Battle of Gharyan • First Battle of
Brega • Battle of Ra's Lanuf • Battle of Bin Jawad • Second Battle of Brega • Battle of Ajdabiya • Second Battle of Benghazi •
Battle of Az Zintan • Late March rebel offensive • International military intervention (Operation Ellamy – Operation Odyssey
Dawn – Opération Harmattan – Operation MOBILE ) • Operation Unified Protector •
Places
Bab al-Azizia • Green Square • Maydan al-Shajara
People
Muammar Gaddafi • Saif al-Islam Muammar Al-Gaddafi • Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil • Abdul Fatah Younis • Hafiz
Ghoga • Hussein Sadiq al Musrati • Mohammed El Senussi • Idris al-Senussi • Fathi Terbil • Mohammed Nabbous • Mahmoud
Jibril • Khalifa Belqasim Haftar • Ali Tarhouni • Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi • Iman al-Obeidi
Forces
Anti-Gaddafi forces (Libyan People's Army – Free Libyan Air Force – NCLO) • Military of Libya (Libyan Army – Libyan Air
Force – Libyan Navy) • Revolutionary Guard Corps
Related
National Transitional Council • Abu Salim Prison • Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane • People's Hall, Tripoli • Topple the
Tyrants • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 ( International
reactions to the intervention – Protests against the intervention – US domestic reactions to the intervention )
2011 Libyan civil war
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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until the dispute is resolved. (March 2011)
• Cities controlled by pro-Gaddafi forces

• Cities controlled by anti-Gaddafi forces (supported by coalition forces)
• Ongoing fighting/unclear situation (situation as of 29 March 2011)
Date 15 February 2011 – present
Location Libya
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
National Transitional Council[1]
• Free Libyan Air Force
• Libyan People's Army
• National Conference for the Libyan Opposition
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libyan Armed Forces
• Anti-Gaddafi tribes[2]
Libyan Army Libyan Air Force Libyan Navy
Foreign mercenaries [5][6][7][8][9]
UN member states enforcing UNSC Resolution 1973:
• NATO Qatar[3] UAE[4]
full list[show]
•
Commanders and leaders
Mustafa Abdul Jalil [10] Omar El-Hariri[11] Abdul Fatah
[12]
Younis Suleiman Mahmoud[13] Khalifa Belqasim Haftar Muammar Gaddafi Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi
Khamis al-Gaddafi Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
Charles Bouchard[14]
Strength
Approximately 17,000[15] (1,000 trained men)[16]
10,000–12,000 (Al Jazeera estimate)[17]
International Forces: Numerous air and maritime forces (see here)
Casualties and losses
1,567–2,049 opposition fighters killed (see here)
585–663 soldiers killed (see here)
International Forces: 1 USAF F-15E Strike Eagle crashed (both
pilots survived) [non-combat loss][18]
Estimated total killed on both sides including civilians: 2,000–10,000[19][20][21][21][22][23]
The 2011 Libyan civil war (Arabic: ‫ )الحـــــرب األھليـــــة الليبيـــــة‬is an ongoing armed conflict in the North African country of Libya
against Muammar Gaddafi's 42-year rule, with protesters calling for new leadership and democratic elections.[citation needed] The situation
began as a series of protests and confrontations on 15 February 2011. Within a week, this uprising had spread and Gaddafi was
struggling to retain control across the country.[24] Gaddafi responded with military force and other such measures as censorship and
blocking of communications. With his soldiers across the country defecting, Gaddafi allegedly recruited foreign mercenaries to
supplement his forces. From a diplomatic angle, Gaddafi offered talks with opposition leaders through a representative but the rebels
have rejected any form of dialogue; they pledge to keep fighting at all costs until either Gaddafi resign or be defeated militarily.[25]
The situation then escalated into armed conflict, with rebels establishing a coalition named the Transitional National Council based in
Benghazi. The International Criminal Court warned Gaddafi that he and members of his government may have committed crimes
against humanity.[26] The United Nations Security Council passed an initial resolution freezing the assets of Gaddafi and ten members
of his inner circle, and restricting their travel. The resolution also referred the actions of the government to the International Criminal
Court for investigation.[27] In early March, Gaddafi's forces rallied, pushed eastwards and re-took several coastal cities before
attacking Benghazi. A further resolution authorized member states to enforce a no-fly zone over Libya.[28] The Gaddafi government
then announced a ceasefire, but failed to uphold it. A collection of states began enforcing the no-fly zone on 19 March by disabling
Gaddafi's air defenses.[29]
Background
History Main article: History of Libya under Gaddafi Gaddafi has been the de-facto ruler of Libya since the overthrow of King Idris I
in 1969.[30] WikiLeaks' disclosure of confidential US diplomatic cables has revealed US diplomats there speaking of Gaddafi's
"mastery of tactical maneuvering".[31] While placing relatives and loyal members of his tribe in central military and government
positions, he has skilfully marginalized supporters and rivals, thus maintaining a delicate balance of powers, stability and economic
developments. This extends even to his own children, as he changes affections to avoid the rise of a clear successor and rival.[31]
Petroleum revenues contribute up to 58% of Libya's GDP.[32] Governments with "resource curse" revenue have a lower need for taxes
from other industries and consequently feel less pressure to develop their middle class. To calm down opposition, they can use the
income from natural resources to offer services to the population, or to specific government supporters.[33] Libya's oil wealth being
spread over a relatively small population has allowed for a relatively high living standard compared to neighboring countries.[34]
Despite one of the highest unemployment rates in the region at 21% (latest census), there was a consistent labor shortage with over a
million migrant workers present on the market.[35] These migrant workers formed the bulk of the refugees leaving Libya after the
beginning of hostilities.
Libya's purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP per capita in 2010 was US $14,878; its human development index in 2010 was 0.755;
and its literacy rate in 2009 was 87%. These numbers were lower in Egypt and Tunisia.[36] Indeed, Libyan citizens are considered to
be well educated and to have a high standard of living.[37] This specific situation creates a wider contrast between good education,
high demand for democracy, and the government's practices (perceived corruption, political system, supply of democracy).[36] The
uprising has been viewed as a part of the 2010–2011 Middle East and North Africa protests which has already resulted in the ousting
of long-term presidents of adjacent Tunisia and Egypt with the initial protests all using similar slogans.[38] Social media had played an
important role in organizing the opposition.[39]
[edit] Corruption
Gaddafi amassed a vast fortune during his 42-year rule.[40]
Much of the country's income from oil, which soared in the 1970s, was spent on arms purchases and on sponsoring militancy and
terror around the world.[41][42] According to The Economist, the eastern parts of the country, once a breadbasket of the ancient world,
have fared badly under Gaddafi's economic theories.[43][44] Libya's corruption perception index in 2010 was 2.2, which was worse than
that of Egypt and Tunisia, two neighboring countries who have faced an uprising before Libya.[45]
[edit] Human rights
Further information: Human rights in Libya
According to the 2009 Freedom of the Press Index, Libya is the most-censored country in the Middle East and North Africa.[46] Some
453 Basic People's Congresses meeting quarterly form the legal basis of the government. Each elects a secretariat and various
People's Committees as its executive branch. The Basic Congresses and their Committees are overseen by Revolutionary committees
which report to Gaddafi via a Permanent Revolutionary Committee. Revolutionary committees are embedded throughout most
government-controlled organizations including enterprises and the education sector. According to the U.S. State Department, 10 to 20
percent of Libyans work in surveillance for these committees, a proportion of informants on par with Saddam Hussein's Iraq or Kim
Jong Il's North Korea.[47] Engaging in political conversations with foreigners is a crime punishable by three years of prison in most
cases.[citation needed] During late 1980s and early 1990s western languages were removed from the school curriculum.[48][49] The
government has reportedly paid for assassination of its critics around the world.[47][50] As of 2004, Libya still provided bounties for
critics, including US$1 million for Ashur Shamis, a Libyan-British journalist.[51] The regime has often executed opposition activists
publicly and the executions are rebroadcast on state television channels.[47][52]
Anti-Gaddafi movement
Beginnings of open protest Between 13 and 16 January, upset at delays in the building of housing units and over political corruption,
protesters in Darnah, Benghazi, Bani Walid and other cities broke into and occupied housing that the government was building.[55][56]
On 24 January 2011, Libya blocked access to YouTube after it featured videos of demonstrations in the Libyan city of Benghazi by
families of detainees who were killed in the 1996 Abu Salim prison massacre. The blocking was criticized by Human Rights
Watch.[57] By 27 January, the government had responded to the housing unrest with a US$24 billion investment fund to provide
housing and development.[58] In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator and accountant, "call[ed] on the Internet
for demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya" inspired by the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings. He was
arrested on 1 February by plain-clothes police officers, and charged on 3 February with injuring someone with his car. Amnesty
International claimed that because al-Hajji had previously been imprisoned for his non-violent political opinions, the real reason for
the present arrest appeared to be his call for demonstrations.[59] In early February, Gaddafi, on behalf of the Jamahiriya, met with
political activists, journalists, and media figures and warned them that they would be held responsible if they disturbed the peace or
created chaos in Libya.[60]
Uprising and civil war The protests and confrontations began in earnest on 15 February 2011. On the evening of 15 February,
between 500 and 600 protesters chanted slogans in front of the police headquarters in Benghazi. The protest was broken up violently
by police, resulting in 38 injuries.[61][62] The novelist Idris Al-Mesmari was arrested hours after giving an interview with Al Jazeera
about the police reaction to protests.[61] In Al Bayda and Az Zintan, hundreds of protesters in each town called for an end of the
Gaddafi regime and set fire to police and security buildings.[61] In Az Zintan, the protesters set up tents in the town centre.[61] The
protests continued the following day in Benghazi, Darnah and Al Bayda, leading to four deaths and three injuries.[63] Hundreds
gathered at Maydan al-Shajara in Benghazi, and authorities tried to disperse protesters with water cannons.[64] A "Day of Rage" in
Libya and by Libyans in exile is planned for 17 February.[60][65][66] The National Conference for the Libyan Opposition asked that all
groups opposed to the Gaddafi regime protests on 17 February, in memory of demonstrations in Benghazi two years earlier.[60] The
plans to protest were inspired by the 2010–2011 Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings.[60] In early February, Jamahiriya spokesperson
Muammar Gaddafi met with Libyan political activists, journalists, and media figures and warned them that they would be held
responsible if they disturbed the peace or created chaos in Libya.[60]
Organization See also: National Transitional Council Many opposition participants called for return to the 1952 constitution and
transition to multi-party democracy. Military units who have joined the rebellion and many volunteers have formed an army to defend
against Jamahiriya attacks and to work to bring Tripoli under the influence of Jalil.[67] In Tobruk, volunteers turned a former
headquarters of the regime into a center for helping protesters. Volunteers reportedly guard the port, local banks and oil terminals to
keep the oil flowing. Teachers and engineers have set up a committee to collect weapons.[44] The National Transitional Council
(Arabic: ‫المجلـــــس الوطـــــني االنتقـــــالي‬, al-Majlis al-Waṭanī al-'intaqālī) was established on 27 February in an effort to consolidate efforts
for change in the rule of Libya.[68] The main objectives of the group did not include forming an interim government, but instead to
coordinate resistance efforts between the different towns held in rebel control, and to give a political "face" to the opposition to
present to the world.[69] The Benghazi-based opposition government has called for a no-fly zone and airstrikes against the
Jamahiriya.[70] The council refers to the Libyan state as the Libyan Republic and it now has a website.[71] Former Jamahiriya Justice
Minister Mustafa Abdel Jalil said in February that the new government will prepare for elections and they could be held in three
months.[72] On 29 March the political and international affairs committee of the Council presented its eight-point plan for the country
in The Guardian newspaper, stating they would hold free and fair elections and draft a national constitution.[73] An independent
newspaper called Libya appeared in Benghazi, as well as rebel-controlled radio stations.[74] Some of the rebels oppose tribalism and
wear vests bearing slogans such as "No to tribalism, no to factionalism".[44] Libyans have said that they have found abandoned torture
chambers and devices that have been used in the past.[75]
Composition of rebel forces The rebels are composed primarily of civilians, such as teachers, students, lawyers, and oil workers, and
a contingent of professional soldiers that defected from the Libyan Army and joined the rebels.[76][77] Gaddafi's administration had
repeatedly asserted that the rebels included al-Qaeda fighters.[78] NATO commander Admiral Stavridis stated that intelligence reports
suggested "flickers" of al-Qaeda activity were present among the rebels, but also added that there is not sufficient information to
confirm there is any significant al-Qaeda or terrorist presence. [79] [80] Denials of al-Qaeda membership were issued by the rebels. [81]
Gaddafi's response Main article: Muammar Gaddafi's response to the 2011 Libyan civil war Gaddafi has accused his opponents as
those who have been influenced by hallucinogenic drugs put in drinks and pills. He has specifically referred to substances in milk,
coffee and Nescafé. He has claimed that Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda are distributing these hallucinogenic drugs. He has also blamed
alcohol.[82][83][84][85] He later also claimed that the revolt against his rule is the result of a colonialist plot by foreign countries,
particularly blaming France, the US, and the UK, to control oil and enslave the Libyan people. Gaddafi vowed to cleanse Libya house
by house until he had crushed the insurrection.[86][87][88][89][90] Gaddafi declared that people who don't "love" him "do not deserve to
live".[87][89] A Swedish arms trafficking watchdog organization observed flights between Tripoli and Belarus, including visits to a
dedicated Belorussian military base that only handles stockpiled weaponry and military equipment.[91]
Blocking of communications and media See also: Iman al-Obeidi Gaddafi shut down all Internet communications in the country,
and arrested Libyans who had given phone interviews to the media.[92][93] International journalists were banned by the Libyan
authorities from reporting from Libya except by invitation of the Gaddafi government.[94][95][96] International journalists who have
attempted to cover the events have been attacked by Gaddafi's forces. A BBC News crew was beaten and then lined up against a wall
by Gaddafi's soldiers, who then shot next to a journalist's ear and laughed at them.[97] A journalist working for The Guardian and
another Brazilian journalist have been detained. An Al-Jazeera journalist Hassan Al Jaber was murdered, and was apparently
deliberately targeted.[98] On 21 February, The New York Times reported that Gaddafi had tried to impose a blackout on information
from the country.[99] Several residents reported that cellphone service was down, and even landline phone service was sporadic.[99] The
26 March incident with Iman al-Obeidi, a Libyan woman who had been forcibly silenced and detained after she attempted to tell the
international media of her alleged gang-rape by Gaddafi's troops, was seen by the media as representative of the trend.[100][101]
Mercenaries and human shields There have been reports of Gaddafi employing foreign nationals to attack Libyan civilians. French-
speaking fighters apparently come from neighbouring African countries such as Chad and Niger.[102] However, some have urged
caution, noting that Libya has a significant black population who could be mistaken for mercenaries but are actually serving in the
regular army.[6] Also, many Chadian soldiers who fought for Gaddafi in past conflicts with Chad were given Libyan citizenship.[6]
There have been reports of Gadaffi employing mercenaries from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, Sudan, Tunisia, Kenya and
possibly even Asia and Eastern Europe.[6][103] Speculation that members of the Zimbabwe National Army were covertly fighting in
Libya grew as Zimbabwe's Defence Minister Emmerson Mnangagwa avoided giving a clear answer to a question on the topic posed
in Parliament.[104] Some of Gaddafi's mercenaries stated they were deceived and forcibly airlifted to shoot demonstrators.[105] Human
Rights Watch has argued that there has been no evidence of mercenaries being employed in Libya.[106] Hysteria created by the alleged
use of mercenaries has led to numerous attacks on black Libyans and African migrant workers with subsequent mob lynching in rebel
controlled areas.[107] According the International Federation for Human Rights, thousands of migrants would have been forced to join
the army and are being used as front-line fighters or simple human shield for Libyan soldiers in street fights.[108] Cases such as
handcuffing truck drivers to steering wheels to prevent them from running away have been documented.[109]
Treatment of dissidents Amnesty International has called Gaddafi's policy to kill those who oppose him unacceptable.[110] The
organization reported that writers, intellectuals and other prominent opposition sympathizers disappeared during the early days of the
conflict in cities controlled by Gaddafi. There are fears they may be subjected to illegal detention, torture or may have been killed.[111]
Amnesty International reported that Gaddafi's forces are targeting paramedics who help injured protesters.[112] In multiple incidents
people have also documented Gaddafi's forces using ambulances in their attacks.[113][114] Injured demonstrators have been denied
access to hospitals and ambulance transport. The regime also banned giving blood transfusions to people who have taken part in the
demonstrations.[115] Gaddafi suppressed the protests in Tripoli by distributing automobiles, money and weapons for hired thugs to
drive around Tripoli and attack people showing signs of dissent.[116][117] Military commanders appear to summarily execute soldiers
who refuse to defend Gaddafi.[118][119] The International Federation for Human Rights reported a case where Gaddafi's commanders
executed 130 soldiers who had refused to support Gaddafi.[120] Gaddafi's commanders have burned alive soldiers who have refused to
fight protesters.[121] On 24 February, the International Federation for Human Rights concluded that Gaddafi is implementing a strategy
of scorched earth and seeks to eliminate and suppress Libyan citizens who stood up against his regime.[122]
Paid protesters Libyans studying in the US have received phone calls from the Libyan embassy urging them to take part in pro-
Gaddafi demonstrations or lose government-funded scholarships. Gaddafi has a history of using paid demonstrators for public
relations, including paying US$2,000 to each hired demonstrator in a pro-Gaddafi rally when he visited the United Nations
headquarters in New York City in 2009.[123]
Battles between Gaddafi and opposition Main article: Timeline of the 2011 Libyan civil war By 23 February, headlines in online
news services were reporting a range of themes underlining the precarious state of the regime – former justice minister Mustafa
Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil alleged that Gaddafi personally ordered the 1988 Lockerbie bombing,[124] resignations and defections of
close allies,[125] the loss of Benghazi, the second largest city in Libya, reported to be "alive with celebration"[126] and other cities
including Tobruk and Misrata reportedly falling[127] with some reports that the government retained control of just a few pockets,[125]
mounting international isolation and pressure,[125][128] and reports that Middle East media consider the end of his regime all but
inevitable.[129] By the end of February, Gaddafi had lost control of a significant part of the country, including the major cities of
Misrata and Benghazi, and the important harbors at Ra's Lanuf and Mersa Brega.[130][131] After taking over the city of Zawiyah on 24
February, Gaddafi's troops attacked the outskirts of the city on 28 February, but were repelled. The town of Nalut, on the Tunisian
border, had also fallen to the opposition forces. On 2 March, government forces attempted to recapture the oil port town of Brega, but
the attack failed and they retreated to Ra's Lanuf. Rebel forces advanced following their victory and on 4 March, the opposition
captured Ra's Lanuf. On the same day, government troops started a full-scale assault on Zawiyah with tank, artillery and air strikes.
On 6 March, the rebel advance along the coastline had been stopped by government forces at the town of Bin Jawad. Government
troops ambushed the rebel column and dozens of rebels were killed. At the same time, Gaddafi's forces attempted an attack on Misrata
and managed to get as far as the centre of the city before their attack was stopped and they retreated to the city's outskirts.[132]
Gaddafi counteroffensive On 6 March, the Gaddafi regime launched a counteroffensive, retaking Ra's Lanuf and Mersa Brega,
pushing towards Ajdabiya and Benghazi. Gaddafi has remained in continuous control of Tripoli,[133] Sirte,[134] Zliten[135] and
Sabha,[136] as well as several other towns. On 10 March, Zawiyah and Ra's Lanuf were retaken by Gaddafi's forces.[137][138] By 15
March, the town of Brega had also been recaptured by Gaddafi's forces and the rebel city of Ajdabiya, the last town before Benghazi,
was surrounded.
United Nations intervention On 17 March, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution to impose a no-fly zone in
Libyan airspace.[139] As a result of the UN resolution, on 18 March, Gaddafi's government declared an immediate ceasefire, but a few
hours later, Al Jazeera reported that government forces were still fighting with rebels.[140] Even after the government-declared
ceasefire, artillery shelling on Misrata and Ajdabiya continued, and government soldiers continued approaching Benghazi.[141][142]
BBC News reported that government tanks entered the city on 19 March while hundreds fled the fighting.[143] Artillery and mortars
were also fired into the city.[144] The same day, a Mig-23BN belonging to the Free Libyan Air Force was shot down over Benghazi,
after being engaged by rebel ground forces in error.[145] The Libyan government subsequently argued that the rebels had violated the
no-fly-zone resolution by using a helicopter and a fighter jet to bomb Libyan armed forces.[146]
Coalition suppresses Libyan air defenses Main article: 2011 military intervention in Libya See also: Operation Ellamy, Operation
Odyssey Dawn, Opération Harmattan, Operation MOBILE, and Operation Unified Protector A French Navy rescue helicopter, from
the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, lands aboard the American command ship USS Mount Whitney At 1600 GMT 19
March, the BBC News reported that the French Air Force had sent nineteen fighter planes over Benghazi to prevent any attacks on the
rebel-controlled city.[147] French jets attacked government armour southwest of Benghazi, destroying four tanks.[148] By 2031 GMT,
the US and British naval vessels had fired at least 114 Tomahawk cruise missiles at twenty Libyan integrated air and ground defense
systems.[149] Three U.S. B-2 Spirit stealth bombers reportedly flew non-stop from the United States to drop forty bombs on a major
Libyan airfield with US fighter jets searching for Libyan ground forces to attack.[150][151] Twenty-five coalition ships, including three
US submarines, began operating in the area.[152] Also on 20 March, Free Libyan Air Forcepilot Mohammed Mukhtar Osman crashed
his plane into the Bab al-Aziziya barracks in Tripoli. Khamis al-Gaddafi was allegedly killed in the attack.[153] On March 20, the Free
Libyan Air Force carried out a suicide attack on the Bab al-Aziziya barracks in Tripoli, one of Gaddafi's residences, when pilot
Muhammad Mukhtar Osman crashed his plane into the barracks. Khamis al-Gaddafi was allegedly killed in the attack. Widespread
reports stated that Khamis had sustained severe burn injuries, and died in intensive care several hours later. U.S. officials confirmed
that they had unconfirmed reports that one of Gaddafi's sons may have been killed. Gaddafi's regime denied the reports.[154] Libyan
State TV reported that Libyan forces had shot down a French warplane over Tripoli, a claim denied by France.[155] On 20 March,
several Storm Shadow missiles were launched against Libyan targets by British jets.[156] Sustained anti-aircraft fire was reported in
Tripoli throughout the night.[157] Gaddafi's forces claimed they had shot down two planes, a claim denied by the US.[158] An American
F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jet on a bombing mission crashed after experiencing equipment failure. The pilot and weapons officer
ejected and were recovered by US rescue teams.[159][160] By 22 March, US forces had fired 161 Tomahawk cruise missiles against
Libyan targets.[159] The UK also fired US-made Tomahawk missiles; two fired from a British submarine had hit Gaddafi's compound
in Tripoli on 21 March.[161] On 25 March, NATO announced that it would be taking over the command of the no-fly-zone operations,
after several days of heated debate over who should control operations in Libya. The US had continuously reiterated that it wished to
hand over command to an international organization.[162]
Second rebel advance Main article: Late March 2011 Libyan rebel offensive After airstrikes began, rebel forces began a renewed
offensive towards Tripoli. They advanced 150 miles along the coast, and retook all lost ground, while international airstrikes targeted
government armour and supply columns. Government forces put up resistance in Ajdabiya, which fell to the rebel push after intense
airstrikes. Rebels took Brega, Ra's Lanuf, and Bin Jawad. Airstrikes inflicted heavy losses on government forces, and forced them into
a chaotic retreat eastward. Gaddafi's soldiers left behind military equipment, uniforms, and rations as they fled, and their morale
significantly dropped.[163] On 28 March, heavy fighting took place near Gaddafi's home town of Sirt, and government troops managed
to halt the rebel advance. Due to increasing airstrikes targeting military vehicles, government troops increasingly replaced armour
with civilian vehicles fitted with weapons. On 29 March, government forces launched a counteroffensive, forcing the rebels into a
chaotic retreat from Bin Jawad toward Ra's Lanuf. On 30 March, the rebels said that they were pulling out of Ras Lanuf due to heavy
tank and artillery fire from loyalist forces. The rebels also pulled back from Ajdabiyah, and hundreds of cars and small trucks heading
east clogged the highway on the approaches to Brega.[164] Gaddafi's forces subsequently pushed forward, retaking lost ground, as
airstrikes on government targets throughout Libya took place.[165] The Coalition began considering whether to supply arms to the
rebels.[166]
Humanitarian situation Medical supplies, fuel and food have run dangerously low in the country.[167] On 25 February, the
International Committee of the Red Cross launched an emergency appeal for US$6.4 million to meet the emergency needs of people
affected by the violent unrest in the country.[168] On 2 March, the ICRC's director general reminded everyone taking part in the
violence that health workers must be allowed to do their jobs safely.[169] Fleeing the violence of Tripoli by road, as many as 4,000
people were crossing the Libya-Tunisia border daily during the first days of the uprising. Among those escaping the violence were
foreign nationals including Egyptians, Tunisians and Turks – as well as Libyans.[170] By 1 March, officials from the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees had confirmed allegations of discrimination against sub-Saharan Africans who were held in
dangerous conditions in the no-man's-land between Tunisia and Libya.[171] By 3 March, an estimated 200,000 refugees had fled Libya
to either Tunisia or Egypt. A provisional refugee camp was set up at Ras Ejder with a capacity for 10,000 was overflowing with an
estimated 20,000 to 30,000 refugees. Many tens of thousands were still trapped on the Libyan side of the frontier. By 3 March, the
situation was described as a logistical nightmare, with the World Health Organization warning of the risk of epidemics.[172] With a
migrant population of about two million, countries that border Libya, especially Egypt and Tunisia, have been receiving a flow of
migrants and nationals escaping the violence. Migrants workers as well as Libyan nationals have been finding their way to the border
cities of Sallum in Egypt and Ras Ajdir in Tunisia creating a humanitarian crisis. According to the International Organization for
Migration, as of 7 March, 115,399 migrants had arrived in Tunisia (19,184 of them Tunisians, 47,631 Egyptians and the rest from
various nationalities), 101,609 in Egypt (of which 65,509 were Egyptian), 2,205 in Niger (1,865 Nigerians) and 5,448 in Algeria.[173]
African migrants attacked by anti-Gaddafi mobs Al Jazeera reported that African migrant workers were being attacked, injured
and perhaps killed by anti-government mobs according to witnesses. "We were being attacked by local people who said that we were
mercenaries killing people. Let me say that they did not want to see black people," Julius Kiluu, a sixty-year-old building supervisor,
told Reuters. "Our camp was burnt down, and we were assisted by the Kenyan embassy and our company to get to the airport," he
said. Al Jazeera was told by Seidou Boubaker Jallou, a Malian citizen, that he fled Libya after many black migrants were attacked.
Some injured migrants were unable to seek medical treatment for fear of being killed. Saad Jabbar, deputy director of the North Africa
Centre at Cambridge University, confirmed that Africans have become targets of anti-government Libyans and that they "will be
slaughtered in Libya" Jabbar said. Human Rights organisations claim that some anti-Gaddafi protesters mistakenly associate African
workers with state-sponsored violence. "African immigrants are now linked to state-orchestrated violence and mass killings, and we
may therefore fear the worst about the violent backlash that may follow particularly after Gaddafi is ousted," said Hein de Haas, a
senior fellow with the International Migration Institute. "I think it is urgent to do something about it now, otherwise, a genocide
against anyone who has black skin and who doesn't speak perfect Arabic is possible," said Jabbar.[174]
Casualties Main article: Casualties of the 2011 Libyan uprising Independent numbers of dead and injured in the conflict have still
not been made available. Estimates have been widely varied. Conservative estimates have put the death toll at 1,000,[175] The
International Criminal Court estimated 10,000 killed on 7 March.[23] The numbers of injured were estimated to be around 4,000 by 22
February.[176] On 2 March, the International Federation for Human Rights estimated a death toll as high as 3,000 and the World Health
Organization estimated approximately 2,000 killed.[20] At the same time, the opposition claimed that 6,500 people had died.[177] The
Libyan Human Rights League estimated 6,000 killed on 5 March.[21][21] Later, rebel spokesman Abdul Hafiz Ghoga reported that the
death toll reached 8,000. [22] On 20 March, it was reported by the anti-Gaddafi Al Manara Media that Khamis al-Gaddafi had died
from his injuries sustained when pilot Muhammad Mokhtar Osman allegedly crashed his plane into Bab al-Azizia a week earlier.
However, this had not been confirmed by any other independent media. The crashing of the plane itself had also not been previously
reported or confirmed by any other independent media except Al Manara and the Algerian Shuruk newspaper, which is closely
connected to Al Manara, and with it there is a possibility of the reports being part of the rebel propaganda operations.[178][179][180][181]
Domestic responses Main article: Domestic responses to the 2011 Libyan protests
Resignation of government officials In response to the use of force against protesters, a number of senior Libyan public officials
either renounced the Gaddafi regime or resigned from their positions. Justice Minister Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil and Interior
Minister Major General Abdul Fatah Younis both defected to the opposition. Oil Minister Shukri Ghanem and Foreign Minister
Mussa Kussa fled the country, with the latter defecting to the UK.[182][183] Libyan Prosecutor General Abdul-Rahman al-Abbar
resigned his position and joined the opposition.[184] A number of senior military officials defected to the opposition, including Major
General Suleiman Mahmoud, Brigadier General Musa'ed Ghaidan Al Mansouri, Brigadier General Hassan Ibrahim Al Qarawi and
Brigadier General Dawood Issa Al Qafsi. Two Libyan Air Force colonels each flew their Mirage F1 fighter jets to Malta, and
requested asylum, after being ordered to carry out air strikes against anti-government protesters in Benghazi[185][186] Colonel Nuretin
Hurala, the commander of the Benghazi Naval Base also defected.[187] The staff of a number of diplomatic missions of Libya have
either resigned or condemned the action of the Gaddafi regime. The ambassadors to the Arab League, European Union and United
Nations have either resigned or stated that they no longer support the government.[188][189][190] The ambassadors to Bangladesh,
Belgium,[189] People's Republic of China,[188] France,[191] India,[188] Indonesia,[183] Malaysia, Nigeria, Poland,[192] Portugal,[193]
Sweden,[194] and the US[195] also renounced the Gaddafi regime or formally resigned.
Economic, religious and tribal The Arabian Gulf Oil Company, the second-largest state-owned oil company in Libya, announced
plans to use oil funds to support anti-Gaddafi forces.[196] Islamic leaders and clerics in Libya, notably the Network of Free Ulema –
Libya urged all Muslims to rebel against Gaddafi.[183][197] The Warfalla, Tuareg and Magarha tribes announced their support of the
protesters.[130][198] The Zuwayya tribe, based in eastern Libya, threatened to cut off oil exports from fields in its part of the country if
Libyan security forces continued attacking demonstrators.[198]
Libyan royal family Libyan-throne claimant, Muhammad as-Senussi, sent his condolences "for the heroes who have laid down their
lives, killed by the brutal forces of Gaddafi" and called on the international community "to halt all support for the dictator with
immediate effect."[200] as-Senussi said that the protesters would be "victorious in the end" and calls for international support to end the
violence.[201] On 24 February, as-Senussi gave an interview to Al Jazeera where he called upon the international community to help
remove Gaddafi from power and stop the ongoing "massacre".[202] He dismissed talk of a civil war saying "The Libyan people and the
tribes have proven they are united". He later stated that international community needs "less talk and more action" to stop the
violence.[203] He asked for a no-fly zone over Libya but does not support foreign ground troops.[204] In an interview with Adnkronos,
Idris al-Senussi, a pretender to the Libyan throne, announced he was ready to return to the country once change had been initiated.[205]
On 21 February, Idris made an appearance on Piers Morgan Tonight to discuss the uprising.[206] In March, it was reported Idris had
held meetings at the State Department and Congress in Washington with US government Officials. It was also reported attempts at
contact had been initiated by French and Saudi officials.[207] On 3 March, it was reported that Prince Al Senussi Zouber Al Senussi
had fled Libya with his family and was seeking asylum in Totebo, Sweden.[208]
International reactions Main article: International reactions to the 2011 Libyan uprising
Official responses A number of states and supranational bodies condemned Gaddafi's use of military and mercenaries against Libyan
civilians. However, Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega, North Korean leader Kim-Jong-il, Cuban political leader Fidel Castro and
Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez all expressed support for Gaddafi.[209][210][211] Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi initially
said he did not want to disturb Gaddafi, but two days later he called the attacks on protesters unacceptable.[212][213] The Arab League
suspended Libya from taking part in council meetings at an emergency meeting on 22 February and issued a statement condemning
the "crimes against the current peaceful popular protests and demonstrations in several Libyan cities".[214][215] Libya was
suspended[when?] from the United Nations Human Rights Council by a unanimous vote of the United Nations General Assembly, citing
the Gaddafi government's use of violence against protesters.[216] On 26 February, the United Nations Security Council voted
unanimously to impose strict sanctions against Gaddafi's government and, refer Gaddafi and other members of his regime to the
International Criminal Court for investigation into allegations of brutality against civilians.[217] Interpol issued a security alert
concerning the "possible movement of dangerous individuals and assets" based on the United Nations Security Council Resolution
1970, listing Gaddafi himself and fifteen members of his clan or his regime.[218] A number of governments, including Britain, Canada,
Switzerland, the United States, Germany and Australia took action to freeze assets of Gaddafi and his associates.[219] The Gulf
Cooperation Council issued a joint statement on 8 March, calling on the United Nations Security Council to impose an air embargo on
Libya to protect civilians.[220] The Arab League did the same on 12 March, with only Algeria and Syria voting against the measure.[221]
Evacuations During the uprising, many countries evacuated their citizens.[222] China set up its largest evacuation operation ever with
over 30,000 Chinese nationals evacuated, as well as 2,100 citizens from twelve other countries.[223][224][225] On 25 February, 500
passengers, mostly Americans, sailed into Malta after a rough eight-hour journey from Tripoli following a two-day wait for the seas to
calm.[226] South Korea evacuated 1,200 residents[clarification needed] of Libya, utilizing cars, airplanes and ferries, to nearby countries,
including Malta.[227][228] Bulgaria evacuated some of its citizens with planes, along with Romanian and Chinese citizens.[229] The
Indian government launched Operation Safe Homecoming and evacuated 15,000 of its nationals.[230] The Turkish government sent
three ships to evacuate a reported 25,000 Turkish workers and return them to Istanbul.[231] The Irish Department of Foreign Affairs
assisted over 115 Irish nationals in leaving Libya.[232] Several Russians, twenty-one Tadjiks and some Kazachs were evacuated by
Russia authorities.[233] A number of international oil companies decided to withdraw their employees from Libya to ensure their
safety, including Gazprom, Royal Dutch Shell, Sinopec, Suncor Energy, Pertamina and BP. Other companies that decided to evacuate
their employees included Siemens and Russian Railways.[234][235] The evacuations often involved assistance from various military
forces. The United Kingdom deployed aircraft and the frigate HMS Cumberland to assist in the evacuations.[236][237][238] China's frigate
Xuzhou of the People's Liberation Army Navy was ordered to guard the Chinese evacuation efforts.[224][239] The South Korean Navy
destroyer ROKS Choi Young arrived off the coast of Tripoli on 1 March to evacuate South Korean citizens.[240] The UK Royal Navy
destroyer HMS York docked in the port of Benghazi on 2 March, evacuated 43 nationals, and delivered medical supplies and other
humanitarian aid donated by the Swedish government.[241][242] Canada deployed the frigate HMCS Charlottetown to aid in the
evacuation of Canadian citizens and to provide humanitarian relief operations in conjunction with an US Navy carrier strike group,
led by the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Enterprise.[243] Two Royal Air Force C-130 Hercules aircraft with British Special
Forces onboard evacuated approximately 100 foreign nationals, mainly oil workers, to Malta from the desert south of
Benghazi.[244][245] A subsequent joint evacuation operation between the UK and Germany evacuated 22 Germans and about 100 other
Europeans, mostly British oil workers, from the airport at Nafurah to Crete.[246][247][248] An attempt by the Royal Netherlands Navy
frigate HNLMS Tromp on 27 February to evacuate a Dutch civilian and another European from the coastal city of Sirte by helicopter
failed after its three-man crew was apprehended by Libyan forces loyal to Gaddafi for infiltrating Libyan airspace without
clearance.[249][250] The civilians were released soon after and the crew was released twelve days later, but the helicopter was
confiscated.[251] A cruise ship arrived to save the 7,913 Filipinos in Libya from the destruction. They stopped in Greece and then
safely made it home to the Philippines.[citation needed]
Mediation proposals There have been several peace mediation prospects during the crisis. Early in the conflict, Gaddafi's son
reportedly requested that former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, who had dealings with Gaddafi in the last few years, mediate the
crisis. Blair, however, bluntly refused and downplayed his dealings with the Libyan regime.[252] The South African government
proposed an African Union-led mediation effort to prevent civil war.[253] Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez also put himself forward
as a mediator. Although Gaddafi accepted in principle a proposal by Chávez to negotiate a settlement between the opposition and the
Libyan government, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi later said there was no need for any foreign mediation.[254] The proposal has also been
under consideration by the Arab League, according to its Secretary-General Amr Moussa.[255] The Libyan opposition has stated any
deal would have to involve Gaddafi stepping down. The US and French governments also dismissed any initiative that would allow
Gaddafi to remain in power.[256] Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan, the 2010 winner of the al-Gaddafi prize for Human Rights,
has offered to mediate the crisis, and proposed that Gaddafi appoint a president acceptable to all Libyans as means of overcoming the
crisis.[257]
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973
(no-fly zone and other measures) Countries committed to enforcement: Belgium[258] Bulgaria[259]
Canada[260] Denmark[261] France[262] Greece Italy[263] Jordan[264] Netherlands[265] Norway[266] QatarRomania[267]
Spain[268] United Arab Emirates[264] United Kingdom[269] United States[270]
Main articles: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 and 2011 military intervention in Libya On 28 February, UK Prime
Minister David Cameron proposed the idea of a no-fly zone to prevent Gaddafi from airlifting mercenaries and using military aircraft
against civilians.[271] A number of states indicated they would support a no-fly zone if it was backed by the UN.[272] US Secretary of
Defense Robert Gates was initially skeptical of this option, warning the US Congress that a no-fly zone would have to begin with an
attack on Libya's air defenses.[273] Russia and China, both holding UN Security Council veto power, indicated they were opposed to
the implementation of a no-fly zone.[274][275][276][277] Romania,[278] India[279] and Turkey[280] also indicated they were opposed to the
implementation of a no-fly zone. On 7 March, a UN diplomat confirmed to Agence France-Presse, on condition of anonymity, that
France and the UK were drawing up a resolution for the UN Security Council to authorize a no-fly zone over Libya.[281][282] The
foreign ministers of the Arab League agreed at their 12 March meeting to ask the UN to impose a no-fly zone over Libya. The rebels
concurrently stated that a no-fly zone alone would not be sufficient, because the majority of the bombardments were coming from
tanks and rockets, not aircraft.[283] The US changed its position, as Gadaffi forces were quickly approaching Benghazi, and voiced
support for the no-fly-zone concept.[284] On 17 March, the UN Security Council approved UN Security Council Resolution 1973
(2011), authorizing a no-fly zone, amongst other measures, by a vote of ten in favor, zero against, and five abstentions. The resolution
bans all flights in Libyan airspace in order to protect civilians.[284][285] A collection of countries began enforcing the no-fly zone on 19
March.[286] On 29 March, in his position as Foreign Minister of Libya, Mussa Kussa wrote to UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon,
nominating the former foreign minister of Nicaragua's socialist Sandinista government and one-time president of the UN General
Assembly, Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann as Libya's new ambassador to the UN. The letter stated that Brockmann was nominated, as
Ali Abdussalam Treki, also a former General Assembly president who was their first choice, was denied a visa to enter the US under
UN SCR 1973.[287]
Reactions to the international intervention See also: International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya, Protests
against the 2011 military intervention in Libya, and US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya The
International Federation for Human Rights stated that it welcomed the resolution which finally offers protection to civilians in Libya,
who are the targets of crimes which can be considered crimes against humanity.[288] The Human Rights Watch stated that the UN
Security Council at last lived up to its duty to prevent mass atrocities. It further commented the Arab League's role, stating that "the
league had watched silently as Sudan's Omar al-Bashir committed crimes against humanity in Darfur – or, less recently, as Iraq's
Saddam Hussein massacred Shia and Kurds, and Syria's Hafez al-Asad destroyed the town of Hama. But the league apparently sensed
the winds of change wafting through the Middle East and North Africa, and felt compelled to respond. The Egyptian presidential
aspirations of the league's secretary-general, Amr Moussa, certainly helped as well."[289] al-Qaeda have also stated that they support
the uprising against Gaddafi and at least a few dozen fighters have al-Qaeda connections.[290][291] Egypt has also been shipping arms
over the Libyan border to arm the rebels.[292] According to a French Institute of Public Opinion (IFOP) poll, only 36% of the
population supported French participation in any military intervention in Libya in the run-up to the intervention. However, an IFOP
poll conducted after the intervention began showed 66% supported the intervention, with no difference of opinion between the left-
wing and right-wing.[293] In the US, opposition before the intervention was as high as 74%, according to CNN/Opinion Research
Corporation,[294] while after the intervention a CBS News poll indicated 66% of Americans support the air and naval strikes, with 70%
of democrats and republicans, and 65% of independents approving of missile and airstrikes. However, only 20% expect the no-fly
zone to be "very effective" in protecting civilians and rebels from Gaddafi's forces.[295] China, India, Russia and Turkey condemned
the strikes by international forces.[296] Amr Moussa, the head of The Arab League, expressed great concern over civilians, clearly
defining his position as supporting the UN Security Council resolution but not a bombing campaign.[297] However, Amr Moussa later
clarified that his comments were misinterpreted, and that he does in fact support the air strikes, and reiterated his support for
protecting civilians.[298] Turkey specifically singled out French leadership for ignoring the NATO alliance, which was left divided and
split over the operation.[299][300] NATO members Germany and Poland are not participating in the campaign, and Malta did not offer its
airports for use by coalition forces.[301][302] In Britain the intervention has been broadly supported, though it has also provoked strong
opposition from a minority including former MP George Galloway and MPs Jeremy Corbyn and Caroline Lucas. [303] [304] In the US,
some politicians have voiced opposition to military action without congressional approval, or have requested clarifications and debate
about US goals and how they will be achieved, including Democratic and Republican congressional representatives, Speaker of the
House John Boehner,[305] House Armed Services Committee Chairman Buck McKeon,[306] and Democratic House Caucus chair John
Larson.[307] Richard Haass, president of the Council on Foreign Relations, has expressed doubts over the possibility of a better regime
emerging if the rebels are victorious. [308]
See also
Human rights portal
Libya portal
Politics portal
• 2011 Egyptian revolution • Topple the Tyrants
• Human rights in Libya • Tunisian Revolution
• List of modern conflicts in North Africa
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293. ^ Staff (22 March 2011). "Most French Back Libya Military Action – Poll". Reuters. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
294. ^ Rozen, Laura (18 March 2011). "Polls Show American Public Not Sold on Libya Intervention". The Envoy (blog
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295. ^ Connelly, Marjorie (22 March 2011). "Polls Finds Bipartisan Support for Libya Campaign". The Caucus (blog of
The New York Times). Retrieved 27 March 2011.
296. ^ Golovnina, Maria; Georgy, Michael (21 March 2011). "Russia, China, India and Turkey Condemn Libya Strikes".
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Strikes Launched by Western Allies Against Libya Have Been Condemned by the Head of a Regional Group for Arab States
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299. ^ Staff (21 March 2011). "Turkey Criticizes France over Libya Operation". turkishpress.com.
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301. ^ Staff (20 March 2011). "Germany Says Poland Backs Its Stand on Libya". Reuters (via Arab News). Retrieved 27
March 2011.
302. ^ Vella, Francesca (undated). "Gonzi and Muscat Say Priority Is Malta's Security". The Malta Independent.
303. ^ Hill, Amelia (30 March 2011). "Anti-War Groups Protest Against Anti-Gaddafi Air Strikes". The Guardian.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/20/anti-war-protests-libya-air-strikes. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
304. ^ Mulholland, Hélène (18 March 2011). "Libya Conflict Sees Britain Accused of Launching 'New War' in Middle
East". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/18/libya-britain-accused-new-war. Retrieved 30 March
2010.
305. ^ Fabian, Jordan (20 March 2011). "Boehner Wants Obama To Explain US Role in Libya". The Hill. Retrieved 22
March 2011.
306. ^ Bennett, John T. (21 March 2011). "McKeon: What are US's Goals in Libya?". The Hill. Retrieved 21 March
2011.
307. ^ Naiman, Robert (21 March 2011). "War Without Talk: Congress and the Libya 'War' Debate". Pacific Free Press.
308. ^ Haass, Richard (27 September 2010). "Bleak History Lessons for Libya's Future". The Financial Times.
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/80b33b92-58a5-11e0-9b8a-00144feab49a.html#axzz1HsiE8qOI. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
Further reading
• Morayef, Heba (2009). Truth and Justice Can't Wait: Human Rights Developments in Libya Amid Institutional Obstacles.
New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 9781564325631.
• St. John, Ronald Bruce (2011). Libya: Continuity and Change. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415779777.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 2011 Libyan protests
Wikinews has news related to:

