Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Rate of onset
Rapid/slow onset of action desired
Duration of action
Rapid/Prolong the duration of action
Site of action
Target drug delivery to a specific site
Channels of
Drug
Administration
Enteral
Parenteral
Topical
DEFINITION
ENTERAL
PARENTERAL
TOPICAL
Anything
Anything that is
the application
involving the
outside of or
of a drug directly
ALIMENTARY
beside the
to the surface of
tract
alimentary tract
the skin
-Mouth to Rectum Drugs
TYPES:
administered that
Oral (po)
bypass the GIT
Sublingual (sl)
Buccal
Rectal
ORAL ROUTE
PO (Latin: per os) is the
ORAL ROUTE
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
First-pass Effect
The first-pass effect is the term used for the hepatic
oral administration
tablets
capsules
liquids
solutions
suspensions
syrups
elixirs
SUBLINGUAL ROUTE
is where the dosage
SUBLINGUAL ROUTE
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
ECONOMICAL
UNPALATABLE &
QUICK TERMINATION
BITTER DRUGS
IRRITATION OF ORAL
MUCOSA
LARGE QUANTITIES
NOT GIVEN
FEW DRUGS ARE
ABSORBED
FIRST-PASS AVOIDED
DRUG ABSORPTION IS
QUICK
BUCCAL ROUTE
Buccal administration is
BUCCAL ROUTE
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
Inconvenience
Rapid absorption
advantages lost if
Drug stability
swallowed
Small dose limit
RECTAL ROUTE
By Suppository or Enema
E.g. aspirin theophylline,
chlorpromazine
RECTAL ROUTE
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
used in children
inconvenient
used in
erratic
irritation or inflammation
of rectal mucosa can occur
vomiting/unconscious
higher concentrations
rapidly achieved
PARENTERAL
PARENTERAL
SYSTEMIC
Parenteral -Greek words
para, meaning outside
enteron, meaning the intestine
Parenteral administration is
PARENTERAL
INJECTABLES
INTRAVENOUS
INTRAMUSCULAR
SUBCUTANEOUS
INTRA-ARTERIAL
INTRA-ARTICULAR
INTRATHECAL
INTRADERMAL
INHALATION
INTRAVENOUS
ADVANTAGE
bioavailability 100%
desired blood
concentrations achieved
large quantities
vomiting & diarrhea
emergency situations
first pass avoided
gastric manipulation
avoided
DISADVANTAGE
irritation & cellulitis
thrombophelebitis
repeated injections not
always feasible
less safe
technical assistance required
danger of infection
expensive
less convenient and painful
INTRAMUSCULAR ROUTE
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
absorption reasonably
uniform
rapid onset of action
mild irritants can be given
first pass avoided
gastric factors can be
avoided
SUBCUTANEOUS
Injected under the skin.
Absorption is slow, so action is
prolonged.
IMPLANT :a tablet or porous
INTRA-ARTERIAL
Rarely used
Anticancer drugs are given for localized effects
Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral vascular diseases
INTRA-ARTICULAR
injections of antibiotics and
corticosteroids are
administered in inflammed
joined cavities by experts.
example: hydrocortisone in
rheumatoid arthritis
INTRADERMAL
drug is given within skin layers
(dermis)
Painful
Mainly used for testing sensitivity
to drugs.
e.g. penicillin, ATS (anti tetanus
serum)
INOCULATION :administration
INTRANASAL
Absorption
LUNGS
Devices
MDI
Spacer
Nebulizers
urethra
ears
colon
lungs
mucous membrane
lower risk of side effects
systemic effects
Transdermal
absorption of drug through
SELECTION OF ROUTE
The ROA is determined by :
the physical characteristics of the
drug
the speed which the drug is
absorbed and/ or released
the need to bypass hepatic
metabolism
to achieve high conc. at particular
sites
Accuracy of dosage
Condition of the patient