PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCK EXPERIMENT

Author:
M.Irsyad Hibatullah

3714100020

TEKNIK GEOFISIKA
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
SURABAYA
2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE................................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER I............................................................................................................. 5
PRELIMINARY........................................................................................................ 5
1.1 Background...................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Problems Formulations....................................................................................... 6
1.3 Objectives........................................................................................................ 6
1.4 Benefits............................................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER II............................................................................................................ 7
LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................ 7
2.1 Elastic Properties............................................................................................... 7
2.2Geomechanical Properties.................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Fudamental Laboratory Techniques....................................................................8
2.2.2 Deformation Properties................................................................................... 9
2.3 Principles Of Laboratory Measurements..............................................................10
2.4 Density and Porosity......................................................................................... 11
2.4.1 Porosity.................................................................................................... 11
2.4.2 Density..................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Velocity Relation to Rock Characteristic..............................................................13
2.6 Andesite Rock................................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER III........................................................................................................ 17
METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................. 17
3.1

Time and Place........................................................................................... 17

3.2

Tools and Materials..................................................................................... 17

3.3.1

Elastic Properties................................................................................... 17

3.3.2

Density of Rocks.................................................................................... 17

3.3

Experimental Procedure...............................................................................17

3.3.1

Measurement Elastic Properties.................................................................17

3.3.2

Measurement Density of Rocks..................................................................18

CHAPTER IV......................................................................................................... 19
DATA ANALYSIS.................................................................................................... 19
4.1 Measurement Data........................................................................................... 19
4.2

Analysis Data............................................................................................. 19

4.3 Data Reference from literature...........................................................................20

4.4 Discussion...................................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER V.......................................................................................................... 22
CLOSING REMARKS............................................................................................. 22
5.1 Conclusion..................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Recommendation............................................................................................. 22
Bibliography........................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1.1 BACKGROUND
Geophysics is branch science of Geoscience,Geophysics focused in physical
properties of earth. It also physical properties of rock, because rock is part of earth. Rock or
earth had many physical properties like density,magnetivity,radioactivity,and etc. physical
properties of rock can be used for estimate or interpretating subsurface of earth. So with
physical
properties
of
rock
we
can
know
what
inside
the
earth.
Physical properties of rock is very important science for a Geophysicist. Because with
using physical properties of rock, a Geophysicist can predict what type rock,what type of
formation in sub surface. For supporting in learning Physical properties of rock, we are doing
this experiment. This experiment focused in ultrasonic wave propagation rock,stress and
strain rock,porosity and density.

1.2 PROBLEMS FORMULATIONS

This experiment have some problem to explore :
1. How to measure the wave properties (Vp&Vs) using oscilloscope?
2. How the relation between Vp with density and porosity?
3. How to measure youngs modulus?
4. How to measure shear modulus?
5. How to measure poissons ratio?
6. How to know the type of the rock sample?

1.3 OBJECTIVES
This experiment had five main objective as output :
1. Use oscilloscope to measure wave properties using parameter of time and sample
dimension
2. Measure anisotropy of velocity using few model of calculation
3. Determine the relation between Vp with density and porosity
4. Measure the bulk modulus, shear modulus, and poisson ratio from the rock sample
5. Determine the type of rock sample base on the experiment

1.4 BENEFITS
From this experiment, the student get some benefits such as :
1. Students can measure the wave properties using oscilloscope
2. Students can analyze few model of calculation to determine anisotropy of wave
properties
3. Student know the relation between Vp with density and porosity
4. Student know how to measure bulk modulus, shear modulus, and poissons ratio
5. Student can identify the type of rock base on their physical properties

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ELASTIC PROPERTIES

Hookes law describes the relationship between stress and strain of anelastic material.
In ageneral formulation, the stress_strain relationship is atensorial equation:

where

ik is the stress tensor

ik is the strain tensor
Ciklm is the elastic modulus (or stiffness) tensor.
If strain is expressed as a function of stress, the resulting strain_stressrelationship is

where

Diklm is the elastic compliance tensor.

