1

Gradient Divergence & Curl

Definition(Scalar point function): A function ( x, y, z )

which takes on a definite scalar

value for each set of co-ordinates ( x, y , z ) in space is called scalar point function of position in space
.The function ( x, y, z ) will be supposed to be general condition and single valued.

Definition (Level surface): A level surface is a scalar point function such that for all points
of whish the function has the same value, i, e; ( x, y, z ) c .

Definition (Vector point function):

A vector point function of position in a space in a

function F ( x, y, z ) which associates each points ( x, y , z )

i, e; F ( x, y, z ) F 1 ( x, y, z )i F 2 ( x, y, z ) j F 3 ( x, y, z )k

Geometrical meaning of the operator: i

in

space

definite

vector

d
d
d
.
j k
dx
dy
dz

Solution:
Let ( x, y, z ) c be a surface P ( x, y , z ) be any point on it. Let d c1 be another surface. Let

Q( x dx, y dy , z dz ) be another point on it.

Position vector,OP r xi yj zk and OQ ( x dx)i ( y dy ) j ( z dz )k

i.e OQ OP dxi dyj dzk

or OQ OP dxi dyj dzk

r d r r dxi dyj dzk

dx
dy
dz
x
y
z
d
dx dy
dz

.
.
.
x d r
y d r
z d r
dr

=
cos
cos
cos
x
y
z

( n.n )
(i.n )
( j.n )
( k .n )
x
y
z
dr
d

( n. ).n (i
j
+k
).n
x
y
z
dr
d

n. i
j
k
x
y
z
dr
d

or n. i
j
k
x
y
z
dr

In the limiting case , the direction of , n ana ( r + d r ) are same

r
n
r

i
j
k
(cartisian form)
x
y
z

d
r d d
and n . r [radial form]
r dr
dr
dr
Now From the surface, = ( x , y , z ). we have d

Physical Significance of Gradient of ,i.e

Solution:

If ( x , y , z ) cbe a surface ,then is a vector perpendicular to the surface of

a certain point ( x , y , z ),

w e have if r xi yj zk be the position vector of a point P ( x , y , z ) in ( x , y , zc

d r dxi dyj dzk in a vector tangent to the surface at P

N o w fro m th e g iven eq u atio n ( x , y , z ) c

N o w w e h ave d
dx
dy
dz
x
y
z

i.e,
dx
dy
d z 0 [d 0 ]
x
y
z

o r,( i
j
k
).( d xi d yj d zk ) 0
x
y
z

o r, .d r c

i.e, is r to th e tan g en tial vecto r d r .

i.e,
r to th e su rface

is a vecto r n n o rm al to th e su rface = c an d it is th e
g rad ien t sp ace rate o f in crease o f

a a
C o m p o n en t o f alo n g a is
.
a co s
a
a
If = 0 , th en co s is m ax im u m

Flux of a vector F :

Flux is the quantity of fluid passing through the unit surface S

at the unit time

i.e, Flux= F .S F .d S

(velocity of the fluid)

Divergence of a vector:

Let F ( x, y, z ) be a vector function ,then divergence of F is denoted by .F

i.e .F (i j k ).( F 1i F 2 j F 3 k )
x
y
z

F1 F 2 F 3
=

x
y
z

Geometrical definition of .F :
Fluid flows along the surface of the area dy, dz and perpendicular to the
this area along (+ve)ly X axis

Flux = F ( x dx, y, z ).idydz

=iF ( x dx, y, z )dydz

Also flow of fluid along the (-ve)ly direction of X axis of the surface area dy,dz

i.e F ( x, y, z ).(idydz ) i F ( x, y, z )dydz

Total flux (flow of fluid)through the surface parallel to the yz plne is

[iF ( x dx, y, z ) iF ( x, y, z )dydz

F
=i[{F ( x, y, z )
dx ......} F ( x, y, z )]dydz
x

F
=i
dxdydz
x
Simirarly the flux through the surface ,parallel to zx and xy plane are ,

F
F
j
dxdydz and k
dxdydz
y
z
Net amount of flux through parallelopiped,

F
F
F
=(i
j
k
)dxdydz
x
y
z
The quotient of this ,by the parallelopiped dxdydz is the rate diminution of

F
F
F
density i.e
.F i
j
k
x
y
z

F F F
= 1 2 3
x
y
z

Definition of divergence of F in the integral form:

1
.F lim
F .nds
ds 0 ds s
where v is the volume and s is the surface.

Curl or rotation of a vector :

i

Curl of F = F
x
F1

y
F2

z
F3

F3 F2
F F
F F

)i ( 1 3 ) j ( 2 1 )
y
z
z x
x y

F F
( F )i 3 2 and so on .
y
z

1
As ( F )a lim F .ds
v 0 v s
where S is the boundary of closed surface and ds is the boundary of ds
=(

Physical or Geometrical definition:

Question: Show that two definition of ( F )

are equivalent.