2011 Libyan uprising
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: 2011 Libyan uprising
Collected news coverage

• "Photos of Air Strikes on Libya". The • "Libya in Crisis". The Guardian.
Atlantic. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2011/feb/21/libya-uprising-
• "Libya Uprising". Al Jazeera. middle-east-protests.
http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/ • News coverage at libyafeb17.com.
libya/. • "Libya –The Protests (2011)". The New York Times.
• "Live Blog". Al Jazeera. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories
http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya- /libya/.
live-blog-march-29. • "Libya". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/places/libya.
• "Libya Revolt". BBC News.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-
east-12480844.
• "Libya". Der Spiegel.
http://www.spiegel.de/international/topic/lib
ya/.
People protesting against Gaddafi's use of violence against Libyans. A young Benghazian carrying King Idris' photo. Support of the
royal Senussi dynasty has traditionally been strong in Cyrenaica.[199] Representatives of the Libyan Community in Ireland
demonstrating in Dublin against Gaddafi on 21 February
Demonstrators in the United States opposing the intervention. Opposition protests outside the White House, Washington, D.C. on 19
February
Gaddafi during his hour-long speech, also on state television. Gaddafi making a twenty-second statement on state television. Gaddafi's
son Saif al-Islam addressing Libya on state television, 20 February.
A young Libyan carrying King Idris's photo during a protest in Benghazi on 23 February.
The flag of the former Kingdom of Libya. It, or modified versions, has been used by many protesters as an opposition flag.[53][54] A
girl in Benghazi showing support for a united, democratic Libya, 23 February 2011Libyan Boy Scouts helping in the social services in
Benghazi
17 March 2011 Meeting No 6,498 Code S/RES/1973 (Document)

Vote: For: 10 Abs.: 5 Against: 0
Subject: 2011 Libyan uprising
Result: Adopted
Security Council composition in 2011: permanent members: CHN FRA RUS UK USA
non-permanent members: BIH BRA COL DEU GAB IND LBN NGA
PRT RSA
Green: Coalition forces a part of the No-fly zone. Orange: Libya.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, on the situation in Libya, is a measure that was adopted on 17 March 2011. The
Security Council resolution was proposed by France, Lebanon, and the United Kingdom.[1][2] Ten Security Council members voted in
the affirmative (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Gabon, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, South Africa, and permanent members
France, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Five (Brazil, Germany, and India, and permanent members China and Russia)
abstained, with none opposed.[3] The resolution demands "an immediate ceasefire" and authorizes the international community to
establish a no-fly zone over Libya and to use all means necessary short of foreign occupation to protect civilians.[4]
Resolution Key points The resolution, adopted under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter:
• demands the immediate establishment of a ceasefire and a complete end to violence and all attacks against, and abuses of,
civilians;
• imposes a no-fly zone over Libya;
• authorises all necessary means to protect civilians and civilian-populated areas, except for a "foreign occupation force";
• strengthens the arms embargo and particularly action against mercenaries, by allowing for forcible inspections of ships and
planes;
• imposes a ban on all Libyan-designated flights;
• imposes an asset freeze on assets owned by the Libyan authorities, and reaffirms that such assets should be used for the
benefit of the Libyan people;
• extends the travel ban and assets freeze of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 to a number of additional
individuals and Libyan entities;
• establishes a panel of experts to monitor and promote sanctions implementation.
Arming anti Gaddafi forces? On the face of it, the arms embargo imposed by paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 would prevent arms
being supplied to anyone in Libya. However, the resolution qualifies resolution 1970 with the wording "all necessary measures,
notwithstanding paragraph 9 of resolution 1970" if the in so doing it would protect civilians. Hillary Clinton has argued that, though
arming anti Gaddafi forces was not being proposed at present, it would be legal to do so.[5]
Voting
Approved (10) Abstained (5) Opposed (0)
• Bosnia and Herzegovina • Brazil
• Colombia • China
• France • Germany
• Gabon • India
• Lebanon • Russia
• Nigeria
• Portugal
• South Africa
• United Kingdom
• United States
* Permanent members of the Security Council are in bold.
Permanent members China and Russia had reservations about the no-fly zone, including the practicalities of enforcing such a zone
and concerns about the use of force when other means had not been exhausted, but had noted requests by the Arab League and the
"special situation" in Libya and therefore abstained.[6][7] African members of the Security Council condemned the actions of the
Libyan regime and supported the text.[8] The following day, Chancellor Angela Merkel said that Germany would not take part in the
military operation, but added: "We unreservedly share the aims of this resolution. Our abstention should not be confused with
neutrality."[9]
Libyan response Muammar Gaddafi's government announced at approximately 12:45 GMT on 18 March 2011 that they were
initiating an immediate cessation of military activities in response to the UN resolution.[10] However, a resident of Misrata told Al
Jazeera that "government forces continue to shell the city, despite the announcement of the ceasefire".[11]
Implementation See also: 2011 military intervention in Libya
US Air Force Lockheed EC-130J aircraft broadcasts a naval blockade warning message to Libyan ports during Operation Odyssey
Dawn on March 20th, 2011. On 19 March, military intervention began as French fighter jets flew reconnaissance flights over
Libya.[12] United States Navy ships were said to be preparing for bombardment of Libyan air defenses.[13] BBC News reported at
16:53 GMT 19 March 2011 that at 16:45 GMT French military forces had fired at a Libyan military vehicle. [14] The U.S. military has
designated its military operations Operation Odyssey Dawn,[15] and began by firing Tomahawk cruise missiles from U.S. Navy
submarines at Libyan air defenses.[16][17]
See also
• Operation ELLAMY
• Operation MOBILE
• Opération Harmattan
• Foreign relations of Libya
• List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1901 to 2000 (2009 – present)
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 678
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970
References
1. ^ UN (17 March 2011). "Security Council authorizes ‘all necessary measures’ to protect civilians in Libya". UN
News Centre. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37808&Cr=libya&Cr1=.
2. ^ "Libya: UN backs action against Colonel Gaddafi". BBC News. 18 March 2011.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12781009.
3. ^ "Libya: Nigeria votes in favour of no-fly resolution". Vanguard (Nigeria). 18 March 2011.
http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/libya-nigeria-votes-in-favour-of-no-fly-resolution/.
4. ^ Roth, Richard (18 March 2011). "U.N. Security Council approves no-fly zone in Libya". CNN.
http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/17/libya.civil.war/index.html?hpt=T2.
5. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12900706 Obama not ruling out arming Libya rebels
6. ^ "China opposed UN resolution on Libya". Times of India. 18 March 2011.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-opposed-UN-resolution-on-Libya/articleshow/7736989.cms.
7. ^ "UN Security Council adopts resolution on Libya". RIA Novosti. 18 March 2011.
http://en.rian.ru/world/20110318/163067336.html.
8. ^ "Africa defies AU chief's support for Ghaddafi". Afrol News. 18 March 2011.
http://www.afrol.com/articles/37599.
9. ^ BBC (retrieved 18 March 2011)
10. ^ "Libya declares ceasefire". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/03/fly-zone-
ceasefire-libya.
11. ^ "Libya Live Blog - March 18". Al Jazeera. 18 March 2011. http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-
march-18.
12. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D.; Bumiller, Elisabeth (19 March 2011). "France Sends Military Flights Over Libya". The
New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/world/africa/20libya.html. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
13. ^ Sly, Liz; DeYoung, Karen; Raghavan, Sudarsan (19 March 2011). "Gaddafi’s forces enter Benghazi as U.S., allies
prepare military action against Libya". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-allies-prepare-
military-action-against-libya-as-gaddafi-forces-continue-attacks/2011/03/18/ABLAOfs_story.html. Retrieved 19 March
2011.
14. ^ "French military jets over Libya". BBC News. 19 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-
12795971. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
15. ^ Burns, Robert (19 March 2011). "US begins relief operation for refugees in Tunisia". Associated Press. Yahoo!
News. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110304/ap_on_re_us/us_us_libya. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
16. ^ "U.S. launches missile strikes against Libya". Msnbc.com. 19 March 2011.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42164455/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
17. ^ "U.S. Launches Cruise Missiles Against Qaddafi's Air Defenses". Fox News. 19 March 2011.
http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/03/19/france-fires-libyan-military-vehicle/. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Wikinews has related news: UN Security Council approves Libya no-fly zone
• UN Security Council Resolution 1973 (2011) on Libya – full text – The Guardian
• UN Security Council – Resolution 1973 (2011) – PDF (accessed 2011-03-19)
• UN Security Council's Press Release on Resolution 1973 (2011) (accessed 2011-03-19).
• Analysis of resolution – BBC News
2011 military intervention in Libya
The no-fly zone over Libya as well as bases and warships which are involved in the intervention
Date 19 March 2011–ongoing

Location Libya
Status Ongoing (precision airstrikes, no-fly zone and naval blockade)
Belligerents
Countries enforcing UN SC Resolution 1973:
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya:

NATO Belgium Bulgaria Canada Denmark
• Armed forces
France Greece Italy Netherlands Norway • Militia
Romania Spain Turkey United Kingdom • Foreign mercenaries[1][2][3]
United States
Qatar Sweden United Arab Emirates
Commanders and leaders
Charles Bouchard Édouard Guillaud
Muammar Gaddafi Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi
Rinaldo Veri Sir Stuart Peach Carter Ham Khamis al-Gaddafi
Sam Locklear Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani Al-Saadi al-Gaddafi Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
Sverker Göransson Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Casualties and losses
16 soldiers killed and 70 vehicles destroyed near Benghazi:[5] 14 tanks, 20
APCs, 2 mobile MRLs, 1 mobile SAM[6] and 33 Jeeps, SUVs, technicals or
trucks;[7]
1 USAF F-15E Strike Eagle 4 out-of-service mobile MRLs destroyed in Tripoli;[8]
[4]
crashed (both pilots survived) 20 surface-to-air missile sites bombed;
6 Libyan Soko G-2 Galeb aircraft and 2 Mi-35 military helicopters destroyed
near Misrata[9][10] 22 tanks, armoured vehicles, and artillery pieces hit by
RAF[11]
'[A]lmost 100' - probably 98 - dead civilians and 445 wounded, as of 25 March*[12]
*Libyan health ministry claims 'almost 100' civilians killed and 445 wounded.[12] The U.S. military claims it has no
knowledge of civilian casualties.[13]
On March 19, 2011 a multi-national coalition began a military intervention in Libya to implement United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1973, which was taken in response to events during the 2011 Libyan uprising.[14] On March 19, military operations began,
with US and British forces firing over 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles,[15] the French Air Force and British Royal Air Force[16]
undertaking sorties across Libya and a naval blockade by the Royal Navy.[17] Air strikes against Libyan Army tanks and vehicles by
French jets[18] have since been confirmed. The official names for the interventions by the coalition members are Opération Harmattan
by France; Operation Ellamy by the United Kingdom; Operation Mobile for the Canadian participation and Operation Odyssey Dawn
for the United States.[19] Since the beginning of the intervention, the initial coalition of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy,
Norway, Qatar, Spain, UK and US[20][21][22][23][24][25] has expanded to 16 nations, with newer nations mostly enforcing the no-fly zone
and naval blockade. The effort was initially largely led by France and the United Kingdom, with command shared with the United
States. NATO took control of the arms embargo on 23 March, named Operation Unified Protector. An attempt to unify the military
command of the air campaign (whilst keeping political and strategic control with a small group), first failed over objections by the
French, German, and Turkish governments.[26][27] On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone, while command of
targeting ground units remains with coalition forces.[28][29][30] The handover is to occur in the following days.[31]
Proposal for the no-fly zone Both Libyan[32][33][34][35] and international states[36][37][38] [39][40][41] and organisations[14][42][43][44][45][46][47]
called for a no-fly zone over Libya in light of airstrikes against Libyan rebels conducted by Muammar Gaddafi's military in the 2011
Libyan uprising.
Chronology
• 21 February 2011 - Libyan deputy Permanent Representative to UN Ambassador Ibrahim Dabbashi "[called] on the UN to
impose a no-fly zone on all Tripoli to cut off all supplies of arms and mercenaries to the regime."[32]
• 28 February 2011 - British Prime Minister David Cameron proposed the idea of a no-fly zone to prevent Gaddafi from
"airlifting mercenaries" and "using his military aeroplanes and armoured helicopters against civilians."[38]
• 7 March 2011 - U.S. Ambassador to NATO Ivo Daalder announced that NATO decided to step up surveillance missions of
E-3 AWACS aircraft to 24 hours a day. On the same day it was reported that an anonymous UN diplomat confirmed to
Agence France Presse that France and Britain were drawing up a resolution on the no-fly zone that would be considered by
the United Nations Security Council during the same week.[36][37] The Gulf Cooperation Council also on that day called upon
the UN Security Council to "take all necessary measures to protect civilians, including enforcing a no-fly zone over
Libya."[48]
• 9 March 2011 - The head of the Libyan National Transitional Council, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, "pleaded for the international
community to move quickly to impose a no-fly zone over Libya, declaring that any delay would result in more casualties".[33]
Three days later, he stated that if pro-Gaddafi forces reached Benghazi, then they would kill "half a million" people. He
stated, "If there is no no-fly zone imposed on Gaddafi's regime, and his ships are not checked, we will have a catastrophe in
Libya."[34]
On 12 March, thousands of Libyan women marched in the streets of the rebel-held town of Benghazi, calling for the imposition of a
no-fly zone over Libya.[35]
• 9 March 2011 - The United States had naval forces positioned off the coast of Libya, as well as forces already in the region,
including the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise. Canada had dispatched naval frigate HMCS Charlottetown to the area,
reinforcing the display of Western power. Canadian Defence Minister Peter MacKay stated, "We are there for all
inevitabilities. And NATO is looking at this as well ... This is taken as a precautionary and staged measure." Canadian Prime
Minister Stephen Harper stated that the Canadian Forces Air Command is ready to contribute to setting up a no-fly zone if
the UN and NATO decided to do this.
• 10 March 2011 - France recognized the Libyan NTC as the legitimate government of Libya soon after French President
Nicolas Sarkozy met with them in Paris. This meeting was arranged by Bernard-Henri Lévy.[49]
• 12 March 2011 - The Arab League "called on the United Nations Security Council to impose a no-fly zone over Libya in a
bid to protect civilians from air attack".[42][43][44] The Arab League's request was announced by Oman's Foreign minister,
Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah, who stated that all member states present at the meeting agreed with the proposal.[42]
• 15 March 2011 - A resolution for a no-fly zone was proposed by Nawaf Salam, Lebanon's Ambassador to the United
Nations. The resolution was immediately backed by France and the United Kingdom.[50]
VOA News report on the United States support of the no-fly zone Demonstrators urging the international community to establish a
no-fly zone and send Gaddafi to the International Criminal Court in Hague. U.S President Barrack Obama addressing the nation about
the U.S intervention in Libya
• 17 March 2011 - The United Nations Security Council, acting under the authority of Chapter VII of the UN Charter,
approved a no-fly zone by a vote of 10 in favour, zero against, and five abstentions, via United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1973. The five abstentions were: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Germany.[45][46][47][51][52] Less than 24 hours
later, Libya announced that it would halt all military operations in the country in response to the Security Council
resolution.[53][54]
• 18 March 2011 - The Libyan foreign minister, Mussa Kussa, said that he had declared a ceasefire, attributing the UN
resolution.[55] However, artillery shelling on Misrata and Ajdabiya continued, and government soldiers continued
approaching Benghazi.[15][56] Government troops and tanks entered the city on 19 March.[57] Artillery and mortars were also
fired into the city.[58]
• 19 March 2011 - Coalition forces began the military intervention in Libya with strikes against armoured units south of
Benghazi and attacks on Libyan air-defence systems, as United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 called for using
"all necessary means" to protect civilians and civilian-populated areas from attack, imposed a no-fly zone, and called for an
immediate cease-fire, while also strengthening travel bans on members of the regime, arms embargoes, and asset freezes.[14]
• 24 March 2011 - In telephone negotiations, French foreign minister Alain Juppé has conceded to let NATO take over all
military operations on Tuesday 29 March at the latest, allowing Turkey to veto strikes on Gaddafi ground forces from that
point forward.[59] Later reports stated that NATO would take over enforcement of the no-fly zone and the arms embargo, but
discussions were still under way about whether NATO would take over the protection of civilians mission. Turkey reportedly
wants the power to veto airstrikes, while France wants to prevent Turkey from having such a veto.[60][61]
• 25 March 2011 NATO Allied Joint Force Command in Naples took command of the no-fly zone over Libya and combined
it with the ongoing arms embargo operation under the name Operation Unified Protector.[62]
Enforcement
Coloured in blue are the nations currently involved in implementing the no-fly zone over Libya (coloured in green)
Initial NATO planning for a possible no-fly zone took place in late February and early March,[63] especially by NATO members
France and the United Kingdom.[64] France and the United Kingdom were early supporters of a no-fly zone and have sufficient
airpower to impose a no-fly zone over the rebel-held areas, although they might need additional assistance for a more extensive
exclusion zone. The U.S. has the air assets necessary to enforce a no-fly zone, but was cautious to support such an action prior to
obtaining a legal basis for violating Libya's sovereignty. However, due to the sensitive nature of military action by the U.S. against an
Arab nation, the U.S. has sought Arab participation in the enforcement of a no-fly zone.[36] At a congressional hearing, United States
Secretary of Defense Robert Gates explained that "a no-fly zone begins with an attack on Libya to destroy the air defences ... and then
you can fly planes around the country and not worry about our guys being shot down. But that's the way it starts."[65] On 19 March, the
deployment of French fighter jets over Libya began,[17] and other countries began their individual operations. Phase One started the
same day with the involvement of the United States, United Kingdom, France, Italy and Canada.[66] On 24 March, NATO
ambassadors agreed that NATO will take command of the no-fly zone enforcement, while other military operations remained the
responsibility of the group of nations previously involved, with NATO expected to take control as early as 26 March.[67] The decision
was made after meetings of NATO members to resolve disagreements over whether military operations in Libya should include
attacks on ground forces.[67] The decision will create a two-level power structure overseeing military operations. In charge politically
will be a committee, led by NATO, that includes all countries participating in enforcing the no-fly zone, while NATO alone will be
responsible for military action.[68] Lieutenant General Charles Bouchard has been appointed to command the NATO military
mission.[69]
Operation names
• NATO: Operation Unified Protector (arms embargo and no-fly zone)
• Belgium: Operation Odyssey Dawn and/or Operation Freedom Falcon[70]
• Canada: Operation MOBILE
• France: Opération Harmattan
• United Kingdom: Operation Ellamy
• United States, Italy,[71] Denmark,[72] Norway[73][74]: Operation Odyssey Dawn[19][75]
Forces committed
French Air Force Dassault Rafale and Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon
Canadian Forces Air Command CF-18 Hornet and USAF F-16 Fighting Falcon
USAF F-15 Eagle and Italian Air Force Panavia Tornado

