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Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES

Modelling of Electrical Transformers in Dynamic Regimes


CORNELIA A. BULUCEA1 DORU A. NICOLA1 NIKOS E. MASTORAKIS2 DANIEL C. CISMARU1
1 Faculty of Electromechanical and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova
ROMANIA
2 Military Institutes of University Education, Hellenic Naval Academy
GREECE
abulucea@gmail.com, dorunicola@gmail.com , mastorakis4567@gmail.com, dcismaru@gmail.com

Abstract: Physically, dynamic regimes of electric transformers are characterized by the variation in time of
"electromagnetic status. Mathematically, the processes dynamics of electric transformers are described by
differential equations which, in most cases, are nonlinear. Based on the mathematical model equations, in this
paper will be presented the structural diagrams method, as a modeling method of electric transformers in
dynamic regimes. Among others, the benefit derived from the easily conversion of structural diagrams in
Matlab-Simulink implementations. Moreover, within the present industrial society the humans further
challenges are doubtless related to a sustainable industrial metabolism, integrating industrial activity into
ecological systems. By modeling the electrical transformers in dynamic regimes according to an industrial
ecosystem pattern, one could provide a holistic view of the interactions and symbiosis interrelationships
among human activities, technical systems operation and ecological processes.
Key-Words: Dynamic regime, Electrical transformer, Structural diagram, Numerical simulation

1 Introduction

will be presented the structural diagrams method, as


a modeling method of electric transformers in
dynamic regimes. Among others, the benefit derived
from the easily conversion of structural diagrams in
Matlab-Simulink implementations.
Basicly, a structural diagram [4],[5] represents the
graphical image of the differential equations
corresponding to the mathematical model of the
dynamic regime of the physical system taken into
account. Hence, real or complex variables are
represented by lines with arrows and graphical
symbols are associated to the mathematical operations
effected on the variables.
In this context, will be described a number of
"arrangements" in which mathematical equations
(equations of voltages and fluxes) of the electric
transformer can be represented directly by structural
diagrams. This paper will be taken into account only
two windings transformers.
Since in the structural diagrams, the variables are
always represented by lines with arrows, the load
current i2 (which are flowing through the secondary
winding) will represent the feedback reaction between
the electric transformer and the electric load
(connected at the secondary winding terminals).

Basicly, by the electrical transformer modelling one


could understand the use of conventional
representations (geometric constructions, electrical
circuits, structural diagrams etc.) to describe the
behavior (or for the simulation) of various operation
states or regimes [1],[2]. The classic models, meaning
the equivalent electric schemes and the phasor
diagrams of the electric transformer, could be
considered only in the permanent regimes operation,
when all the state-quantities have a sinusoidal
variation in time. In dynamic regimes, they lose their
validity and other models should be developed [3].
Physically, dynamic regimes of electric
transformers are characterized by the variation in
time of
"electromagnetic status, meaning the
currents and fluxes.
Qualitatively, the dynamic phenomena of
electromagnetic nature in the electric transformers
are fast and are developing with small time-constant
(usually, between 1 and 100 ms).
Mathematically, the processes dynamics of
electric transformers are described by differential
equations which, in most cases, are nonlinear. Based
on the mathematical model equations, in this paper

ISSN: 1790-5117

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Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES

Here, u1 denotes the primary voltage


instantaneous value; i1 the primary current
instantaneous value; i2 the secondary current
instantaneous value; u2 the secondary voltage
instantaneous value; 1 the primary flux; 2 the
secondary flux; Lu1 the magnetizing inductance; w1
the turns number of the primary winding; w2 the
turns number of the secondary winding.
The magnetization characteristic of any magnetic
circuit made by ferromagnetic material contains
information about the useful flux saturation degree.
The leakage flux saturation is not taken into
consideration. Because of the nonlinearity of
ferromagnetic core magnetizing characteristic
u = f( i1 ) , the mathematic model of the electric
transformer will be a nonlinear one.
Depending on the modality of considering the core
magnetizing curve, in this paper will be developed
three mathematical models for the single-phase
transformer: 1)Linear model; 2) Non-linear model and
3) Simplified model. For each of them will be built the
proper structural diagram.

Fig.1 Single-phase transformer modelling scheme


(ET = electric transformer)
In the principle scheme represented in Fig.1, by u1
had been denoted the supply transformer primary
voltage (as input quantity), and by i1 (primary current)
and u2 (secondary voltage) had been marked the
output quantities. One could see the other quantities
as internal variables, which are not marked in the
scheme with mask blocks. The secondary current i2
(inverse reaction) is depending on the magnitude and
type of the electric load which are connected at the
transformer secondary winding. Moreover, the degree
of accuracy of the electromagnetic model of electric
transformer (meaning the block masked by a
rectangle) is directly influenced by the degree of
approximation of the transformer mathematical
equations. In this context, further on will be built some
complete structural diagrams, as well as simplified
structural diagrams. The developments presented in
this paper are highlighting the view point of the
authors.