Solution:
First definition:

Let a be any direction in space .Taking a small surface ds perpendicular

to this direction .Let this surface be bounded by the curve s with direction of right handed

1
screw .Then we define the component F along a is ( F )a lim
F .ds
ds 0 ds s

where ds is the boundary of d s

Second definition:

Taking a along the z-direction then from the definition of

F F
curl of F is ( F ) k ( 2 1 ) k
x y
Taking ABCD be an area in the xy plane so that z-axis is r to
this area.The contribution from CD and AB be

1
CD F .d S F1 ( x, y 2 dy, z )dx
1 F1
={F1 ( x, y, z )
dy.........}dx
2 y

1
and
AB F .d S F1 ( x, y 2 dy, z)dx
1 F1
= {F1 ( x, y, z )
dy .......}
2 y
Similarly the contribution along DA and BC are

1
DA F .d S =F2 ( x 2 dx, y, z)dy
1 F2
={F2 ( x, y, z )
dx ......}dy
2 x

1
and
BC F .d S F2 ( x 2 dx, y, z)dy
1 F2
= {F2 ( x, y, z )
dx ....}dy [by taylor's therem]
2 x

Adding all these,we get,

F
F
s F .d S y1 dxdy x2 dxdy
F F
F F
=( 2 1 )dxdy ( 2 1 )ds
x y
x y

=( F ) z ds

F F
1
( F ) z lim F .d S ( 2 1 ) z
s
ds 0 ds
x y
Similarly,the contribution along the y and x direction are
F F
F1 F3

) y and ( 3 2 ) x
z x
y
z
F F
F F
F F
F ( 3 2 )i ( 1 3 ) j ( 2 1 )k
y
z
z x
x y
(

x
F1

y
F2

z
F3

Physical Significance of F :

Let F v be the linear velocity

along the tange

OP r xi yj zk and

w w1i w2 j w3k

Now we have v w r [v wr sin ]
i
= w1

j
w2

k
w3

( w2 z w3 y )i ( w3 x w1 z ) j ( w1 y w2 x)k

i

v

x
y
w2 z w3 y w3 x w1 z

z
w1 y w2 x

( w1 y w2 x ) ( w3 x w1 z )}i { ( w2 z w3 y ) ( w1 y w2 x)} j
y
z
z
x

( w3 x w1 z ) ( w2 z w3 y )}k
x
y

( w1 w1 )i ( w2 w2 ) j ( w3 w3 )k

2( w1i w2 j w3k ) 2 w

1
v 2 w i.e w ( v)
2
Then the angular velocity vector of a uniformly rotating body about an axis is half of curl of
linear velocity of any point on the body .Thus the curl of a vector function is related to rotation

Q u e s t i o n - 2 : ( i v ) : ( v . ) v

1 2
v v ( v ).
2

( u .v ) ( v . ) u ( u . ) v v ( u ) u ( v ) (1)

p u ttin g u v so th at ,

( v .v ) ( v . ) v ( v . ) v v ( v ) v ( v )
2

o r , v 2{ ( v . ) v v ( v )}

1 2
or ,
v ( v . ) v v ( v )
2

1 2
i , e ; ( v . ) v v v ( v ). (p ro ved )
2

10

A lte rn a tiv e p ro o f:



(i) ( ) (0) 0 [ a a 0]

(ii ) .( F ) ( ).F 0.F 0 [ a.(b c) (a b).c]


(iii ) We have, a (b c) (a.c)b (a.b).c


=b(a.c) (a.b).c


Now, putting a b and c F . Then we get,


( F ) .(.F ) (.).F
2
=.(.F ) F (proved)

(proved)

Q u e s tio n -0 3 : P r o v e th e f o llo w in g :

(i) (a.r ) a

Solution : we have, r xi yj zk and

Let, a a1i a2 j a3 k ,where a1 , a2 , a3 are constant.

a.r (a1i a2 j a3 k ).( xi yj zk )

=a1 x a2 y a3 z

(a.r ) (a1 x a2 y a3 z )

j k )(a1 x a2 y a3 z )
x
y
z
= a1i a2 j a3k

=a

i, e, (a.r ) a (proved)
=(i

1 1
Question-03 : (ii) : (a. ) a 0
r
r

11

Solution:
We have,




(u.v) (v.)u (u.)v v ( u ) u ( v)



and (u v) (v.)u - (u.)v v(.u ) u (.v)






(u.v) + (u v) 2(v.)u v ( u ) - v(.u ) u ( v) u (.v)

1
Now, putting u a and v
r
1 1
1
1 1
(a. ) a 2( .)a ( a ) - ( .a)
r
r
r
r
r

1
1
+ a ( ) + a (. )
r
r
1 1
1
1

2 1
or , (a. ) a 2.0 + 0 - (0) + a (0) + a
r
r
r
r
r

2 1
= a
=0
r

Since, a is a constant vector and 0
2 1
1
and ( ) 0 , The function satisfies Laplace's Equation.
r
r
1 1
Hence, (a. ) a 0 (proved)
r
r

Question-03 : (iii) : (a r ) 2a
Solution:

We have, r xi yj zk and

Let, a a1i a2 j a3 k , then

i

a r a1
x

a2
y

a3
z

i(a2 z a3 y ) j (a3 x a1 z ) k (a1 y a2 x)