Besides the Lame parameters ,, any pair of two of the following modulican be used
for a descriptionof the elastic properties of an isotropicmaterial:

Youngs modulus E, defined as ratio of stress to strain in a uniaxial stressstate;

Compressional wave modulus M, defined as ratio of stress to strain in auniaxial strain
state;
Bulk compressional modulus k, defined as ratio of hydrostatic stress tovolumetric
strain ;
Shear modulus , defined as ratio of shear stress to shear strain;
Poissons ratio v, defined as the (negative) ratio of lateral strain to axialstrain in a
uniaxial stress state.
Corresponding to the two moduli are two independent body waves:
Compressional, longitudinal, or P-wave with the velocity:

Shear, transversal, or S-wave with the velocity:

where is the bulk density.

However, if elastic wave velocities and bulk density are known frommeasurements, the
elastic parameters can be calculated:

(Schon J. H., 2011)

2.2GEOMECHANICAL DEFORMATION PROPERTIES

Deformation properties are derived from a static compression test. Youngsmodulus is
defined as ratio of an axial stress and the resulting axial strain:

The stress-strain diagram in most cases shows a nonlinear shape.Therefore, in general,

the modulus is stress-dependent and defined as:

In engineering applications, Youngs modulus (modulus of elasticity) isoften derived

from the linear portion of the stress-strain curve.

Poissons ratio is defined as the relative change of the radius divided bythe relative
change of axial length in stress direction:

(Schon J. H., 2015)

2.4 DENSITY AND POROSITY

2.4.1 POROSITY
Porosity is the fraction of rock bulk volume occupied by pore space(Jorden &
Campbell, 1984).Thus, porosity is defined as the summarized volume of all pores,
fractures,cracks, etc., or generalized all fluid(e.g., gas, water, hydrocarbons) or
nonsolidcontaining parts of a sample related to the total volume of thesample(Figure 2.1):

Porosity is given as a volume fraction (dimensionless) or as percentage.The definition above

describes the total porosity. If the rock contains apart of nonconnected or separated pores
(vugs, moldic pores, etc.), then thispart does not contribute to any fluid transport within the
rock and is noneffective.Thus, effective orinterconnected porosity is the ratio of the
connectedpore volume and the total rock volume.
For reservoirdescription it is important to distinguish between:
Total porosity, the fraction of bulk volume occupied by total pore space;
Effective porosity, the fraction of bulk volume occupied by interconnected
pore space.
The following are applied in order to determine porosity:
direct measurements (laboratory) based on determination of bulk andsolid volume,
gas expansion, or displacement techniques;
indirect measurements (logging methods, seismic methods) based on correlation
between porosity and properties like density, neutron response,and seismic wave
velocity. Porosity can also be derived from NMR measurements

2.4.2 DENSITY
Density is defined as the quotient of mass m and volume V of a material:

Due to the heterogeneity of rocks, it is necessary to distinguish betweendifferent densities

that are related todifferent rock components:

bulk

density: the mean density of the considered rock volume (includingpores,

etc.); for example, density of sandstone.

idensity

of any individual mineral rock component i; for example,density of

quartz.
mamean density of the solid matrix material (mineral or mixture ofminerals), also
called grain density; for example, density of a carbonatematrix (without pore fluid).
flmean density of the pore (or fracture) fluid; for example, density ofwater w.

Bulk density of a composite material (rock) consisting of n components is

where i is the density and Vi is the volume fraction of component i.

Bulk density of rocks follows exactly equation aboveand depends on:
the mineral composition (mineral densities and volume fractions);
porosity (pores, fractures) and density of pore fluids.
This explains the general rule of density variation:
Igneous rocks show an increase of density from felsic (acid) to mafic(basic) types;
Porous rocks show a density decrease with increasing porosity anddecreasing water
saturation.

2.5 VELOCITY RELATION TO ROCK CHARACTERISTIC

range of the compressional and shear wave velocities for commonly occurring rock
types and indicates some typical tendencies and characteristics:
-

The velocity of igneous rocks increases from acidic/felsic (granite) to basic/mafic

(peridodite) members; the range for an individual rock type is the result of variation of
rock composition (mineral content) andif presentfracturing.
Among the metamorphic rocks, gneiss and schist in particular show an anisotropy
with velocity parallel schistosity.velocity perpendicular schistosity.
Sedimentary porous rocks show a broad range of velocity, where high velocities are
typical for those that are relatively dense (low porosity) and low velocities are typical
for porous (gas-bearing) members.
The lowest velocities have (dry) unconsolidated rocks as a result of the specific grain
grain contact and high porosity. There is a broad scatter for porous rocks (influence of
porosity, pore fluid, and mineral composition) in particular and a comparable small
range for a dense rock with well-defined composition (anhydrite).