2.1 Linear Model


One could obtain a linear model under the assumption
that the ferromagnetic core
magnetization
characteristic u = f( i1 ) can be approximated by a
straight line. Mathematically, this implies the
and
,
equations:
u i1
u = w1
u1 = Lu1 i1
where Lu1 denotes the useful inductance of primary
winding. Under this assumption, in the currents
equation i1 = i1 + i ' 2 one could replace, in turn:

2 Single-phase Transformer Modelling


Equations of single-phase transformer [1] represent
the basic mathematical pattern. Written with
instantaneous quantities, with the secondary referred
to the primary, the electric single-phase transformer
equations are encompassed by system (1).

d 1
dt
d '2
- u 2' = R ' 2 i ' 2 +
dt
1=
u1 + L 1 i1
u1 = w1
u

i1 =

and
i1 = ( 1 - u1 )/ L 1 ,
consequently there will result, successively:
:

u1 = R1 i1 +

= f( i1 )

/ Lu1

u1

Lu1
u1

=
(

L
1
Lu1

u1

+i' 2

(2)

1
L

and

)=
1

+i

'

Hence, the magnitude of useful flux ,u1 will be:


(1)

i 1 = i1 + i ' 2

u1

= L
1
Lu1

w2
i2
i 2=
w1
'

+i' 2

(3)

1
L

Replacing (3) in (1) the equations of the linear model


are obtained:

w2
u 2 = (- u 2 ) (- )
w1
'

ISSN: 1790-5117

u1

189

ISBN: 978-960-474-130-4

Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES

the rules of the conventional representation of the


variables and mathematical operations, in Fig.2 had
been built the structural diagram corresponding to the
linear model of the single-phase electric transformer.
Note that here, in the integration block (1/s) it had
taken into account the possible initial non-null value
of the primary flux ,1(0) .
Marking by hidden line the structure of electric
transformer electromagnetic model, in Fig.2 had been
highlighted the incoming variable u1, the outgoing
variables i1 and u2, as well as the feedback reaction i2
(exactly like in Fig.1).

t
1 = ( u1 - R1 i1 ) dt +

1 (0)

i2' =

w2
i2
w1
+ i2'

1
u1

= L
1

Lu1 L 1
= u1 + L' 2 i ' 2
2
1u1
i1 =
L 1
d '2
- u' 2 = R' 2 i' 2 +
dt
w2
u 2 = (- u ' 2 ) (- )
w1
'

(4)

2.2 Non-linear Model


In practice, the magnetization characteristic of
transformer ferromagnetic core is non-linear, with the
curve shape shown in Fig.3. Normally, the
magnetizing curve u = f( i1 ) is obtained by testing
points and in the literature one can find it in a table
form.

Fig.3 Transformer ferromagnetic


core magnetization characteristic
t
1

= ( u1 - R1 i1 ) dt +

(0)

w2
'
i 2 ; i1 + i 2 = i1
w1
u = f( i1 ) ; w1
u=
u1
- u1
1
i1 =
L 1
'
= u1 + L' 2 i ' 2
2

i2' =

Fig.2 Structural diagram (on top) and mask block


(on bottom) corresponding to linear model
of single-phase electric transformer

transformer parameters: R1 ; R ' 2 = ( w1 / w2 ) R 2 ;


2

ISSN: 1790-5117

'

; u 2 = (-u 2' ) (- w2 )
w1
Considering the non-linear functional u = f( i1 ) ,

- u 2' = R ' 2 i 2' +

Further on, for constant and known values of the

L 1 ; L' 2 = ( w1 / w2 ) L

(5)

and Lu1 , following

dt

the equations of electromagnetic model of single-

190

ISBN: 978-960-474-130-4

Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES

phase transformer with


encompassed by system (5).

saturable

core

are

'
i1 = i 2
d
u1 = R1 i1 + ( u1 + L 1 i1 )
dt
d
- u 2' = R2' i2' + ( u1 + L' 2 i 2' )
dt
i 2' = w2 i 2 ; u 2 = (-u 2' ) ( w2 )
w1
w1

(6)