12

i

(a r )

x
y
z
a2 z a3 y a3 x a1 z a1 y a2 x

a1 y a2 x a3 x a1 z }i { a2 z a3 y a1 y a2 x } j
y
z
z
x

+{ a3 x a1 z a2 z a3 y }k
x
y
=(a1 a1 )i + ( a2 a2 ) j + (a3 a3 )k

=2 a1i a2 j a3 k 2a

i.e, (a r ) 2a (proved)
={

a r
3(a.r )r a
Q-3 : (iv) : Show that , ( 3 )
3 ,hence
r
r5
r


a r
3(a.r )(b.r ) a.b
show that, b. ( 3 )
3
r
r5
r

where a , b are constant vectors and r is the position vector of a point

a r
L.H.S= ( 3 )
r
1

1
= ( 3 ) ( a r ) + 3 ( a r )
r
r

r d
1
1
=
( 3 ) ( a r ) 3 (2 a ) [using (iii)]
r dr r
r

r 3
2a
= ( 4 ) (a r ) +
r r
r3

3
2a
= - 5 [r (a r )] +
r
r3

13

3
2a
= - 5 { ( r .r ) a ( r .a ) r } +
r
r3

3
5 { r 2 a ( a .r ) r }
r

3 ( a .r ) r
3a
2a
=
3 +
r5
r
r3

a r
3 ( a .r ) r
a
(
)
3
3
5
r
r
r

3 ( a .r ) r
a r
b . (
)

b
.

r3
r5

3 ( a .r ) ( b .r )
=

r5

2a
r3

(p ro v e d )

b .a
r3

a .b
(p ro v e d )
r3

1 3(a.r)(b.r) ab
.
Question-03: (v): a.(b. )

r
r5
r3

Solution:

d
We have, The vector operator in the radial form r
dr

1
d 1 r
1
r
( ) r ( ) ( 2 ) 3
r
dr r
r r
r

1 r
1
(b. ) (b. 3 ) { 3 (b.r )}
r
r
r
1

1
= -{(b.r ) 3 3 (b.r )}
r
r

14

r d 1
1
=-{(b.r ) . ( 3 ) 3 (b.r )}
r dr r
r

r
3
1
={(b.r ) .( 4 ) 3 .b} [using (i)]
r
r
r

3(b.r )r b
=
3
r5
r

1 3(a.r )(b.r ) a.b
a.(b. )
3 (proved)
r
r5
r

Question-04(i)Find the components of a vector a along and perpendicular to

another vector b making an angle lying on the same plane

Solution:


Let, OA a and OB b and an angle between them be ,

so we have , a.b ab cos

a.b
or , cos
ab

b
Also , unit vector along the vector b is .
b

Projection of a on b is ON=OAcos
or, ON a cos

ab cos b
a.b
or,ON
. ( 2 ).b
b
b
b

a.b
i , e, Component of a on b ( 2 ).b (ans)
b

Let, u be the vector perpendicular to b

i , e, AN OA ON

a.b
b 2 a ( a.b )b
or , u a ( 2 ).b
b
b2

(b.b ) a ( a.b )b b ( a b )
u

(ans)
b2
b2

15

Question-04 : (ii): If F and f are point function. Provde that the components of the former tangential and


f (F f )
(F.f )f
normal to the level surface f=0, are
and 2
2
f
f

Solution:

We have, The components of

is F ( F .i )i (i.i ) F ( F .i )i

= i ( F .i )

We have, f f n or, n

F along i is ( F .i)i and component of F perpendicular to i

The tan gential component is normal to n and normal component of F is along n.

The component of F normal to the level surface f=0 is

f f
( F . f ) f
( F .n)n ( F . ) 2
(proved)
f f
f
From (1),
1 E
H
c t
1 1 A
or , ( A)
(
) [using (5) and (6)]
c t
c t
2
1 1 2 A
or, (. A) A {( )
}
c
t
c t 2
1
2 1 2 A
or , (. A
) A 2
(7)
c t
c t 2
Equation (7) is valid only when both sides must be zero, as left side is scalar and
right side is a vector.

16

1
. A
0 (8)
c t
2 1 2 A
and A 2
0 (9)
c t 2
Again, taking the divergence of both sides of (6),

1 A
.E .(
)
c t
2 1
or , 4
(. A)
c t
2
1 1
or,
(
) 4 [using (4) and (5)]
c t c t
2
1 2 A
or , 2
4 (10) (proved)
c t 2

Question-06 : Show that the following:

2 1
(i) ( ) 0
r
2 1 1
( ) .{( )}
r
r

r d 1
r d
= .{
( )} [
]
r dr r
r dr

r
1
= .{ ( 2 )}
r r
1
= ( 3 .r )
r
1 1

= [( 3 ).r 3 .r ] [ .r 3]
r
r

r d 1 1
= [
( ).r 3 .3]
r dr r 3
r

r.r
3
3
= [ .( 4 ) 3 ]
r
r
r
2
3r
3
3 3
= ( 5 3 ) 3 3 0
r
r
r r

2 1
i, e, ( ) 0 (proved)
r

17

2 r
2
Q u e s tio n -0 6 : (ii) : [ .( 2 )] 4
r
r
Solution:
1 1 1
Now .( 2 .r ) . 2 .r 2 ..r
r
r
r

r d 1
1
=
( 2 ).r 2 .3
r dr r
r

r.r
2
3
= ( 3 ) 2
r
r
r
1
2 3
1
.( .r ) 2 2 2
r
r
r
r

2 r
2 1
1
[.( 2 )] .( 2 ) .{.( 2 )}
r
r
r

r d 1
= .{
( )}
r dr r 2

r
r
2
={ ( 3 )} 2( 4 )
r r
r
1 1
= 2[ 4 .r 4 ..r ]
r
r

r d 1 1
= [ . ( 4 ).r 4 .3]
r dr r
r

r.r
4
3
= [ ( 5 ) 4 ]
r
r
r
2
4r
3
2
= 2[ 6 4 ] 4 (proved)
r
r
r

2
2
d 2 f 2 df
Question-06 : (iii) : f r 2 . , find f (r) such that f r 0
dr r dr
Solution:

18

2

f r . f r

r d
f ' r
=.{ .
f r } .{
.r}
r dr
r
f ' r f ' r
.(
).r
..r
r
r

f 'r
r d f 'r
= . {
.r}
.3
r dr
r
r

r.r f '' r f ' r 3 f ' r

= {
2 }
r
r
r
r
1
3
=f '' r f ' r f ' r
r
r
2
2
2
d f 2 df
f r f '' r f ' r 2
(proved)
r
dr
r dr
2
d 2 f 2 df
i,e, f r 2
dr
r dr
2
Now, f r 0 gives
d 2 f 2 df
df
dp d 2 f

0
[Let,
p=
,so
that
2]
dr 2 r dr
dr
dr dr
dp 2
dp
2
p 0 or,
dr
dr r
p
r
c
Integrating , pr 2 c1 or, p= 12
r
df c1
c1
or ,

or , df 2 dr
dr r 2
r
c
Integrating , f (r ) 1 A
r
B
i,e, f (r ) A
(ans)
r

Question-07: Find the equation for the tangent plane to the surface xz2 x 2 y z 1
Solution:
Given equation of surface is

(x,y,z)=xz 2 x 2 y z 1 (1) at the point (1,-3,2)

and the given point is A(1,-3,2)

19

Let, P(x,y,z) be any point on the tangent plane, so that OP =xi yj zk

and OA=i 3 j 2k r0 (say)

AP =OP OA= (x 1)i ( y 3) j ( z 2) k

i, e, r r0 (x 1)i ( y 3) j ( z 2)k lies on the tangent plane.

we have, =(i +j +k )( xz 2 x 2 y z )
x y
z
=(z 2 2 xy )i ( x 2 ) j (2 xz 1)k

= 2i j 3k [putting the values of x,y,z]

2i j 3k
2

(2) 1 3

1
(2i j 3k )
14

As n is perpendicular to (r r0 ) so,

n.(r r0 ) 0

or , 2( x 1) ( y 3) 3( z 2) 0

i, e, 2x y 3z 1 0, which is the required equation . (ans)

Question-08 : Find the directional derivative of =4xz 3 3x 2 y 2 z at (2,-1,2)

at (2,-1,2) in the direction 2i 3 j 6 k

Solution:
Given that,

= 2i 3 j 6k (1)

and a 2i 3 j 6k

we have, (i j k )(4xz 3 3 x 2 y 2 z )
x
y
z
=(4z3 6 xy 2 z )i (6 x 2 yz ) j (12 xz 2 3x 2 y 2 )k

=8i 48 j 84k ,at (2,-1,2)

20

a 22 32 62 7
1
a (2i 3 j 6k )
7

Directional derivatives of in the direction a is

1
1
376
.a (8i 48 j 84k ). .(2i 3 j 6k ) (16 144 504)
(ans)
7
7
7

Question-09 : Show that, A (2x2 8xy2 z)i (3x3 y 3xy) j (4 y2 z2 2x3 z)k

2
is not solenoidal but B xyz A is solenoidal.
Solution:

Given that , A (2 x 2 8 xy 2 z )i (3x 3 y 3 xy ) j (4 y 2 z 2 2 x3 z )k

. A (2 x 2 8 xy 2 z ) (3x 3 y 3 xy ) (4 y 2 z 2 2 x3 z )
x
y
z
=4 x 8 y 2 z 3 x3 3 x 8 y 2 z 2 x3
=x 3 x 0

A is not solenoidal.

Now, B ( xyz 2 ) A

.B .{( xyz 2 ) A} ( xyz 2 ). A ( xyz 2 )(. A)

=(i j k )( xyz 2 ).{(2 x 2 8 xy 2 z )i (3x3 y 3 xy ) j (4 y 2 z 2 2 x3 z )k}

x
y
z

+( xyz 2 )( x3 x)
=(yz 2i xz 2 j 2 xyzk ).{(2 x 2 8 xy 2 z )i (3x3 y 3xy ) j (4 y 2 z 2 2 x3 z )k}+( xyz 2 )( x3 x)

=yz 2 (2 x 2 8 xy 2 z ) xz 2 (3x3 y 3 xy ) 2 xyz (4 y 2 z 2 2 x3 z ) ( x 4 yz 2 x 2 yz 2 )

= 2x 2 yz 2 8 y 3 z 3 x 3 x 4 yz 2 3x 2 yz 2 8 xy 3 z 3 4 x 4 yz 2 x 4 yz 2 x 2 yz 2 =0

i,e, .B 0

B is a solenoidal vector. (showed)

21

Question-10: Show that, A (6xy z3 )i (3x2 z) j (3xz2 y)k is irrotational.