Swedish Air Force JAS Gripen and Qatari Emiri Air Force Dassault Mirage 2000-5
USAF B-2A Spirit and USAF C-17 Globemaster cargo plane
NATO E-3 AWACS and Canadian Forces Air Command Lockheed CP-140 Aurora
Spanish Air Force CASA/IPTN CN-235 and Royal Navy frigate HMS Cumberland
U.S. Navy cruise missile submarine USS Florida and French Navy guided missile destroyer Forbin
Royal Navy frigate HMS Westminster and USS Kearsarge amphibious assault ship
French Navy aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle and Italian Navy aircraft carrier Garibaldi
• Belgium: Six F-16 Falcon fighter jets of the Belgian Air Component are stationed at Araxos, Greece, and flew their first
mission in the afternoon of 21 March.[18][76] They are monitoring the no-fly zone and have successfully attacked ground targets
with no collateral damage on 27 March, as reported by the Belgian Ministry of Defence.[77] The Belgian Naval Component
minehunter BNS Narcis is assisting in the naval blockade.
• Bulgaria: The Bulgarian Navy Wielingen class frigate Drazki will participate in the naval blockade, along with a number of
"special naval forces", two medical teams and other humanitarian help.[78][79][80] The frigate can leave port on 15 April at the
earliest as it needs additional preparations.[81][82]
• Canada: Canadian Forces Air Command has deployed seven (6 front line, 1 reserve) CF-18 fighter jets, two CC-150 Polaris
refuelling aircraft, two CC-177 Globemaster III heavy transports, two CC-130J Super Hercules tactical transports, and two CP-
140 Aurora maritime patrol aircraft. In total 440 military personnel as well as the Halifax-class frigate HMCS Charlottetown are
participating in operations.[18][83][84][85][86] There are reports that there are members of JTF2 working with Britain’s SAS and SBS
on the ground in Libya.[87]
• Denmark: The Royal Danish Air Force is participating with six F-16AM fighters, one C-130J-30 Super Hercules military
transport plane and the corresponding ground crews. Only four F-16s will be used for offensive operations, while the remaining
two will act as reserves.[88] The first airstrikes from Danish aircraft were carried out on March 23, with four aircraft making
twelve sorties as part of Operation Odyssey Dawn.[72]
• France: French Air Force Mirage and Rafale aircraft are participating in the mission, while C-160G SIGINT aircraft are
stationed at Souda Bay, Greece.[18] In addition, the French Navy anti-air destroyer Forbin and the frigate Jean Bart are
participating in the operations.[89] On 22 March, the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle was sent to be positioned in international
waters near Crete to provide military planners with a rapid-response air combat capability.[90] Accompanying the Charles de
Gaulle are the frigates Dupleix and Aconit and the fleet replenishment tanker Meuse.[91] France will also station three Mirage-
2000 aircraft at Souda Bay, Crete.[92]
• Greece: The Elli-class frigate Limnos of the Hellenic Navy is currently in the waters off Libya as part of the naval
blockade.[93] The Hellenic Air Force provides Super Puma search-and-rescue helicopters and an Embraer 145 AEW&C airborne
radar plane.[92][94][95][96]
• Italy: Four Tornado ECRs of the Italian Air Force participated in SEAD operations, supported by two Tornado IDS variants
in an air-to-air refuelling role and four F-16 ADF fighters as escort.[97] As of 24 March, the Italian Navy is engaged in Operation
Unified Protector with the light aircraft carrier Garibaldi, the Maestrale-class frigate Libeccio and the Etna-class auxiliary ship
Etna.[98] Additionally the Horizon-class frigate Andrea Doria and Maestrale-class frigate Euro are patrolling off the Sicilian coast
in an air-defence role.[99][100]
• NATO: E-3 airborne early warning and control (AWACS) aircraft operated by NATO and crewed by member nations help
monitor airspace over the Mediterranean and in Libya.[101]
• Netherlands: The Royal Netherlands Air Force provides six F-16AM fighters and a KDC-10 refuelling plane. These aircraft
are stationed at the Decimomannu Air Base on Sardinia. Four F-16s are flying patrols over Libya, while the other two are being
kept in reserve.[102] Additionally, the Royal Netherlands Navy has deployed the Tripartite-class minehunter HNLMS Haarlem to
assist in enforcing the weapons embargo.[103]
• Norway: The Royal Norwegian Air Force has deployed six F-16AM fighters to Souda Bay Air Base.[73][74][104] On March 24,
the Norwegian F16s were assigned to the US North African command and Operation Odyssey Dawn. A number of the aircraft
have participated in operations over Libya.[73][74] Prime minister Jens Stoltenberg also stated that Norway will participate in the
humanitarian aid to follow.[105]
• Qatar: The Qatar Armed Forces are contributing six Mirage 2000-5EDA fighter jets and one C-17 military transport aircraft
to coalition no-fly zone enforcement efforts.[106] The Qatari aircraft are stationed in Crete.[18][90]
• Romania: The Romanian Naval Forces will participate in the naval blockade with the frigate Regele Ferdinand.[107]
• Spain: The Spanish Armed Forces are participating with four F-18 fighters, a Boeing 707-331B(KC) tanker aircraft, the
Álvaro de Bazán-class frigate Méndez Núñez, the submarine Tramontana and one CN-235 MPA maritime surveillance plane.[108]
• Sweden: The Royal Swedish Air Force readies six to eight JAS Gripen jets for the international air campaign after being
asked by NATO to take part in the operations on 28 March.[109][110] In a recent poll some 65 percent of Swedes want their country
to take part in the international air campaign to enforce a no-fly zone over Libya.[111] Seven of Sweden’s eight parliament parties
are in favour of contributing with Swedish military assets.[112]
• Turkey: The Turkish Navy will participate with five ships and one submarine in the NATO-led naval blockade to enforce the
arms embargo. It is additionally providing six F-16 Fighting Falcon jets for aerial operations.[113] On 24 March, Turkey's
parliament approved Turkish participation in military operations in Libya, including enforcing the NFZ in Libya.[114]
• United Arab Emirates: On 24 March, the United Arab Emirates Air Force sent six F-16 Falcon and six Mirage 2000 fighter
jets to join the mission. The planes are based at the Italian airbase at Decimomannu, Sardinia.[18][115][116]
• United Kingdom: The Royal Navy Trafalgar-class submarine (HMS Triumph) and two frigates, (HMS Cumberland and
HMS Westminster), are engaged; the Royal Air Force has 8 Tornado and 10 Typhoon fighters operating initially from Great
Britain, now forward deployed to the Italian base at Gioia del Colle. Surveillance aircraft are based at RAF Akrotiri. According to
anonymous sources, members of SAS, SRR and SBS help to coordinate the air strikes on the ground in Libya.[117][118]
• United States: The United States has deployed a naval force of 11 ships, including the amphibious assault ship
USS Kearsarge, the amphibious transport dock USS Ponce, the guided-missile destroyers USS Barry and USS Stout, the nuclear
attack submarines USS Providence and USS Scranton, the cruise missile submarine USS Florida and the amphibious command
ship USS Mount Whitney.[119][120][121] Additionally, B-2 stealth bombers, AV-8B Harrier II ground-attack aircraft, EA-18 and F-15
and F-16 fighters have been involved in action over Libya.[122] U-2 reconnaissance aircraft are stationed on Cyprus.[123] On 18
March, two AC-130Us arrived at RAF Mildenhall as well as additional tanker aircraft.[18] On 24 March 2 E-8Cs operated from
Naval Station Rota Spain, which indicates an increase of ground attacks.[18] An undisclosed number of CIA operatives are said to
be in Libya to gather intelligence for airstrikes and make contacts with rebels.[124]
Bases committed
• France: Saint-Dizier, Dijon, Nancy, Istres, Solenzara, Avord[125]
• Greece: Souda, Aktion, Araxos, and Andravida[90][96][126]
• Italy: Amendola, Decimomannu, Gioia del Colle, Trapani, Pantelleria, Capodichino[127]
• Spain: Rota, Morón, Torrejón [128]
• Turkey: Incirlik, Đzmir[129][130]
• United Kingdom: RAF Akrotiri, RAF Marham, RAF Waddington[131]
• United States: Aviano (IT), Lakenheath (UK), Mildenhall (UK), Sigonella (IT), Spangdahlem (DE)[132]
Actions by other countries
• Albania: Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha said that his country is ready to help. Prime Minister Berisha supported
the decision of the coalition to protect civilians from the Libyan regime of Gaddafi. Berisha also offered assistance to
facilitate the international coalition actions. In a press release of the Prime Ministry, these operations are considered entirely
legitimate, having as main objective the protection of freedoms and universal rights that Libyans deserve.[133]
• Australia: Prime Minister Julia Gillard and others in her Labor government have said Australia will not contribute
militarily to enforcement of the UN mandate despite registering strong support for its implementation, but the opposition
Liberal Party's defence spokesman has called upon the government to consider dispatching Australian military assets if
requested by NATO.[134] Defence Minister Stephen Smith said the government would be willing to send C-17 Globemaster
heavy transport planes for use in international operations "as part of a humanitarian contribution", if needed.[135]
• Croatia: Croatian president Ivo Josipović said that if it becomes necessary Croatia will honour its NATO membership
and participate in the actions in Libya. He also stressed that while Croatia is ready for military participation according to its
capabilities, it will mostly endeavor to help on the humanitarian side.[136]
• Germany: Germany has withdrawn all forces from NATO operations in the Mediterranean Sea as its government
decided not to take part in any military operations against Libya. However it is increasing the number of AWACS personnel
in Afghanistan by up to 300 to free forces of other nations. Germany allows the usage of military installations on its territory
for the intervention in Libya.[137][138][139][140]
• Jordan: will make a "logistic contribution", according to the British Prime Minister David Cameron.[141][142]
• Kuwait: will make a "logistic contribution", according to the British Prime Minister David Cameron.[141][142]
Action by international forces
The American destroyer USS Barry launches one of the Tomahawk missiles fired by the coalition
19 March 2011 - BBC News reported at 16:00 GMT that the French Air Force had sent 19 fighter planes to cover an area of
100 km by 150 km (60 by 100 miles) over Benghazi to prevent any attacks on the rebel-controlled city.[143] "Our air force
will oppose any aggression by Colonel Gaddafi against the population of Benghazi", said French President Nicolas
Sarkozy.[144] BBC News reported at 16:59 GMT that at 16:45 GMT a French plane had fired at and destroyed a Libyan
military vehicle - this being confirmed by French defence ministry spokesman Laurent Teisseire.[143] According to Al-
Jazeera, French aircraft destroyed four Libyan tanks in air strikes to the south-west of Benghazi.[15] The French military
claimed that their aircraft had also flown reconnaissance missions over "all Libyan territory". On the same day, British Prime
Minister David Cameron confirmed that Royal Air Force jets were also in action and reports suggested that the U.S. Navy
had fired the first cruise missile. CBS News' David Martin reported that three B-2 stealth bombers flew non-stop from the
United States to drop 40 bombs on a major Libyan airfield. Martin further reported that U.S. fighter jets were searching for
Libyan ground forces to attack. The Pentagon and the British Ministry of Defence confirmed that, jointly, HMS Triumph and
U.S. Navy ships (including USS Barry, pictured) and submarines fired more than 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles, supported
with air attacks on military installations, both inland and on the coast.[145][146] At the start of operations United States Africa
Command commanded by General Carter Ham exercised strategic command.[15] Tactical command in the theater of
operations was executed from USS Mount Whitney in the Mediterranean Sea under command of Admiral Sam Locklear,
commander United States Naval Forces Europe.[15] United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates indicated that control of
the operation would be transferred to French and British authorities, or NATO, within days.[147]
Regime Forces attacked south of Benghazi

20 March 2011 - Several Storm Shadow missiles were launched by British jets.[148] Nineteen U.S. planes conducted strike
operations in Libya. The planes included Marine Corps AV-8B Harriers,[149] US Navy EA-18G Growlers were diverted from
operations over Iraq and jammed Libyan radar and communications[150][151] Air Force F-15 and F-16 fighter jets.[152] A
military convoy was destroyed south of Benghazi by air strikes. Seventy military vehicles are known to have been destroyed,
multiple loyalist ground troop casualties were also reported.[152]
Four Danish F-16 fighters left Italy's Sigonella air base for a successful five-hour long "high-risk mission",[153] and four
Italian Tornados ECR, accompanied by four Italian F-16 as fighter escorts[18] took off from the Trapani base.[154] A second
immediate cease-fire was declared by the Libyan Army on 20 March, starting at 9pm.[155]
21 March 2011 - SA-2, SA-3 and SA-5 air defence systems in Libya have been taken out. Only SA-6, hand-held SA-7s and
SA-8 mobile SAMs remain a possible threat to aircraft.[156] A spokesman for the National Transitional Council said Gaddafi's
forces were using human shields in defence of their military assets, bringing civilians to Misrata to surround their vehicles
and troops to deter airstrikes.[157] RAF Tornados aborted a planned airstrike due to information that a number of civilians
were reported close to the intended target.[158] Among the buildings hit late on 20 March and early 21 March were parts of the
Bab al-Azizia compound often used by Colonel Gaddafi.[142] Further strikes on Tripoli and, according to Libyan government
spokesmen, Sabha and Sirte, took place on late 21 March.[142]
22 March 2011 - During a mission over Libya, a US F-15E crashed in rebel-held territory. It was reported that the aircraft,
based at RAF Lakenheath in England, came down following a mechanical fault. Both crewmen were rescued by a US CSAR
unit,[142][159][160] but there are unconfirmed reports that six local villagers were injured by gunfire from the rescuing US
forces.[160][161] The American military has denied these reports. There are claims that the pilot called in a bomb strike by
Harrier jump jets, possibly injuring the civilians.[162] The U.S. announced that Qatari forces would join the operation by the
weekend.[163]
23 March 2011 - Coalition aircraft flew at least two bombing missions against loyalist forces near the besieged city of
Misrata.[164] Late in the day, it was announced that the remaining pro-Gaddafi forces and their equipment in the city, with the
exception of individual snipers, had been forced to retreat or had been destroyed.[165] In the early morning hours, 4 Canadian
Forces CF-18 Hornets conducted 2 separate bombing runs on multiple targets at a Pro-Gaddafi munitions depot near Misrata.
NATO announced it will enforce the UN embargo to "cut off the flow of arms and mercenaries" under the name Operation
Unified Protector.[166][167][168]
24 March 2011 Multiple Tomahawk cruise missiles were launched at targets during the day.[169] French aircraft attacked Al
Jufra Air Base 250 kilometres (160 mi) inland and destroyed a Libyan Soko G-2 Galeb light attack jet as it landed at Misrata
Airport.[170][171] Eyewitnesses reported that coalition aircraft had bombed Sabha Air Base, 620 kilometres (390 mi) south of
Tripoli.[172]
F-16s from the Royal Norwegian Air Force were assigned to the US African command and Operation Odyssey Dawn. A
number of Norwegian F-16s took off from Souda Bay Air Base on Crete, Greece, performing several missions over Libya
during the day, evening and through the night.[73][74]
25 March 2011 3 laser-guided bombs were launched from two F-16s of the Royal Norwegian Air Force against Libyan
tanks.[173] French Air Force destroyed an artillery battery overnight outside Ajdabiya[174] RAF Tornado fighter/bombers
together with the French Air Force struck & destroyed 7 Pro-Gaddafi tanks dug in on the outskirts of Ajdabiya with precision
guided munitions.[175][176]
26 March 2011 F-16s from the Royal Norwegian Air Force bombed an airfield in Libya during the night.[177] Two CF18CF-
18s from the Canadian Forces detachment conducted one sortie each, on a mission to release precision-guided munitions
against electronic warfare sites near Misrata.[178] French Air Force confirms the destruction by its aircraft of at least 5 Libyan
Soko G-2 Galeb aircraft and 2 Mi-35 military helicopters.[9] RAF Tornados destroyed three armoured vehicles in Misrata and
a further two vehicles in Ajdabiya with Brimstone missiles.[179] RDAF F-16s knocked out Libyan self-propelled rocket
launchers and tanks.[180]
27 March 2011 RDAF F-16s knocked out Libyan self-propelled artillery south of Tripoli[181]
US Military map showing the situation of 28 March 2011

4 Canadian Forces CF18s struck and destroyed Regime ammunition bunkers 92 km. south of Misrata. [182]Air Force and Navy Rafales
attacked a command centre south of Tripoli. French and Qatari Mirage 2000-5s conducted joint patrols and air interdiction missions
from Souda Air Base. Rafales and Super The number of French Mirage 2000-5s based as Souda was increased to four.[183]
28 March 2011 RAF Tornados destroyed two Libyan tanks and two armoured vehicles near Misratah earlier in the day.[184]
The Ministry of Defence said British jets had launched missiles against ammunition bunkers in the morning in the Sabha area
of southern Libya.[11]Air operations were planned to focus on the region around Zintan and Misrata.[183] Air force Rafales and
Mirage 2000Ds and a joint patrol of Navy Rafales and Super Etendards bombed an ammunition dump at Gharyan,
100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Tripoli.[185] Mirage F1CRs conducted reconnaissance missions for the first time in the
operation.[185]
29 March 2011 The US has used AC-130 gunships and A-10 Thunderbolt tankbusters against Moamar Gaddafi's troops in
Libya.[186] U.S. aircraft have fired on a Libyan coast guard vessel, forcing it to limp to shore, after it launched missiles at
merchant ships in the port of Misrata, U.S military officials said Tuesday. A U.S. Navy P-3 Orion Maritime Patrol aircraft
fired at the ship Vittoria after multiple explosions were seen near the Libyan port Monday evening, according to Joint Task
Force Odyssey Dawn statement. A USAF A-10 Thunderbolt said it also fired on two smaller Libyan vessels traveling with
the larger ship, destroying one and forcing the other to be abandoned.[187]Two patrols of Air Force Rafales and Mirage
2000Ds and a patrol of Navy Rafales and Super Etendards attacked anti-aircraft missile sites 100 kilometres (62 mi) south
west of Tripoli. Two joint patrols of French and Qatari Mirage 2000-5s conducted air interdiction sorties.[185] Mirage 2000Ds
and Super Etendards bombed a military depot 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Tripoli.[188]Tuesday saw two CF-18s fly on a
mission to help the rebels by attacking targets in Misrata.[189]
30 March 2011 A joint strike force of Air Force Rafales and Mirage 2000Ds and Navy Rafales and Super Etendards
attacked anti-aircraft missile sites 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Sirte. A patrol of two French and four Qatari Mirage 2000-
5s conducted air interdiction sorties.[188]
Military losses on the coalition side
The USAF F-15E that crashed over Libya, numbered 91-0304/LN, in Ostrava, Czech Republic, six months before the accident. Both
crew members ejected and were rescued.
• 22 March 2011 - One USAF F-15E crashed near Benghazi. Both airmen were recovered alive by Marines from the 26th
Marine Expeditionary Unit based on the USS Kearsarge. The aircraft reportedly crashed due to a mechanical
failure.[142][159][190] The rescue operation involved two Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey aircraft, two Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion
helicopters, and two McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II aircraft, all launched from the USS Kearsarge.[191] The operation
involved the Harriers' dropping 500-pound (227 kg) bombs and strafing the area around the crash site before an Osprey
recovered at least one of the downed aircraft's crew.[191][192]
Reactions
This section requires expansion.
Main article: International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya
Main article: Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya
Main article: US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya
Costs On 22 March 2011, BBC News presented a breakdown of the likely costs to the UK of the mission.[193] Journalist Francis Tusa,
editor of Defence Analysis, estimated that flying a Tornado GR4 would cost about £35,000 an hour, so the cost of patrolling one
sector of Libyan airspace would be £2M –£3M per day. Conventional airborne missiles would cost £800,000 each and Tomahawk
cruise missiles £750,000 each. Professor Malcolm Charmers of the Royal United Services Institute similarly suggested that a single
cruise missile would cost about £500,000, while a single Tornado sortie would cost about £30,000 in fuel alone. If a Tornado was
downed the replacement cost would be upwards of £50m. By 22 March the US and UK had already fired more than 110 cruise
missiles. UK Chancellor George Osborne had said that the MoD estimate of the operation cost was "tens rather than hundreds of
millions".
See also
• Bombing of Libya (1986) Operation El Dorado Canyon, response to 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing
• Iraqi no-fly zones, two similar operations carried out over Iraq:
o Operation Northern Watch
o Operation Southern Watch
• Operation Deny Flight, similar operation carried out during the Bosnian War (1992–1995)
o 1995 NATO bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ouadi Doum air raid, 1986 French air raid on Libyan airbase in Chad
• 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War
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Further reading
• Benard, Alexander (2004). "Lessons from Iraq and Bosnia on the Theory and Practice of No-Fly Zones". Journal of Strategic
Studies 27 (3): 454–478. doi:10.1080/1362369042000282985.
• Betts, Richard K. (1994). "The Delusion of Impartial Intervention". Foreign Affairs 73 (6): 20–33. doi:10.2307/20046926.
• Krain, Matthew (2005). "International Intervention and the Severity of Genocides and Politicides". International Studies
Quarterly 49 (3): 363–388. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2005.00369.x.
External links
Wikinews has related news:
• Arab League calls for Libyan no-fly zone
• U.N. Security Council approves Libya no-fly zone
• French aircraft on flights over Libya; U.S. missiles launched at targets
• U.S. and U.K. forces join Libyan attack
• Media related to 2011 military intervention in Libya at Wikimedia Commons
• Libya: allied military assets and initial attack sites guardian.co.uk, 21 March 2011, interactive map
• Libyan air strikes: reactions around the Middle East, Martin Chulov in Bahrain, Saeed Kamali Dehghan and Katherine
Marsh, guardian.co.uk, 21 March 2011
• Unofficial page about aircraft involved in Operation Harmattan
• Unofficial page about warships involved in Operation Harmattan
Casualties of the 2011 Libyan civil war
Estimates of deaths in the 2011 Libyan civil war vary from 2,000-10,000 as of March 7.[1][2][3][3][4][5] An exact figure is hard to
ascertain, partly due to a media clamp-down by the Libyan government. Some conservative estimates have been released. Some of the
killing "may amount to crimes against humanity" according to the United Nations Security Council[6] and as of March 2011 is under
investigation by the International Criminal Court.[7]
Deaths caused by Loyalist forces On February 22, the International Coalition Against War Criminals gave an estimate that 519
people had died, 3,980 were wounded and over 1,500 were missing.[8] Human Rights Watch have estimated that at least 233 people
had been killed by February 22.[9] On February 23, Italy's Minister of Foreign Affairs Franco Frattini stated that according to his
information 1,000 people had died so far.[10][11] On February 24, the IFHR said that 130 soldiers had been executed in Benghazi and
al-Baida, after they mutinied and sided with the protesters.[12] On February 25, Navi Pillay, the High Commissioner for Human Rights
of the United Nations, said that reports indicated that "thousands may have been killed or injured".[13] On March 20, Abdul Hafiz
Ghoga, spokesman for the National Transitional Council, stated that "more than 8,000" people are killed as a result of the uprising. [14]
Deaths caused by Anti-Gaddafi forces Among the security forces there had been more than 450 dead, including civilians in support
of the government, mercenaries and government soldiers. There have been many reports that members of the security forces have
been killed by both the government and the opposition. On February 18, two policemen were hanged by protesters in Benghazi.[15]
Also, on the same day, 50 African mercenaries, mostly from Chad, were executed by the protesters in al-Baida. Some of them were
killed when protestors burned down the police station in which they locked them up[16] and at least 15 were lynched in front of the
courthouse in al-Baida.[17] The bodies of some of them were put on display and caught on video.[18][19] By February 23, the
government confirmed that 111 soldiers had been killed.[20]
Alleged deaths caused by Coalition forces The Libyan official sources claimed that at least between 64 and 90 people were killed
during the bombardments on the first two days of the U.N. intervention and another 150 had been wounded.[21] According to the
Vatican news agency in Tripoli alone, at least 40 civilians have died as a result of the bombing campaign.[22]
Legal status On 26 February 2011, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) stated in UNSC Resolution 1970, "the widespread
and systematic attacks currently taking place in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya against the civilian population may amount to crimes
against humanity"[6] and referred "the situation" in Libya since 15 February 2011 to the International Criminal Court (ICC),[6] a
permanent tribunal that presently can prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes. On 4 March, the
ICC assigned investigation of the case to Pre-trial Chamber I, consisting of Judge Cuno Tarfusser from Italy, Judge Sylvia Steiner
from Brazil and Judge Sanji Mmasenono Monageng from Botswana.[7] Contrary to widespread perceptions, NATO Secretary General
Anders Fogh Rasmussenhas stated on the 28th March that it was impartial and that it interpreted the terms of the UNSC resolutions on
the protection of civilians to apply to rebel, as well as government forces. However, it was also reported by the BBC that the rebels
felt they had a "private understanding" of the NATO mission. The NATO Secretary General described the possibility that NATO
would attack rebel forces who endanger civilian populations as "hypothetical".[23]
Timeline of reported deaths per event
Date Opposition fatalities Government fatalities Detail
February 16 1 None reported Protests in Roujdane.[24]
February 17-20 332-479 163 First Battle of Benghazi
February 17-25 300 None reported Tripoli clashes
February 17 4-10 None reported Protests in Ajdabiya.[25]
February 18 2 None reported Protests in Qubah.[26]
February 18-23 6-14 None reported Protests in Misrata.[27][28]
February 20 4 None reported Protests in Tobruk.[29]
February 24-March 10 234-247 65 Battle of Az Zawiyah
February 24-ongoing 263-447 137-171 Battle of Misrata
February 26 22 None reported Capture and execution of rebel fighters at Sirte.[30]
March 2 14 2-10 First Battle of Brega
March 4-12 71-81 4-27 Battle of Ra's Lanuf
March 4 34-100 None reported Explosion at an arms depot in Benghazi.[31][32]
March 6 12-60 1 First Battle of Bin Jawad
March 6 5-6 None reported Fighting in Zintan.[33]
March 13-15 5 25 Second Battle of Brega
March 14 4 None reported Government re-taking of Zuwarah.[34]
March 15-26 136 41 Battle of Ajdabiya
March 15 1 None reported Rebel fighter plane crashes.[35]
March 17 None reported 1-2 Bombing run on the Benghazi military air base.[36]
March 18 1 4 Fighting in Nalut.[37][38]
March 18 3-6 None reported Fighting in Zueitina.[39]
March 19-20 120 27-30 Second Battle of Benghazi
March 21-22 9 None reported Fighting in Yefren.[40]
March 22-24 None reported 19-28 Coalition air-strikes on Tripoli.[41]
March 22-ongoing 16-21 90 Battle of Zintan
March 27-30 7 7 Late March rebel offensive
March 31 1-4 None reported Fighting in Brega.[42]
Based on the numbers, 1,607-2,101 opposition members/fighters and 586-664 Gaddafi loyalists have been killed by March 31, 2011,
for a total of 2,193-2,765 reported deaths, of which some have not been independently confirmed. In addition, another 370 opposition
fighters and activists have been confirmed as missing in the fighting in the east[43] and 122 are reported to be missing in the Battle of
Misrata for a total of 492 rebels reported missing. However, this number could be higher since it was reported that 700 rebels were
missing following the First Battle of Bin Jawad. If these numbers were to be confirmed as true, they would be in line with at least the
WHO estimate of more than 2,000 killed[44] or the IFHR estimate of 3,000 dead[3] in the war.
Deaths overall The total number of people killed includes protesters, armed belligerents, and captives executed:
Source Libyan casualties Time period
United Nations 1,000 killed[45] February 15 - March 7, 2011
[46]
World Health Organization 2,000 killed February 15 - March 2, 2011
[3]
International Federation for Human Rights 3,000 killed February 15 - March 5, 2011
[3]
Libyan Human Rights League 6,000 killed February 15 - March 5, 2011
[47]
National Transitional Council 8,000 killed February 15 - March 20, 2011
[48]
International Criminal Court 10,000 killed February 15 - March 7, 2011
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47. ^ http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-20-0
48. ^ "Death Toll in Libyan Popular Uprising at 10000". Irib. 2011-03-07.
http://english.irib.ir/news/political/item/71535-death-toll-in-libyan-popular-uprising-at-10000. Retrieved 2011-03-07.
Timeline of the 2011 Libyan civil war