Eliminating the variables i2' and ,u1 from the first


three equations one could obtain:

u1 + u 2' = ( R1 + R ' 2 ) i1 + ( L 1 + L'

di1
dt

(7)

Taking into consideration the well-known relations:

R1k = R1 + R ' 2
X 1k
L1k = L 1 + L' 2 =

(8)

which are defining the transformer short-circuit


parameters, then the simplified model equations can
be written in the canonic form:

i1 = Fig.4 Structural diagram (on top) and mask block (on


bottom) corresponding to non-linear model
of single-phase electric transformer

u2 =

w2
i2
w1

w2
di1
( u1 - R1k i1 - L1k
)
dt
w1

(9)

Obviously, some equations of system (5) are


identical with those of (4), and consequently the
structural diagram corresponding to the non-linear
model (Fig. 4) will be alike the structural diagram of
Fig.2. Differences concern only the calculation branch
of the useful flux ,u1 , by evaluating for each value of
the magnetization current i1 the fascicular useful flux
0u , on basis of the non-linear functional u = f( i1 ) .
It must be noted that for i2 = 0, both in equations (5)
and in Fig.4 will be obtained, respectively, the
mathematic model and the structural diagram
corresponding to the no-load operation regime of the
single-phase electric transformer.

2.3 Simplified Model


One could obtain a simplification of the mathematical
model in load operation of the single-phase
transformer (and, consequently, a significant reduction
of the internal variables of structural diagram), if in the
currents equation it could be neglected the
magnetization current i1 relative to i1 and i2'.
Under the assumption i1 0 and eliminating the
total fluxes ,1 and ,2', the mathematic model
equations (1) become:

ISSN: 1790-5117

Fig.5 Structural diagram (on top) and mask block


(on bottom) corresponding to simplified model
of single-phase electric transformer

191

ISBN: 978-960-474-130-4

Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES

2.4 Short-circuit Operation Modelling

The graphical image of these equations is


encompassed in the structural diagram represented in
Fig.6.

A single-phase transformer in short-circuit regime will


be forced to operate with imposed voltages
( u1 0 and u 2 = 0 ) at the windings terminals. These
physical constraints impose a different mathematical
approach of the modelling. Consequently, if the
primary voltage u1 is the input quantity, in the shortcircuit operation (with u 2 = 0 ) the ouptput quantities
will be the windings currents (primary current i1 = i1k
and secondary current i 2 = i 2k ). In short-circuit
regime, when modelling the electric transformer, the
influence of the electric load does not exist.
For a single-phase transformer operating in shortcircuit regime one could obtain three pattern types: 1)
Linear model; 2) Non-linear model and 3) Simplified
model.
2.4.1 Linear Model
This pattern considers a magnetically non-saturable
transformer core, so that the core useful flux ,u1 will
be proportional to the magnetization current
magnitude i1, meaning ,u1=Lu1 i1. Under this
assumption, if in the fluxes and currents equations:
'
1u1
'
; i 2 = 2 u1
i1 =
L 1
L' 2
(10)

Fig.6 Structural diagram (linear model) for single-phase


transformer short-circuit operation
2.4.2 Non-linear Model
This pattern considers a magnetically saturable
transformer core, so that the core useful flux ,u1 will
depend on the magnetization current magnitude i1
according to a nonlinear dependence u = f( i1 ) .
Under this assumption, in the transformer shortcircuit operation (with u 2 = 0 ), the non-linear
mathematical model equations of the single-phase
transformer will be encompassed by the following
system:

u1
= i1 + i ' 2
Lu1
will be highlighted the useful flux ,u1, one could
obtain:

i1 =

'
1

u1

2
'

(11)

i 1 + i ' 2 = i1 ;

(0)

'
2

(0)

(12)

'
1

u1

L
1

(0)

(13)

L'

2.4.3 Simplified Model


One could obtain a simplified pattern for the shortcircuit operation, if more than the restriction u 2 = 0 , it

+
+
Lu1 L 1 L' 2
'
1u1
; i2' = 2
i1 =
L 1
L 2

ISSN: 1790-5117

'

= f( i1 ) ; w1 u = u1
'
- u1
w
1u1
2
' =
=
;
; i2 = 1 i ' 2
i1
i2
w2
L 1
L 2
Corresponding to equations (13), in Fig.7 had been
represented the structural diagram of single-phase
transformer ( with magnetically saturable core) in
short-circuit operation.

