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Swets & Zeitlinger
2Department
ABSTRACT
Notodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 is the most abundant and speciose genus of freshwater calanoids in the Neotropical
region. The type species, N. deitersi (Poppe, 1891) is in need of redescription but the type material is no longer
extant and the type locality no longer exists. In order to avoid possible confusion over the identity of the type species
of the genus, a neotype is designated. This is an adult from Baia Pedra Branca because this locality is near Cuiab,
in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, the original type locality. The neotype is described and this description forms
the basis for a complete diagnosis of the genus Notodiaptomus. Like most diaptomid genera Notodiaptomus is
characterized by prosome morphology, by the fifth legs in both sexes and by the geniculate antennule. Sexual
dimorphism in the rostrum is reported here and the homology of the modified setal elements on the geniculate right
antennule of the is analysed.
KEYWORDS: Notodiaptomus deitersi, neotype, taxonomy, Calanoida, freshwater, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
INTRODUCTION
The genus Notodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 is the most
widely distributed and most species rich genus of
freshwater calanoids in the Neotropics. In 1983 Dussart and Defaye listed 28 species in this genus; the
number of nominal species is currently 39. As with
most diaptomids, species have been erected mainly
on morphological details of adult , with particular emphasis on the sexually dimorphic characters of
the leg 5, right antennule and the posterior part of the
prosome. Except for a few recently described spe-
cies, little attention has been given to . Descriptions are very variable regarding the level of detail
provided in the text as well as in the quality of illustrations. This makes identification very difficult. The
aim of this paper is to provide a thorough redescription to modern standards of accuracy, of the typespecies Notodiaptomus deitersi (Poppe, 1891), to
improve knowledge of the genus and to enhance understanding of the distribution of this poorly characterized species.
The specimens were collected in the Baia Pedra Branca (15o5219S, 56o0835W), a locality in the vicinity of Cuiab, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
RESULTS
Notodiaptomus deitersi (Poppe, 1891)
Neotype
An adult ; Baia Pedra Branca (15 o5219S,
56o0835W), Mato Grosso, Brazil, in the vicinity of
Cuiab, the original type locality. The description is
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supplemented by the examination of additional material, including , from the same locality.
Description
Length of neotype: excluding caudal setae: 1100 m,
(mean length 1098 m (N=20), standard deviation
(SD)27.6). Body (Fig.1A) smaller and more slender
than . Rostrum (Fig. 5D) with paired rostral filaments; asymmetrical with process on right side of
basal region; defined from frontal margin of dorsal
cephalic shield by complete suture; ornamented with
pair of sensillae adjacent to suture. Cephalosome
with incomplete suture dorsally. Fifth free pedigerous somite with small and more or less symmetrical
lateral wings, each with small sensilla at apex (Fig.
1A). In dorsal view, body widest at first free pedigerous somite (Fig. 1A). Sensillae distributed on prosomal somites as figured (Fig. 1A).
Urosome: (Fig. 1A) 5-segmented. Genital somite
symmetrical with one sensilla at right posterior corner and another on left side inserted more medially
than on right. Genital aperture at ventrolateral posterior corner of genital somite on left side. Anal somite
with weak operculum; two sensillae on each side
(Fig. 1A). Caudal rami symmetrical, longer than
wide, with 6 setae; setules along medial margin.
Right antennule: 22-segmented (Fig. 2AD); segments 13 to 18 (XV to XX) swollen and modified.
Segmentation pattern and setal armature presented in
Table 2. On segments 17 and 18 (XIX, XX), one of
those setal elements is probably a seta-like aesthetasc; on segment 20 (XXIVXXV), two setae are
inserted posteriorly; on 21 (XXVI), one is inserted
ventrally. Vestigial setae on segments 2 (III), 3 (V)
and 5 (VII) comprising circle of thin cuticle and
minute seta at centre of circle. Tips of large setae on
segments 3, 7, 9 and 14 blunt (Fig. 2B, see arrowheads). Seta on segment 19 very small (Fig. 2C).