• Cities controlled by pro-Gaddafi forces
• Cities controlled by anti-Gaddafi forces (supported by
coalition forces)
• Ongoing fighting/unclear situation
(situation as of 29 March 2011)
The 2011 Libyan civil war began on 15 February 2011 as a civil protest and has since become a widespread uprising. On 25 February,
most of Libya was reported to be under the control of the Libyan opposition and not the government of Muammar al-Gaddafi.[1][2]
Gaddafi remained in control of Tripoli, Sirte and Sabha.[3] However, by 15 March, government forces had retaken more than half a
dozen lost cities. Except for most of Cyrenaica and a few towns, including Az Zawiyah, in Tripolitania the majority of cities had
returned to government control. On 17 March, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution which authorized member
states "to take all necessary measures… to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab
Jamhariya, including Benghazi, while excluding an occupation force".[4] Following the implementation of the no-fly zone, the Battle
of Ajdabiya and the Second Battle of Benghazi, the rebels recovered all territory lost in the loyalist offensive. As of 30 March, out of
Libya's twenty-two districts, 12 were under government control, seven were under rebel control, and three were contested territories
(see map).
Early phase
15 February
• In the evening approximately 200 people began demonstrating in front of the police headquarters in Benghazi following the
arrest of human-rights activist Fathi Terbil.[5] They were joined by others later who totaled between 500 to 600 protesters.
The protest was broken up violently by police,[6] causing as many as forty injuries among the protesters.[7]
• In Al Bayda and Az Zintan, hundreds of protesters called for "the end of the regime" and set fire to police and security
buildings.[6] In Az Zintan, the protesters set up tents in the town center.[6]
16 February
• Protests continued in Benghazi, where hundreds of protesters gathered at Maydan al-Shajara before security services tried to
disperse the crowd using water cannons.[8] After clashes between the two groups, the police left.[9] Al-Yawm estimated a
crowd of more than 1,500 people attempting to storm the internal security building in Al Bayda.[citation needed] The protesters set
fire to two cars and burnt down the headquarters of the traffic police.[10] In the ensuing clashes with police six people died[9]
and three were injured.[11] In Al-Quba, more than 400 protesters over a wide range of ages set fire to the police station.[9]
Protests were also reported in Darnah and Az Zintan, though there were no injuries.[11]
• Pro-government rallies of many dozens of loyalists and Tripolitanian people also took place.[10]
• Reportedly as a response to the demonstrations, Libya released 110 members of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group from
prison on 16 February.[12][13]
17 February - Day of Revolt
• Libyans called for a "Day of Revolt."[14][15][16] The National Conference for the Libyan Opposition stated that "all" groups
opposed to Gaddafi both within Libya and in exile planned the protests in memory of the demonstrations in Benghazi on 17
February 2006 that were initially against the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons, but which turned into protests against
Gaddafi.[16]
• In Benghazi, the government released thirty prisoners from jail, armed them and paid them to fight against protesters.[17]
Several demonstrators were killed by snipers and gunfire from helicopters.[18][19][20] The Evening Standard and Al Jazeera
English estimated that fourteen people were killed.[19] The latter reported that an eyewitness saw six unarmed protesters shot
dead by police.[17] The BBC reported that "at least 15 people" were killed in the clashes.[21] Furthermore, .50 calibre sniper
ammunition was used against protesters.[22]
• Libya al-Youm reported that four people were shot dead by sniper fire in Al Bayda and a Libyan human-rights group reported
thirteen people had been killed.[17] In Ajdabiya and Darnah at least ten and six protesters were killed by police, respectively.
Protests also took place across Tripoli and in Zentan, where a number of government buildings including a police station
were set on fire.[23]
18 February
• Thousands of anti-government protesters gathered in front of the Benghazi courthouse. According to the BBC News, a
"doctor at Benghazi's Jalla hospital" told them that he had "seen 15 bodies – all dead from gunshot wounds" by the time he
left the hospital "in the early hours of [the day]".[21] Police and army personnel later withdrew from the city after being
overwhelmed by protesters. Some army personnel also joined the protesters; they then seized the local radio station.[24] In Al
Bayda, unconfirmed reports indicated that the local police force and riot control units joined the protesters.[25] Two police
officers who were accused of shooting protesters were hanged by protesters.[26][27]
• The Libyan government began hiring African mercenaries, mostly from Chad, to support its own forces. It was reported that
"they were paid for 5,000 (Dinars) and the latest model cars just to get rid of demonstrators", according to inside sources.[28]
Twelve people were killed on the Giuliana Bridge in Benghazi when mercenaries opened fire. Fifty mercenaries and two
Libyan conspirators were executed by protesters in Al Bayda. Other conspirators were killed in Derna after protesters
captured them, locked them up in a prison, and then burned it down.[29]
• The Libyan newspaper Quryna reported that about 1,000 non-political prisoners had escaped from a Benghazi prison. A
security source told Agence France-Presse that four inmates were shot dead during a breakout attempt in Tripoli.[30][31]
• The government of Libya initially restricted access to the Internet in Libya for several hours,[32] but later imposed a more
comprehensive and sustained blackout.[33]
19 February
• Widespread protests continued for another day.[34] Demonstrators in Benghazi had reportedly taken control of Benina
International Airport early in the day.[24]
• The opposition warned civilians of a massacre by the government, unless the international community applied pressure.[35]
Witnesses in Libya have reported helicopters firing into crowds of anti-government protesters.[36] The army withdrew from
the city of Al Bayda.[37] Human Rights Watch and the Libyan newspaper Quryna said thousands of demonstrators had
poured out onto the streets in Benghazi and other eastern cities on 18 February, a day after the clashes in which 49 people
were killed, and that some protests were still continuing.[27] Artillery, helicopter gunships and antiaircraft missile launchers
were used to kill protesters.[20][38] Security forces reportedly opened fire at a funeral in Benghazi on Saturday, killing at least
fifteen people and injuring scores more. The funeral was to honour protesters killed by security forces during the on-going
protests.[39]
• A doctor from Benghazi's Al-Jalah Hospital said staff there had received fifteen bodies and were treating numerous people
following the shootings at the funeral. "This is not a well-equipped hospital and these injuries come in waves," he said. "All
are very serious injuries, involving the head, the chest and the abdomen. They are bullet injuries from high-velocity rifles."
The hospital counted forty-four deaths in three days, and was struggling to treat the wounded.[39] The residents of Benghazi
told Al Jazeera that at least 200 people had died, while the Human Rights Watch put the countrywide death toll at a
"conservative" 104 on the 19th.[39] A bank was looted in Benghazi.[39][39][40][41]
• Anti-Gaddafi protests were also reported in Misrata, where thousands of people took part in peaceful protests. They were
demonstrating against state brutality and censorship, rather than calling for a change in government.[39]
• Both pro- and anti-government protests broke out in other major cities, including Al Bayda, Derna, Tobruk and Misrata.[39]
• Several hundred government supporters and party activists took to the streets in large numbers, and security forces prevented
large demonstrations against Gaddafi's 42-year-old regime. A bank was wrecked and looted in Tripoli.[39]
• According to figures compiled by Agence France-Presse from local sources, at least forty-one people had been killed since
demonstrations first started on 15 February. The toll excludes two policemen, newspapers said, who had been hung in Al
Bayda on 18 February. Human Rights Watch, citing phone interviews with hospital staff and eye witnesses, said that security
forces had killed more than eighty anti-Gaddafi protesters in eastern Libya.[27] Opposition groups later put the number of
dead at over 120.[42] The residents of Benghazi told Al Jazeera that at least 200 people had died while Human Rights Watch
put the countrywide death toll at a "conservative" 104.[39] The security forces (troops and police) of Benghazi were in their
barracks while the city was in a state of civil mutiny.[43]
• Mohamed Abdulmalek, the chairman of the human rights group Libya Watch, commented that the delay of protests in the
west was due to the heavy presence of Libya's State Security Forces and secret police were out there and "not because the
people did not want to go out".[39]
• The UK's former Foreign Secretary and Chairman of the Commons Intelligence and Security Committee, Sir Malcolm
Rifkind, told BBC Radio 4's Today Programme that the protests across the Middle East were resembling the anti-
Communist/pro-democracy events in Eastern Europe of 1989.[44] British Foreign Secretary William Hague said he was
"deeply concerned" by the "unacceptable violence" used against protesters.[44]
20 February
• Protests escalated[45] with residents also reporting small protests beginning in Tripoli, indicating a widening of the unrest
from the eastern half of Libya into Gaddafi's center of power.[46] Hospitals confirmed that they have run out of supplies and
doctors estimate the death toll in Benghazi to be between 200 and 300.[47] After the people of Benghazi beat back the police
and captured several key military barracks local military brigades joined the protesters.[48] By this time, protesters in
Benghazi numbered in the tens of thousands, possibly in the hundreds of thousands.[49] Reports also emerged of pro-Gaddafi
militia by the Elfedeel Bu Omar compound "being butchered by angry mobs." Al Jazeera said that protesters were in control
of the city as loyalist security forces fled to the airport.[25] Further military units are reported to have defected in order to
protect protesters.[49] Several senior Muslim clerics and tribal leaders from around Libya called for an end to the bloodshed
by the regime, and for the government to step down.[39] A "spontaneous" protest occurred in Tripoli by night where the
protesters quickly overran police.[25] One tribal leader threatened to block oil exports.[49]
• The Tuareg tribe in the south was said to have answered a call by the larger Warfalla tribe to take part in the protests. The
Tuareg towns of Ghat and Ubary were also locations for violence, with members of the tribe reportedly attacking
government buildings and police stations.[25]
• Gaddafi's second son Saif al-Islam appeared on state television and blamed the violence and protests, including "acts of
sabotage and burning", on "foreign agents", and in particular, Israel, echoing the attempts made by other Arab leaders in
Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen to dismiss and downplay the unrest.[50] He said that the unrest "may cause civil war". He also said
that Libya was different from its neighbours. He ended by warning, "We will fight to the last man and woman and bullet. We
will not lose Libya. We will not let Al Jazeera, Al Arabiya and BBC trick us."[51][52] There were also unconfirmed rumours
that Muammar al-Gaddafi had left for Brazil or Venezuela leaving Saif El Islam in charge.[53][54] State-run Al-Shababiya was
reportedly attacked in the evening following Saif El Islam's address.[55]
• The United States Department of State, through the American Embassy, issued a travel warning to US citizens due to the
continuing unrest in Libya.[56] The European Union called on the government to refrain from using force and to answer the
protesters' grievances.[25]
• In the night, clashes escalated in Tripoli, with protesters trying to seize control of Green Square. Witnesses reported snipers
firing into the crowds, and Gaddafi supporters driving around the square shooting and running demonstrators over. Protesters
burned a police and security forces' station and the General People's Congress' building.[57]
21 February
• Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam called for a "general assembly" to discuss grievances.[58][59]
• In Benghazi, protesters took control of the streets, and looted weapons from the main security headquarters. Demonstrators
also lowered the Libyan flag from above the main courthouse and replaced it with the flag of Libya's old monarchy.[57]
Libyan Air Force warplanes and attack helicopters launched airstrikes on protesters, reportedly targeting a funeral procession
and a group of protesters trying to reach a military base.[57][60] Two senior mutineering air force pilots flew their Dassault
Mirage F1 fighter jets to Malta and requested political asylum after defying orders to bomb protesters.[20][61][62] Two civilian
helicopters also landed in Malta, carrying seven passengers who claimed to be French oil workers.[62]
• Reports indicated the People's Hall in Tripoli, which serves as the meeting place for the General People's Congress, had been
set on fire.[63][64] There were also reports that the state television building had been smashed up by protesters and that at least
one Tripoli police station was burned down.[65] Libyan Navy warships were reported to have begun bombardment of
residential areas causing an unknown number of casualties.[66] Banks and other government buildings were looted throughout
the day. Demonstrators clashed with security forces, and heavy gunfire was heard throughout the city. At least sixty-one
people were killed.[67]
• Some people alleged that they were offered money to turn up for pro-Gaddafi rallies outside Libya. Within Libya, state-run
television showed pro-Gaddafi rallies, though the international media doubted the authenticity of these protests as possibly
having been staged.[58]
• The Libyan Navy reportedly shelled demonstrators from the sea, and Gaddafi allegedly issued execution orders to soldiers
refusing to fire on protesters.[68]
• There were reports that Gaddafi had fled Tripoli after the People's Hall and the state television headquarters were overrun
and burned by protesters – according to rumours he had fled either to the town of Sebha or to Venezuela.[69] British Foreign
Secretary William Hague also said that he had received information that Muammar al-Gaddafi had left Libya and was
travelling to Venezuela.[70] Venezuelan government officials denied reports that Muammar Gaddafi had left Libya and was
on a plane bound for Caracas.[71] It was later reported that one of Col. Gaddafi's sons arrived on the island of Margarita
around the time that Hague made his allegation.[72]
• BBC News reported that the Libyan Army was "fighting forces loyal to Colonel Gaddafi, who appears to be struggling to
hold on to power."[73] A group of army officers also called upon their fellow soldiers to "join the people" and remove Gaddafi
from office. Islamic leaders and clerics in Libya urged all Muslims to rebel against Gaddafi.[74] The ambassador to Poland
stated that the flood of defections by elements of the Army and Air Force,[20] as well as by government ministers, cannot be
stopped and that Gaddafi days in power are numbered. He also said that firing on the protesters was only increasing the
unrest and that it is the sign of a dying regime.[75] Libyan ambassadors to Indonesia, Bangladesh, the EU, and India also
resigned in protest of the actions of the Gaddafi regime.[25]
22 February
• Gaddafi made a brief appearance on state television[76] in which he said he had been speaking to the youth in Green Square.
He also said: "I am in Tripoli and not in Venezuela.[77] Do not believe the (news) channels belonging to stray dogs."[78][79]
The location and time of Gaddafi's statement could not be independently verified by news organizations outside of Libya. In
the video, Gaddafi holds an umbrella, and the apparent rainfall is consistent with the meteorological situation in Tripoli
earlier that day.[80] Gunfire was reportedly heard throughout the night of 21–22 February. Loyalist soldiers were reported to
have continued some bombarding to keep defecting soldiers away from the protests. Fighter jets were reported to have
targeted army ammunition depots in order to prevent troops from joining the protesters.[58]
• A Libyan naval vessel was reportedly sighted off the coast of Malta. According to Al Jazeera, five Italian fighter jets
overflew the ship, and the Italian Navy began conducting surveillance. The ship reportedly had its flag lowered, suggesting
that the crew may want to defect.[81] The Armed Forces of Malta have several times denied reports in the international media
that it was monitoring any such vessels approaching Maltese shores.[82]
• The former ambassador to India, Ali al-Essawi, stated that he feared returning to Libya. He also confirmed that fighter jets
were used to bomb civilians, and that foreign mercenaries, who seemed to have come from other African states, were
"massacring" people.[83]
• The former ambassador to Bangladesh, A. H. Elimam, was also reported to have "disappeared" after 9:00 Bangladesh time.
Al Jazeera said the last conversation with him noted "a sense of panic" in his voice and that his phone had been switched off.
He indicated a feeling of being threatened by an intelligence officer at the embassy, who was from the same village as
Gaddafi. The Bangladeshi Foreign Ministry and other diplomats in that state could not confirm his whereabouts.[84]
• A doctor in Tripoli told Asharq Al-Awsat that mercenaries broke into his hospital and killed injured people.[85]
• The former British Foreign Minister David Owen said that a "military intervention" via a no-fly zone was immediately
necessary.[86] The Austrian Army reported that the airspace around Tripoli had been closed,[87] but later retracted the
statement. The Austrian Defense Ministry spokesman Michael Huber said: "One of our sources said that initially that it
(airspace) was closed, but then another later confirmed otherwise. Our plane was able to leave."[88]
• Eyewitness report that thousands of African mercenaries were flown into Tripoli to put down the uprising.[89] One insider
source reportedly says that Gaddafi now could only rely on his own clan and 5,000 men, out of 45,000, and knew he could
not retake Libya. According to this source, he apparently planned to force a Pyrrhic victory on his opponents; to whittle
down their numbers with many skirmishes, harm the economy by sabotaging oil reserves, and in every sense damaging
infrastructure to the best of his ability, stating "I have the money and arms to fight for a long time".[90] Oil infrastructures
may be sabotaged to cut economic supply to rebel clans, while fights may lead thousands to flee Libya to pressure them.
Thus, all may prefer to accept the Gaddafi's status quo.[90]
I am a Bedouin warrior who brought
glory to Libyans
—Muammar Gaddafi during his speech on 22

