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CHAPTER 4
SUBSTATION CONFIGURATION RELIABILITY
ESTIMATION BY SUCCESSFUL PATH METHOD
61
The substations are classified in various ways as follows:
x Outdoor substation or in door substation based on location
x E.H.V. substation, H.V. substation, M.V. substation and L.V.
substation based on voltage levels
x Grid substation or Distribution substation based on application
x Conventional air insulated outdoor substation, or SF6 Gas
Insulated Substation (GIS), or hybrid substations having
combination of the above two based on design.
4.1
insulators, incoming and outgoing transmission lines. Circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, current transformers, potential transformers are installed in
the outdoor. Bus bars are supported on the post insulators or strain Insulators.
This substation occupies large area.
One of the most important innovations in electrical engineering in
the 20th century is the launch of gas insulated switchgear in 1965 since a
conventional air insulated substation occupied large area. The dimensions
were reduced from air insulated substation due to the introduction of Gas
Insulated Substation (GIS) technology. The maintenance intervals are also
reduced to once in every ten years. This had improved availability and
reliability with lowered operating costs. The SF6 gas enclosure has made the
switchgear insensitive to pollution like the corrosive effects of salt, sand and
snow.
62
4.2
verter nozzle on the rupture diaphragm ensures that the gas is expelled in a
defined direction in the event of bursting, thus ensuring that the operating personnel are not endangered. All the modules are connected to one another by
means of flanges. The gas tightness of the flange connections is assured by
proven O ring seals. Temperature related changes in the length of the enclosure and installation tolerances are compensated by bellows type expansion
joints.
Circuit breaker module has a central element of the gas insulated
switchgear .The three pole circuit breaker module enclosures comprises of the
two main components, interrupter unit and operating mechanism. The spring
stored operating mechanism provides the force for opening and closing the
circuit breaker. It is installed in compact corrosion free aluminum housing.
The entire operating mechanism unit is completely isolated from the SF6 gas
63
compartments. Antifriction bearings and maintenance free charging mechanism ensures decades of reliable operation.
The functions of a disconnect switch and an earthling switch are
combined in a three position switching device. The moving contact either
closes the isolating gap or connects the high voltage conductor to the fixed
contact of the earthling switch. Integral mutual inter locking of the two functions is achieved as a result of this design An insulated connection to the fixed
contact of the earthling switch is provided outside the enclosure for test purposes. In the third neutral position neither the disconnect switch contact nor
the earthling switch contact is closed. The three poles of a bay are mutually
coupled and all the three poles are operated at the same time by a motor. The
gas compartments are constantly observed by means of density monitors with
integrated indicators.
4.3
HYBRID SUBSTATION
Hybrid substations are the combination of both AIS and GIS
Some bays in a substation are gas insulated type and some are air insulated
type. The design is based on convenience, local conditions, area availability
and the economics of cost implications.
An important function performed by a substation is switching.
Switching events may be planned or unplanned. A transmission line or other
component may need to be de-energized for maintenance or for
commissioning of equipment. To maintain reliability of supply, no one ever
brings down its whole system for maintenance. In addition, the function of the
substation is to isolate the faulted portion of the system in the shortest
possible time since fault tends to cause equipment damage and destabilize the
whole system.
64
The type of high voltage switching scheme may be selected after a
careful study of the flexibility and protection needed in the station for the
initial installation, and also when the station is developed to its probable
maximum capacity. In an ideal substation all circuits and equipments would
be duplicated such that following a fault or during maintenance, one
connection remains available. Practically this is not feasible since the cost of
implementing such a design is very high. Methods have been adopted to
achieve a compromise between reliability of supply and cost. There are four
categories of substation that give varying reliability of supply:
x
Category 1
No outage is necessary within the substation for either maintenance
or fault conditions.
x
Category 2
Short outage is necessary to transfer the load to an alternative
Category 3
Loss of a circuit or section of the substation due to fault or
maintenance.
x
Category 4
Loss of the entire substation due to fault or maintenance.
4.4
SUBSTATION CONFIGURATION
Substation configuration implies different methods employed to
connect electrical circuits in the power system to transfer the electrical power
in reliable manner. It helps in delivering the electrical power to power system
if any part of the system is faulty or under maintenance.