The ratio of the two wave velocities VP/VS or the Poissons ratio is controlled mainly by
rock type and pore fluid.

Velocity of igneous rocks shows an increase from acid/felsic to basic/mafic rock types. The
same tendency shows the density. This gives the background for an empirical correlation
between density and velocity,
If igneous or metamorphic rocks are fractured, then:
- velocity decreases compared with the competent rock;
- fracturing creates a higher pressure sensitivity, thus velocity shows a distinct pressure
dependence;
- in case of preferred orientation of fractures, anisotropy results.
Velocity decrease with increasing fracturing is not alone a volumetric (fracture, porosity)
effect; it is more an effect of the increasing defects in the competent rock material and
therefore it needs special types of models to describe such effects

Belum ada grafik wave-p versus porositas/fracture

Figure 2.6.1 Range of compressional(Higher Value) and Shear wave (lower values) Velocities for
commonly occurring rock

(Schon J. H., 2015)

2.6 ANDESITE ROCK

Andesite is the name used for a family of fine-grained, extrusive igneous rocks that
are usually light to dark gray in color. They often weather to various shades of brown and
these specimens must be broken for proper examination. Andesite is rich in plagioclase
feldspar minerals and may contain biotite, pyroxene, or amphibole. Andesite usually does not
contain quartz or olivine. Andesite is typically found in lava flows produced by

stratovolcanoes. Because these lavas cooled rapidly at the surface they are generally
composed of small crystals. The mineral grains are usually so small that they cannot be seen
without the use of a magnifying device. Some specimens that cooled rapidly contain a
significant amount of glass, while others formed from gas-charged lavas have a vesicular or
amygdaloidal texture.
Andesite and diorite are common rocks of the continental crust above subduction
zones. They generally form after an oceanic plate melts during its descent into the subduction
zone to produce a source of magma. Diorite is a coarse-grained igneous rock that forms when
the magma did not erupt, but instead slowly crystallized within Earth's crust. Andesite is a
fine-grained rock that formed when the magma erupted onto the surface and crystallized
quickly. The composition of andesite and diorite have a composition that is intermediate
between basalt and granite. This is because their parent magmas formed from the partial
melting of a basaltic oceanic plate. This magma may have received a granitic contribution by
melting granitic rocks as it ascended or mixed with granitic magma.
Andesite derives its name from the Andes Mountains of South America. In the Andes
it occurs as lava flows interbedded with ash and tuff deposits on the steep flanks of
stratovolcanoes. Andesite stratovolcanoes are found above subduction zones in Central
America, Mexico, Washington, Oregon, the Aleutian Arc, Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines,
the Caribbean and New Zealand, among other locations. Andesite can also form away from
the subduction zone environment. For example, it can form at ocean ridges and oceanic hot
spots from partial melting of basaltic rocks. It can also form during eruptions at continental
plate interiors where deep source magma melts continental crust or mixes with continental
magmas. There are many other environments where andesite might form.
Occasionally, andesites contain large, visible grains of plagioclase, amphibole, or
pyroxene. These large crystals are known as "phenocrysts". They begin forming when a
magma, which is cooling at depth, approaches the crystallization temperature of some of its
minerals. These high crystallization temperature minerals begin forming below the surface
and grow to visible sizes before the magma erupts. When the magma erupts onto the Earth's
surface the rest of the melt crystallizes quickly. This produces a rock with two different
crystal sizes, large crystals that formed slowly at depth (known as "phenocrysts"), and small
crystals that formed quickly at the surface (known as "groundmass"). "Andesite porphyry" is
the name used for these rocks with two crystal sizes.

Some magmas that produce volcanic eruptions above subduction zones contain
enormous amounts of dissolved gas. These magmas can contain several percent dissolved gas
by weight. This gas can have several origins, examples of which include the following

Water vapor produced when ocean-floor sediments on an oceanic plate are heated in a

subduction zone.
Water vapor produced when hydrous minerals dehydrate in the heat of a subduction

zone.
Carbon dioxide produced when rising magma encounters carbonate rocks, such as

limestone, marble or dolomite.