February[91]
• In a second speech within twenty-four hours, believed by commentators to be made from his family compound in the Bab al-
Azizia military barracks in southern Tripoli,[92] Gaddafi blamed foreign powers and hallucinogens being forced on the
protesters for the unrest.[93] He rejected stepping down, saying he had no official position from which he could step down,
and stated that he would "die as martyr". The scenery of the speech indicated that Gaddafi was in Libya.[94][95]
• In his hour-long speech he blamed the uprising on "Islamists", and then warned that an "Islamic emirate" has already been set
up in Al Bayda and Derna, where he threatened the use of extreme force and genocide-like tactics, to stop the Islamfication
of Libya. Gaddafi vowed to fight on and die a "martyr" on Libyan soil. He then called on his supporters to take back the
streets on the 23rd from protesters and tribal rebels, who were demanding that he step down. He also went on to state that he
had "not yet ordered the use of force", and warned viewers that "when I do, everything will burn".[1]
• Gaddafi vowed to fight his opponents "until the last drop of his blood had been spilt" rather than step down, describing anti-
regime protesters as "rats" and "mercenaries" working for foreign states and corporate agendas. Gaddafi said the rioting
urban youths that were opposed to his rule were manipulated by others who gave them drugs and who were trying to turn
Libya into an Islamic state.[96] (In earlier speeches he blamed "Zionists" for the riots.)[1] Furthermore, he threatened a
Tiananmen-style crackdown.[97] The speech has been since been parodied in a viral YouTube video entitled Zenga Zenga.[98]
• Abdul Fatah Younis, who held the position of top general and interior minister, escaped from house arrest, resigned, and
called for the army and police to fight Gaddafi and his regime. Until his resignation, General Younis was regarded as the
second most powerful man in Libya.[86]
• Human Rights Watch said that at least 233 people had been killed up to 22 February.[99]
• By nighttime, the Arab League had suspended the Libyan delegation from meetings until the Libyan people were safe.[96]
23 February
• British foreign minister William Hague said in a press release that there are "many indications of the structure of the State
collapsing in Libya". He also urged the Libyan state to listen to people's demands.[1] Luxembourg's Foreign Minister Jean
Asselborn called the situation in Libya a genocide and called for massive intervention from the international community. He
argued a resolution was now needed allowing control of Libyan airspace so as to stop mercenaries entering Libya. He called
Gaddafi a "sick and dangerous" "tyrant".[100] Peru fully severed diplomatic ties with Libya's government.[1] and the African
Union conducted a security meeting on the rapidly changing situation in Libya. The European Union agreed in principle to
impose sanctions, the form of which to be decided the following Friday, and the Dutch government met in emergency
session to consider freezing billions of euros of assets invested by Tamoil, the Libyan government's oil company.[101]
• The Warfalla, the largest of the numerous tribes in Libya, joined calls from other tribes for Gaddafi to stand down.[1]
• Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil, Libya's justice minister, who had resigned on 21 February in protest at the "excessive use
of violence" against protesters, and diplomats at Libya's mission to the United Nations, called on the Libyan army to help
remove "the tyrant Muammar Gaddafi".[1] He has also asserted that Gaddafi personally ordered the Lockerbie bombing of
1988.[102]
• Youssef Sawani, a senior aide to Muammar Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, resigned from his post "to express dismay
against violence"[1] and thousands of foreigners continue to leave, with chaos at Tripoli International Airport.[103]
• Tripoli's streets were deserted after Gaddafi urged attacks on protesters, but Tobruk was still full of protesters. Italian Foreign
Minister Franco Frattini said there were credible reports that about 1,000 people have been killed in Libya's week old
rebellion. Frattini also confirmed that the eastern half of Libya, known as Cyrenaica, was no longer under Gaddafi's de facto
control.[104] Unconfirmed reports suggest that the government now only controls a few parts of Tripoli and the southern
desert town of Sabha.[105] Misrata is confirmed to be under protester control.[106] The pre-Gaddafi 1951–1969 royalist Libyan
flag was also reportedly raised in Zawiya, 50 km (30 miles) west of Tripoli.[103] Both coastal Tripolitania and most of
northern Cyrenaica were in rebel hands by the middle of the day. The Paris based International Federation for Human Rights
said that the anti-Gaddafi protesters also control Sirte, Misrata, Khoms, Tarhounah, Zenten, Az Zawiyah and Zouara.[1]
Libyan government forces were sent to Sabratha after demonstrators burned government buildings and joined in the
rebellion, according to Libyan newspaper Quryna.[103]
• A Reuters article published on 23 February stated that according to a WikiLeaks-leaked US cable, Gaddafi pressed the
United States to foster division and disagreements in Saudi Arabia and exerted heavy pressure on the US as well as on oil
companies to reimburse the $1.5 billion Libya had paid in 2008 into a fund to settle terrorism claims from the 1980s.[107]
• By the end of the day, headlines in online news services were reporting a range of themes underlining the precarious state of
the regime – former justice minister Mustafa Abud Al-Jeleil alleged that Gaddafi personally ordered the 1988 Lockerbie
bombing,[108] resignations and "defections" of close allies,[109] the loss of Benghazi, the second-largest city in Libya, reported
to be "alive with celebration"[110] and other cities including Tobruk and Misrata reportedly falling[111] with some believing
that government had retained control of "just a few pockets",[105] family members of Gaddafi allegedly refused entry to safe
jurisdictions (an unscheduled plane said to be carrying Gaddafi's daughter Aisha was denied permission to enter
Malta,[112][113] although the Maltese government later denied knowing whether she was on board),[113][114] mounting
international isolation and pressure,[105][115] and reports that Middle East media consider the end of his "disintegrating" regime
all but inevitable.[116]
• Around midnight, some reports began to emerge describing the situation as civil war[117][118] or revolution,[119] with Gaddafi
trying to ensure control over the capital and his political base Tripoli.[120]
24 February See also: Battle of Misrata and Battle of Az Zawiyah
• Protesters assumed complete control of Tobruk, where soldiers and residents celebrated by waving the former Libyan flag
used during the Kingdom of Libya (1951–1969), firing guns into the air and honking horns. Army units in Tobruk and
throughout eastern Libya sided with protesters, with some soldiers and officers participating in demonstrations. Commanders
pledged to defend the "liberated territory" with their lives after Gaddafi threatened to take it back by force. Two airmen
bailed out of their jet, which crashed into the desert, after defying orders to bomb Tobruk. In the collapse of central authority,
residents formed public-defence committees for security, and opened welfare organisations to ensure that residents had
enough to eat. At newly established security checkpoints, demonstrators handed out bottled water and juice to passing
motorists.[121]
• Cities and towns close to Tripoli were reported to be falling to protesters, while in Tripoli itself, pro-Gaddafi militia patrolled
the streets to prevent demonstrations.[121] In the east, civilian protesters and military units that had defected and reorganized
armed themselves to prepare for an upcoming "Battle of Tripoli". Meanwhile Gaddafi prepared for the defense of the city by
gathering pro-government forces in the capital and deploying tanks in the suburbs.[122]
• The North African wing of al-Qaeda announced that they would support the Libyan uprising.[123] In a televised phone call to
the people of Az Zawiyah, where fighting was taking place, Gaddafi claimed the revolts could be blamed on Osama bin
Laden, and that young Libyans had been duped with drugs and alcohol.[124] Gaddafi dispatched an envoy to Zawiyah, who
warned protesters of a "massacre" if they did not leave.[125]
• Pro-Gaddafi Libyan forces and foreign mercenaries opened fire on a mosque in Zawiya, where residents, some armed with
hunting rifles, had been holding a sit-in to support the protesters in Tripoli. The troops blasted the mosque's minaret with an
anti-aircraft gun, killing 10 people and wounding 150. Thousands of people then gathered in Zawiyah's main square to
demonstrate against Gaddafi. Hours after the attack, Gaddafi gave a speech on state television, where he expressed
condolences for the deaths, but scolded the city's residents for siding with the uprising, saying "shame on you, people of
Zawiyah, control your children", and that "they are loyal to Bin Laden. What do you have to do with Bin Laden, people of
Zawiyah? They are exploiting young people... I insist it is Bin Laden". He also blamed teenagers on hallucinogenic pills
given to them "in their coffee with milk, like Nescafé".[125]
• Pro-Gaddafi militia and foreign mercenaries also attacked an airport outside Misrata, which was defended by protesters
armed with rifles, in what would become the Battle of Misrata. During the fighting the militia bombarded the protesters with
rocket-propelled grenades and mortars, while the protesters managed to seize an anti-aircraft gun and turn it against the
militia. At the same time, officers from an air force school near the airport mutinied, and with the help of local residents,
overran an adjacent airbase where Gaddafi loyalists were holed up, and disabled fighter jets[20] to prevent their use against
protesters. Five people were killed during the fighting: four protesters and one pro-Gaddafi militiaman, and another forty
wounded.[125]
• In Tripoli, militia and foreign mercenaries continued patrolling the streets, firing guns into the air, while neighbourhood-
watch groups barricaded side streets to try to keep the fighters out. Security forces also raided numerous homes around the
city and arrested suspected political opponents. Armed militiamen entered a hospital to search for government opponents
among the wounded.[125]
• Ahmed Ghadaf al-Dam, a cousin and one of Gaddafi's closest aides, defected to Egypt, protesting what he called "grave
violations of human rights and human and international laws.[125]
• The European Union called for Libya to be suspended from the United Nations Human Rights Council, and for the United
Nations Security Council to approve a probe to investigate "gross and systematic violations of human rights by the Libyan
authorities", while Switzerland froze all of Gaddafi's assets there.[125] Sources in the UK government including British
Treasury, announced that Gaddafi's assets were being tracked and that £20 billion in liquid assets and a £10-million mansion
in London would be seized within days.[126]
25 February
• For the first time in days, thousands took to the streets of Tripoli to protest, with protester and civilian death tolls rising.[127]
• The dual military and civilian Mitiga International Airport, about 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) east of Tripoli, seemed to have
been taken over by anti-Gaddafi protesters in the afternoon, "after a series of defections".[128] The Guardian described the
takeover as "confirmed". Ian Black, a correspondent of The Guardian stated, "If Mitiga air base near Tripoli is confirmed as
having gone over to the Libyan popular uprising it would be a serious blow for the regime close to the heart of the
capital."[129]
• Colonel Gaddafi appeared at 18h55 (local time) in Green Square in Tripoli, with a microphone shouting to the crowd of
Gaddafi loyalists[130] "Sing, dance and be ready, we will fight those who are against us"[131] and "If the people of Libya and
the Arabs and Africans don’t love Moammar Gadhafi then Moammar Gadhafi does not deserve to live."[132]
26 February
• In the Libyan city of Az Zawiyah, about 50 km away from the capital Tripoli, an amateur video appears to show soldiers
switching sides and joining anti-government protesters. Witnesses tell Al Jazeera Arabic that Libyan protesters have taken
control of a number of areas in the capital, Tripoli.[133] Security forces had abandoned the working-class Tajoura district after
five days of anti-government demonstrations, residents told foreign correspondents who visited the area.[134]
• In Benghazi, a small naval base is now controlled by the opposition. The naval force consisted of a missile cruiser, a frigate,
a decommissioned minesweeper and a decommissioned submarine. The commander of the fleet that remains, after his
superiors deserted their posts, says that he will defend the city against Gaddafi forces, saying that "He [Gaddafi] means
nothing to me, he sees the east part of the country as enemies and he will do anything to exterminate us".[135]
• In Benghazi, a spokesman for the revolution told Agence France-Presse on Saturday they were drawing up plans for a
transitional government to take power but in the nearby town of Ajdabiya, local residents said food was becoming scarce.[136]
• By the end of the day, an interim government had been formed by former justice minister Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al
Jeleil.[137] The Libyan ambassador in the US, Ali Suleiman Aujali became the first Libyan diplomat to recognise the new
government.[138]
• For the first time, US President Barack Obama urged Gaddafi to step down from power and avoid further violence. Secretary
of State Hillary Clinton took the same stance.[139]
National Transitional Council established
27 February
• After distancing itself from the Gaddafi regime, Italy officially suspended the "friendship" treaty it holds with Libya. The
treaty forbids warfare or military confrontation between the two states, but the suspension of the treaty would allow
otherwise.[140]
• The UN Security Council Saturday night voted unanimously to impose sanctions against the Libyan authorities, slapping
Libya with an arms embargo and freezing the assets of its leaders, while referring the ongoing violent repression of civilian
demonstrators to the International Criminal Court.[141]
• Gaddafi gave an interview to Serbian television station RTV Pink, calling the UN Security Council resolution "invalid in
accordance with the United Nations Charter" and that the resolution was based on the news reports rather than on actual state
in Libya. He vowed to stay in Libya blaming the "foreigners and Al-Qaeda" for the unrest, saying that the protests began
when "the gangs of drugged young men attacked regular army forces".[142][143]
• A National Libyan Council was formed in the city of Benghazi. This body is not a provisional government but rather a seeks
to act as the "political face of the uprising"[144] The efforts of former justice minister Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil to
form a provisional government appear to have stalled.[145]
• The Libyan capital, Tripoli, a city of around one million people, was largely quiet this morning, with militiamen erecting
additional roadblocks and tanks parked at major intersections. Residents said the Libyan leader is arming civilian supporters
to set up checkpoints and roving patrols around the capital to control movement and quash dissent.[146]
• Az Zawiyah, a city of 290,000 just thirty miles west of Tripoli, appeared to be a potential focal point for clashes as anti-
government forces mounted tanks and anti-aircraft guns throughout the city center, and Gadafi forces surrounded the
outskirts with tanks and military checkpoints, according to an Associated Press reporter who visited the city.[147]
• Britain revoked the diplomatic immunity of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and his family, Foreign Secretary William
Hague said on Sunday, urging the dictator to step down.[148] Belgium will shut down its embassy in Libyan capital Tripoli on
Monday, temporarily discontinuing diplomatic activities in the troubled north African state, the foreign ministry said. Britain,
Canada, France, and the United States are among the states that have already temporarily shut their embassies in Tripoli and
evacuated their staff amid growing unrest over demands for long-time ruler Gaddafi to quit.[149]
• US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton offered "any kind of assistance" to Libyans and opposition groups seeking to
overthrow Gaddafi.[150]
• Hafiz Ghoga, spokesman for the new National Libyan Council that was launched in the eastern city of Benghazi, said the
council was not an interim government, was not contacting foreign governments and did not want them to intervene. "We
will help liberate other Libyan cities, in particular Tripoli through our national army, our armed forces, of which part have
announced their support for the people," Ghoga said, but he did not give details about how the council would help. Although
not a direct response to Clinton's remarks, Ghoga said: "We are completely against foreign intervention. The rest of Libya
will be liberated by the people and Gadhafi's security forces will be eliminated by the people of Libya."[151]
28 February
• Battle of Misrata: it was reported that opposition forces shot down a government warplane.[152]
• The United States Navy began positioning several ships near the coast of Libya, though it is still unclear what action they
might take. Calls for a military enforced no-fly-zone on Libya became increasingly prominent. British Prime Minister, David
Cameron, proposed the idea of a no-fly zone to prevent Muammar Gaddafi from airlifting mercenaries and using his military
aeroplanes and armoured helicopters against civilians.[153] Rhetoric used by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton suggests the
implication of such is likely. Clinton also stepped up her rhetoric against Gaddafi, calling for his immediate removal.[154]
• Muammar Gaddafi has reportedly appointed the head of Libya's foreign intelligence service to speak to the leadership of the
anti-government protesters in the east of Libya.[154]
• The US froze US$30 billion of assets belonging to the Libyan government, the largest amount of assets ever frozen.[155]
• On Monday, pro-Gadhafi forces tried to retake control of the western border crossings with Tunisia that had fallen under
opposition control and they bombed an ammunition depot in the rebel-held east, residents in the area said. The Libyan
Defense Ministry denied the bombing.[156]
• During the day regime forces attacked Zawiya and Misrata, but were repelled by anti government forces with a small number
of casualties on both sides.[157]
1 March
• On 1 March, Australian Minister for Defence Stephen Smith confirmed that his government was considering military options
against Gaddafi, saying that international intervention to enforce a no-fly zone was probable. Smith asserted that "no one is
expecting" Gaddafi to leave power voluntarily.[158] Al Jazeera reported that Misrata was once again under attack, this time
from a combined armor and air assault. According to a witness quoted by Al Jazeera, Gaddafi's forces were using heavy
weapons against protesters and rebels in the city, while the anti-Gaddafi forces were fighting back with small arms.[159]
• Abdul Fatah Younis, Gaddafi's former interior minister and the leader of a growing rebel force, told Al Jazeera that if
Gaddafi could not be dislodged from Tripoli, he would welcome foreign intervention in the form of targeted airstrikes,
though he said a land invasion was unwanted and offered the use of Libyan military airbases only in case of emergency to
foreign aircraft.[160] Al Jazeera also reported that anti-Gaddafi forces had repulsed a six-hour offensive by government forces
attempting to seize Zawiya, securing the city for the opposition.[159]
• Also on 1 March, rebel leaders were debating whether to ask for Western airstrikes under the United Nations banner against
military assets of the regime. One senior official said, "If he falls with no intervention, I'd be happy, but if he's going to
commit a massacre, my priority is to save my people."[161]
• Brigadier Musa'ed Ghaidan Al Mansouri, the head of the Al Wahat Security Directorate, and Brigadier Hassan Ibrahim Al
Qarawi defected to the protester side.[159]
• Brigadier Dawood Issa Al Qafsi later defected to the opposition as well.[159] The brigadier also confirmed that the eastern
towns of Braiga, Bisher, Ogaila, Sultan and Zwaitina are under opposition control as well.
• By night, the UN had suspended Libya from the UN Human Rights Council.[159]
• Britain's foreign secretary William Hague said that a no-fly zone could be imposed "even without a Security Council
resolution – it depends on the situation on the ground".[162]
• On Tuesday, Gadhafi's regime sought to show that it was the state's only legitimate authority and that it continued to feel
compassion for areas in the east that fell under the control of its opponents. A total of eighteen trucks loaded with rice, flour,
sugar and eggs left Tripoli for Benghazi – Libya's second-largest city – 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) east of the capital. Also
in the convoy were two refrigerated cars carrying medical supplies.[163]
• Gaddafi's regime attempted to retake Gharyan and Zliten. The regime's forces were repelled from Zliten, but remained local
at Gharyan, where there was on going fighting.[163]
2 March See also: Battle of Brega
• The Gaddafi regime attempted to retake the city of Marsa Brega, but the attack was largely repelled by the rebels. At least
fourteen were reported killed in the fighting, although reporters who came in from the Benghazi area saw only four dead, two
of which were apparently pro-Gaddafi fighters. The attack on Marsa Brega was believed to be more towards psychological
warfare against the eastern cities.[162]
• Warplanes were also sent to Ajdabiya in an attempt to bomb the weapons storage.[164] Two fighter jets attacked the weapons
storage area, one of which was shot down by anti-aircraft guns.[165]
• Benghazian residents stated that a convoy of armed opposition fighters, accompanied by army officers, had embarked on a
long journey south. They were expected to attempt to reach Tripoli by navigating around the town of Sirte.[166]
• The opposition's interim-government council had formally requested the UN to impose a no-fly zone and to conduct
precision air strikes against Ghaddafi's forces. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, after backing down from the idea of a
no-fly zone, re-engaged in supporting the idea of a military enforced no-fly zone.[162] The Arab League stated that a no-fly
zone was necessary. It also said that in cooperation with the African Union, it could impose a military-enforced no-fly zone
without the UN's backing.[167]
• By the end of the day, rebels in the southwest city of Ghadames managed to take control of the city.[168]
• As the day closed, there were also reports of pro-Gaddafi forces massing around the town of Nalut (held by the opposition),
with some fearing an imminent attack to retake the city; an attack did not happened.[169]
3 March
• The International Criminal Court announced it would begin to launch an investigation into war-crimes committed by
Gaddafi, his sons and his inner circle. Opposition forces were also to be investigated as well to assure no crimes were being
committed on its side.[170]
• The Libyan opposition rejected calls from Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez to conduct peaceful dialogue with Gaddafi,
after Chávez convinced Gaddafi to start "peaceful talks with protesters". The Libyan opposition refused to conduct talks or
negotiations with the government.[171]
4 March See also: Battle of Ra's Lanuf
• Occasional air-strikes continued on Ajdabiya's weapon-storage area, with no reported casualties.[172]
• Regime forces in Tripoli prepared for an expected mass protest by the people after Friday prayers. By the afternoon,
demonstrators gathered in the thousands, but did not amount to a siege of the city.[172]
• Regime forces attempted to retake the oil refineries in Zawiya, but were met with heavy resistance, with casualties on both
sides according to witnesses.[173] During the night, pro-Gaddafi forces withdrew to the outside of the city, according to local
witnesses.[174][175]
• According to eye-witness accounts, opposition forces had begun an assault on the small port town of Ra's Lanuf. The
opposition forces claimed that they number 7,000 personnel in the attack on Ra's Lanuf. They also reported that there were
"massive" defections at the local pro-Gaddafi military base in Ra's Lanuf.[173]
• By night, the opposition forces managed to capture the entire town of Ra's Lanuf, including the airbase.[176]
5 March See also: Battle of Bin Jawad
• In battles occurring in the morning of 5 March in Az Zawiyah, thirty-three people were reported killed, twenty-five of them
rebels and eight pro-Gaddafi soldiers.[177] Pro-Gaddafi forces used tanks to destroy residential buildings and kill some
protesters, but rebels were able to overcome them by capturing some and lighting another six tanks on fire.[174] By mid-day
pro-Gaddafi soldiers were reported to have been beaten back.[178]
• Witnesses reported that a fighter jet was shot down in Ra's Lanuf after it attempted to bomb the town. They later report that
they had found the remains of two pilots.[179] This incident is confirmed through video evidence.[180]
• Rebels prepared to try to capture the city of Sirte, Gaddafi's home town and stronghold. Rebels took control of Bin Jawad, a
town between Ra's Lanuf and Sirte. Political divides and hostilities had already formed amongst the local population in Sirte
because of the killing of several tribesmen by Gaddafi loyalists.[174]
• After previously backing down from the idea, France re-engaged in support for a no- fly zone and was working with the US
and UK to get the resolution passed.[174]
• The National Council established by the opposition declared itself Libya's sole representative.[174]
Gaddafi counteroffensive
6 March
• Opposition forces advancing on Sirte were targeted by Libyan warplanes in the morning, although the effectiveness of the
airstrikes was unclear,[181] and a witness fighting for the opposition reported heavy fighting in Bin Jawad as Gaddafi loyalists
apparently launched a counterattack against the town.[182] Al Jazeera reported that opposition forces were massing for a
decisive battle at the town of Wadi-al-Ahmar, which could determine control of Sirte itself.[183]
• At least some advancing rebels withdrew toward Ra's Lanuf under helicopter attack, Al Jazeera and Reuters reported,[184] and
Libyan warplanes again bombed positions near both Ra's Lanuf and Zawiyah.[185] Bin Jawad was retaken by loyalist forces as
the rebels retreated,[186] but Al Jazeera reported opposition forces pushed west after reportedly shooting down an attack
helicopter and two warplanes and reasserted control over the hamlet.[184] Al Arabiya and other agencies reported that forces
loyal to Gaddafi began shelling the city of Misrata, the largest opposition stronghold in Tripolitania, around midday.[187]
• According to local witnesses, the rebels fended off the attack on Misrata by Gaddafi's forces. Sixteen rebels and civilians
were killed, including a twelve-year-old boy. Twenty-two of Gaddafi's soldiers were killed, and another twenty captured.[188]
7 March
• France and the UK were attempting to get a no-fly zone established through the UN Security Council, after previously
backing down from the idea. The gulf states in the Middle East had officially called for a no-fly zone to be placed, and an
Arab League emergency meeting will discuss the implication of one backed by it own organization.[189]
• Hundreds of Gaddafi's soldiers entered Zawiya with tanks. According to local witnesses, the soldiers used the tanks to fire at
houses and many homes were destroyed. The death toll was a minimum of eight, with dozens of civilians casualties expected
to be found. Rebels still controlled Zawiya, however, but was fighting the fiercest battle yet, according to witnesses. Some
witnesses went on to say "the whole town is in ruins".[171]
• By the morning of 7 March, BBC News had reported that the town of Bin Jawad was under the control of government forces
and they were advancing on Ra's Lanuf.[190]
• While rebels in Ra's Lanuf managed to successfully fend off attacking infantry forces, fighter jets continued to launch air-
strikes in Ra's Lanuf, causing several casualties.
8 March
• Air-strikes continued on Ra's Lanuf, which is still held by rebels. The air strikes on 8 March have not caused casualties yet.
Zawiya is still held by rebels, but under repeated artillery fire by Gaddafi's forces.[191] Video evidence provided by Sky News
reporters who sneaked into Zawiya debunk the regime's claims that they control Zawiya.[192]
• The opposition council headquartered in Benghazi has issued a statement to Gaddafi, saying that if he and his family were to
call off fighting and leave Libya within seventy-two hours, the council will not prosecute them for crimes committed.[191]
9 March
• Rebels still held on to Zawiya but were still under assault by tanks, snipers, and heavy artillery from Gaddafi's forces.[193]
Local witnesses said the regime's military temporarily captured Zawiya's main square, but by night were driven back to
1 kilometre (0.62 miles) from the city center.[194]
• The rebels attempted to move against Bin Jawad once more; however, after firing off around fifty rockets and making some
advances, they were hit by artillery and air strikes and retreated to Ra's Lanuf.[195][196] The rebels then claimed that they had
eventually retaken Bin Jawad, although this could not be confirmed.[197][198]
• The European Parliament urged all European states to recognize the National Interim Council as the government of
Libya.[199]
10 March
• On 10 March, France officially recognized the National Interim Council as Libya's only legitimate government. Portugal
later also recognized the council.[200]
• Zawiyah was retaken by loyalist forces.[201] Reporters from the The Times and ITV reported from the square in the city where
they confirmed it was under government control and clean-up operations were underway.[202][203] At the same time on the
eastern front, after beating back the rebels from Bin Jawad, loyalist forces launched their largest attack yet against Ra's Lanuf
and began to move into the town. Opposition forces were in retreat from the city along with some of the civilian population
and were attempting to regroup east of Ra's Lanuf.[204]
• In spite of "Libyan state television claiming that Kadafi loyalists had cleared Ras Lanuf of "armed gangs" and Gaddafi
loyalist forces intensifying their attack "with heavy artillery from the sea and the air", anti-Gaddafi forces still controlled the
town.[205]
11 March
• On the morning of 11 March, the first loyalist ground troops entered Ra's Lanuf with 150 soldiers, backed up by three tanks,
and managed to get to the city center. At the same time, four transport boats came in from the sea and unloaded 40–50
soldiers each on the beach near the Fadeel hotel. They were engaged by hard-core rebel remnants, who had not retreated
from the town the previous day.[206] Government troops captured the residential area, but the rebels continued to hold out in
the oil port facilities throughout the day[207] and recaptured much of the town in a counteroffensive in the afternoon.[207][208]
• The same day, rebels claimed they were still in control in Zawiya; however, just a few hours later, a pro-Gaddafi rally was
held in the center of the city, witnessed by 100 foreign journalists, confirming the city was retaken.[207][209]
12 March
• On 12 March, rebels fighting in Ra's Lanuf retreated in the afternoon to the town of Uqayla west of Marsa Brega.[210] Later
during the day, the government took foreign journalists to the city for confirmation of the town's fall.[211]
• The Secretary of the Arab League, Amr Moussa, called for a no fly zone to be put in place after previously resisting the idea.
The Arab League met and did not allow Libyan diplomats from Gaddafi's government to join despite Gaddafi's government's
request to attend.[212] The Arab League "called on the United Nations Security Council to impose a no-fly zone over Libya in
a bid to protect civilians from air attack".[213][214][215] The Arab League's request was announced by Youssef bin Alawi bin
Abdullah, Oman's foreign minister. He stated that all member states present at the talks agreed with this.[213]
• The Arab League also announced it now recognizes the National Transitional Council as the government of Libya.[216]
• Al Jazeera cameraman Ali Hassan al-Jaber was shot dead near Benghazi. He was the first journalist killed since the uprising
started.[217]
13 March See also: Second Battle of Brega
• Before dawn on 13 March, loyalist forces, advancing eastward from Ra's Lanuf, had taken the town of Uqayla and the village
of Bisher and were heading toward Brega. Rebel forces in Brega had started a retreat for Ajdabiya.[218] Brega was captured
later in the day by pro-Gaddafi forces.[219]
• According to human rights watchers, the Libyan capital Tripoli is in a state of fear as forces controlled by Gaddafi have
arrested people along with disappearances taking place. According to residents of the city scores of anti-government
protesters have been arrested and subject to torture.[220]
• Ali Atiyya, a colonel of the Libyan Air Force at the Mitiga military airport, near Tripoli defected and joined the rebellion.[221]
• Amnesty International condemned the killing of Al-Jazeera journalist, Ali Hassan al-Jaber the day before.[222]
• Rebels forces came back to fight in Marsa Brega. Reports from rebels and Al Jazeera sources claim that the rebels have
recaptured the town, killing 25 of Gaddaffi's soldiers and capturing 20 in the process.[221][223] With the destruction of the Ra's
Lanuf oil refinery, Gaddafi only controls one oil refinery in Al-Zawiyah. Most military analysts believe that Gaddafi is
running out of fuel; and his supply lines are vulnerable and extended. Tanks on average get about one mile to the gallon,
showing the heavy cost in fuel in running a war.[citation needed]
• Al-Jazeera reported that Al-Zawiyah was being besieged by pro-Gaddafi forces, with no further details given; it's unclear
whether the report was accurate or in error.[223]
14 March
• On 14 March, the fighting in Brega was at a stalemate, with rebel forces holding the residential district and loyalist forces
holding the oil facilities.[224]
• Meanwhile on the western front, loyalist forces launched an artillery barrage on Zuwarah. A group of rebels managed to fend
off a loyalist assault against a rebel checkpoint outside of the city, but within hours, government tanks had captured the city's
main square. Rebels in Zuwarah still launched counterattacks at night.[225] Government warplanes also launched airstrikes on
rebel targets in Ajdabiyah.[226] A few occasional clashes also took place around the outskirts of Misrata.[227]
• Former Libyan army commander Khalifa Belqasim Haftar, who served in the Libya–Chad war has returned to Libya to aid
and support the rebels.[228]
15 March See also: Battle of Ajdabiya
• On 15 March, pro-Gaddafi troops attacked Ajdabiya.[229] Reuters reported that civilians and rebels were massively retreating
from Ajdabiya, giving up their position, which was confirmed by a journalist from Le Monde. Soon after, the official Libyan
television announced that the forces of Gaddafi were in full control of Ajdabiya.[230] Al Jazeera reported that the opposition's
airforce has destroyed and sunk two Gaddafi warships and hit a third, off the coast of Ajdabiya and Benghazi. In the
meantime, the oil town of Brega was reclaimed by pro-Gaddafi forces.[231] Google maps show that the desert breaks away to
farmland and trees near Benghazi, and the rebel tactics may have changed to withdraw into terrain that's better suited to a
lightly equipped rebel force where they could try to simply bleed the regime dry.[232]
• By that evening, there were conflicting reports that rebel forces in Ajdabiya had either retreated from the city or there was
still some fighting. It was confirmed that loyalist forces had entered the city centre earlier in the day. Rebel forces claim they
repulsed the attack, while the government claims otherwise.[231]
• The Independent reports that four men have been arrested in Ajdabiya by the rebel forces, with evidence linking them to the
death of Ali Hassan Al Jaber, who was killed near Benghazi on Saturday. Under questioning, the suspects allegedly
confessed that they had been ordered to silence opposition figures and drive out international presence from territories of the
protest movement. The men had five guns, some of them with silencers, and they also had night sights. Bullets from two of
them matched those used to kill the Al Jazeera journalist. Several thousands of dinars were found in their pockets, but the
suspects denied that the money were related to the assassination.[233]
• Sporadic gunfights were reported inside Benghazi, as rebels are fighting with pro-Gaddafi loyalists after the rebels began
searching in Benghazi for sleeper agents working for the regime.[231]
• According to Mustafa Gheriani, an opposition spokesman, a rebel frigate seized an Greek oil tanker carrying 25,000 tons of
fuel for the government.[234]
16 March
• On 16 March, Al Manara Media reported more defections. Two fighter jets allegedly landed at Benghazi airport and joined
the rebel forces. It was also reported that two battalions of loyalist forces defected in Sirte, taking control of the city's airport.
Also, Manara stated that twenty-five soldiers and an officer from the fifth battalion, who were in the city of Misrata, also
defected and joined the revolution. And in Tobruk, six cars filled with loyalist troops from the Khamis battalion have
surrendered themselves to the rebels in Tobruk. However, no other independent media confirmed the defections.[235]
Wikinews has related news: Libyan rebels and Gaddafi troops in battle on two fronts
• During the daytime of 16 March, both the government forces and the rebels were still fighting in Ajdabiya, with neither side
gaining the upper hand. By night, things were changing in the rebels' favor, as government soldiers themselves told
journalists that they were facing stronger resistance from the rebels, forcing many government soldiers to retreat. Agence
France-Presse reported at least twenty-six deaths in fights around Ajdabiya.[236] The UN called for a ceasefire on both sides,
and established a draft resolution for a no-fly zone.[237]
• Loyalists also attacked Zintan and Misrata. In Misrata, the rebels defeated attacking loyalist forces in the south and west
corners of the city, capturing several tanks. Low-intensity warfare continues in eastern outskirts of the city, with rebels
holding ground and the city in their control.[237] At least eleven deaths were reported. The situation in Zintan was unclear.[238]
• The New York Times announced that four of its journalists were reported missing as of 15 March. Second-hand reports
indicated that the journalists may have been swept up by Libyan government forces.[239]
• A Libyan pilot, who was interviewed by the BBC News, testified that he had documents which prove that the Algerian
military and particularly its airforce were assisting Gaddafi's forces.[240]
Libyan no-fly zone approved
17 March Main article: Libyan no-fly zone
• Just after midnight on 17 March, government troops successfully reoccupied the southern gate of Ajdabiya after a three-hour
fight. Later in the morning loyalist forces sealed the eastern entrance to the city and entered the small port town of Zueitina
to the northwest of Ajdabiya.[241] Gaddafi also vowed to attack Benghazi that same night. He promised amnesty to rebels that
laid down their arms but said his forces would show "no mercy" to those that continued fighting.[242] Rebel leader Mustafa
Abdul Jalil said the rebels would stand firm and would not be intimidated.[243]
• Washington shifted its position to support aggressive armed action against Gaddafi's forces. US Ambssador to the UN Susan
Rice pushed for the Security Council to approve a no-fly zone and aerial bombing of Gaddafi's army in today's vote.[244] The
Council will also consider the possibility of placing the money in Gaddafi's frozen accounts in the US under rebel control to
help them purchase weapons.[235] Gaddafi threatened to retaliate against passenger air and sea traffic in the Mediterranean
Sea if Libya is attacked.[245]
• The day marked the first time the rebel forces used aircraft and heavy armor to launch a counterattack at Ajdabiya. A
helicopter raid eventually stopped the Gaddafi army from progressing any further.[244][246] Pro-Gaddafi elements of the air
force responded by bombing the Benghazi airport. Two pro-Gaddafi fighter jets were shot down in the attack, with little
damage to the airport.[234]
• Two important videos were uploaded on that day. First was on Facebook, showing youths fighting with Gaddafi's forces in
the streets of Misrata. The cameraman declared that Gaddafi's Battalion tried to enter the city but was blocked on the main
