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Abstract: Physically, dynamic regimes of electric transformers are characterized by the variation in time of
"electromagnetic status. Mathematically, the processes dynamics of electric transformers are described by
differential equations which, in most cases, are nonlinear. Based on the mathematical model equations, in this
paper will be presented the structural diagrams method, as a modeling method of electric transformers in
dynamic regimes. Among others, the benefit derived from the easily conversion of structural diagrams in
Matlab-Simulink implementations. Moreover, within the present industrial society the humans further
challenges are doubtless related to a sustainable industrial metabolism, integrating industrial activity into
ecological systems. By modeling the electrical transformers in dynamic regimes according to an industrial
ecosystem pattern, one could provide a holistic view of the interactions and symbiosis interrelationships
among human activities, technical systems operation and ecological processes.
Key-Words: Dynamic regime, Electrical transformer, Structural diagram, Numerical simulation
1 Introduction
ISSN: 1790-5117
188
ISBN: 978-960-474-130-4
Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES
d 1
dt
d '2
- u 2' = R ' 2 i ' 2 +
dt
1=
u1 + L 1 i1
u1 = w1
u
i1 =
and
i1 = ( 1 - u1 )/ L 1 ,
consequently there will result, successively:
:
u1 = R1 i1 +
= f( i1 )
/ Lu1
u1
Lu1
u1
=
(
L
1
Lu1
u1
+i' 2
(2)
1
L
and
)=
1
+i
'
i 1 = i1 + i ' 2
u1
= L
1
Lu1
w2
i2
i 2=
w1
'
+i' 2
(3)
1
L
w2
u 2 = (- u 2 ) (- )
w1
'
ISSN: 1790-5117
u1
189
ISBN: 978-960-474-130-4
Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES
t
1 = ( u1 - R1 i1 ) dt +
1 (0)
i2' =
w2
i2
w1
+ i2'
1
u1
= L
1
Lu1 L 1
= u1 + L' 2 i ' 2
2
1u1
i1 =
L 1
d '2
- u' 2 = R' 2 i' 2 +
dt
w2
u 2 = (- u ' 2 ) (- )
w1
'
(4)
= ( u1 - R1 i1 ) dt +
(0)
w2
'
i 2 ; i1 + i 2 = i1
w1
u = f( i1 ) ; w1
u=
u1
- u1
1
i1 =
L 1
'
= u1 + L' 2 i ' 2
2
i2' =
ISSN: 1790-5117
'
; u 2 = (-u 2' ) (- w2 )
w1
Considering the non-linear functional u = f( i1 ) ,
L 1 ; L' 2 = ( w1 / w2 ) L
(5)
dt
190
ISBN: 978-960-474-130-4
Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES
saturable
core
are
'
i1 = i 2
d
u1 = R1 i1 + ( u1 + L 1 i1 )
dt
d
- u 2' = R2' i2' + ( u1 + L' 2 i 2' )
dt
i 2' = w2 i 2 ; u 2 = (-u 2' ) ( w2 )
w1
w1
(6)
di1
dt
(7)
R1k = R1 + R ' 2
X 1k
L1k = L 1 + L' 2 =
(8)
u2 =
w2
i2
w1
w2
di1
( u1 - R1k i1 - L1k
)
dt
w1
(9)
ISSN: 1790-5117
191
ISBN: 978-960-474-130-4
Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES
u1
= i1 + i ' 2
Lu1
will be highlighted the useful flux ,u1, one could
obtain:
i1 =
'
1
u1
2
'
(11)
i 1 + i ' 2 = i1 ;
(0)
'
2
(0)
(12)
'
1
u1
L
1
(0)
(13)
L'
+
+
Lu1 L 1 L' 2
'
1u1
; i2' = 2
i1 =
L 1
L 2
ISSN: 1790-5117
'
= f( i1 ) ; w1 u = u1
'
- u1
w
1u1
2
' =
=
;
; i2 = 1 i ' 2
i1
i2
w2
L 1
L 2
Corresponding to equations (13), in Fig.7 had been
represented the structural diagram of single-phase
transformer ( with magnetically saturable core) in
short-circuit operation.
= (0 - R ' 2 i ' 2 ) dt +
2
= (0 - R ' 2 i ' 2 ) dt +
0
0
'
(0)
t
'
t
1
+
+
Lu1 L 1 L' 2
Mathematically, the linear model equations
corresponding to transformer short-circuit regime will
be obtained from system (1) and taking into account
(11) and u2 = 0:
1 = ( u 1 - R1 i1 ) dt +
= ( u1 - R1 i1 ) dt +
u1
; i 2 = w1 i2'
w2
192
ISBN: 978-960-474-130-4
Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES
Magnitude
1.5
120/240
60
0.25
0.134
0.1485510-3
0.1485510-3
1.8802
0.5
0.4
1
L1k
i2 =
0.3
( u 1 - R1k i1 ) dt + i1 (0)
0
0.2
(14)
w1
i1
w2
0.1
u1
i1 =
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
i1
0.5
1.5
3 Numerical Simulation
Validation of theoretically achievement had been
performed by simulations in Matlab Simulink space
for a single-phase transformer with the rated data
presented in Table1. It must be noted that the
simulations were performed for two distinct wave
form of the secondary load current:
a) sinusoidal current, like in equation (15), and
i 2 = 2 I 2 sin( t )
(15)
b) sinusoidal current with aperiodical component,
mathematically described by equation (16)
i 2 = 2 I 2 [sin( t +
) e
t
T
sin(
)] (16)
ISSN: 1790-5117
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ISBN: 978-960-474-130-4
2.5
30
60
20
40
10
i1[A]
i1[A]
Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES
20
0
-10
-20
-20
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
t[s]
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
t[s]
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
t[s]
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
400
400
200
u2[V]
u2[V]
200
0
0
-200
-200
-400
-400
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
t[s]
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
b)
Fig.13 Numerical simulations with i2 according to
(15) obtained with the model of Fig.12 and for
a) I2 = 0, respectively b) I2=4 A,
60
80
60
20
i1[A]
i1[A]
40
0
-20
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
t[s]
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
-20
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
t[s]
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
t[s]
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
400
200
200
u2[V]
u2[V]
20
0
400
-200
-400
40
0
-200
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
t[s]
0.5
0.6
0.7
-400
0.8
a)
ISSN: 1790-5117
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ISBN: 978-960-474-130-4
Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES
i1[A]
500
-500
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t[s]
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t[s]
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
i2[A]
500
-500
4 Conclusion
This study is an attempt to demonstrate that the
conceptual framework of Industrial Ecology offers a
new direction for identifying and implementing the
strategies to reduce the environmental impacts of
equipments and processes associated with industrial
systems.
One could highlight that, whatever is the analyzed
pattern (a linear or a non-linear one), a structural
diagram is illustrating, according to the model of an
industrial ecosystem, the interactions and the feedback
loops among the different variables (currents and
fluxes) which describe the electric transformer
operation in dynamic regimes.
Looking forward, one could try an analysis for a
more close modeling as an industrial ecosystem of the
three-phase electric transformer behavior in dynamic
regimes. The only further solution is to accept that
ISSN: 1790-5117
195
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ISBN: 978-960-474-130-4