Find the scalar funtion such that A .
Solution:

Given that, A (6 xy z 3 )i (3 x 2 z ) j (3 xz 2 y ) k

x
6 xy z 3

={

j
k

y
z
2
3x z 3 xz 2 y

(3xz 2 y ) (3 x 2 z )}i { (6 xy z 3 ) (3 xz 2 4)} j

y
z
z
x

{ (3x 2 z ) (6 xy z 2 )}k
x
y

(1 1)i (3z 2 3 z 2 ) j (6 x 6 x)k

= 0.i +0.j+0.k =0

i,e, A 0 The vector A is irrotational.

But, we have, 0; so, A can be expressed as the gradiant of scalar funtion .

or, A

Let,

j
k
(6 xy z 3 )i (3x 2 z ) j (3xz 2 y )k
x
y
z

or,
6 xy z 3 ,
3x 2 z,
3xz 2 y
x
y
z

or, i

Integrating partially w,r, to x, y, z respectively,

( x, y, z ) 3 x 2 y xz 3 f1 ( y, z ) (1)

( x, y, z ) 3x 2 yz f 2 ( z , x)
3

( x, y, z ) xz yz f3 ( x, y )

(2)
(3)

From (1),(2) and (3),we have,

( x, y, z ) 3x 2 y xz 3 c (Ans)
where, f1 ( y, z ) yz c, f 2 ( z , x) xz 3 c, f3 ( x, y ) 3 x 2 y c.

22

r
Question-11: Show that, E 2 is irrotational.Find such that
r

E and such that (a)=0,

where a 0.

Solution:

r
Given that, E 2
r
1 1 1
Now, E ( 2 r ) 2 r 2 r
r
r
r
Now,given that, (a)=0
i,e, (a)=k-log(a)
or, k=loga
(r)=loga-logr
a
=log( )
r

(Ans)

Question-12: Show that,if (x,y,z) is any solution of laplace's equation. Then is a vector
which is both solenoidal and irrotational.

Solution:
As satisfies laplace's equation,
So,we have,

2 =0 or, .( )=0 and 0

is a solenoidal vector.

But, we have, =0, identically.

is irrotational. (Showed)

Since the vectors A and B are irrotational.

So,we have,


A=0 and B =0

Now, .( A B)= B.( A) A.( B)

= B.0 A.0 =0

i,e, .( A B)=0

A B is a solenoidal vector. (Proved)

23

Q u e s tio n -1 3 ( i) : If A a n d B a r e tw o ir r o ta tio n a l v e c to r s .

T h e n p r o v e th a t A B is a s o le n o id a l v e c to r .

(ii) If F r n r , then prove that (.F ) n(n 3)r n 2 r.

Solution: Given that,

F rn r



.F .( r n r ) r n .r r n .r

r d n n
=
(r ).r r .3
r dr

(r.r )

(nr n 1 ) 3r n =(n+3)r n
r

(.F ) (n 3)r n

r d n
(n 3)
(r )
r dr

r
(n 3). nr n1
r
n(n 3)r n 2 r Proved



(iii) Prove that, {r ( F )} ( r. )( F ) 2( F ) 0

Solution:
we have,


(u v) (v.)u (u.)v u (.v) v(.u )


Putting u r and v F


{r ( F )}={( F ).}r (r.)( F )


+ r{.( F )} ( F )(.r )
y
={( F )x x +( F )y +( F )z z }(xi yj zk )


(r.)( F ) r.0 ( F ).3





{( F )xi +( F )y j +( F )z k } (r.)( F ) 3( F )


F (r.)( F ) 3( F )


(r.)( F ) 2( F )

24

i,e, {r ( F )} (r. )( F ) 2( F )



{r ( F )} (r. )( F ) 2( F ) 0 (Proved)

Question-42: If =2xz 4 x2 y, Find and at the point (2, 2, 1).

Solution:
We have,

=2xz 4 x 2 y

j k )(2 xz 4 x 2 y )
x
y
z

i (2 xz 4 x 2 y ) j (2 xz 4 x 2 y ) k (2 xz 4 x 2 y )
x
y
z

(i

i (2 z 4 2 xy ) j ( x 2 ) k (8 xz 4 )
i (2 z 4 2 xy ) jx 2 k (8 xz 4 )
=10i 4 j 16k at the point (2, 2, 1) (Ans)
Again, (10) 2 (4) 2 (16) 2
100 16 256 372
4 93 2 93

(Ans)

Question-48: If u 2r 4 r , Find u.
Solution:
Let,

r xi yj zk

r x2 y2 z 2

Now, u 2r 4 r
u
u
u
j
k ) 2( x 2 y 2 z 2 )2 ( xi yj zk )
x
y
z
Equating, we get,
or, (i

u
2 x( x 2 y 2 z 2 )2
x
u
2 y( x 2 y 2 z 2 )2
y
u
and
2 z ( x 2 y 2 z 2 )2
z

(1)
(2)
(3)