costal highway.[244] The other video was showing children in the hospital of Ajdabiya, being severely wounded or close to
death, by airstrike bombs. It is not known whether those children were in shelters at the moment of wounding.[244]
• Over 1,000,000 signatures have been collected through Avaaz.org from all over the world, for the imposition of a no-fly zone
in Libya.[244]
• Politiken reports that the Danish parliament is prepared to send the Danish Air Force to Libya to enforce a no-fly zone, even
if the United Nations is unable to agree on intervention. The article also has reports of a family in Ajdabiya that witnessed
airstrikes on the city's hospital, bus station and various blocks of flats.[247]
• US State department official William Burns says the opposition Libyan National Council may set up an office in Washington
DC.[244]
• The Times newspaper of Malta reported that activists were attempting to block an oil shipment to Tripoli that would have
departed from Malta.[248] According to the activists, the deal was made by Yahya Ibrahim Gadhafi, an official from a Libyan
state oil company.[248]
• In 22:30 GMT, United Nations Security Council adopted UN Resolution 1973 (2011), which authorizes member states 'to
take all necessary measures… to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab
Jamhariya, including Benghazi, while excluding an occupation force'.[4] The vote was 10-0 with five abstentions. China and
Russia, both of which have veto power, abstained, as did Brazil, India and Germany. The Guardian reported that the US,
Britain, France and several Arab states, would join forces to throw a protective ring around the rebel stronghold of Benghazi
within hours of the vote.[249] Reuters reported that Italian defense minister Ignazio La Russa announced that Italy would serve
as a base for any military action against Libya.[250]
• According to Al Jazeera, a few hours before the UN voting, Gaddafi stated in Portugal's public media that "The UN Security
Council has no mandate. We don't acknowledge their resolutions. If the world is crazy, we will be crazy too". On the
contrary, after the voting, Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister Khalid Kaim stated to reporters in Tripoli that his regime is ready
for the ceasefire decision, but requires an interlocutor to discuss how to implement it."[244]
• The Wall Street Journal reported that Egypt's military had begun shipping arms to the rebel forces in Libya several days
beforehand.[251]
18 March
• Rebel fighters began attacking government positions near the western mountain town of Nalut. One rebel fighter was
reported killed, and four pro-Gaddafi fighters were claimed to have been killed, along with 18 captured.[252]
• Around midday the Gaddafi government announced an immediate ceasefire in accordance with the UN Security Council
resolution.[253] saying it "accepts that it is obliged to accept the U.N. resolution" and that it was acting to protect its civilians
from likely military action which had been authorized by the UN Security Council resolution.[254]
• In the evening, pro-Gaddhafi forces were reported to approach Benghazi, with clashes occurring at Magroun and Suluq
which are about 50 kilometres (31 miles) from the city. However, the government stated that it was the rebels who were
advancing against their positions in Magroun. This was later confirmed via recorded video from the field by Agence France-
Presse.[255] Also, there was fighting in the port town of Zueitina, where a government force had landed from the sea the
previous day and took the town. The rebels had been besieging them since then. According to the rebels, several of their
fighters, along with a number of civilians, were killed and they also claimed to have captured twenty government
soldiers.[256][257] Later, anti-aircraft fire following a loud explosion was heard in Benghazi.[256]
Coalition intervention
19 March Main article: Second Battle of Benghazi
• By unanimous vote, Denmark's Parliament authorized direct military action by its air force to help enforce UN Security
Council Resolution 1973, marking the only time so far in the state's history that military commitment was supported by full
parliamentary unity.[258] Despite the Libyan government's assertion that they are respecting the UN-mandated ceasefire, pro-
Gadhafi forces entered the suburbs of Benghazi, and were shelling the city with mortars and artillery. One rebel jet was shot
down over Benghazi by rebel forces.[259][260]
• Pro-Gaddhafi forces were reported in the suburbs of Benghazi and shelling the city with artillery from 20 kilometres (12
miles) away.[259] Pro-Ghaddafi tanks inside Benghazi were reported by a BBC News journalist.[256]
• Also on 19 March, a Mig-23BN was shot down over Benghazi by ground fire. A rebel spokesman later confirmed that the
plane belonged to the Free Libyan Air Force and had been engaged in error by rebels.[10][261][262][263][264][265][266][clarification needed]
Fox News initially reported that the plane was "bombing their (rebels) eastern stronghold".[266]
• The Libyan government said the rebels violated the UN "no fly" resolution by using a helicopter and a fighter jet to bomb
Libyan armed forces.[267]
• Libyan state television said that interior minister Abdul Fatah Younis, who had defected to the opposition one month ago,
had returned to the government.[268] The head of the Libyan National Council, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, denied this report that
defected interior Minister Abdel Fatah Younis has defected the rebels and joined Gaddafi forces again.[259] On a live phone
call with Al Jazeera, Younis himself confirmed that he is still in Benghazi and on the rebels' side, and that videos of him on
state television are from a meeting with Gaddafi months ago.[269]
• At 4 p.m. (Libyan time), French fighter jets began entering Libyan airspace in reconnaissance missions in support of the
Libyan no-fly zone.[259]
• Mohammed Nabbous, founder of Libya Alhurra TV, died in the Second Battle of Benghazi.[259]
• At 6:45 p.m. local time, a French fighter jet fired the first shots, hitting Gaddafi loyalist armored vehicles.[270] Al Jazeera
reported the next day that the air raid had destroyed a convoy of fourten tanks and several trucks loaded with RPGs and
ammunition, fourteen pro-gaddafi soldiers are reported dead after the raid.
• According to Al Jazeera, some citizens of Benghazi were leaving the city and moving northwest to other anti-Gaddafi held
towns. Later reports from Al Jazeera/Pentagon relations told that American warships had launched cruise missiles at Libyan
airfields as part of a multi-phase operation called Odyssey Dawn. After that, the US plans to focus on the skirmishes on the
ground. The Pentagon said that the United Arab Emirates and Qatar would also be involved in military operations in Libya,
but would announce their involvement themselves.
• Odyssey Dawn, falls under the operational command of the US African Command, under General Carter Ham. Tactical
execution is being run out of the USS Mount Whitney, Admiral Sam Locklear commanding. Off the coast of Libya, there are:
11 vessels from Italy, 11 from the US (including three submarines, each with 112 missiles on board), one from the UK, one
from France and one from Canada.
• Later that day, Gaddafi's Secretary General of the People's Congress, Mohammad al-Zawi, had a press conference in which
he repeatedly claimed that the ceasefire was in action, contradictory to reports from Al Jazeera, BBC News and other
Western news sources. Libyan state television later claimed that Gaddafi forces had shot down a French military plane. No
evidence supports this so far other than this source.[271]
20 March
• At about 2:30AM local time, anti-aircraft gunfire was heard for about seven minutes echoing throughout the city of Tripoli.
It is unknown what targets may or may not have been hit. Later, Libya state television reported that airstrikes killed 48
people and wounded 150 in civilian areas.[citation needed] Citing an armed forces statement it said the capital Tripoli as well as
cities of Benghazi, Misrata and Zuwarah were also hit.[271] Libyan armed men on the port of Tripoli captured an Italian ship
comprising of crew members eight from Italy, two from India and one from Ukraine.[272] The Italian Ship named ASSO 22,
belongs to Augusta Off Shore Society, was sending staff of the ENI Petroleum Co.[272] to Libya. It arrived in Tripoli on
Saturday afternoon after the staff departed, the crew was held up by the armed personnel of the port.
• Al Jazeera reported that on 20 March a bombardment had destroyed fourteen tanks, twenty armored troop carriers and
several trucks filled with ammunition and RPGs, killing fourteen pro-Gaddafi soldiers in the process.[273] Three of Gaddafi's
tanks have just reached the centre of rebel-held Misrata, a spokesman for the armed opposition tells Al Jazeera.[274] The same
source reported that pro-Gaddhafi boats did not allow help to reach Misrata. Casualties are reported to be too high to
count.[275]
• China, Russia and the Arab League have condemned the violence from the US and France with Russia claiming that the UN
resolution was "hastily adopted". At about 5:10PM local time, a health official in Tripoli increased the death toll from 48 to
64. More anti-aircraft fire was heard in Tripoli at about 8:30PM local time. At 9:00PM local time the government once again
called for a ceasefire. However Al Jazeera reporters later questioned the spokesperson for the military, he replied that no one
would in the public would be informed of this by media. At 10:26PM local time a loud explosion was reported nearby
Gaddafi's compound, Bab al-Azizia in Tripoli.[276] It was confirmed by CNN Nick Robertson that a building at the heart of
the Azizia compound has in fact been destroyed.
21 March
• It was reported by Al Manara Media, that Khamis al-Gaddafi, the leader of the Khamis Brigade and son of Muammar al-
Gaddafi, had died from his injuries sustained when Muhammad Mokhtar Osman allegedly crashed his plane into Bab al-
Azizia a week earlier. However, this had not been confirmed by any other independent media. The crashing of the plane had
also not been previously reported or confirmed by any other independent media except Al Manara.[277]
• Swiss journalist Gaëtan Vannay, reporting from Zintan in Tripolitana, said the eastern environs of Zintan has seen fighting
between rebels and attacking regime forces for the past two days. There is heavy shelling on the city by pro-Gaddafi
forces.[278]
• Following a meeting with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon, the Secretary-General of the Arab League, Amr Moussa,
stated his support for the no-fly zone being implemented over Libya.[279]
• The BBC reported that the Libyan Permanent Mission to United Nations is now flying the former Libyan flag and an image
of this flag appears on the mission's official website which has also removed an image of Muammar al-Gaddafi from its
index page.[256][280]
• There are four pro-Gaddafi tanks on the road outside Ajdabiya, which fire on any vehicle that goes over a rise approaching
the city.[281]
• Vladimir Putin, Prime minister of Russia states that the execution of the no-fly zone is comparable to the medieval
crusades.[282] Russian president Dmitry Medvedev described Putin's comments as "unacceptable".[283]
22 March
• Late 21 March, Al Arabiya quoted a Libyan government official who said administration of Misrata was re-taken by forces
loyal to the Gaddafi regime, however rebels claim that they still control the city.[284] A caller from Misrata to CNN's
Anderson Cooper 360 reported that there was still resistance. He also said that four government tanks were killing people,
including children.[citation needed]
• The Commander of the International Coalition for Libya[who?] has stated that civilians were being targeted by pro-Gaddafi
forces in Misrata.[285] Muhammad of Misrata has told The World Today that Pro-Gaddafi forces in Misrata have been
ordering people to march to the city square and demonstrate their support for Gaddafi's regime and that when an anti-Gaddafi
demonstration broke out, the pro-Gaddafi forces fired into the crowd of 4,000 using heavy artillery and snipers, killing 27
people.[286]
• One in three Britons agree with the decision to take military action in Libya, according to a poll published on Monday. The
ComRes/ITN survey found that 43% disagreed with the action and 22% were unsure. However, a separate survey by
YouGov showed the opposite result with a majority of Britons questioned supporting the campaign.[287][288][289]
• According to a reporter embedded with the rebels, coalition forces began bombing Gaddafi forces around Adjabiya.[290]
• A US F-15E warplane crashed in Libya;[285][291] its pilots have minor injuries. One of the pilots was picked by a US V-22
Osprey and the other was picked up by the rebels. The crash was blamed on mechanical failure.[292]
• In response to Russia's call for an immediate cease fire,[293] U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates said, "some Russians were
swallowing Muammar Gaddafi's lies about civilian casualties in Libya"[294] and said the coalition forces were doing their best
to avoid civilian casualties.
• Hussein el Warfali, commander of the pro-Gaddafi Eagle Brigade in Tripoli, has been reported killed.[295]
• Plans by Coalition forces to hit Gaddafi's compound with Storm Shadow cruise missiles have been aborted as Journalists had
been taken there to show them the damage from the original attack.[296]
• A video taken allegedly demonstrates mercenaries being made to eat raw dog by the Khamis Brigade as part of training.[297]
• Following an interview with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton by ABC News, it was reported that "People close to
Moammar Gadhafi are reaching out to allies around the world exploring their options". Secretary Clinton also stated that she
was aware of reports that one of Gaddafi's sons had been killed in non-coalition air strikes but that the "evidence is not
sufficient" for her to confirm this.[298]
23 March
• Gaddafi's forces launch heavy bombardment on the town of Zintan.[299][300]
• Gaddafi's forces in Misrata captured the main hospital and positioned snipers on the roof of it. The opposition requests a
hospital ship be sent to Misrata.[301]
• Coalition forces launch air-strikes on Gaddafi's forces within the city of Misrata itself. Coalition jets also launched air-strikes
against Gaddafi forces at the eastern gate of Ajdabiya.[302] People fleeing the city stated that only the center of the city
remained in rebel hands while the outskirts were under government control.[303]
• A British military officer claimed that Libya's air force "no longer exists as a fighting force" due to coalition airstrikes and
that coalition aircraft are now "operating with impunity" over Libya.[304] Air Vice Marshal Greg Bagwell stated: "We've
blown up all their airplanes."[305]
• Libya's pro-democracy fighters formed an "interim government", headed by Mahmoud Jibril.[304]
• 8 explosions from coalition bombings are heard after sunset in Eastern Tripoli.[306]
• The Bab Al-Aziziya compound was also bombed again.[307]
• Pro-Gaddafi forces re-enter Misrata and attack its main hospital.[308]
24 March - NATO takes command of naval operations
• Fourteen Tomahawk missiles were launched overnight in Libya by the allies, says a spokesman for US Africa Command in
Germany.[309]
• Fighting in both Ajdabiya and Misrata continues. Tanks re-entered Misrata after previously retreating. The regime attempted
to capture Misrata's port with naval warships, but witnesses claim they retreated. The coalition plans to step up air-strikes on
Ajdabiya and government positions, and is beginning to coordinate with rebels.[310]
• A French fighter jet also reportedly shot down a Libyan military trainer aircraft which was breaking the no-fly-zone. It was a
Soko G-2 Galeb, single-engine military aircraft.[311]
• A member of the opposition forces was claiming a major success – killing 30 government snipers in Misrata. He also says
that all Libyan government military vessels have abandoned the port.[312]
• The Al Jufra Air Base was bombed by French aircraft.[313] Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister Khaled Kaim stated that the base
was struck before dawn.[314]
• A spokesman for the anti-Gaddafi forces said that Gaddafi troops in Ajdabiya were trying to surrender. Col. Ahmad Omar
Bani stated that the anti-Gaddafi forces "received information from freedom fighters in Ajdabiya saying some Gaddafi
fighters have offered to leave their tanks".[315]
• NATO took command of the naval arms embargo.[316]
25 March - NATO takes command of air operations
• The United Arab Emirates committed six F-16 and six Mirage fighters to help enforce the no-fly zone over Libya.[317][318]
• Western warplanes bombed Muammar Gaddafi's tanks and artillery in eastern Libya on Friday to try to break a battlefield
stalemate and help rebels take the strategic town of Ajdabiya.[citation needed] French and British jets bombed targets near
Ajdabiya the eastern town overnight, including government forces' artillery.[319]
• Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi is said to be arming volunteers to fight the uprising against his rule.[319]
• Canadian Lt. Gen. Charlie Bouchard will command the NATO military air and sea operations under the name Operation
Unified Protector.[320]
• Abdul Ati al-Obeidi, a former prime-minister of the Gaddafi regime, stated that the Gaddafi regime is open to talks with the
pro-democracy rebels and accept political reforms, possibly including elections.[321]
Second rebel offensive
26 March
• Rebel forces recaptured Ajdabiya after Gaddafi forces retreated[322][323] and with little threat also captured Brega[324] and
advanced towards Ra's Lanuf.[325][326]
• The outskirts of Misrata were hit by airstrikes.[327]
• Benghazi resident Iman al-Obeidi entered a Tripoli hotel, showed bruises and scars to foreign journalists and stated that she
had been sworn at, tied up, urinated on and raped by 15 pro-Gaddafi security officers, who had detained her for two days
(photos:[328]).[329] Pro-Gaddafi security officers assaulted several journalists and removed the woman from the hotel. The
security officers said that they were taking al-Obaidi to a hospital. Al-Obaidi said she was being taken to prison.[329] Charles
Clover, a journalist with the Financial Times who attempted to defend her from Gaddafi's security forces, was deported from
Libya. Clover said that he had been told the night before to leave because of what Libyan government officials said were
"inaccuracies in his reporting".[330]
• Bilgasim Al-Ganga, number three in pro-Gaddafi forces is said to be detained by anti-Gaddafi forces.[331]
• Gaddafi's forces heavily bombard the city of Misrata, sometimes targetting residences. One family has been reported killed
by such a blast. Gunners on rooftops shoot at anyone who goes out onto the street.[332]
• The French army issued the 8th press release on Opération Harmattan where they stated that at least five Soko G-2 Galeb
fighter planes and two Mil Mi-24 attack helicopters that were preparing attack in Zintan and Misrata regions were shot down
in the last twenty-four hours.[333] They are making further analyses to have a more precise assessment.
27 March
• Rebel fighters have taken control of the small town of Uqayla and the oil town of Ra's Lanuf.[334]
• Rebels recaptured Bin Jawad, a hamlet another 50 kilometres (30 miles) to the west as they moved towards Gadaffi's
hometown Sirte.[335] With the capture of Bin Jawad, the rebels have regained all the ground in the east they lost to the pro-
Gaddafi counter-offensive in the days prior to the imposition of the UN mandated no-fly zone.[334]
• Rebel forces claim to advance further along the coast, taking the town of An Nawfaliyah, 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Sirte.
Rebels have said they plan to halt their advance there overnight as pro-Gaddafi forces were supposedly stationed
50 kilometres (31 mi) down the road ready to defend Sirte.[336]
• NATO says it has agreed to take over command of the military operation that is enforcing UN resolutions on Libya.[337]
• Eight people were killed and 24 wounded in Misrata as forces loyal to Gaddafi fired mortars while advancing towards the
city from the west.[338]
• The rebels signed an oil export deal with Qatar, and announced that shipments of crude would start in "less than a week".[339]
28 March
• National Council spokesman Shamsi Abdul Molah made the incorrect claim that the rebel forces had captured Sirte.[340][341]
• Pro-Gaddafi troops used Grad multi-rocket launchers to bombard the city of Zintan from the north.[342]
• Al Jazeera reports that pro-Gaddafi soldiers in the town of Jalu, some 200 km south of Ajdabiya, surrendered to rebel
forces.[343]
• AFP reported that the rebels' advance on the city of Sirte has been halted about 137 km (85 mi) from the edge of Sirte by pro-
Gaddafi forces.[344] The opposition forces have seized An Nawfaliyah[345] and were advancing towards an area called the Red
Valley, but found it to be full of mines.[346] Fighting is ongoing near An Nawfaliyah.[347]
• Qatar becomes the third state (after France and Portugal) to recognize the National Transitional Council as the only official
government of Libya.[348]
• Pro-Gaddafi forces heavily bombard Misurata with tank shells and mortars from the north and northwest. Pro-Gaddafi
snipers continue to shoot the city's residents. About 4000 migrant workers, mostly Egyptians, are waiting by Misurata's port
to be evacuated.[349]
• By evening, the rebels advanced to about 50 km from Sirte.[350]
• British jets bombed ammunition bunkers in southern Libya. The British defence ministry also stated that several tanks and
armoured vehicles were also destroyed, including "22 tanks, armoured vehicles and artillery pieces in the vicinity of
Ajdabiya and Misrata"[351]
Second Gaddafi counteroffensive
29 March
• Pro-Gaddafi troops use heavy weaponry to force the rebels to retreat from Nawfaliya towards Bin Jawad.[352]
• A US Lockheed P-3 Orion fired on a Libyan 12-meter patrol vessel after it launched missiles at merchant ships in the port of
Misrata "to stop them from firing into the port, harming civilians and damaging other vessels". A US A-10 Thunderbolt II
also fired on two smaller Libyan vessels traveling with the larger ship, destroying one and forcing the other to be
abandoned.[353]
• Vice Admiral Bill Gortney confirmed the US has employed "A-10s and AC-130s over the weekend"[354]
• The mother of Iman al-Obeidi said she had been asked to convince her daughter to retract the allegations in return for her
freedom and cash or a new home. "Last night at 3, they called from Gaddafi's compound and asked me to convince my
daughter Eman to change what she said, and we will set her free immediately and you can take anything you and your
children would ask for," her mother stated[355]
• Rebels temporarily retreated from Bin Jawad after intense mortar fire, but returned and fighting is currently directly west of
Bin Jawad, according to BBC News correspondent Nic Springgate.[356] Later, Springgate confirmed that the rebels had once
again retreated from Bin Jawad, this time some of them as far as Ra's Lanuf.[352]
• The Pentagon says that coalition forces launched 22 Tomahawk missiles overnight, while flying 115 strike sorties.[357]
• Hillary Clinton and an envoy from the Libyan political opposition group trying to overthrow Moammar Gadhafi hold talks in
London.[358]
30 March
• Forces loyal to Gaddafi recaptured the oil-refinery town of Ra's Lanuf forcing rebels to retreat further to the east.[359][360][361]
The coalition then began launching air-strikes against Gaddafi's forces around Ra's Lanuf and on the road to Uqayla.
Reporters on the ground blamed a sandstorm and low visibility from the air for the lack of air-strikes the previous day.[362]
Later during the day, rebels were pulling out of Brega to Ajdabiyah.[363] In the evening, BBC News reported that Brega was
in control of pro-Gaddafi forces and Ajdabiya was coming under attack by loyalist troops.[364][365]
• The UK government expelled five diplomats from the Libyan embassy in London stating that they "could pose a threat" to
UK security.[366]
• Rebel forces, suffering a shortage of skilled armored vehicle drivers, sent out an appeal by Free Libya radio for anyone who
could drive a T-55 tank to report for duty immediately.[367]
• It was reported that US Central Intelligence Agency and UK MI6 operatives were in Libya to gather intelligence for coalition
airstrikes and make contacts with rebel forces.[368]
• The UK government confirmed that the Libyan Foreign Minister, Mussa Kussa, had resigned and defected to the UK.[369]
• The head of intelligence, the oil minister, the secretary of the Libyan General People's Congress and a deputy foreign
minister also defected and escaped Libya.[370]
31 March
• Rebels counter-attacked against Brega in an attempt to push out Gaddafi's forces.[371]
1 April
See also
Human rights portal
Libya portal
Military history portal
Politics portal
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319. ^ a b "Libyan leader 'arming volunteers'". http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12864460.
320. ^ "Libya developments: NATO agrees in principle to protect civilians".
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323. ^ "Libyan Rebels Regain Ajdabiya". CBC News. 26 March 2011.
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324. ^ "Libyan Rebels Push West To Capture Brega". Sky News. 26 March 2011.
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Airstrikes/Article/201103415960556?lpos=World_News_Top_Stories_Header_3&lid=ARTICLE_15960556_Video%3A_Li
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326. ^ http://feb17.info/live-libya-unrest/live-libyan-unrest-march-26-2011/
327. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12776418
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329. ^ a b "Woman Cries for Help, Says Abused by Gaddafi Men". Reuters. 26 March 2011. Archived from the original
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External links
• Libya Feb 17, http://www.libyafeb17.com/.
• Feb 17 Libya News, http://feb17.info/.
• Libya Crisis Map, http://libyacrisismap.net/.
Domestic responses to the 2011 Libyan protests
The former Libyan flag used between 1951 and 1969 has been used by some protesters as an opposition flag.[1][2] This is a list of
officials who resigned or refused to take orders from the Gaddafi regime during the 2011 Libyan protests.
Government officials
Ministers in the General People's Committee Main article: General People's Committee of Libya
• Justice Minister Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil, resigned 21 February 2011[3]
• Interior Minister and Army Major General Abdul Fatah Younis, defected 22 February 2011 as he announced his support for
the protestors[4]
• Minister for Immigration Ali Errishi, resigned 7 March 2011[5][6]
• Foreign Affairs Minister Moussa Koussa, resigned and fled to Britain on 30 March 2011[7]
Other government officials
• Nouri Al-Mismari, former head of protocol[8]
• Ahmad Qaddaf al-Damm, a cousin and aide of Gaddafi has fled to Cairo reporting of "grave violations to human right and
human and international laws."[9]
• Saif Al Arab Gaddafi, (not to be confused with Saif Al Islam Gadaffi), second youngest son of Muammar al-Gaddafi joined
protestors on 24 February 2011.[10]
• Abdul-Rahman al-Abbar, Libyan Prosecutor General resigned on 25 February 2011 and joined the opposition.[11]
• Mohamed Amer Bayou, spokesman for the Gaddafi regime, resigned on 25 February over violence against protesters.[12]
• By February 27, Libya's biggest oil company, Agaco, turned against the Gaddafi regime.[13]
Libyan diplomatic personnel See also: List of diplomatic missions of Libya
Country/
Official Date Notes
Organization
The reason for his resignation was the "oppression
Ambassador Abdulmoneim al-Honi[14] 20 February 2011
against protesters".[15]
Arab League The Libyan delegation to the Arab League
They condemned his attack on "unarmed
in Cairo has renounced Gaddafi and now 25 February 2011
citizens".[17]
represents 'the people'[16]
Did not resign, but denounced Gaddafi in a speech
Ambassador Abdel Rahman Shalgham 25 February 2011 before the Security Council and no longer supports
the regime.[18]
Did not resign, but no longer supports
United Nations Deputy Ambassador Ibrahim Omar Al government.[19][20][21] On 26 February 2011, he stated
21 February 2011
Dabashi that he supported "in principle" the alternative
government being formed in Benghazi.[22]
Delegation to the Human Rights Council
25 February 2011
Entire mission to the UN in Geneva[17]
UNESCO Ambassador Abdoulsalam El Qallali 25 February 2011 [23]
Australia Musbah Allafi[citation needed] 20 February 2011
The Libyan Embassy in Austria condemned
'excessive violence against peaceful demonstrators',
Austria Embassy staff 23 February 2011
stated that they represent the Libyan people and
offered condolences to the families of the victims.[24]
Bangladesh Ambassador AH Elimam 20 February 2011 [14][25]
Belgium Ambassador 21 February 2011 [26]
Son of Gaddafi's former protocol chief Nuri Al-
Mismari (see list Other Government Officials above)
told Toronto Star he resigned because embassy's
Canada Counsellor Ihab Al-Mismari 23 February 2011 chargé d'affaires was "hiding" the gravity of the
deadly crackdown back home. “...killing the friends
with whom I grew up, they are killing my brothers
and sisters.”[27]
China Second Secretary to the ambassador 20 February 2011 He also called on the army to intervene and called
Hussein Sadiq al Musrati for all Libya's diplomats to resign[28]
Staff at the Libyan consulate in Alexandria removed
Egypt Consular employees in Alexandria 22 February 2011 the Gaddafi-era green flag and joined protestors
outside[29]
European Union Ambassador 21 February 2011 [26]
France Ambassador Mohamed Salaheddine Zarem 25 February 2011 [23]
Two members of the staff left the embassy to join
the protesters in front of the building.[30] On the 21st
March the Libyan embassy in Budapest is seen
Hungary Embassy staff (undefined) 22 February 2011
flying the old tricolor flag which indicates that they
have officially changed sides in favor of the National
Transitional Council.[31]
India Ambassador Ali al-Essawi 21 February 2011 [32]
Indonesia Ambassador Salaheddin M. El Bishari 21 February 2011 [32][33]
Ambassador Mohammed Hassan Al
Jordan 24 February 2011 [34]
Barghathi
Distanced themselves from the government and
Malaysia Embassy staff 22 February 2011
called the protests a "massacre."[35]
Later accused by Malian officials of being an
Consul general Musa Al-Koni (later "impostor" who initially recruited Tuareg
Mali March 5
referred as "Musa Kuni") mercenaries before fleeing to Paris with the money
entrusted to him for that purpose.[36]
Left the embassy to join the protestors in front of
Malta Embassy staff (undefined) 22 February 2011 it.[37] The embassy is now flying the flag of the
protestors.
Staff destroyed images of Muammar al-Gaddafi and
Morocco Embassy staff 23 February 2011
destroyed the Gaddafi-era flag[38]
The second-highest ranking diplomat in Namibia,
Second-highest ranking diplomat Saad Saad Bakar, his wife and four children has left for a
Nambia 3 March 2011
Bakar Mediterranean country to join the opposition
movement.[39]
Replacement of the Gaddafi-era flag with the Libyan
Netherlands Embassy staff 8 March 2011 1951–1969 flag as used by the 2011 protesters; no
further comments where made.[40]
Poland Ambassador 22 February 2011 [41][42][43][44]
Portugal Ambassador Ali Ibrahim Emdored 25 February 2011 [45]
Announced he is "joining the revolution", and would
Somalia Ambassador Issa Ashur 26 February 2011 continue to carry out his duties "as a representative
of the Libyan people"[46]
Ambassador; After days of protests, the embassy announced on 23
Sweden Deputy Ambassador Abdelmagid Buzrigh; 23 February 2011 February that they no longer support Gaddafi and
non-diplomatic staff lifted the former Libyan flag[47][48]
"The members of the embassy no longer have any
link to the regime of Moammar Gaddafi, and call on
all countries to follow the example set by the
Switzerland Embassy staff 11 March 2011
Republic of France in recognising the National
Transitional Council which represents the interests
of the Libyan people".[49]
Ambassador did not initially resign, even though he
distanced himself from the Libyan government.[50]
However, he resigned on 22 February saying he does
Ambassador Ali Suleiman Aujali; 22 February 2011
United States of not serve the "dictatorship."[51][52] On 26 February
America 2011, he stated that he supported the efforts to form
an alternative government in Benghazi.[53]
Counsel Saleh Ali Al Majbari,
21 February 2011 [32]
Counsel Jumaa Faris
Contrary to previous reports, the Ambassador of Libya to the United Kingdom has not resigned, but did not want to discuss his
support for Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi.[32]
According to the Toronto Star, the Ambassador of Libya to Canada is on "sick leave".
A growing number of Libyan embassies around the world have started to fly the former flag of Libya used between 1951 and 1969.[54]
Military
• Abdul Fatah Younis, interior minister who resigned and defected, held the position of Major General, and was the top
military leader.[4]
• Major General Suleiman Mahmoud whom Al Jazeera describes as "a commander of the Libyan army in Tobruk" called
Colonel Gaddafi "a tyrant" and announced that he and his forces changed sides towards the protestors.[8]
• On March 1, Brigadier Musa’ed Ghaidan Al Mansouri the head of the Al Wahat Security Directorate and Brigadier Hassan
Ibrahim Al Qarawi defected to the anti-government side.[55] Brigadier Dawood Issa Al Qafsi later joined the opposition as
well.[55]
• Brigadier Dawood Issa Al Qafsi also said that he "join[s] the Feb 17 revolution. With me are officers, non commissioned
officers and soldiers in the Armed Forces units in Ajdabia, Braiga, Bisher, Ogaila, Sultan and Zwaitina...Glory to the martyrs
of the revolution...We announce that we join the Libyan Military Council formed in Benghazi." This came after he said "two
war planes took off from Al Qurdabiyeh base in Sirte for a raid on the town of Ajdabia. It was confronted by Anti-aircraft
guns and forced it to flee without human casualties. We call on our honorable people in Sirte to intervene and to advice their
sons to refuse bombarding any Libyan town to spare the blood of the innocent of our great people."[55]
• Two Libyan Air Force colonels each flew their Mirage F1 fighter jets to Malta after being ordered to carry out air strikes
against anti-government protesters in Benghazi. One of the Libyan colonels has reportedly requested asylum.[56][57]
• On 13 March 2011, Ali Atiyya, a colonel of the Libyan Air Force at the Mitiga military airport, near Tripoli defected and
joined the rebellion.[58]
• Colonel Nuretin Hurala, of the Libyan Navy, comanding Benghazi Naval base and his command, defected to the rebellion.[59]
Other The Arabian Gulf Oil Company, the second largest state-owned oil company in Libya, announced plans to use oil funds to
support anti-Gaddafi forces.[60] This will prove a major boost for the embattled rebel forces highly low on funds. Islamic leaders and
clerics in Libya, notably the Network of Free Ulema – Libya urged all Muslims to rebel against Gaddafi.[61][62] The Warfalla, Tuareg
and Magarha tribes have announced their support of the protesters.[63][64] The Zuwayya tribe, based in eastern Libya, have threatened
to cut off oil exports from fields in their part of the country if Libyan security forces continued attacking demonstrators.[65] Youssef
Sawani, a senior aide to Muammer Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, resigned from his post "to express dismay against
violence".[63] On 28 February, Gaddafi reportedly appointed the head of Libya's foreign intelligence service to speak to the leadership
of the anti-government protesters in the east of the country.[66]
Former royals Libyan-throne claimant, Muhammad as-Senussi, sent his condolences "for the heroes who have laid down their lives,
killed by the brutal forces of Gaddafi" and called on the international community "to halt all support for the dictator with immediate
effect."[68] as-Senussi said that the protesters would be "victorious in the end" and calls for international support to end the violence.[69]
On 24 February, as-Senussi gave an interview to Al Jazeera English where he called upon the international community to help remove
Gaddafi from power and stop the ongoing "massacre".[70] He has dismissed talk of a civil war saying "The Libyan people and the
tribes have proven they are united". Questioned about what shape a new government could take, and whether the 1951 royal
constitution could be revived, as-Senussi said that such questions are "premature and are issues that are to be decided by the Libyan
people," adding that for now the priority is to stop the "killing of innocent people." On whether he desires to return to Libya he says
"The Senussi family considers itself as in the service of the Libyan people."[71] When asked about reestablishing the monarchy, he has
stated that he "is a servant to Libyan people, and they decide what they want".[72] The White House said it will not specify which
individuals and groups it is working and reaching out with, when asked if it supports as-Senussi's calls for international support.[73] ,In
an interview with Asharq Al-Awsat, he stated that it is too early to answer if the monarchy in Libya could be restored and if he will be
active in Libyan poltics. He also says the main objective is to end the violence on the streets in Libya.[74] On 3 March, it was
announced that he planned to return to Libya.[75] On 4 March, he called the West to use airstrikes against Gaddafi after his contacts in
Libya told him they need airstrikes. He also argued that a no-fly zone would be insufficient but later calls for the no-fly zone.[76] He
later stated that international community needs "less talk and more action" to stop the violence.[77] He has asked for a no-fly zone over
Libya but does not support foreign ground troops.[78] He sent a letter to current UN secreatary general Ban Ki-moon calling the UN to
impose the no fly zone.[79] He has also stated that a no-fly zone is the only way to stop Gaddafi who he has said is relying comptely on
the air force.[78] In an interview with Adnkronos, Idris al-Senussi, a pretender to the Libyan throne, announced he was ready to return
to the country once change had been initiated.[80] On 21 February 2011, Idris made an appearance on Piers Morgan Tonight to discuss
the uprising.[81] On 24 February, his brother Hashem called on Gaddafi "to have mercy" on the demonstrators, just as he did with
members of the former Royal Family in 1969 when he allowed them to leave the country unharmed after the coup that overthrew the
monarchy.[82] On 3 March, it was reported that Prince Al Senussi Zouber Al Senussi had fled Libya with his family and was seeking
asylum in Totebo, Sweden.[83] On March 17 Prince Mohamed Hilal El Senusi returned to Libya after 41 years in exile.[84]
See also
• Libyan National Transitional Council
• Libyan People's Army
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65. ^ Hussein, Mohammed (22 February 2011). "Libya Crisis: What Role Do Tribal Loyalties Play?". BBC News.
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66. ^ "Gaddafi Aide 'To Talk to Rivals'". Al Jazeera English. 28 February 2011.
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68. ^ Salama, Vivian (22 February 2011). "Libya's Crown Prince Says Protesters Will Defy 'Brutal Forces'".
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"Gaddafi Nears His End, Exiled Libyan Prince Says". Yahoo! News.
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70. ^ Staff writer (24 February 2011). "Libya's 'Crown Prince' Makes Appeal – Muhammad al-Senussi Calls for the
International Community To Help Remove Muammar Gaddafi from Power". Al Jazeera English.
71. ^ Derhally, Massoud A.; Alexander, Caroline (25 February 2011). "Libya's Prince Senussi Says Tribes Are United
Against Qaddafi". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-25/libya-s-prince-senussi-says-tribes-are-
united-against-qaddafi.html. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
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73. ^ Singh, Tejinder (28 February 2011). "U.S. Hesitates To Support Crown Prince and Define Post-Gaddafi Libya –
The United States on Monday Kept Options Open for a Post-Gaddafi Era Administration in Tripoli for Libya as U.S.
President Barack Obama Met with Visiting U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the White House with Talks Focussed
on Sanguinary Violence Unleashed by Libyan Leader Moammar Gaddafi According to the U.S. Ambassador to the United
Nations, Susan Rice Who Also Took Part in the Discussions". All Headline News.
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External links
• Libya: Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members, CIA Factbook, last updated March 17, 2010
• Libya: Defections leave Muammar Gaddafi isolated in Tripoli bolthole, Ian Black, The Guardian, February 23, 2011
International reactions to the 2011 Libyan civil war
The international reactions to the 2011 Libyan uprising are the responses to the ongoing series of protests and confrontations