Water vapor produced when a rising magma chamber encounters groundwater.
At depth these gases can be dissolved in the magma like carbon dioxide dissolved in a

can of cold beer. If that can of beer is shaken and suddenly depressurized by opening the can,
the gas and the beer will erupt from the opening. A volcano behaves in a similar manner. A
rising magma chamber instantly depressurized by a landslide, faulting, or other event can
produce a similar but much larger explosive eruption. Many volcanic plumes and ash
eruptions occur when gas-charged andesitic magmas erupt. The gas pressure that causes the
eruption blows large amounts of tiny rock and magma particles into the atmosphere. These
particles can be blown high into the atmosphere and carried long distances by the wind. They
often cause problems for aircraft operating downwind from the volcano.
`
Belum ada referensi porositas disini,

(Geology.com, 2015)

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1
TIME AND PLACE
Oscilloscops experiment have done on Thursday, 26 thNovember 2015 in laboratory of
Geophysical Engineering
3.2

TOOLS AND MATERIALS

3.3.1 ELASTIC PROPERTIES

Tools that use in this experiment are Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) BK2542/2542B one set, Arbitary/ Function Generators BK-4086AWG one set, Digital Multi
Meter BK-2709B one set, Bread Board + experiment componen K_P5 + cable one set, one
Computer/ laptop, Datasheet Tools one set, USB, and the materials are a granite stone and
sonic gell.

3.3.2 DENSITY OF ROCKS

Tools that use to find the density of rocks is a volume glass with ml or cc scale, a
water and a weight. The material for this measurement is water and granite rocks
3.3

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

3.3.1 MEASUREMENT ELASTIC PROPERTIES

Steps in this experiment are, before the measurement, before observed rock samples
we must coring " the rock with a diameter of 6 cm and then do grinding to smooth the
surface of rocks. Before experiment, prepared oscilloscope and other support equipment such
as ultrasonic tools and vibrators. Before using oscilloscope, we must calibrate the
oscilloscope, and then the oscilloscope connected to ultrasonic wave. After that, the emitter
and receiver affixed to the second wave on a flat surface rock samples. Then do the settings
on schale played in the z direction, then set the pulse rate so it will be seen the number of
frequencies assigned to the stone, and set the receive gain to determine the number of receive
signals captured gamma. Having obtained the waveform, paused and saved to a USB drive to
get a screenshot of the oscilloscope screen. Detail steps the use of osiloskop as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Buttons on-off in a position off

Put all a button that having three position on a middle position
Turn the key intensity in a middle position
Thrust buttons pull 5x mag into to obtain the normal position
Push a button triggering the level at the auto
Get on the wire cable power lines commuting between to adapter acv
Turn the key on-off in a position on. Approximately 20 seconds later one line of the
line shall depicted in crt screen. If this line has not been observed, turn the key

intensity clockwise.
8. Set the focus and intensity to clarify the line
9. Make arrangements position repeated vertical and horizontal in accordance with their
needs

10. Get probe to the input channel-a / channel -a ( ch-a ) or to input channel-b / channel -b
( ch-b ) as needed
11. Get on the wire probes into the terminal cal to obtain the calibration 0,5vp-p
12. Turn lowering vertically ( vertical synchronization attenuator ) , switch volts / div in
10th mv , and turn the key variable clockwise .Turn triggering source to ch-a , waves
square four ( square-wave ) will show on the screen
13. If display waves square four less than perfect, set trimmer which is with probe to
make shape waves seen.
14. Move probe from terminal cal 0,5vp-p .Oscilloscope are ready to use
The data obtained are then processed using software applications " engauge digitizer " that
converts images ( .jpeg ) into the coordinates of the curve ( .xml ) , and then converted to
Excel data obtained further coordinate graph is plotted in coordinate x and y.