Modified setae on segments 10 and 11 similar to each
other but different from those on segments 13, 17, 18
and 19 (Fig. 2C, D). Modified seta forming strong
process on segment 13 (Figs. 2D, 8A). Modified setae on segments 17, 18 and 19 similar (Fig. 2C, see
arrowheads). Segments 15 and 16 each with spinous
process on frontal margin (Figs. 2B, D).
Left antennule: 25-segmented (Fig. 3A, B); only
second and last segments compound, representing the
ancestral segments IIIV and XXVIIXXVIII respectively, armature of segments presented in Table
2. Insertion of one of those setae is posterior on seg-
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Fig. 1. Notodiaptomus deitersi neotype, adult : A, habitus, dorsal. Adult : B, habitus, dorsal.
ments 22 and 23 (XXIV, XXV), and ventral on segment 24. Tips of large setae on segments 3, 7, 9 and
14 blunt, as in right antennule (Fig. 3A). Segmentation and armature pattern different between right and
left antennules. Both with compound second (IIIV)
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Fig. 2. Notodiaptomus deitersi neotype, adult : A, right antennule, detail of last segment (ancestral XXVIIXXVIII); B, right antennule, ventral, arrowheads indicate blunt setae or, on proximal segments, vestigial setae; C, right antennule, detail of segments 17,
18 and 19 (ancestral segments XIX, XX and XXIXXIII respectively), anterior, arrowheads indicate modified elements around
geniculation; D, right antennule, detail of segments 10-16 (ancestral segments XIIXVII), ventral, arrowheads indicate spinuous
processes, and extra aesthetascs not present on left antennule.
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thetascs and segments 13 to 18 each lacking proximal seta. Modified setae present on segments 10, 11,
13, 17, 18 and 19 unmodified in left antennule.
Smooth hyaline membrane present anteriorly on segment 20.
Antenna: biramous (Figs. 5E, 6A). Coxa bearing
inner seta. Basis with two setae at posterior inner
corner. Endopod 2-segmented (Fig. 5E): first segment with two setae on inner margin, ornamented
with oblique row of spinules on outer side and pore
between row of spinules and setae; compound second segment bilobed; inner lobe bearing 8 setae distally, outer lobe with 7 distal setae and patch of
spinules on outer margin. Exopod 7-segmented (Fig.
6A), segmentation and armature pattern: segment 1
(ancestral segment I), 1 seta (s); segment 2 (ancestral
segments IIIV), 3 s; segment 3 (V), 1 s; segment 4
(VI), 1 s; segment 5 (VII), 1 s; segment 6 (VIII), 1 s;
segment 7 (ancestral segments IX-X), 4 s (distal part
derived from segment X elongate, bearing 3 long apical setae).
Mandible: (Figs. 7C, E, F) with strongly sclerotized coxal gnathobase carrying prominent lobe on
caudal margin (Fig. 7E); cutting blade with acute
caudal and triangular subcaudal teeth, and group of 6
multicusped teeth, apicalmost bearing spinules, additional row of spinules present on dorsal side; single
dorsal seta located near apical margin (Fig. 7F). Mandibular palp (Fig. 7C) with basis bearing four setae
on inner margin, three inserted more distally. Endopod 2-segmented; first segment with lobe bearing
four setae; second with 9 distal setae (one reduced),
and two rows of spinules. Exopod 4-segmented with
1, 1, 1, 3 setal formula.
Maxillule: (Fig. 6B, C, D) with praecoxal arthrite
carrying 10 stout marginal spines, plus five sub-marginally (four of them more slender), ornamentation
comprising patch of spinules present sub-marginally
(Fig. 6C). Coxal epipodite with 9 setae. Coxal endite
with 4 distal setae. Basal exite represented by outer
seta. Proximal basal endite well defined, bearing 4
setae distally. Distal endite fused to basis, with 4
setae and row of marginal spinules. Endopod 1-segmented and bilobate: proximal lobe with 3 setae on
margin, distal lobe with 5 setae (Fig. 6D). Exopod
unsegmented, with 5 distal setae and row of spinules
on margin (Fig. 6D).