occurring in Libya against the government of Libya and its head of state Muammar Gaddafi. Most states and supranational bodies
have condemned Libya's bombing of civilian targets within the country with the notable exception of Nicaragua's Daniel Ortega and
Venezuela's Hugo Chavez who were supportive of Gaddafi. Peru also cut off diplomatic relations with Gaddafi's government over the
aerial bombings. France and Portugal have recognized the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council as Libya's interim
government.[1] The UN Security Council passed Resolution 1973 (2011) for a Libyan no-fly zone on 17 March. Many states have also
either issued travel advisories or attempted evacuations. Some evacuations were successful in either going to Malta or via land
borders to Egypt or Tunisia; other attempts were hindered by tarmac damage at Benghazi's airport or refusals of permission to land in
Tripoli. There were also several solidarity protests in other countries that were mostly composed of Libyan expatriates. Financial
markets around the world had adverse reactions to the instability with oil prices rising to a two-and-a-half year high.
Supranational
• African Union – The Chairman of the African Union Commission Jean Ping said the AU was in contact with the Libyan
government and that it condemned the crackdown against protesters.[2] As of a 7 March meeting with a UK representative,
they had little more to add.[3] On 11 March they announced a panel, consisting of the leaders of South Africa, Uganda,
Mauritania, the Republic of the Congo, and Mali, to travel to Libya to help end the violence.[4] They also rejected a no-fly
zone and any intervention by Western powers, but supported an "African solution" of reform.[5]
• Arab League – Secretary-General Amr Moussa stated initially that he was deeply concerned about the situation in Libya
and urged for immediate stop of the violence. Later, after an emergency meeting on 22 February, the organisation suspended
Libya from taking part in council meetings and Moussa issued a statement condemning the "crimes against the current
peaceful popular protests and demonstrations in several Libyan cities."[6][7] On 7 March, Moussa said Gaddafi had to seek
"reconciliation" with his people if he was to remain in power, but he also suggested many in the Libyan opposition would not
be open to such efforts.[8] The Arab League met on Saturday 12 March and voted to ask the UN Security Council to impose a
no-fly zone, with Algeria and Syria being the only members to vote against the measure.[9]
• European Union – The High Representative of the European Union for External Policy, Catherine Ashton has
condemned the crackdown of protests by Libyan authorities and pushed back any threat of Tripoli towards the EU. "The
European Union is extremely concerned about the events unfolding in Libya and the reported deaths of a very high number
of demonstrators. The EU urges the authorities to exercise restraint and calm and to immediately refrain from further use of
violence against peaceful demonstrators. The legitimate aspirations and demands of the people for reform must be addressed
through open and meaningful Libya-led dialogue. (...) We have heard threats, we hear people saying you should do this, you
should do that, but in the end the EU will do what is right," Ashton replied concerning threats Libya delivered to the rotating
Hungarian presidency of the EU, stating that Tripoli would end co-operation on blocking irregular immigration into the EU if
Brussels did not side with Gaddafi.[10][11] The European Union held meetings regarding Libya on Thursday and Friday, 11–12
March 2011. The European Union's foreign policy chief, Catherine Ashton, flew to Cairo on 13 March to meet with leaders
of the Arab League and discuss a "collaborative approach" with Arab League Secretary-General Amr Moussa on Libya and
the rest of the region, and would also meet with Egypt's Essam Sharaf and Nabil Elaraby.[12]
• Group of Eight – Foreign ministers from the G8 met on 14 March in Paris to discuss the situation and a possible no-fly
zone.[13]
• Gulf Cooperation Council – On 8 March, the GCC issued a joint statement calling on the UN Security Council to
impose an air embargo (no-fly zone) on Libya to protect civilians.[14] On 28 March, after member state Qatar announced it
was transferring diplomatic recognition of Libya from Gaddafi's government to the National Transitional Council in
Benghazi, the GCC publicly backed the move.[15]
• United Nations – Secretary General Ban Ki-moon in a statement said that bombs against civilians "if confirmed, would
constitute a serious violation of international humanitarian law and would be condemned by the secretary-general in the
strongest terms." He later issued another statement saying he was "outraged."
o Security Council President and Permanent Representative of Brazil to the UN Maria Luiza Viotti said in a statement
after closed-door consultations that the Security Council "condemned the violence and use of force against civilians,
deplored the repression against peaceful demonstrators, and expressed deep regret at the deaths of hundreds of
civilians" and also called for "an immediate end to the violence and for steps to address the legitimate demands of
the population, including through national dialogue. They underscored the need to hold to account those responsible
for [the] attacks, including by forces under their control, on civilians."[16]
o In the evening of 26 February, the Security Council voted unanimously to pass resolution 1970[17] introduced by
France, the UK, Germany and the US that would sanction ten top Libyan officials, Gaddafi and his family. It also
issued travel bans and an arms embargo. The Security Council also referred the situation to the International
Criminal Court for a war crimes investigation into "widespread and systemic attacks" against protesters.[18] It was
only the second time the Security Council had referred a case to the ICC (the first being Darfur) and the first
unanimous referral.[19]
o Navi Pillay, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, condemned the violence employed by security forces
for its use of live ammunition against protesters.[20]
o On 17 March, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1973 (2011)[21] for a Libyan no-fly zone and all
measures, short of an occupying ground force, needed to protect civilians. Ten members backed the resolution and
five abstained, but only nine votes were needed for it to pass.[22]
Governments
Middle East
• Algeria – Algeria was one of just two countries (with Syria) to vote against the Arab League resolution that called on the
United Nations to impose a no-fly zone over Libya.[23] Algeria has faced a mounting humanitarian crisis as many fleeing
strife in Libya attempt to cross the common border between the two Maghreb states.[24]
• Armenia – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs declared its willingness to provide humanitarian aid to Libya on 23 March.
The government also said that Armenia, as a nearby state, was following the events closely and sought a "peaceful
solution".[25]
• Azerbaijan – Foreign Minister Elmar Mammadyrov said the Azeri government will not break off diplomatic ties with
Tripoli, believing that terminating Libya–Azerbaijan relations is not the best way to "stabilise the situation". Mammadyrov
said his government will make an effort to contact and communicate with "all sides" in the Libyan conflict.[26] An official in
the office of President Ilham Aliyev compared crimes allegedly committed by Gaddafi's regime to violations of UN
resolutions on Nagorno-Karabakh of which Baku accuses its neighbor Armenia and said both should be dealt with forcefully
and equally.[27]
• Bahrain – Foreign Minister Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa speaking to Al Jazeera's David Frost,
when asked of the comparative responses in Libya and his own country called the situation in Libya "tragic."[28]
• Egypt – Inspiration for the Libyan protests was linked to the successful overthrow of President Hosni Mubarak.[29] The
post-revolution military junta in Egypt is quietly arming rebels in Libya, according to reports.[30] Speaking on 18 March (17
March EST) in Delhi, India, presidential candidate and revolutionary leader Mohamed ElBaradei called upon the United
Nations Security Council ahead of a scheduled vote to authorize international military action to support the Libyan rebels.[31]
• Iran – President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad condemned the crackdown asking "How can a leader subject his own people to
a shower of machine-guns, tanks and bombs? How can a leader bomb his own people, and afterwards say 'I will kill anyone
who says anything?'"[32] Foreign Ministry spokesman Ramin Mehmanparast also condemned the Libyan government's
crackdown stating "the Islamic Republic of Iran deems the Libyans' uprising and their rightful demands in line with the
region's Islamic awakening."[33]
• Iraq – Iraq sent a high-level delegation to a closed-door summit with world leaders in Paris on 19 March to discuss
international action against Gaddafi's regime.[34] Foreign Minister Hoshyar Zebari, representing both the Iraqi government
and the Arab League, reportedly "argued passionately in favor of action" at the summit.[35]
• Israel – President Shimon Peres said from Spain that there was "an irony of history" that Gaddafi had once called for "a
Middle East without Israel" but that "there will be a Libya without Gaddafi."[36] Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called
both Libya and Iran, another country rocked by demonstrations in recent weeks, "serial violators of human rights" and said
Gaddafi is "massacring his opponents".[37]
o Leader of the Opposition and former Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni wrote that the protesters were part of "days of
momentous change in the Middle East" and cautioned, "In the best-case scenario, the wave sweeping across the
region will enable democracy to take root in the Arab world ... but the negative scenario is that this opening will be
abused by those ... who seek to use the democratic process to advance an anti-democratic agenda."[38]
• Kuwait – The government condemned Gaddafi and called for all Arab countries to condemn the violence.[39]
• Lebanon – Hezbollah said that "anyone with honour and consciousness in this world cannot, and should not, keep silent
on the massacres that the Gaddafi regime is committing across the country on a daily basis. Hezbollah firmly condemns
crimes committed by the Gaddafi regime against the oppressed Libyan people. Hezbollah expresses support to the
revolutionists (sic) in Libya and we pray that they will triumph over this arrogant tyrant."[40] The Shia population was also
reported to have taken notice that Musa Sadr's 1978 disappearance in Libya could be resolved.[41] Lebanon introduced and
voted for a United Nations Security Council resolution to establish a Libyan no-fly zone in response to persistent reports
Gaddafi's forces were attacking civilians in Libya.[42]
o Lebanon and Syria were said to be in talks on a possible rescue mission for its citizens.[43]
o Lebanon refused landing permission to a private Libyan aircraft with 10 people on board after Lebanon asked Libya
to show the identities of the passengers before take off from Tripoli.[44] Hannibal Gaddafi's wife Aline Skaff was
reported to be one of the passengers.[45]
• Mauritania – A member of Parliament condemned the "awful killings" in Libya and expressed solidarity with the
protesters.[46]
• Oman – The government lobbied successfully at the Arab League for the regional bloc to call upon the UN to impose a
no-fly zone over Libya.[47] Oman is also part of the Gulf Co-operation Council, which also called for the international
community to take action in Libya and criticized Gaddafi.[48]
• Qatar – The Foreign Ministry commented: "Qatar is following with extreme concern the current events in Libya as well
as the authorities' use of warplanes and firearms against civilians...Qatar denounces the use of these arms and asks the Libyan
authorities to stop the use of force against civilians and end the bloodshed."[49] Yahya Mahmassani, who represents the Arab
League to the United Nations, suggested Qatar may join in enforcement of a Libyan no-fly zone before the vote to authorize
it took place at the United Nations Security Council.[50] Qatar recognized the National Transitional Council as Libya's
legitimate government on 28 March amidst an emerging deal for Qatar's national oil company to market oil exported from
the petroleum-rich territory administered by the Libyan Republic.[51]
• Syria – President Bashar al-Assad has rejected any foreign intervention in Libya and called on the Libyan people to
resist any threat and end the conflict. Syria was the only one of two Arab League states to vote against a request to the UN
for a no-fly zone, the other country being Algeria.[23][52][53] Syria has also said it was absolutely against foreign military forces
or inteference in Libya. The Syrian foreign ministry said- "Syria affirms its rejection of all forms of foreign interference in
Libyan affairs, since that would be a violation of Libya's sovereignty, its independence and the unity of its land,".[54] Libyan
rebels allege that Syrian mercenaries were flying planes for the Libyan regime, and that they shot down two Syrian fighter
planes.[55]
• Tunisia – The Tunisian Revolution, which set off a revolutionary wave throughout the Greater Middle East, was cited as
an early inspiration for protests in Libya.[29] Al Jazeera uncovered a secret diplomatic mission to post-revolutionary Tunis
from Gaddafi's regime on 19 March, eventually prompting an intervention by Tunisian police to rescue the news team from
harassment by the Libyan envoy and hotel security staff.[56] Tunisian authorities have been overwhelmed by refugees from
Libya attempting to cross the border since the Libyan uprising began, especially after the UN Security Council imposed a no-
fly zone over Tunisia's larger eastern neighbor.[57]
• Turkey – The government warned Libya that it was making a mistake in ignoring its peoples' demands. This came
despite calls from Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to his ministers not to comment on the situation pending
evacuations of Turkish citizens which had been hampered. Turkey sent flights to Benghazi, but they were turned back
because there was no air traffic control. Consequently Turkey sent in catamarans to evacuate its citizens, though some had
flown out earlier and some were driven out of Libya to one of its neighbours.[58] Still, Turkish Trade Minister Zafer Caglayan
said his country had evacuated almost 600 of its nationals from Libya after looters raided the facilities of Turkish
construction companies, but there are no known reports of Turkish citizens being harmed in the raids. On 15 March, Erdoğan
said that he telephoned Muammar Gaddafi to urge him to appoint a president with popular support among the Libyan people.
"Every leader that is deaf to the demands of society will sooner or later fall to the winds of change," Erdoğan warned at a
speech in Istanbul.[59]
• United Arab Emirates – The government condemned the violence against the protesters and President Khalifa bin Zayed
Al Nahyan instructed his family's charity foundation to provide relief aid to the people of Libya.[60]
Sub-Saharan Africa
• Botswana – The government condemned the violence. "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation
has today, called in the Libyan representative to protest in the strongest possible terms, against the killings and condemn
these actions. The government urges the Libyan government to exercise restraint in addressing the situation."[61] Botswana
then severed diplomatic ties with Libya on 24 February because "the leader of Libya was not remorseful and made defiant
pronouncements despite the violence visited on [its] people..."[62]
• Chad – President Idriss Déby Itno said he was "100 percent sure" that Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb looted Libyan
military arsenals and stole surface-to-air missiles, saying, "The Islamists of al Qaeda took advantage of the pillaging of
arsenals in the rebel zone to acquire arms, including surface-to-air missiles, which were then smuggled into their sanctuaries
in Tenere." Déby also said al Qaeda was actively fighting against Gaddafi in the rebellion, saying "There is a partial truth in
what [Gaddafi] says. Up to what point? I don't know. But I am certain that AQIM took an active part in the uprising."[63]
• Comoros – The government obtained help from Turkey in evacuating Comorian nationals from Libya during the
uprising.[64] Libya continues to maintain a military presence in the archipelago country ahead of a scheduled transfer of
power.[65]
• Equatorial Guinea – Media reported that President Teodoro Obiang Nguema called Gaddafi twice and attempted to rally
African Union support for the embattled Libyan strongman, though Malabo later insisted the phone calls were
"misrepresented" and said the president was acting only in his capacity as the current AU head.[66] The government has
prohibited reports on the North African revolutionary wave from the Equatorial Guinean airwaves.[67]
• Gabon – Gabon voted for the UN resolution imposing a Libyan no-fly zone on 17 March in its capacity as a
nonpermanent member of the United Nations Security Council.[68]
• The Gambia – President Yahya Jammeh urged Gaddafi to step down and criticised the African Union for its
"unacceptable silence."[69] The Gambian government arranged for the evacuation of over 300 citizens of ECOWAS countries
on 19 March, state-owned media reported.[70]
• Guinea – The government refused to permit Guinean citizens to rally in support of Gaddafi on 25 March.[71]
• Lesotho – The government was concerned about the situation.[72]
• Liberia – The government condemned the violence and expressed regret at the loss of lives of Africans in Libya.[73]
However, President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf said that based on the Liberian experience with international military intervention,
she did not believe the Libyan conflict could or should be resolved by foreign armed forces' action in the country.[74]
• Mozambique – President Armando Guebuza condemned the violence in the Arab world, including Libya, calling it
"unacceptable". Guebuza said that "authorities should listen more to people".[75][76] Foreign Minister Oldemiro Baloi said four
of seven Mozambicans in Libya were evacuated in late February, but the other three elected to remain in the country.[77]
• Nigeria – Nigeria voted for the UN resolution to establish a Libyan no-fly zone in its capacity as a nonpermanent
member of the UN Security Council on 17 March.[68]
• South Africa – In a statement issued on 21 February, the government expressed "grave concern" over reports of
numerous civilian deaths following the protests in Libya and called on all parties involved to "exercise restraint in order to
prevent further loss of life". The government called on the both sides "to seek a speedy and peaceful resolution" to the
conflict.[78] A later statement reiterated the government's support for the call made by the AU Peace and Security Council for
an “end to the indiscriminate and excessive use of force against demonstrators”. Deputy Minister Marius Fransman urged the
Libyan government to abide by UN Security Council Resolution 1970 and ensure the safety of foreign nationals and their
assets. The Libyan government was asked to facilitate the departure of those wishing to leave the country as well as provide
for the safe passage of humanitarian relief into the country. The South African government remained "committed to provide
assistance upon request from the Libyan people in ensuring a smooth transition to democratic rule".[79] President Jacob Zuma
has also ordered the Treasury to freeze the assets of Gaddafi and his close associates.[80] South Africa voted for the UN
resolution to establish a Libyan no-fly zone in its capacity as a nonpermanent member of the UN Security Council on 17
March.[68]
• Seychelles – In a press communique issued on 24 February, President James Michel, who voiced support for both
sanctions from the United Nations and calls for international mediation by the African Union, stated, “We are deeply
concerned by the disproportionate use of force against defenceless Libyan citizens. It is totally unacceptable and cannot be
justified under any circumstances. We join with other members of the international community to call for an immediate end
to the brutal repression of citizens." Seychelles has been one of the few African countries that have condemned the Gaddhafi
regime outright.[81]
• Swaziland – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported on 24 March that a Swazi national has apparently gone missing in
Libya since the start of the conflict.[82]
• Tanzania – Several prominent Muslim leaders in the East African country, which has benefited from significant
investment from the Libyan government in the past, have expressed support for Gaddafi, whom the Tanzanian government
has thus far declined to condemn.[83][84]
• Uganda – Foreign Affairs Minister Sam Kutesa said the position of his government is that Gaddafi "should not kill his
people", but said Kampala does not support international military intervention. Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, whose
longtime relationship with Gaddafi has been at turns friendly and combative,[85][86][87][88] is chairing an African Union
delegation intended to broker peace in Libya.[89] The delegation was denied permission to fly to Tripoli after the UN Security
Council imposed a no-fly zone over the country.[90]
• Zambia – Foreign Affairs Minister Kabinga Pande said the government was planning for the evacuation of Zambian
nationals from Libya in late February. Pande said ties between Libya and Zambia are unaffected, and he said his
government's position is that there should be no foreign intervention in Libya.[91]
• Zimbabwe – Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai's Movement for Democratic Change party declared its sympathies lie
with the Libyan opposition. On 7 March, the Zimbabwean Ambassador to Libya was forced to flee back to the Southern
African country after accusations mounted that Harare had allowed Gaddafi to hire Zimbabwean mercenaries.[92]
Americas
• Argentina – The gvernment expressed "deep concern", regretted the loss of lives, and called for a quick, peaceful
solution.[93]
• Brazil – The Ministry of External Relations issued a statement condemning "the acts of violence that were carried out
during recent popular demonstrations, leading to civilian deaths" and called "on the officials in that country to uphold and
protect the right of free expression of the protesters".[94] The Brazilian Government also urged the Libyan authorities to
"urgently address the need to ensure the safe withdrawal of Brazilian citizens who are in the cities of Tripoli and
Benghazi".[95] Brazil, a nonpermanent member of the United Nations Security Council, abstained from a vote on the UN
resolution to establish a Libyan no-fly zone on 17 March.[68]
• Canada – Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon has condemned crackdowns on "innocent protesters", and called
on the Libyan security forces "to respect the human rights of demonstrators and uphold their commitment to freedom of
speech and the right to assembly."[96] Cannon announced on 22 February that it is sending flights to Libya to rescue stranded
Canadians, who will be flown through Europe back home. 331 Canadians are registered with the embassy in Tripoli, and 91
have told staff they plan to leave.[97]
o Canada suspended its diplomatic presence in Libya on 26 February and recalled Ambassador to Libya Sandra
McCardell.[98]
o Canada imposed a freeze of the assets of Libyan leader Moammar Ghadaffi and his family on 27 February 2011.[99]
o 3 Canadian Forces aircraft (2 C-17 and 1 C-130J) are on standby in Malta to pickup stranded Canadians in Libya
with on denied entry to land
o Canada has dispatched the Frigate HMCS Charlottetown to the Mediterranean. It will join an international flotilla
off the coast of Libya.[100]
o Canada has dispatched six CF-18 Hornet fighter aircraft to help enforce the no-fly zone.[101]
• Chile – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a second statement on 23 February expressing that "upon the persistence
of unjustified use of force against civil population, the Government of Chile deplores and energetically condemns the
governmental repression against its citizens, an action contrary to the spirit of dialogue claimed by Chile and the
international community to solve the political crisis in that country, and deeply opposed to the full respect for the human
rights consigned in the charter of the United Nations. Therefore, the Government of Chile urges Libyan authorities to
establish mechanisms for dialogue and citizen participation and to immediately cease the repression against its own
people."[102]
• Colombia – President Juan Manuel Santos condemned the way the Libyan regime is acting upon its people and said that
"what is happening in Libya is unacceptable."[103] Colombia voted for the UN resolution to establish a Libyan no-fly zone in
its capacity as a nonpermanent member of the UN Security Council on 17 March.[68]
• Cuba – Former President Fidel Castro, who remains influential within the Communist Party of Cuba, expressed concern
that the United States was preparing to invade Libya.[104]
• Dominica – Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit said he was concerned about the events in Libya.[105]
• Grenada – The government condemned the violence.[105]
• Mexico- The government condemned the violence and repression of the Libyan crack down, and evacuated 12 of their
123 citizens to Italy. 6 more fled to Tunisia and 2 were airlifted to Malta by another nation's flight. Mexico also gave its full
support to America’s Libyan policy.[106][107][108][109]
• Nicaragua – President Daniel Ortega said he had telephoned Libya to express his solidarity with Gaddafi.[110]
• Peru – President Alan García said that "Peru strongly protests against the repression unleashed by the dictatorship of
Muammar Al-Qadhafi against the people who are demanding democratic reforms to change the government which has been
led for 40 years by the same person." Garcia said that Peru would ask the UN Security Council to establish a no-fly zone
over Lybia to prevent the use of the country’s warplanes against the population.[111] Peru also became the first country to cut
ties with Libya on 23 February[112] "until the violence against the people ceases"[113] as a result of the aerial bombing of
Tripoli.
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – Several opposition leaders were angry that the government was still accepting aid
from Libya. They call it "blood money."[114]
• United States – President Barack Obama said that he was "deeply concerned" by the violence.[115] Later, US Secretary of
State, Hillary Clinton, stated that "Now is the time to stop this unacceptable bloodshed."[116][117] The U.S. State Department
ordered all family members of its embassy employees and non-essential personnel to leave Libya.[118] Obama and Clinton
sharpened their criticism after the formation of a rival government in Benghazi, issuing statements urging Gaddafi to step
down.[119] Clinton added on 27 February that the U.S. has begun "reaching out" to the organisers of an "interim" government"
and that "We’ve been reaching out to many different Libyans who are attempting to organize in the east and, as the
revolution moves westward, there as well. I think it’s way too soon to tell how this is going to play out, but we’re going to be
ready and prepared to offer any kind of assistance that anyone wishes to have from the United States."[120] The United States
cosponsored and, after pushing successfully for the inclusion of language allowing member states to take additional military
action to protect civilian targets under threat in Libya, voted for a UN Security Council resolution establishing a Libyan no-
fly zone, which it is expected to take a major role in enforcing, on 17 March.[68]
o The United States suspended embassy operations on 25 February, after a plane left for Istanbul carrying the last
remaining embassy personnel.[121]
o The United States also moved to freeze $30 billion in assets belonging to the Libyan government and to Colonel
Muammar el-Qaddafi and his family.[122][123]
o On 3 March two American warships were passing through the Suez Canal on their way to waters off Libya.[124]
• Uruguay – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated on its website that "they are following the violence in Libya with deep
concern." The government expressed "concern about the acts of violence taking place in the country, mourning the loss of
lives," and urged the government of Libya to conduct a constructive dialogue that allows a pacific end to the current events,
with due respect to human rights and democratic values." It also expressed satisfaction over the condemning of the bombings
by the United Nations Security Council.[125]
• Venezuela – On March 1, President Hugo Chávez said: "We must be prudent. We know what our political line is: We
don't support invasions, or massacres, or anything like that no matter who does it. A campaign of lies is being spun together
regarding Libya [...] I'm not going to condemn him. I'd be a coward to condemn someone who has been my friend." Like
Fidel Castro he also warned that the United States was preparing an invasion of Libya to seize control of its oil reserves.[126]
Chávez also proposed an international meditation effort between Gaddafi and the opposition to provide a "peaceful solution"
to the uprising.[127] Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolás Maduro expressed hope that the Libyans would find "a way of
solving their problems peacefully without the interference of imperialist states whose interests in the region had been
affected".[104]
Asia
• Bangladesh – The South Asian country had one of the largest foreign populations in Libya when protests began in mid-
February, with over 65,000 Bangladeshi nationals living and working in the country. As of late March, only 30,000 have
been evacuated, with many of the rest believed to be among the masses of refugees that have tried to cross national borders
into Tunisia, Algeria, and Egypt.[128]
• India – The government strongly condemned the violence after an Indian man was killed and many others were injured
during the protests.[129] On 17 March, India abstained from voting on a United Nations Security Council resolution to
establish a Libyan no-fly zone in its capacity as a nonpermanent member.[68]
o India deployed two warships for rescue of its citizens from Libya, INS Mysore and INS Jalashwa.[130]
• Indonesia – President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono stated that the number of dead had become "inappropriate." He also
wrote a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon urging the body and the international community to take action helping
the people of Libya to prevent more tragedy and casualties. The Minister of Foreign Affairs Marty Natalegawa said that
Indonesia is deeply concerned with the situation in Libya, while also announced that Indonesia is seeking the end of the
unrest peacefully, democratically and with dialogue.[131][132]
• Japan – Foreign Minister Seiji Maehara denounced the Libyan government for "the use of extreme violence" against
civilian demonstrators and urged it to immediately stop the crackdown.[133]
• Kyrgyzstan – President Roza Otunbayeva compared Gaddafi to her predecessor, Kurmanbek Bakiyev, and asked why
the international community had not moved to freeze Bakiyev's assets during the 2010 revolution against the former
president.[134] Ukraine has aided Kyrgyzstan in the evacuation of its citizens from Libya.[135]
• Malaysia – The government closed its embassy in Tripoli, though it expected the closure to be "temporary". At least 126
Malaysians were evacuated from Libya along with the Malaysian ambassador to the country.[136] Prime Minister Najib Razak
said the UN should continue to exert pressure if Gaddafi did not stop using violence "against his own people" and professed
support for Libyan self-determination, but he criticized the notion of military intervention in the North African country.
Razak also rejected comparisons between Malaysia and Libya, suggesting his country's democracy has allowed people to
express their views in a way the Libyan model has not allowed.[137] The Socialist Party of Malaysia ripped Gaddafi, saying
his government "was never socialist nor 'government by the masses', but an increasingly dictatorial rule of an oligarchic
family" and praising the efforts of the Libyan opposition in "fighting the repressive Gaddafi regime" and "challenging the
global capitalist system".[138]
• Maldives – The government called on Gaddafi to step down.[139]
• Pakistan – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement on both the Libyan uprising and the no-fly zone on 22
March, saying, "Peaceful political solution needs to be evolved by the Libyan people themselves in the spirit of mutual
accommodation and national reconciliation."[140]
• People's Republic of China – Foreign Ministry spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu said Beijing hopes Libya can "restore social
stability and normalcy as soon as possible and spare no effort to protect the safety of Chinese people, organizations and
assets in Libya."[141] More than 30,000 Chinese nationals worked in Libya, including on oil fields, small shops. On 17 March,
China abstained from voting on a United Nations Security Council resolution to establish a Libyan no-fly zone.[68][142]
o China began their evacuation efforts immediately on February 23 by chartering jets and ferries to Tripoli.[143]
o On February 25, the Chinese PLA Navy guide missile frigate Xuzhou was ordered to be the guardship to Chinese
evacuation efforts, after being detached from anti-piracy operations off Somali coast.[144] It passed the Suez Canal
three days later.[145]
o A total of 35,860 Chinese citizens had been evacuated from Libya as of 11:10 p.m. March 2, Beijing Time. Aside
from the 35,860 nationals, an additional group of 2,100 foreign citizens of 12 different countries have been
evacuated as well. Evacuation effort has been sped up to 15 chartered jets per day.[146]
• Philippines – Acting Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert del Rosario was sent to Tunisia to supervise the repatriation of
Filipino expatriates.[147]
• South Korea – The government has sent chartered jets to Tripoli and is also dispatching the ROKS Choi Young (DDH-
981) that was taking part in anti-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia.[148]
• Singapore – The government has evacuated 10 Singaporeans from Tripoli to Cairo, where it has an embassy. The
Ministry of Foreign Affairs also reiterated its advice that Singaporeans should defer all travel to Libya for during this
time.[149]
• Tajikistan – During the early stages of the uprising, the government solicited the support of Russia[150] and Ukraine to
help evacuate citizens of Tajikistan from Libya. Ukraine helped evacuate at least 16 Tajikistanis in February.[151]
Europe
• Albania – Prime Minister Sali Berisha said his government supports the Libyan no-fly zone and is standing by to help its
enforcement.[152] Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha said that his country is ready to help.[153]
• Austria – A Defence Ministry spokesman said that the Austrian Army had evacuated 62 European nationals.[154][155]
• Belarus – A spokesman for the Ministry for Foreign Affairs declared on February 21 that "we hope for a swift cessation
of violence and reinstatement of peace and order in that friendly country".[156] The Stockholm International Peace Research
Institute reported it had evidence Belarus made arms shipments to Libya before and during the uprising against Gaddafi, with
one Il-76 transport arriving in the North African state just before the UN imposed an arms embargo against Libya, and that
Libyan officials close to Gaddafi had flown between Belarus and Libya during the uprising.[157][158] The Belarusian Ministry
for Foreign Affairs dismissed these reports as "lies".[159]
• Belgium – Foreign Minister Steven Vanackere was concerned about the issue. "I don't think the situation in Libya can
be compared to what happened in Tunisia or Egypt. The average income is bigger and the wage gap is not so outspoken. I
think it's mostly the lack of political and personal freedom that is driving people into the streets... For the European Union,
Libya is a country with a particular position. Many African refugees who are on their way to Europe, are being stopped in
Libya. The fact that Muammar Gaddafi is threatening to open the door to Europe for refugees, is making some nervous. But
it's a ridiculous threat."[160]
• Bosnia and Herzegovina – On 17 March, Bosnia and Herzegovina voted for a United Nations Security Council
resolution to establish a Libyan no-fly zone in its capacity as a nonpermanent member.[68]
• Bulgaria – Prime Minister Boyko Borisov called for Gaddafi to step down.[161]
• Czech Republic – Prime Minister Petr Nečas denounced violence against civilians in Libya, saying, "The bloodshed
aimed against the civilian population is an unprecedented violation of human rights and has no place in the civilised world.
We are shocked at the brutality of the reaction of the Libyan regime to the civic demonstrations."[162]
• Denmark – Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen condemned the attacks against civilians. "Popular protests have been
met with violence. It is deeply, deeply disturbing. I condemn in the strongest terms what is completely unacceptable violence
that we have witnessed in Libya in recent days... There is every reason to sharply distance oneself from Gaddafis completely
unacceptable statements about suspending refugee cooperation with the European Union if the EU continues to support
Libya's pro-democracy groups" he said.[163][164] Danish Foreign Minister Lene Espersen required EU sanctions against
Gaddafi.[165]
• Finland – Foreign Minister Alexander Stubb condemned the violence against civilians and said: "This is about citizens’
right to participate in social decision-making and respect for human rights. Dialogue with citizens must be launched. Finland
also considers it important that the violence is investigated and those guilty are brought to account for their acts. Finland
demands that Libya cooperates to ease and speed up the evacuation of foreigners."[166]
• France – President Nicolas Sarkozy said that the "violence must cease immediately."[167] He also called for the
imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya to prevent the Libyan Air Force from bombing the protesters.[168] Prime Minister
François Fillon said he was "horrified by the amount of violence." France also announced they were sending military aircraft
to evacuate its citizens on 22 February.[167] EU Affairs Minister Laurent Wauquiez described the repression as "completely
unacceptable".[10] On 10 March the French government recognized the National Libyan Council (NLC) as the legitimate
government of Libya.[169] France cosponsored and voted for a UN Security Council resolution establishing a no-fly zone in
Libya on 17 March,[68] and began enforcement of the no-fly zone on 19 March.[170]
• Greece – A Greek ship arrived in Ra's Lanuf on 22 February to rescue stranded citizens.[171]
• Georgia – Foreign Minister Grigol Vashadze was also supportive of the prospect of EU sanctions against Gaddafi.[172]
• Germany – Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle demanded the end of violence, while Germany's state secretary for EU
affairs Werner Hoyer declared: "We are watching with great concern and indignation the violence used by state authorities in
Libya and in other states.".[10] Germany issued a travel warning for Libya.[173] Angela Merkel declared that Gaddafi's
[second] speech is "very very frightening" and that "he has declared war against his own people". Germany has sent three
planes, a Lufthansa jet as well as two Transall transport planes of the German military, which landed in Tripoli on 22
February and are expected to leave later that day.[171][174][175] Germany abstained from voting on a no-fly zone resolution as a
nonpermanent member of the UN Security Council on 17 March.[68]
• Iceland – Foreign Minister Össur Skarphéðinsson said that the Libyan government had committed war crimes by firing
at unarmed citizens with heavy artillery and planes. He later added that the government of Iceland harshly condemns the acts
of Libyan government. He also said that he supported the "wave of freedom" in North-Africa and that the government of
Iceland supports every force which wants Gaddafi out.[176]
• Ireland – Although no formal comments have been made about the conflict by any Irish officials due to an ongoing
election campaign, Irish Air Corps and Department of Foreign Affairs are planning to fly its 40 citizens out of Libya. Two
aircrafts left Casement Aerodrome for Valetta in Malta on the night of 22 February. The two planes landed in Libya at
around 16:50 GMT on 23 February but later returned to Valetta with no passengers on board.[177][non-primary source needed]
• Italy – On 19 February, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi declared his worries about the regional instability. "I haven't