25

Integrating (1),(2),(3) partially w.r. to x, y, z respectively.

u 2 x(x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 dx

Let, x 2 y 2 z 2 t

u ( x, y , z ) ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 d ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2

( x 2 y 2 z 2 )3
constant
3

1
u r 6 constant
3
1
1
Similarly, u r 6 constant, u r 6 constant. (Ans)
3
3

r
Question-49: Find (r ) such that
and (1) 0.
rs

Solution:
Let,

r xi yj zk

r x2 y 2 z 2

Here, i
j
k

x
y
z

1
2

5
2 2

( xi yj zk )

(x y z )

x( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 (1)
x
5

y ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 (2)
y

z ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 (3)
z
Integrating (1) partially w.r. to x keeping y and z.
3

1
Constant, (x, y, z ) ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 c
3
3

1
But, (1)=0, (1)= (1) 2 c 0
3
1
c
3
Hence, from (2) and (3), we get,

26

1
1
)
3
r3
1
1
(r ) (1 3 )
3
r

(r ) (1

(Ans)

Question-50: Find where =(x 2 y 2 z 2 ) e

x2 y2 z2

Solution:
Let,

r xi yj kz
r x2 y2 z 2

i
j
k
(1)
x
y
z
2
2
2

Now,
{( x 2 y 2 z 2 )e x y z }
x x
1

2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2 xe x y z ( x 2 y 2 z 2 )e x y z . ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2
2
xe

x2 y 2 z 2

xe

x2 y 2 z 2

[2 ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 ]
(2 r )

xe r (2 r )

Similarly,
ye r (2 r ) and
ze r (2 r )
y
z
putting these in (1), we get,

e r (2 r )( xi yj zk )

e r (2 r )r (Ans)

Question-51: If =2 xyz 3i x 2 zj+3 x 2 yz 2 k. Find (x , y , z ) if (1,-2,2)=4.

27

Solution:
We have,

=2 xyz 3i x 2 zj+3x 2 yz 2 k
or, i

j
z
=2 xyz 3i x 2 zj +3x 2 yz 2 k
x
y
z

2 xyz 3
1
x

x2 z
(2)
y

3x 2 yz 2 3
z

Integrating (1) w.r. to x keeping y and z contant.

2xyz 3dx
1
( x, y, z ) 2 yz 3 . x 2 c =x 2 yz 3 c
2
Similarly, from (2) and (3),we get,

(x, y, z ) x 2 z 3 y c
and (x, y, z ) x 2 yz 3 c

But, (1, 2, 2) 4
1.(2).8 constant=4
c(contant)=20
Hence, (x, y, z ) x 2 yz 3 20 (Ans)

Question-52: If ( y 2 2 xyz 3 )i (3 2 xy x 2 z 3 ) j (6 z 3 3 x 2 yz 2 ), Find .

Solution:

28

Given that,

i
j
k
x
y
z
( y 2 2 xyz 3 )+ (3 2 xy x 2 z 3 ) j (6 z 3 3x 2 yz 2 )k

y 2 2 xyz 3
(1)
x

3 2 xy x 2 z 3 (2)
y

6 z 3 3 x 2 yz 2 (3)
y
Integrating (1) w.r. to x keeping y and z contant.
(x, y, z ) xy 2 x 2 yz 3 f1 ( y, z )
2

(A)

(x, y, z ) 3 y xy x yz f 2 ( z , x) (B)
3 4
z x 2 yz 3 f 3 ( x, y )
(C )
2
Comparing (A),(B) and (C), show that there will be a common value of .

(x, y, z )

If we choose ,
3 4
3
z , f 2 ( z , x) z 4 and f 3 ( x, y ) 3 y xy 2
2
2
3
(x, y , z ) xz 2 x 2 yz 3 3 y z 4 c (Ans)
2

f1 ( y, z ) 3 y

Question-58: Find the unit vector which is r to the surface of parabolid revolution
z x 2 y 2 at the point (1,2,5).

Solution:
Here, x 2 y 2 z 0,
then any vector perpendicular to the surface x 2 y 2 z 0 is,

. (i j k ).( x 2 y 2 z )
x
y
z
2 xi 2 yj k

. 2i 4 j k at the point(1,2,5)

29

So, a unit vector r to the surface x 2 y 2 z is,

. 2i 4 j k
1
n

(2i 4 j k ) (Ans)
4 16 1
21
.

Question-59: Find the unit outward drawn normal to the surface

(x 1) 2 y 2 ( z 2) 2 9 at the point (3,1,-4).
Solution :
We have,
The surface, (x 1) 2 y 2 ( z 2) 2 9
Any normal to the given surface is,

. (i j k )[(x 1) 2 y 2 ( z 2) 2 ]
x
y
z
2( x 1)i 2 yj 2( z 2)k

4i 2 j 4k at the point (3,1,-4),

A unit normal to the surface

4i 2 j 4k
2

4 2 (4)

2i j 2k
3

(Ans)

Question-64: In what condition from the point (1,3,2) is the directional darivative
of 2 xz y 2 a maximum?What is the magnitude of the maximum?
Solution:
Here, 2 xz y 2
Directional darivative of is given by,

( i
j k )(2 xz y 2 )
x y
z
2 zi 2 yj 2 xk

4i 6 j 2k , at the point (1,3,2).