Maxilla: (Fig. 7A) with praecoxa and coxa medially fused, but separate laterally. Proximal praecoxal
endite with 5 setae and one small spine; distal endite
bearing 3 setae and row of spinules. Coxal endites
each carrying 3 setae plus row of spinules on distal
margin. Allobasis well developed, armed with 3 setae. Three free endopod segments bearing 5 setae in
total.
Maxilliped: (Fig. 5B) well developed, comprising
syncoxa, basis and six free endopod segments. Prae-
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Fig. 4. Notodiaptomus deitersi neotype, adult : A, left first leg, posterior; B, left second leg, posterior; C, left third leg, posterior; D,
third exopod segment of third leg, anterior; E, third endopod segment of third leg, anterior; F, third exopod segment of second
leg, anterior; G, third endopod segment of second leg, anterior; H, first and second segments of second leg endopod showing
Schmeils organ, lateral.
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Fig. 5. Notodiaptomus deitersi neotype, adult : A, fourth leg, posterior, arrowhead indicates presence of seta on basis; B, left maxilliped, medial; C, adult rostrum, ventral; D, adult rostrum, ventral, arrowhead indicates process on basal region; E, Adult ,
right antenna endopod, insertion of exopod indicated by asterisk; F, third exopod segment of fourth leg, anterior; G, third
endopod segment of fourth leg, anterior. H, external genital area; AM, arthrodial membrane; AH, anterior hinge; OP, opercular
pad; LP, lateral process; GP, gonoporal slit; GS, gonoporal slit.
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Fig. 6. Notodiaptomus deitersi neotype, adult : A, right antenna exopod; B, right maxillule; C, detail of right maxillule arthrite; D,
detail of right maxillule endopod and exopod. Adult : E, left fifth leg, posterior; F, fifth leg, detail of endopod.
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Fig. 7. Notodiaptomus deitersi neotype, adult : A, right maxilla; B, fifth leg, posterior. Arrowheads indicate: patch of tubercles on left
basis; patch of tubercles and outgrowth with a deep groove on right basis; acute outgrowth on first exopod segment. C, palp of
right mandible; D, detail of right fifth leg endopod and groove, posterior; E, right coxal gnathobase of mandible with cutting
blade; F, detail of right mandible cutting blade; G, detail of left fifth leg endopod and exopod segments, posterior.
Leg 1
Leg 2
Leg 3
Leg 4
Coxa
Basis
Exopod
01
01
01
01
00
00
00
10
Endopod
0-1; 1,2,3
01, 02; 2,2,3
01; 02;2,2,3
01; 02; 2,2,3
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Adult
Length: excluding caudal setae: 1125 m, (mean
length 1148 m (N=20), SD28.5). Body (Fig. 1B)
larger than . Rostrum (Fig. 5C) broader than in ;
symmetrical; with pair of sensillae at incomplete
proximal suture. Cephalosome with incomplete suture dorsally. Fifth free pedigerous somite symmetrical, with curved posterolateral wings, each with sensilla at tip (Fig. 1B). In dorsal view, body widest at
first free pedigerous somite (Fig. 1B). Sensillae distributed on prosomal somites as figured (Fig.1B).
Urosome: (Fig. 1B) 3-segmented. Dorsal: genital
double-somite nearly symmetrical, longer than other
somites together, swollen in anterior region with two
sensillae, one on each side; right posterior corner
expanded over next somite. Second urosomite small,
right and left posterior corners expanded laterally.