65
Substations use different types of bus bar arrangements, which
depend upon the application, reliability of the supply and cost of installation.
In every substation, bus bar plays a pivotal role to connect different circuits.
However ,switching is possible in the power system with the help of circuit
breakers and isolators.
4.4.1
4.4.2
Feasibility in expansion
66
The substation configuration is investigated since the recent trend
in urban area is to improve the system reliability by adjustment of substation
bus bar configuration with hybrid switchgear within the same space
constraint. The new technique of Successful Path Method (SPM) is proposed
to analyze the reliability of various substation configurations. The results are
compared with the Cut Set Method of Daniel Nack (2005).
The author has published a paper on A Novel Approach for
Reliability Analysis of Power System Configurations, International Journal
of
4.5
= Failure rate
= Time period
(4.1)
67
Table 4.1 Substation component reliability indices
Component
Line
0.046
0.955041962
Transformer
0.015
0.985111939
Breaker
0.006
0.994017964
Bus Bar
0.001
0.999000499
0.0549
0.94657901
0.0459
0.95513747
0.00356
0.99644632
0.00572
0.994296328
Configuration
4.6
(R) , R= e-Ot
68
4.6.1
Modeling
There are number of methods described in the standard literature to
evaluate the availability of the power system. This work considers the
availability and unavailability as a two state up or down model to represent all
components in the simplest way for the reliability assessment. The level of
performance criteria evaluated is based on the total failure rate per year of
each component. This is converted into reliability or availability of substation
components .The repair time and its duration are ignored. Sudden opening of
circuit breaker online, without any command is known as passive failure. If
the circuit breaker fails to open after the command from the protective relay,
then it is known as stuck condition of breaker. If many circuit breaker failures
occur simultaneously, then it is known an overlapping failure. In modern
substations, the possibilities of multiple failure events are rare due to the
transition from AIS to superior performing GIS. Hence, this dissertation work
considers total failure rate per year occurring in isolation separately for each
component in the substation. The proposed method of SPM for receiving
continuous power supply is expressed using Boolean logic .All the developed
reliability values for the various substation configurations are estimated from
component values listed in the Table 4.1.
The basic difference between FTA and SPM is the direction of the
analysis. A FTA starts with the undesired event and traces backward to the
causes. The fault tree ends with initiating basic events and failures that are
identified as the primary causes. Success path is associated with the degree of
its usefulness. A SPM starts with an initiating cause and traces forward the
resulting consequences. This forward stepping is repeated for different
selected initiating causes. The end consequences can vary depending on the
69
initiating cause. Thus the principle of SPM modeling is to identify in each
step the immediate cause of success, which is to be analyzed.
Most failure probabilities are small (less than 0.1), which uses
approximations when combining failure probabilities. Success probabilities
are usually close to 1.0, these approximations cannot be used and the solution
of success models are more accurate than the solution of failure models.
The single bus bar substation, sectionalized bus bar substation,
breaker and a half bus bar sub station and double bus bar double breaker
substations are analyzed for reliability estimation with the following
assumptions:
x Boundaries are defined within the perimeter of the substations.
x Reliability is defined as the ability of a component to perform a
required function under given environmental and operational
conditions for a specified period of time. The term component is
used to denote any subsystem that can be considered as an
entity. A required function will be necessary to provide a
specified service. The reliability of the components is assessed
based on the required function under consideration.
x Set theory is used for event A and event B indicating the
successful paths in the same substation system domain(s) whose
universal set (U) is shown in Figures 4.1 and 4.2.
70
U
Figure 4.1 A OR B (A B)
U
Figure 4.2 A AND B (A B)
x A union of set A and set B consists of all components which belong
to either A or B as shown in Figure 4.1. The algebraic operation
with probabilities A B for two A and B events, which are
independent high probability events are given by
71
(A B) = P (A) + P(B) P(A). P (B)
(4.3)
72
x Each set is evaluated by probability of its occurrence and its
inter relationships.
x The quantitative results are interpreted to provide the potential
impact upon the success of the top event.
x The immediate cause concept of the successful immediate steps is
determined from the necessary and sufficient occurrence of the next
sequence of its events. The final successful event is achieved
proceeding up the success tree continuously transferring the success
mechanism to success mode till the success tree is completed. The
success mechanisms are evaluated using two basic types of gates,
the OR gate and the AND gate.