The directional darivative is in the direction 4i 6 j 2k .

30

r
r

is the projection of in the direction
.
s
s
s
This projection will be a maximum,

r
when and
have the same direction of and
s
its magnitude of maximum value is,

42 62 22 56 2 4 (Ans)

But we know,

Q-66: Find the acute angle between the surface xy 2 z 3 x z 2

and 3 x 2 y 2 2 z 1 at the point (1,-2,1).

Solution:
The angle between the surface at the point is the angle between
the normal to the surface at the point.
A normal to the surface, 1 3 x z 22 xy 2 z 0 at the point (1,-2,1) is,

1 i (3x z 2 xy 2 z ) j (3x z 2 xy 2 z ) k (3x z 2 xy 2 z )

x
x
x
2
2
i (3 y z ) j (2 xyz ) k (2 z xy )
i 4 j 2k , at (1,-2,1).

A normal to the surface 2 3 x 2 y 2 2 z 1, at the point (1,-2,1) is,

( i
j k )(3 x 2 y 2 2 z )
x y
z
i.6 x j (2 y ) k (2 z )
6i 4 j 2k at the point (1,-2,1). (Ans)

(1 ).(2 ) 1 2 cos , where is the required angle, then

(-i+4j+2k).(6i+4j+2k)
= 12 42 2 2 . 62 42 22 cos
or , 6 16 4 21. 56 cos
6
3
or , cos
=cos 1[
] (Ans)
21. 56
21. 14

Example:73

31

2
Evaluate (ln r )
Solution :

We know that,the position vector,r xi yj zk

r x2 y 2 z 2

2
2
2
2
Now, (ln r ) ( 2 2 2 )(ln r )
x y z
=
now,

2
2
2
(ln
r
)

(ln
r
)

(ln r ).........(1)
x 2
y 2
z 2

2
2 1
(ln
r
)

{ (log( x 2 y 2 z 2 )}
2
2
x
x 2
1
1
= { . 2
.2 x}
x 2 x y 2 z 2
=

Similarly,

( x 2 y 2 z 2 ).1 x.2 x
y 2 z 2 x2

( x 2 y 2 z 2 )2
( x 2 y 2 z 2 )2

2
z 2 x2 y2
(ln
r
)

y 2
( x 2 y 2 z 2 )2

2
x2 y 2 z 2
(ln
r
)

z 2
( x 2 y 2 z 2 )2
Putting this value in(1) we get,
2
y2 z 2 x2 z 2 x2 y 2 x2 y 2 z 2
(ln r )
( x 2 y 2 z 2 )2
x2 y 2 z 2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
(x y z )
(x y z ) r
2
1
(ln r ) 2 [ans]
r
=

Example:74

32

2
Pr ove that, r n n(n 1)r n 2 where n is constant.
Solution:

We know that,r xi yj zk
r= x 2 y 2 z 2
2 n
2
2
2 n
L.H.S.= r ( 2 2 2 ).r
x y z
=
now,

2 n 2 n 2 n
r 2 r 2 r .......(1)
x 2
y
z
2 n 2
r 2 {( x 2 y 2 z 2 ).n \ 2}
2
x
x
n
1
n 2
2
2 2
= { x y z )( .2 x}
x 2

= {nx( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) n 2\2 )}
x
2

n
1
2 2

=n( x y z )
Similarly,

n
1
2 2

nx (n 2)( x y z )

n
n
1
1
2 n
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
r

n(
x

z
)

ny
(
n

2)(
x

z
)
2
y

n
n
1
1
2 n
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
r

n(
x

z
)

nz
(
n

2)(
x

z
)
2
z
Putting these value in (1),we get,

2
r n n(n 1).r n 2 R.H .S .[Pr oved ]

Example:75

If F=(3x 2 y z )i ( xz 3 y 4 ) j 2 x 3 z 2 k .Find (.F ) at the point (2,-1,0)
Solution:

.F ((3x 2 y z ) ( xz 3 y 4 ) (2 x 3 z 2 )
x
y
y
=6xy+4y 3 4 x 3 z

now, (.F ) ( i
j k )(6 xy 4 y 3 4 x 3 z )
x y
y

33

=i(6y-12x 2 z ) j (6 x 12 y 2 ) k (4 x3 )
At the point (2,-1,0),we get,

(.F ) 6i 24 j 32k (ans)

Example:76

If w is a constant vector and v w r.Pr ove that div. v=0.

Solution: Let, r xi yj zk and

w w1i w2 j w3k
i

v w r x

j
y

k
z

w1

w2

w3

=i(w 3 y w2 z ) j ( w1 z w3 x) k ( w2 z w1 y )

now, Div.v .v (w 3 y w2 z ) ( w1 z w3 x) ( w2 z w1 y )
x
y
z
=0 [Proved]

Example:78
If u=3x 2 y, v xz 2 2 y.Evaluate grad[gradu.gradv].
Solution:
We have,u=3x 2 y & v xz 2 2 y

grad u=(i j k )3x 2 y

x
y
z
=6xyi+3x 2 j 0
and , grad v=(i

j k )( xz 2 2 y )
x
y
z

=z 2i 2 j 2 xzk

grad [gradu.gradv]=[(u ).(v)]

=[(6xyi+3x 2 j 0).(z 2i 2 j 2 xzk )]

=[6 xyz 2 6 x 2 0]

=(i j k )(6 xyz 2 6 x 2 )

x
y
z
=(6yz 2 12 x)i xz 2 j 12 xyzk .[ ans ]

34

1. Prove that curl grad ( A) 0 .

Solution: curl grad ( A) ( A)

( A)

[
i
( A) j
( A)k ]
x
y
z

i
d
( A)
dx
d
dx

j
d
dy
d
dy

k
d
0
dz
d
dz

2. (a)prove that (u.) is an operator.