Anal somite with weakly developed operculum with
two sensillae on each side. Caudal rami symmetrical,
with setules along inner margin. External genital area
(Fig. 5H) ventral: delimited anteriorly by broad symmetrical opercular pad, and laterally by well developed, posteriorly-directed lateral processes. Paired
gonoporal plates and slits located adjacent to midline, between lateral processes. Extensive area of relatively flexible cuticle (arthrodial membrane?),
present anterior to opercular pad.
Antennules: symmetrical; similar to left antennule (Table 2). All other appendages as in except
leg 5. Leg 5 (Fig. 6E, F) symmetrical; coxa with
conical posterior process in distal left corner with
triangular sensilla at tip; basis sub-triangular, outer
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Fig. 8. Notodiaptomus deitersi neotype, adult , SEM pictures: A, detail of modified seta forming strong process on segment 13
(ancestral segment XV); B, detail of the segments around the geniculation of the right antennule, arrows indicate the modified
elements; C, fifth leg, detail of the right endopod; D, fifth leg, lateral, arrows indicate the tip of the left endopod, the outgrowth
in the posterior surface of the left basis and the deep oblique groove.
margin smaller than inner margin with long seta extending beyond distal margin of first exopod; first
exopod segment larger than second; second segment
with lateral spine; distinct third exopod segment with
two terminal setae, lateral smaller, not reaching beyond middle of medial. Terminal claw with medial
and lateral rows of denticles. Endopod 1-segmented
bearing two setae on oblique tip plus row of spines
subterminally on anterior surface.
Remarks
Notodiaptomus deitersi (Poppe, 1891), was briefly
described by Poppe. It is possible that there has been
some confusion with subsequent identification of
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126
TABLE 2. Segmentation pattern and armature of antennules in the genus Notodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 based primarily on the type
species but including known interspecific variation within the genus. A, ancestral segments; N, number of actual segments;
s, seta; ae, aesthetasc; vs, vestigial seta; ms, modified seta; p, process. (*) shows the armature observed in the neotype.
A
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
XXVIII
right antennule
1s+1ae
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
3s,1ae,1vs
1s,1vs
1s
1s,1ae,1vs
1s
1s,1ae
1s,1cs
2s,1ae
1s,1ms
1s,1ms
1s,1ae,1cs
1s,1ae,1ms
2s,1ae
2s,1ae,1p
2s,1ae,1p
1 or 2s(*),1ms
2s,1ms
19
2s,1ae,2ms
20
21
4s
2s
22
4s,1ae
left antennule
antennules
1s+1ae
1s+1ae
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
3s,1ae,1vs
1s,1vs
1s
1s,1ae,1vs
1s
1s,1ae
1s,1cs
2s,1ae
1s
1(*) or 2s
1s,1ae,1cs
1s
1s,1ae
1s
1s,1ae
1s
1s
1s,1ae
1s
1s
2s
2s
2s
3s,1ae,1vs
1s,1vs
1s
1s,1ae,1vs
1s
1s,1ae
1s,1cs
2s,1ae
1s
1 or 2s
1s,1ae,1cs
1s
1s,1ae
1s
1s,1ae
1s
1s
1s,1ae
1s
1s
2s
2s
2s
25
4s,1ae
4s,1ae
DISCUSSION
Sexual dimorphism in the rostrum of calanoid copepods has been observed and figured by many other
authors. In the family Aetideidae, for instance, there
are extreme examples of this sexual dimorphism; in
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128
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research has been supported by CAPES and PDEE
grant BEX0290/98-0. We are grateful to Rony Huys for his
guidance in drawing techniques and for numerous discussions; to Danielle Defaye (Musum National dHistoire
Naturelle, Paris) for her comments on genital structures
and on the manuscript; to Alex Ball and Chris Jones from
the Electron Microscope Unit/The Natural History Museum for their assistance and; to Vangil Pinto da Silva from
the University of Mato Grosso who kindly collected and
provided the material.
REFERENCES
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Dussart BH, Robertson BA (1984): Notodiaptomus paraensis n. sp., a new diaptomid (Crustacea, Copepoda) from
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