yet heard from Gaddafi. The situation is evolving and so I don't feel I should disturb anyone."[10] On 21 February, Berlusconi
has called the attacks on protesters "unacceptable." He called on the EU to step in to prevent the situation from escalating
into a civil war.[178] Foreign Minister Franco Frattini added on 21 February: "Italy as you know is the closest neighbour of
both Tunisia and Libya so we are extremely concerned about the repercussions on the migratory situation in the southern
Mediterranean." Frattini spoke of the "possibility of a reform of the constitution that could be taken up soon by the People's
Congress."[10] Defence Minister Ignazio La Russa confirmed the dispatch of at least one Italian electronic warfare and
reconnaissance naval vessel near Libyan territorial waters. It is believed that some special force soldiers may be aboard the
ship, although their purpose was unknown.[179]
• Luxembourg – Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn said he is "not afraid" of "a dictator who shoots at his own people."[10]
• Macedonia – The government called for a "peaceful and sustainable solution" to the political crisis in the country.[180]
• Malta – On 21 February, Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi said that the government of Malta was closely watching the
events and condemned all forms of violence and bloodshed. Gonzi said the evolving situation was discussed at a cabinet
meeting and Malta hoped that the best would come out of this situation for Libya and the region. He added that Libya's
territorial integrity was respected.[181] On 27 March, President George Abela expressed optimism that the revolutionary wave
in North Africa, including the uprising in Libya, would reduce the amount of illegal immigration to Malta and Southern
European countries. "This wave of democratisation should give the people [of North Africa] a future in their own countries,"
said Abela.[182]
• Moldova – The government denied rumors that it has supplied Muammar Gaddafi with Russian- and Soviet-built
weaponry.[183]
• Netherlands – The government dispatched a KDC-10 transport to Libya on 22 February. It left later that evening with
Dutch and EU citizens. Foreign Minister Uri Rosenthal said he hoped that another aircraft could land the following day.[184]
• Norway – In a statement, Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre condemned the violence against "peaceful protesters in
Libya, Bahrain and Yemen", saying the protests "are an expression of the people’s desire for more participatory democracy.
The authorities must respect fundamental human rights such as political, economic and social rights. It is now vital that all
parties do their utmost to foster peaceful dialogue on reforms.".[185]
• Poland – The Foreign Ministry said that they are closely observing the events in Libya.[186] A government aircraft was
sent to pick up any Polish citizens in Libya. However, after only fifteen Poles decided to leave the country, the aircraft took
British, Danish and Romanian citizens on board.[187]
• Portugal – On 10 March, Portuguese daily Publico reported that Gaddafi would agree to talks on the transition of power,
quoting a diplomatic source talking about Foreign Minister Luis Amado's meeting with Gaddafi's envoy in Lisbon.[188] Media
also reported Portugal had switched its diplomatic recognition from Gaddafi's government to the National Transitional
Council in Benghazi, following France's earlier decision to do so.[1] Portugal voted for the creation of a no-fly zone in Libya
in its capacity as a nonpermanent member of the UN Security Council on 17 March.[68]
• Romania – The governmentsent an aircraft, to evacuate Romanians in Libya. According to the Foreign Ministry, 500
Romanians are in Libya.[189]
• Russia – The government condemned the use of violence against the civilians, and said that Libya has to "respect human
rights and international law".[190] Russia abstained from voting on a UN Security Council resolution to create a no-fly zone
over Libya rather than use its veto to block the resolution.[68]
• Serbia – Labor and Social Policy Minister Rasim Ljajić stated that Serbia condemns every form of human rights
violation, including the events in Libya, but that it is not necessary to create a special policy on the international level.[191]
The Government organized evacuation of citizens, some 500 were evacuated by planes from Tripoli and another few hundred
on ships from Ra's Lanuf port. Serbian planes also evacuated citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Ukraine.[192] In
total around 1000 people were evacuated and further 250 refused to leave Libya.[193]
o On March 2, 2011, Serbian Defence Minister Dragan Šutanovac announced that Serbia has suspended all military
and economic cooperation with Libya based on the UN decision to impose sanctions on Libya.[191]
o On March 3, 2011, Foreign Ministry withdrew an agreement on visa-free travel between Libya and Serbia from the
ratification process in the Parliament.[194]
• Spain – On 20 February, Foreign Minister Trinidad Jiménez convened a press meeting with fellow EU foreign ministers,
at the European Council in the hope of getting them to evacuate the EU’s citizens from Libya.[195] All arm sales to Libya
were suspended three days later.[196]
• Slovenia – Prime Minister Borut Pahor said that "as the head of the Slovenian Government I condemn the violence used
by African governments, especially in Libya, against the people which demand political and social changes. Repression must
end; a democratic dialogue must begin about the future of these countries."[197]
• Switzerland – The government has stated that Gaddafi's assets in the country will be frozen.[198]
• Ukraine – Foreign Minister Kostyantyn Hryshchenko stated that out of concern for the safety of the more than 2,500
Ukrainians believed to be living and working in Libya at the start of the unrest, his government will not break off relations
with Libya. Hryshchenko also said Ukraine was to take a leading role in evacuating nationals of Azerbaijan from Libya.[199]
Only 404 Ukrainians had been evacuated as of 4 March, though, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine admitted.[200]
Perhaps the most famous Ukrainian to return home from Libya was Halyna Kolotnytska, reportedly Gaddafi's favorite of the
several nurses who attended him and a personal confidante of the leader.[201]
• United Kingdom – Prime Minister David Cameron criticised Libya's response to the protests as "unacceptable, counter-
productive and wrong." Foreign Secretary William Hague stated that "the United Kingdom condemns what the Libyan
government has been doing...and we look to other countries to do the same."[10] The government also announced that in light
of the unrest it has decided to revoke some arms export licenses stating that "licenses will not be issued when officials judge
that there is a risk that the exports may provoke regional or internal conflicts or be used to facilitate internal repression."[202]
The United Kingdom cosponsored and voted for a UN Security Council resolution to establish a no-fly zone over Libya on
17 March.[68]
o On 27 February, the government revoked the diplomatic immunity for Gaddafi and his family[203]
o Former Foreign Secretary, David Owen called for a no-fly zone to be imposed immediately.[204] However, the BBC
have suggested that the UN would be unlikely to authorise such an action.[205]
o On 22 February 2011 the Royal Navy ship, HMS Cumberland, was deployed to waters close to Libya in preparation
to rescue British nationals. On 23 February, he issued a press release saying that there are "many indications of the
structure of the state collapsing in Libya." He also urged the Libyan state to listen to the Libyan people's
demands.[112]
o Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne also announced on 27 February that £20 billion of British assets of
Gaddafi, his family and "those acting on their behalf " had been frozen "so that they cannot be used against the
interests of the Libyan people".[206]
Oceania
• Australia – Prime Minister Julia Gillard condemned Gaddafi's use of force on protesters, stating "There is no excuse and
no tolerance from the Australian government for violence being reaped against peaceful protesters. So our message to the
government of Libya, to Colonel Gaddafi, is that they must respect peaceful protest."[207] Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd called
for sanctions against Libya. After detailing to parliament the speech made by Gaddafi on 22 February, Rudd said "these are
not the words of a responsible political leader, these are the words of a dictator out of control". Rudd has also said further
steps should be taken, including suspending Libya from the United Nations Human Rights Commission.[208] During a visit to
Egypt he also said, "Libya is in the middle of a civil war and that civil war has now reached the streets of Tripoli. It seems to
us increasingly that the days of this regime are numbered. The key thing is to see the unity of international opinion on this
matter so that those within Libya know that the world is as one."[209]
• New Zealand – In remarks at a press conference, Prime Minister John Key said New Zealand recognised the
"deteriorating situation" in Libya. Key blamed the escalating protests on socioeconomic inequality and "constrained civil
liberties" and said that embassy staff in Tripoli were working to locate 26 New Zealanders living in Libya.[210] On 3 March,
the New Zealand Foreign Ministry said that all 29 New Zealand nationals in Libya who sought to leave the country had been
evacuated with the assistance of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Ireland. Four New Zealanders have
remained in Libya voluntarily.[211]
Non-UN Member governments
• Kosovo – On 26 February, President Behgjet Pacolli stated he "was completely on the side of the people of
Libya."[212][Full citation needed] On 19 February, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that it had identified 50 of its citizens in
Libya. In the absence of formal diplomatic relations between Kosovo and Libya, Kosovars in distress were advised to contact
Kosovo's embassy in Ankara, Turkey.[213] As of 24 February, 27 citizens of Kosovo had been evacuated from Libya.[214]
Eight Kosovar students were reported to have left Tripoli on February 25,[215] and the Foreign Ministry said on 26 February
that 20 expatriates were at Tripoli's airport waiting to leave on a Turkish plane.[216] On February 27, media reports citing
foreign ministry officials said that only 24 of 61 Kosovars had left Libya, while the remaining were expected to evacuate
soon.[217][218]
• Palestine – On March 2, WAFA reported that 104 students from the West Bank and Gaza studying in Libya were
requested to leave the country by The Palestinian Authority. It was also reported that the local embassy in Tripoli had asked
that any Palestinian in Libya, wishing to leave, apply for a return to the West Bank.[219] On 3 March, The Palestinian
Authority's Gen Adnan Damiri made public the fact that 43 PA police officers who had been training in Libya were
attempting to get home with help from the PLO's local embassy after PA President Mahmoud Abbas had instructed the
embassy to provide the officers with food and shelter. Another 26 officers had been studying at Libya's Naval Academy, but
had returned home safely.[220] On 6 March, Ma'an News Agency reported that all the students had left Libya safely.[221]
• The Gaza Strip's Hamas Government issued a statement saying it "strongly condemns massacres, airstrikes and
artillery fire against [the] Libyan people by the Libyan regime."[222]
• Republic of China – The Foreign Ministry said it had evacuated 18 ROC nationals from Libya, but one businessman is
voluntarily staying in the country.[223] In recognition of the dangerous situation in the North African country, a government
spokesman said Taipei is strongly advising its citizens against travel to Libya.[224] On 22 March, the government called upon
Gaddafi to renounce the use of violence and honor a ceasefire.[225]
• Transnistria – The government dismissed rumors that Gaddafi's soldiers were equipped with guns supplied from
Transnistria, describing the scenario as "impossible" because Transnistria is unrecognized by the World Trade Organization
and as such cannot legally sell weapons to the Libyan government.[183]
• Somaliland – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it was working with the International Organization for Migration to
evacuate at least 200 Somalilanders believed to be living and working in Libya in recognition of the dangerous conditions
there.[226]
• Vatican City – Archbishop Nuncio Silvano Maria Tomasi said the Holy See has asked that Gaddafi "put an end to
violence against civilians".[227] Pope Benedict XVI said the unrest in the Arab world, including in Libya, should be resolved.
L'Osservatore Romano, a major Vatican City newspaper linked to the clergy, called Gaddafi "merciless" and sharply
condemned violence against the Libyan citizenry.[228]
NGOs Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb condemned Gaddafi and expressed solidarity with the protesters. "We were pained by the
carnage and the cowardly massacres carried out by the killer of innocents Gaddafi against our people and our unarmed Muslim
brothers who only came to lift his oppression, his disbelief, his tyranny and his might."[229] It also said: "[We] will do whatever we can
to help you, with power from Allah, because your fight is the fight of every Muslim who loves Allah and His Messenger. It is time for
the] impostor, sinful, hard-hearted bastard Gaddafi to meet the same end as Hosni Mubarak and Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]. We declare
our support and aid to the Libyan revolution in its legitimate demands, and we assure our people in Libya that we are with you and we
will not let you down." The statement came amid warnings by the Libyan deputy foreign minister that the group has organised an
Islamic emirate in Darnah; however the residents of the city said it was not true and that the Libyan government was trying to "scare
Europe."[230] Avaaz.org, an international civic organisation, initiated an appeal, to international officials to impose specific actions to
stop the violence against civilians and prosecute violators, which collected 400,000 signatures as of 23 February.[231] Doctors Without
Borders issued a statement saying that while there were members in Libya working with wounded protesters more needed to be sent
with medical supplies, including necessary surgical materials, and faced difficulties due to blocks on entering the country. Arjan
Hehenkamp, the director of operations, said: "All information we receive points towards a critical situation in terms of medical care
for the injured. We need to be working alongside Libyan health professionals to care for people who have been caught in the violent
clashes over recent days. It is unacceptable that medical staff and supplies are kept away from people who need them."[232] Juventus
was said to be concerned about a 7.5 percent stake in the company owned by the Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company,
otherwise known as Lafico. The shares in Juventus fell 2.3 percent to 84.8 euro on 25 February.[233] The London School of Economics
came under fire for its links with Saif al-Islam Gaddafi. After he got a PhD in 2008 the Gaddafi International Charity and
Development Foundation (GICDF) gave the school a gift of £1.5m the following year. A professor, David Held, who was a
beneficiary of the gift was also appointed a trustee of GICDF before the gift was formally accepted. The LSE was also said to be
investigation allegations of of plagiarism and said that the degree can be "revoked if there are substantiated concerns about the manner
in which it was attained – for example if there is a later discovery of plagiarism."[234] Several activists and groups around the world
have issued statements condemning "imperialist" intervention in Libya on false pretexts of defending "human rights". These activists
claim the pretexts are false not only because of the collusion of the media in spreading misinformation, omissions, and fabrications in
order to justify intervention, but that the same western powers that are calling for intervention have either kept silent on, or have
justified much bigger violations of human rights in other situations when these violations were committed either by their allies or by
themselves. The Arab nationalist activist website The Free Arab Voice has issued a statement[235] to that effect.
IndividualsEgyptian Islamist Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi declared his support for the rebels led by the National Libyan Council in the
2011 Libyan uprising, urging Arab nations to recognize them and “to confront the tyranny of the regime in Tripoli". He suggested
weapons be sent to the rebels to assist the, and said “Our Islamic nation should stand against injustice and corruption and I urge the
Egyptian government to extend a helping hand to Libyan people and not to Gaddafi.”[236]
Travel advisories and evacuations
Overview Various states including Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy, France, Pakistan,[citation needed] the Netherlands, Turkey,
Peru, China, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and Greece put into place arrangements for the evacuation of their citizens from the
country on the 23rd.[112] However evacuation appeared to be difficult due to "chaos" at the international airport in Tripoli[184] as well
as a "destroyed" runway at Benina International Airport[171] and the temporary closure of all Libyan ports.[237] Consequently, many
international flights, including those of British Airways, were cancelled, although others appeared to operate. Further reports indicated
that Libyan harbours in many cities were closed.[238] To address that problem, many governments have sent civilian and military
aircraft and ships to evacuate their citizens. TV coverage indicated that the airport in Malta had turned into a hub for various European
rescue missions.[239] Both Italy and Bulgaria joined China in warning against all travel to Libya while Spanish Foreign Minister
Trinidad Jimenez said counterparts from around the 27-state EU were considering pulling people out, particularly from the eastern
opposition stronghold of Benghazi.[240] May expats and local refugges were fleeing the violence of Tripoli by road, as many as 4,000
people have been crossing the Libya-Tunisia border daily. Among those escaping the violence are foreign nationals including
Egyptians, Tunisians, Vietnamese, Chinese and Turks, as well as war-displaced Libyans.[241] During the uprising many countries
evacuated its citizens.[242] On 25 February 500 passengers, mostly Americans, sailed into Malta after a rough eight-hour journey from
Tripoli and 2 day wait for the seas to calm down.[243] A planned evacuation flight for Canadian citizens from Tripoli, for which 213
people had stated they need to board, was grounded in Rome due to lack of coverage by the airline's insurance. A Canadian Foreign
Affairs official described the "deteriorating security situation" in Tripoli as the reason for the cancellation.[244] Greece's Foreign
Ministry completed an air evacuation in different cities of Libya for Greek and Cypriot citizens by the use of C-130 military transport
planes provided by the Greek Air Force.[245]
Timeline of the evacuationsOn 22 February, British Foreign Secretary William Hague announced that HMS Cumberland had been
redeployed to Libyan waters where she will assist in the evacuation of British citizens and other nationals.[246] The Cumberland
entered the Port of Benghazi on 24 February, leaving the same day for Malta with an international collection of passengers that
included British, Commonwealth, European and American nationals.[247] Cumberland is returning to Benghazi to continue
evacuations of foreign nationals.[248] India has launched a multi pronged sea and air rescue operation to evacuate the 18,000 Indian
nationals currently trapped in Libya. Two Indians have died in the clashes between pro and anti-Gaddafi forces. Two aircraft from Air
India will shuttle passengers from Libya to Delhi and Mumbai. A chartered passenger vessel will shuttle Indian citizens from Libya to
Malta. The Indian Navy vessels INS Jalashwa, INS Aditya and INS Mysore have been deployed to the region.[249] Italy sent in an
airlift to rescue its 1,500 residents in Libya on 22 February.[250] The Netherlands said it wanted to evacuate 100 of its citizens and
prepared an aircraft for the evacuation. It also sent the navy frigate Tromp to lend support by sea.[250] The UK’s Royal Navy frigate
HMS Cumberland was sent to international waters near Libya to help with the evacuation if necessary.[250] Greece, Germany, Austria,
Portugal and other EU nations planned or conducted airlifts. A Spanish military plane was already on standby on 22
February.[112][240][251][251][252][252] On 23 February both Portugal and Austria sent military planes to Tripoli to evacuate their nationals
and those of other EU countries as companies with major interests in the country including British energy giant BP and Italy's ENI
and Finmeccanica were also preparing to repatriate their employees.[240] Various states including Britain, Chile,[253][non-primary source needed]
the United States, Germany, Spain, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Germany, France, Austria, Italy, France, Serbia,[250][254] the
Netherlands, Turkey, Peru, India,[255] China, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh put into place arrangements for the evacuation of their
citizens from the country on 23 February.[112] The Brazilian Government deployed a ship from the Greek port of Piraeus on to fetch
180 of an estimated 600 of its nationals in Benghazi and transported them to Malta, from where they traveled to Brazil.[256] Brazil then
obtained permission from the Libyan government for five flights to land in Tripoli to rescue the remainder of its citizens.[257] China
was sending Greek ships to evacuate 15,000 of the 30,000 Chinese citizens in Libya.[258] Canada had initially chartered a private
aircraft to pickup Canadians and now have a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III from the No. 429 Squadron RCAF on standby in Germany
to fly to Tripoli via Rome if and when needed.[259] The Governor General of Canada's plane (Bombardier Challenger 600 from No.
412 Squadron RCAF) is also in Rome (there for state visit) and is on standby as well.[259] India launched a multi-pronged sea and air
rescue operation to evacuate its 18,000 nationals trapped in Libya. Two aircraft from Air India shuttled passengers from Libya to
Delhi and Mumbai. A chartered passenger vessel will also shuttle Indian citizens from Libya to Egypt or Malta. The Indian Navy
vessels INS Jalashwa, INS Aditya and INS Mysore are being deployed to the region. Two Indians also died during the protests.[249] On
the evening of 25 February a joint British and German operation consisting of two Britsh and two German military transport planes
evacuated 22 Germans and about 100 other Europeans, mostly British oil workers from the airport at Nafurah to Crete.[260][261] On 27
February two Royal Air Force C-130 Hercules aircraft with British Special Forces evacuated approximately 100 foreign nationals,
mainly UK. Irish, German and Romanian oil workers, to Malta from the desert south of Bengahzi,[262] [262][263] one of which was shot
at and suffered some damage, but no one was injured.[264] The same day Gaddafi's trusted nurse Galyna Kolotnytska arrived back in
Ukraine.[265] In the afternoon of Feb' 27th, It is reported that 57 Nepalis, employmed to swork in Libya, landed at the Tribhuvan
International Airport, but over 1,300 Nepalese nationals are yet to be rescued from the chaos in Libya.[266] By 28 February Turkey
considered its evacuation complete, having brought over 17,000 nationals home.[267] At the same time China had already evacuated
nearly 29,000 nationals by land, sea and air, using both Crete and Malta as staging posts.[268] Two vesels docked in Valletta, Malta
bringing 3,200 workers, mostly Chinese.[269][270] Various petroleum companies evacuated their expatriate employees. BP said that it
was preparing to evacuate about 40 expatriate workers from Libya, where it has suspended onshore oil exploration due to the political
unrest. Norway’s Statoil said it already has started pulling out a handful of international staff and has closed its Tripoli corporate
office.[195] Shell said it had completed a withdrawal of its staff on 22 February.[58] Brazilian conglomerate Odebrecht said they were
putting into place mandatory evacuations for the nearly 5,000 staff they have in Libya.[271] Other oil companies also withdrew their
employees to ensure their safety, including: Gazprom, Shell, Suncor, Pertamina and BP. Other companies that decided to evacuate
their employees include Siemens and Russian Railways.[272] About 15 Danes who were in Libya working for FLSmidth left on 24
February.[273]
Protests against the Government of Libya A crowd of about 250 Libyans called on the ambassador to Malta, Saadun Suayeh, to
resign and for the Libyan embassy to replace the current Libyan flag with the older Libyan monarchy flag.[274] Suayeh said he would
not give in to demands. He stated that Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi "should not go", adding "His (Gaddafi's) presence for the
time being is definitely a guarantee for the country's unity,".[275] It was claimed that Libyans in Malta are being offered as much as
€500 each to demonstrate in favour of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. One Libyan man turned up to back Col Gaddafi but was
ushered away from the embassy as anti-government protesters gathered. Portraits of the Libyan leader were set on fire, while other
protesters took off their shoes and used them to hit pictures of Gaddafi.[276]About 200 protesters gathered outside the consulate in
Istanbul in support of the protesters.[58] In Albert Square, Manchester in the United Kingdom, over 100 people demonstrated in
support of the protesters.[277] In London, protesters gathered outside the embassy. One man scaled the building unchallenged and
removed the Libyan flag and replaced it with the flag of the Kingdom of Libya.[278]
Date City Country Notes
[279]
17 February Alexandria Egypt
[280]
17 February London UK
19 February Geneva Switzerland [281]
[282]
19 February Washington, DC US
[283]
19 February Atlanta, GA US
[284]
19 February Kansas City, MO US
[285]
20 February Toronto, ON Canada
[286]
20 February Alexandria Egypt
[287]
20 February Portland, OR US
[288]
21 February Edmonton Canada
[289]
21 February Cairo Egypt
[290]
21 February Marseilles France
[291]
21 February Valletta Malta
[292]
[293]
21 February Manchester UK
[294]
21 February Lansing, MI US
[295]
21 February Seattle, WA US
22 February Belgrade Serbia Libyans stoned the embassy.[296]
[297]
22 February Kiev Ukraine
[298]
22 February Melbourne Australia
[299]
22 February Brandon, MB Canada
[300]
22 February Ottawa, ON Canada
[301]
22 February Montreal, QC Canada
[302]
22 February Paris France
[303]
22 February Gaza City Palestine
[304]
22 February Berlin Germany
[305]
22 February Amman Jordan
[306]
22 February Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
[307]
22 February Budapest Hungary
[308]
22 February Tunis Tunisia
[309]
22 February Istanbul Turkey
[310]
22 February Sacramento, CA US
[311]
22 February Orlando, FL US
[312]
22 February Pullman, WA US
[313]
23 February Sydney Australia
New [314]
23 February Wellington
Zealand
[315]
23 February Cairo Egypt
[316]
23 February Athens Greece
[317]
23 February Dublin Ireland
23 February Rome Italy Protesters said they would stay there till Gadaffi leaves.[258]
[318]
23 February Tokyo Japan
[319]
23 February Beirut Lebanon
[320]
23 February Edinburgh UK
[321]
[322]
23 February Denver, CO US
[323]
23 February Columbia, MO US
[324]
24 February Detroit, MI US
[325]
25 February New York City, NY US
[326]
26 February Valletta Malta
[327]
26 February San Francisco, CA US
Stop the War said that: "It is very important that people here show their support for the
26 February Glasgow UK protesters. Let's mobilise and unite in our thousands to send the message that we stand
in solidarity with those struggling for a better world."[328]
[329]
26 February Chicago, IL US
UK squatting by 'Topple the Tyrants' Topple the Tyrants is an activist group which occupied a London home belonging to Seif
al-Islam, son of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, in March 2011.[330] The home the group occupied is an eight-bedroom mansion in
Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, which had been listed by Seif as for sale for €12.75 million as the 2011 Libyan protests
began.[331] As of 10 March 2011, Scotland Yard had stated the issue was being treated as a "civil matter", and that no arrests had yet
been made.[332] Coord|51.5796|-0.1740|type:landmark_region:GB-BNE|display=title.
Mediation proposals There have been several peace mediation prospects during the crisis. There was some speculation that Tony
Blair, who had dealings with Gaddafi in the last few years, would mediate the crisis, Blair instead tried to downplay his dealings with
Libyan regime and turned his back on Gaddafi.[333] The South African government also floated the idea of an African Union-led
mediation effort to prevent "civil war".[334] Another initiative came from Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. Though Gaddafi
accepted in principle a proposal by Chávez to negotiate a settlement between the opposition and the Libyan government, Saif al-
Islam, later voiced some skepticism to the proposal.[citation needed] On news of Gaddafi in principle accepting the Chávez's proposal for
international mediation, there was a worldwide decrease in oil and gold prices.[335] The proposal is also under consideration by the
Arab League, according to Chairman Amr Moussa.[336] The Libyan opposition was cold to the proposal, saying that while they are
willing to save lives, any deal would have to involve Gaddafi stepping down, while the US and French governments dismissed any
initiative that would allow Gaddafi to remain in power.[337]
No-fly zone Main article: Libyan no-fly zone Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom proposed the idea of a no-fly
zone to prevent Gaddafi from airlifting mercenaries and using his military aeroplanes and armoured helicopters against civilians.[338]
Italy said it would support a no-fly zone if it was backed by the United Nations.[339] U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates was
cautious on this option, warning the US Congress that a no-fly zone would have to begin with an attack on Libya's air defenses.[340]
This proposal was rejected by Russia and China.[341][342][343][344] On 7 March, US Ambassador to NATO Ivo Daalder announced that
NATO decided to step up surveillance missions to 24 hours a day. On the same day it was reported that one UN diplomat confirmed
to AFP on condition of anonymity that France and Britain were drawing up a resolution on the no-fly zone and it go before the United
Nations Security Council as early as this week.[345][346][347]
On 8 March, the GCC issued a joint statement, calling on the UN Security Council to impose a no-fly zone on Libya to protect
civilians.[14] On Saturday 12 March the foreign ministers of the Arab League agreed on asking the UN Security Council to impose a
no-fly zone over Libya.[345][348] The Group of Eight are meeting in Paris on 14 March to discuss their potential support of a no-fly
zone. On 17 March, the United Nations Security Council voted to impose a no-fly zone, and other measures, to protect the Libyan
people.[349] See United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973.
Relations with the rebels On March 4 one British diplomat, accompanied by a Secret Intelligence Service officer and six Special
Forces troops were landed by helicopter close to Benghazi. However, they were quickly surrounded by the local militia who
demanded to know who they were and what they were doing. They claimed that they were unarmed but their weapons were
discovered and they were detained. Then Richard Northern, the British ambassador to Libya, was purportedly recorded having a
conversation with one of the rebel leaders to try and solve the situation (this tape was played on Libyan state television). On March 6
the British were released but their weapons were confiscated. The British left Libya by the frigate HMS Cumberland, which docked
briefly in Benghazi before setting sail to Malta.[350] On 7 March, Robert Fisk of The Independent reported that the US government had
asked Saudi Arabia if it could supply weapons to the rebels in Benghazi. The Saudis have been told that the opponents of Gaddafi
need anti-tank rockets, mortars and surface-to-air missiles.[351] However, on 8 March the US State Department denied the reports and
that the United States would arm opposition groups without explicit international authorization. It maintained that United Nations
Security Council Resolution 1970, which imposed international sanctions on Libya including an arms embargo, applied to both the
Gaddafi regime and the rebel groups.[352]U.S. global security consultancy Stratfor reported that Egypt's special operations force Unit
777 and Tunisian volunteers were in Libya fighting for the rebels.[353] On 10 March, France became the first nation to recognize the
National Transitional Council as the sole Representative of Libya. A source also announced that France plans to send an ambassador
to Benghazi.[354] Portugal, who hosted the Libyan emissary Wednesday night and also heads the United Nation's Security Council
sanctions committee, also recognized the National Transitional Council.[196][355] Portugal's foreign minister Luis Amado said, “the
Gaddafi regime is over, its legitimacy is over”.[356] Both the European Union and the Arab League have started dealing with the
National Transitional Council, though it is unclear whether this constitutes full diplomatic recognition in either instance.[357][358]
Similarly, although the United Kingdom advocated alongside France for EU recognition of the interim government in Benghazi, it is
unclear whether London has itself transferred recognition to the council.[359][360]
International aid On 2 March, the Royal Navy destroyer HMS York had arrived in Benghazi carrying medical supplies and other
humanitarian aid donated by the Swedish government. The medical supplies, a donation to the Benghazi Medical Centre, were
supposed to have been flown direct to Benghazi airport but when the airport was closed down, they were diverted to Malta. They were
transferred from the airport to the frigate at short notice by the Armed Forces of Malta.[361][362] On 8 March, a convoy of trucks from
the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) had entered Libya and was due to arrive in the eastern port city of Benghazi on the
same day, the WFP said in a statement. A convoy carrying seventy metric tonnes of high-energy date bars crossed the Egyptian border
overnight on its way to the eastern port. On 7 March, U.N. aid coordinator Valerie Amos stated that fighting across Libya meant that
more than a million people fleeing or inside the country needed humanitarian aid.[363][364]
Financial markets Regional financial stock-market indices fell on 20 February on concern of spreading instability.[365] Global stock
markets fell the next day.[citation needed] On 22 February, crude oil and bonds climbed while Asian stocks fell on concern for stability in
OPEC-member state Libya.[366] US stock-market futures also dropped on the first working day following the aerial bombardments of
protesters.[367] On 27 February, Saudi Arabia's Tadawul stock market index fell to a six-month low along with other regional Arab
markets due to the clashes in Libya that caused a price increase in oil and amid fears that a recovery from the global economic crisis
would slow.[368] The following day Asian stock also declined because of the unrest.[369]
Media Libya's state television made no mention of the anti-government protests in the eastern provinces of the country, and continued
with its usual programming until 17 February.[354] During the morning news bulletin on 16 February, state TV repeatedly showed
demonstrations in support of Colonel Gaddafi, which were about 200 to 300 strong and allegedly "from across the country". At one
point a crowd could be heard chanting anti-Al Jazeera slogans. The Qatar-based outlet channel had started broadcasting footage from
a pro-Gaddafi demonstration live from Sirte, Gaddafi's home town, that numbered 1,000. State TV also showed live coverage of a
speech by Gaddafi from the previous evening, in which he denounced both the United States and their alleged "Zionist" allies in front
of a cheering crowd on 16 February.[354] It also began broadcasting images of burning buildings and cars in what viewers said was the
first time government media had acknowledged the growing unrest in the east, which it suggested was spreading to the point that the
government had no choice but to address it directly, possibly even with force of arms on the 20th.[370] Gadhafi was shown with his
supporters during a rally in Nalut on 19 February.[370] Libya's privately owned and London-based electronic newspaper al-Yawm,
which reports favourably on Gaddafi's son, Sayf-al-Islam, was the only Libyan source of any kind to freely report on the anti-Gaddafi
protests in both the cities of Benghazi and Al Bayda. The paper usually carries balanced, un-opinionated reporting published a total of
16 articles on the anti-Gaddafi regime protests, quoting allegedly tapped "trustworthy" sources in Benghazi and Al-Baydam, and
carried no reports on the pro-Gaddafi demonstrations in Tripoli.[371][372] 4 protesters were killed in Al-Baydam, the Al-Yawm paper
said, as a crowd attempted to storm the Internal Security Building, set fire two cars and the burnt down headquarters of the local
traffic police on the 16th.[371] According to the state-owned Al-Shams and Al-Jamahiriya newspapers, mobile phone users were sent a
text message warning them against taking to the streets on 17 February as a result of "directives from the state security service",
which is the body that monitors and controls the country's two mobile telecommunications networks.[354] The front page of Al-
Jamahiriya was dedicated to pro-Gaddafi demonstrations and his timely public appearance at the Ahly football Club in Tripoli the day
before, while state-owned Al-Shams led exclusively with coverage of this event.[371] It later added that additional security forces had
been bussed in to "control" the situation and that they had "out-of-town" accents "and foreign agents".[371] Quryna, which had once
been a part of Saif-al-Islam's Al-Ghad Media Corporation but was taken over by the state in 2010, carried an upbeat report about
order being restored in Benghazi. One article reported on the families of "17 February 2006 martyrs" who met Gaddafi and
condemned the protests.[371] Domestically, BBC News reported on 18 February, that the "leading pro-government newspaper", Al-Zahf
Al-Akhdar, has adopted a seemingly uncompromising stance towards the protests, stating: Any risk from these minuscule groups
[protesters] - this people and the noble revolutionary power will violently and thunderously respond, ... The people's power, the
Jamahiriya [system of rule], the revolution, and Colonel Gaddafi are all red lines and those who try to cross or come near these lines
are suicidal and playing with fire.[373] State TV broadcast images of Colonel Gaddafi paying a brief visit to Tripoli's Green Square,
early on 18 February, during which supporters chanted pro-government slogans.[373] BBC News stated that "diplomats reported the use
of heavy weapons in Benghazi," on 18 February. The government imposed a near-total news blackout, and foreign reporters are
banned from the country,[374] although at least one BBC reporter has ignored this and is broadcasting from opposition controlled
Benghazi,[375] as was Al Jazeera. The British newspaper, the Independent Online, reported on 20 February that at least one state-run
newspaper, Al-Zahf Alakhdar, blamed the protests on Zionism.[376]
See also
• International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya
• International reactions to the 2011 Egyptian protests
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Topple the Tyrants occupation of Saif al-Islam Gaddafi's house An anti-Gaddafi protest in Chicago, Illinois in late February 2011

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Libyan Civil Warand

International military Intervention

• Cities controlled by pro-Gaddafi forces

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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: 2011 Libyan uprising

Collected news coverage

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Green: Coalition forces a part of the No-fly zone. Orange: Libya.

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Date 19 March 2011–ongoing

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya:

USAF F-15 Eagle and Italian Air Force Panavia Tornado

Regime Forces attacked south of Benghazi

US Military map showing the situation of 28 March 2011

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

—Muammar Gaddafi during his speech on 22

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