Solution: let u u1i u2 j u3 k

u. (u1i u2 j u3k ).(i

j
k )
x
y
z

(u1
u2
u3 )
x
y
z
Which represents an operator.

For example (u.) u ( )

u2
u3 )v
x
y
z

j
k ) v
u (.v ) (u1i u2 j u3k ).(i
x
y
z

(b) we have, (u . )v (u1

( A) ( A) ( A)
x
y
z

35

dv
( u1i ).( i )
dx

v
v
v
(u1
u
u
)
x 2 y 3z

(u1

u2
u3 )v
x
y
z

(u . )v

So ,they are equal.

(answer)

3.prove that curl a 0 implies a

Solution: we have, a

i
j
k
x y
z

Curl a a

2
2
2
2
2
2

)i (

)j(

)k
yz zy
zx xz
xy yx

i.0 j.0 k .0
0
(proved)

4.If u and v are differentiable scalar field, prove that u v is solenoidal

Solution: we have,

u
u
u
u i
j
k
x
y
z

And, v i

v
v
v
j
k
x
y
z

36

u
u v)
x
v
x

u
y
v
y

u
z
v
z

u v u v
u v u v
u v u v
.
)i ( . . ) j ( .

)k
y z z y
z x x z
x y y x

Now, div (u v ) .(u v)

u v u v
u v u v
u v u v
( .
)
( . . )
( .

. )
x y z z y y z x x z z x y y x

Since , div (u v ) 0 , u v is solenoidal.

(proved)

5. prove that the vector A 3 y 4 z 2i 4 x 3 z 2 j 3 x 2 y 2 k is solenoidal.

Solution: if . A 0 ,then it is solenoidal,

.A (i
j
k ).(3 y 4 z 2i 4 x 3 z 2 j 3 x 2 y 2 k )
x
y
z
(

(3 y 4 z 2 )
(4 x3 z 2 )
(3x 2 y 2 ))
x
y
z

Since, . A 0 ,hence the vector is solenoidal.(proved)

6. proved that , curl ( .grad ) 0

Solution: curl ( .grad ) ( )

i
j
k]
( ) [
x
y
z

37

x
y
z

x
y
z

( ) (
)} j{ ( )
( )} k{ (
)
( )}
y z z y
z x x z
x y y x

i{

i.0 j.0 k .0
0
(answer)
7. find

r
(. A) A
r
if
Solution: we have,

xi yj zk
r xi yj zk . A (i
j
k )(
)
x
y
z
x2 y2 z 2
,
(

z
(
)
(
)
(
))
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x x y z
y x y z
z x y2 z2
2

2( x y z )

(. A)

(i

1
2

j
k ) [2( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 ]
x
y
z

2( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 .( xi yj zk )

2r 3 r

xi yj zk
( 2 ) (i
j
k )(
)
r
x
y
z
r2
Again,

38

x
r2

y
r2

z
r2

z
y
x
z
y
z
( 2 ) ( 2 )}i { ( 2 )
( 2 )} j { ( 2 )
( )}k
y r
z r
z r
x r
x r
y r2

i.0 j.0 k .0
0

(answer)

8. evaluate

(r 3r )
Solution: we have,

r xi yj zk

r x 2 y 2 z 2 r 3 ( x 2 y 2 z 2 )3/2
,

Now,

(r 3 r )

(i

j
k )[( x 2 y 2 z 2 )3/2 .( xi yj zk )]
x
y
z

(( x 2 y 2 z 2 )3/ 2 x)
(( x 2 y 2 z 2 )3/2 y )
(( x 2 y 2 z 2 )3/ 2 z ))
x
y
z

Now,

(( x 2 y 2 z 2 )3/2 x ) 3x 2 ( x 2 y 2 z 2 )1/2 ( x 2 y 2 z 2 )3/2

x
Same as for others, put the value of them,

(r 3 r )

3( x 2 y 2 z 2 )( x 2 y 2 z 2 )1/2 3( x 2 y 2 z 2 )3/ 2

6r 3
(answer)
9. evaluate

39

1
[ r ( 3 )]
r
Solution: we have,

r xi yj zk

r x 2 y 2 z 2 r 3 ( x 2 y 2 z 2 )3/ 2

j
k )( x 2 y 2 z 2 )3/2 }]
[ r ( 3 )] [r{(i
x
y
z
r

[ 3 x ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 i 3 y ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 j 3 z ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 k ]

(i

j
k )[3x( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 i 3 y ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 j 3 z ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 k ]
x
y
z

3( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 3(r 2 )2

3
r4