= (0 - R ' 2 i ' 2 ) dt +
2

= (0 - R ' 2 i ' 2 ) dt +
0

0
'

(0)

t
'

t
1

+
+
Lu1 L 1 L' 2
Mathematically, the linear model equations
corresponding to transformer short-circuit regime will
be obtained from system (1) and taking into account
(11) and u2 = 0:
1 = ( u 1 - R1 i1 ) dt +

= ( u1 - R1 i1 ) dt +

u1

is admitted the assumption i1 = i1 + i2' = 0 .


Thus, if in (9) one will replace u 2 = 0 , the
following equations will be obtained:

; i 2 = w1 i2'
w2

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Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES

Table 1 Transformer rated data


Parameter
Measurement
unit
Rated power SN
kVA
Transformation
V/V
ratio U1N/U2N
Rated frequency fN
Hz
Resistance R1
L
Resistance R2
L
Inductance LM1
H
Inductance LM2
H
Inductance Lu1
H
Fig.7 Structural diagram (nonlinear model) for
single-phase transformer short-circuit operation

Magnitude
1.5
120/240
60
0.25
0.134
0.1485510-3
0.1485510-3
1.8802

0.5
0.4

1
L1k
i2 =

0.3

( u 1 - R1k i1 ) dt + i1 (0)
0

0.2

(14)

w1
i1
w2

0.1
u1

i1 =

Corresponding to simplified mathematical model


equations (14), in Fig.8 had been represented a
simplified structural diagram of single-phase
transformer in short-circuit operation.

0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0
i1

0.5

1.5

Fig.9 Magnetization characteristic given in


instantaneous values Ou1=f(i1)

Fig.8 Simplified structural diagram for singlephase transformer short-circuit operation

3 Numerical Simulation
Validation of theoretically achievement had been
performed by simulations in Matlab Simulink space
for a single-phase transformer with the rated data
presented in Table1. It must be noted that the
simulations were performed for two distinct wave
form of the secondary load current:
a) sinusoidal current, like in equation (15), and

i 2 = 2 I 2 sin( t )

(15)
b) sinusoidal current with aperiodical component,
mathematically described by equation (16)

i 2 = 2 I 2 [sin( t +

) e

t
T

sin(

Fig.10 Simulink model of the electrical transformer


corresponding to structural diagram from Fig.2
and i2 according to (16)

)] (16)

and considering, in turn, I2 = 0 , and respectively


I2= 4 A.

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2.5

30

60

20

40

10

i1[A]

i1[A]

Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES

20
0

-10
-20

-20

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25
t[s]

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
t[s]

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
t[s]

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

400

400

200
u2[V]

u2[V]

200
0

0
-200

-200
-400

-400

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25
t[s]

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

b)
Fig.13 Numerical simulations with i2 according to
(15) obtained with the model of Fig.12 and for
a) I2 = 0, respectively b) I2=4 A,

Fig.11 Numerical simulation with i2 according to


(16) and I2 = 4 A obtained with the model of Fig.10.

Fig.12 Simulink model of the electrical transformer


corresponding to structural diagram from Fig.4
and i2 according to (15)

Fig.14 Simulink model of the electrical transformer


corresponding to structural diagram from Fig.4
and i2 according to (16)

60
80
60

20

i1[A]

i1[A]

40

0
-20

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
t[s]

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

-20

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25
t[s]

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25
t[s]

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

400

200

200

u2[V]

u2[V]

20
0

400

-200
-400

40

0
-200

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
t[s]

0.5

0.6

0.7

-400

0.8

a)

ISSN: 1790-5117

Fig.15 Numerical simulation for i2 according to


(16) with I2 = 4 A on basis of model from Fig.14

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Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES

the industry is partly the problem, as well as Science


and techniques are the solution for an economical
development based on an industry in harmony with
the environment.

Fig.16 Simulink model for the short-circuit regime


of the electrical transformer corresponding
to structural diagram from Fig.7

i1[A]

500

-500

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05
t[s]

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05
t[s]

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

i2[A]

500

-500

Fig.17 Numerical simulation for short-circuit regime


obtained with the model of Fig.16

4 Conclusion
This study is an attempt to demonstrate that the
conceptual framework of Industrial Ecology offers a
new direction for identifying and implementing the
strategies to reduce the environmental impacts of
equipments and processes associated with industrial
systems.
One could highlight that, whatever is the analyzed
pattern (a linear or a non-linear one), a structural
diagram is illustrating, according to the model of an
industrial ecosystem, the interactions and the feedback
loops among the different variables (currents and
fluxes) which describe the electric transformer
operation in dynamic regimes.
Looking forward, one could try an analysis for a
more close modeling as an industrial ecosystem of the
three-phase electric transformer behavior in dynamic
regimes. The only further solution is to accept that

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ISBN: 978-960-474-130-4

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