3.3.2 MEASUREMENT DENSITY OF ROCKS

We could summarize this steps below :
1. Weight the mass of the rock and note the result
2. Pour water into the glass until reach 200ml
3. Put the rocks in the glass and write the change of the
total volume
4. Count the density using general formula

CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 MEASUREMENT DATA

From the oscilloscope measurement we had some information about frequency, time
period, length of the wave :
4.1 Table Data Ultrasonic Measurement
Wave
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

L (m)
Tp (us) F(kHz)
0,04
320
0,04
420
0,04
325
0,04
480 5617
0,04
420
0,04
400
0,04
400

Figure 4.1 Oscilloscope result

From the density measurement we acquired that :

1.
M
ass of the rock is : 276 gram
2. Volume of the rock is : 100 ml
This measurement are using RTP (P = 10atm, T = 250C) standard

4.2

ANALYSIS DATA

From the data above, we could fine another physical properties that influence the
characterize of rock using this formula:

L(m)
T (s )

1.

V p=

2.

m(gram)
V (ml)

;Density

3.

V p (m/ s)
f ( Hz)

; Wave

4.

M = ( V p )2

5.

6.

2
K= +( )
3

;Wave-P Velocity

length
; Compressional

Wave Modulus

Wave Modulus

7.

(M )
2

2( + )

Poissons Ratio
8.

Vs=

Vp

4.2.1 D ENSITY CALCULATION

Known:
m=0.276 kg
v =106 m3
Asked:
=?
Answered:
=

m
v
=

0.276
=276000 Kg m3
6
10

; Shear

; Bulk Modulus
;

;Wave-S Velocity

4.2.2 P
Known:

WAVE

VELOCITY CALCULATION

L=0.04 m

tp=0.000395 s
Asked:
Vp= ?
Answered:
Vp=

L
tp

Vp=

0.04
=101.2658 ms1
0.000395

From the data, known that frequency of the wave is

length of wave with:

v
f

101.2658
=1.808125 x 105 m( s Hz)1
5617000

4.2.3 C OMPRESSIONAL MODULI CALCULATION

Known:
3

=276000 Kg m

Vp=101.2658 ms1
Asked:
M = ?
Answered:

5617000 Hz , so we can calculate the

Vp

M =
M =276000 x 101.26582=28303156155 Kg/m s2
4.2.4 S HEAR MODULI CALCULATION
Known:
M =28303156155 Kg/m s2
1.808125 x 105 m(s Hz)1

Asked:

=?
Answered:

( M )
2

(283031561551.808125 x 10 )
=1415157827
2

4.2.5 BULK MODULI CALCULATION

Known:
1.808125 x 105 m( s Hz)1
=1415157827 Kg/ s m2
Asked:

k = ?

Answered:
2
k =+( )
3

Kg/s m

k =1.808125 x 105 +

2(1415157827)
=943438551.5
3

Kg/m s

4.2.6 POISSON RATIO CALCULATION

Known:
1.808125 x 105 m( s Hz)1
Kg/s m2

=1415157827

Asked:
v = ?
Answered:
=

2( + )

v=

1.808125 x 10
=6.36977 x 1015
5
2(1.808125 x 10 +1415157827)

4.2.7 S WAVE VELOCITY CALCULATION

Known:
15

v =6.36977 x 10

Vp=101.2658 ms1
Asked:
Vs=?

Answered:
Vs=

Vp

Vs=

101.2658
=1.58979 x 1016 ms1
15
6.36977 x 10

All the computation could be read at the listed table below

Table 4.2 Computation Data I

Wave

L (m)
Tp (us) Tp(s)
Vp(m/s) f (Hz)
1
0,04
320 0,00032
125
2
0,04
420 0,00042 95,2381
3
0,04
325 0,00032 123,076
5
9
4
0,04
480 0,00048 83,3333
3 5617000
5
0,04
420 0,00042 95,2381
6
0,04
400
0,0004
100
7
0,04
400
0,0004
100
Total Average
0,00039 101,265
5
8

Table 4.3 Computation Data II

V p (ms1 )

M (

(kg/m3)
101,2658

0,000000276

1,80E05

(
2

Kg/m s

Kg/ m s

2830315655

1415157827

K (

Kg/ m s
943438551,5

ms
6,36977E15

4.3 DATA REFERENCE FROM LITERATURE

data anisotropy
referensi porositas
grafik korelasi antara Vp dengan porositas dan densitas

4.4 DISCUSSION
On
this
experiment
there
there
are
three
kind
experiment.
Elastic
properties,Geomechanical,Density.actually there are 4 kind experiment but we got limited tool for
measuring porosity. So we only do three kind of experiment. This experiment had five main

objective as output there are,Use oscilloscope to measure wave properties using parameter of
time and sample dimension,Measure anisotropy of velocity using few model of
calculation,Determine the relation between Vp with density and porosity, Measure the bulk
modulus, shear modulus, and poisson ratio from the rock sample, Determine the type of rock
sample base on the experiment.
Fundamental measuring theory for this experiment is using velocity of ultrasonic
wave propagation in rock medium. Using oscilloscope and ultrasonic wavewe had some
information about frequency, time period, length of the wave show by Table 4.1
4.1 Table Data Ultrasonic Measurement
Wave

L (m)
Tp (us) F(kHz)
1
0,04
320 5617

Vs (

0,6409570

2
0,04
420
3
0,04
325
4
0,04
480
5
0,04
420
6
0,04
400
7
0,04
400
And from the density measurement we acquired that :
1. Mass of the rock is : 276 gram
2. Volume of the rock is : 100 ml
This measurement are using RTP (P = 10atm, T = 250C) standard
And for answering the problem at Chapter 1 we use 8 different equation for measuring Vp, Vs,

Modulus Bulk, Modulus Shear/geser, Poisson Ratio, density Value. And we got the result
showing by Table 4.2 and Table 4.3

Table 4.2 Computation Data I

Wave

L (m)
Tp (us) Tp(s)
Vp(m/s) f (Hz)
1
0,04
320 0,00032
125
2
0,04
420 0,00042 95,2381
3
0,04
325 0,00032 123,076
5
9
4
0,04
480 0,00048 83,3333
3 5617000
5
0,04
420 0,00042 95,2381
6
0,04
400
0,0004
100
7
0,04
400
0,0004
100
Total Average
0,00039 101,265
5
8

Table 4.3 Computation Data II

Vp (

ms1

(kg/m3)

101,2658

0,00000027
6

1,80E
-05

M(

Kg
)
ms 2

0,002830
3

Kg
)
m s2

0,0014061

K ( Kg/m s2

Vs (
1

ms
0,0009555

0,006329
5

from result table 4.2 and table 4.3 we can see value of Vp, ,M, ,K,v,and Vs but we cant
determine orientation mineral because the mineral is Faneritik or unable to see withour microscope,
and we cant determine anisotrophy or isotrophy orientation because we didnt measuring with
different
angle,we
only
measuring
with
1
angle.
The value of Vp is depend of internal properties of rock which is anisotropy,porosity,and

1,58979E
+16

density. In chapter 2 we found that Velocity of igneous rocks shows an increase from acid/felsic

to basic/mafic rock types, and Velocity decrease with increasing fracturing or increasing
porosity,because when porosity increases it mean the density will decreases and velocity will
decreases too because value of velocity depends to density.fracturing creates a higher
pressure sensitivity, thus velocity shows a distinct pressure dependence. In this experiment
we are using andesite rock which is categorized as intermediete Igneous Rock which mean
the sample had Vp Value between felsic and mafic Vp value

CHAPTER V
CLOSING REMARKS
5.1 CONCLUSION
From this experiment, we have a conclusions listed as below :
1. We can find the value of Vp and Vs of an object by using oscilloscope.
2. The average value of Vp is 101,2658 m/s
3. The average value of Vs is 1,58979E+16 m/s
4. The value of Poissons Ratio is 0,0063295
2
5. The value of Youngs Modulus is 0,0028303 Kg/ m s
6. The value of Shear Modulus is 1415157827
7. The value of Bulk Modulus is 943438551,5

Kg/ m s2
Kg/m s2

8. The value of Density is 2.76 kg/m3

9. The Value of Porosity refer to the literature is
10. Besarnya wave-p terhadap porositas
11. Besarnya wave-p terhadap density

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
For the next experiment, we have several reccomendations such as :
1. The need for assistance from the lecturer or lecturer assitance during the experiment
2. More detailed explanation about step of experiment and usability of tool
3. Schedule of physical properties experiment should be fixed and the student take the
experiment

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Holmes, C. W. (1978). Distributin of Selected Element in Surficial Marine Sediment of the Northern
Gulf of Mexico Continental Shelf and Slope . Geological Survey , 38.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/waves/generalwavesrev1.shtml. (2015).
http://geology.com/rocks/andesite.shtml visit at 5 desember 2015 in 7.30 pm
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