x The reliable supply is available at the High Voltage transmission
line feeders L1 or L2 in the substations as shown in Figures
4.3- 4.17.
x The bus bars, breakers, transformers and lines are considered as
components in the sub-station as shown in Figures 4.3- 4.17. They
are expressed as HV bus no.1, HV bus no.2, LV bus, breakers B1,
B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, B11, B12, B13, B14, B15, B16, B17,
B18, B19, transformers T1 and T2. The substation component
reliability values are substituted from Table 4.1 Each component is
checked for meeting its two criteria. The first criterion checks its
healthy status. If a component is healthy then it can be used. In
other words, it will allow the current to flow. The second criterion
checks whether the current flow is available to the component. If
these two criteria are full filled then the component forms an AND
gate, whose current output is available.
73
x Considering the worst case, one of the bus bar is functioning
satisfactorily out of the available two bus bar units as shown in
Figures 4.3- 4.17.
x Considering the worst case, one of the transformer is functioning
satisfactorily out of the available two transformer units as shown in
Figures 4.3- 4.17.
4.6.2
L1
B1
L2
B2
HV Bus
B3
T1
B4
T2
LV Bus
74
single
bus
bar
substation
configuration
consists
of
75
Current Output
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AAND
Current flow to Line (L1)
AND
AND
Figure 4.4 Logic for single bus bar configuration during T1 operation
76
A reliability value is estimated in mode 1 by substituting the substation
component reliability indices from Table 4.1
The estimated value of reliability in mode 1
= [L1 B1 L2 B2) HV Bus B3 T1 LV Bus
= [L1* B1 L2*B2] *HV Bus* B3.*T1 *LV Bus
= [L1* B1 + L2*B2 L1* B1 *L2* B2] *HV Bus* B3*T1 *LV Bus
= 0.974753298
Mode 2
Successful operation of the single bus bar substation
The logic for single bus bar configuration during the operation of
transformer T2, when transformer T1 is not available is shown in Figure 4.5.
A reliability value is estimated in mode 2 by substituting the substation
component reliability indices from Table 4.1
The estimated value of reliability in mode 2
= [L1 B1 L2 B2) HV Bus B3 T2 LV Bus
= [L1*B1 L2*B2] *HV Bus* B3* T2 *LV Bus
= [L1*B1 + L2*B2 L1*B1*L2.*B2] *HV Bus*B3*T1*LV Bus
= 0.974753298
77
Current Output
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AAND
Current flow to Line (L1)
AND
Figure 4.5 Logic for single bus bar configuration during T2 operation
78
Mode 3
Operation of single bus bar configuration in
Mode 1 Mode 2.
Model 3 is a logic of operation in mode 1 OR mode 2.
The reliability value in mode 3
= 0.974753298 0.974753298
= 0.999362604
A reliability value of 0.999362604 is obtained for single bus bar
configuration.
4.6.3
Figure 4.6.
L1
L2
B2
B1
HV Bus
HV Bus
B5
B3
T1
LV Bus
B4
T2
LV Bus
79
In a sectionalized single bus bar configuration, the bus bar is split
into sections by means of a bus coupler (B5). A sectionalized single bus bar
configuration is flexible in operation. It is higher in reliability than single bus
bar configuration. Isolation of bus sections for maintenance is possible in this
scheme. However, it has a higher cost than a single bus bar configuration as
additional circuit breaker and isolator is required.
A logic for sectionalized single bus bar configuration during the
operation of transformer T1 is shown in Figure 4.4.
Mode 1
Successful operation of the sectionalized single bus bar substation.
The logic for single bus bar configuration during the operation of transformer
T1, when bus coupler B5 is on and transformer T2 is not available is shown in
Figure 4.4.
A reliability value is estimated in model 1 by substituting the
substation component reliability indices from Table 4.1
The estimated value of reliability in mode 1
= [(L1 B1 L2 B2) HV Bus B3 T1 LV Bus
80
The logic for single bus bar configuration during the operation of
transformer T2, when bus coupler is on and transformer T1 is not available is
shown in Figure 4.5.
A reliability value is estimated in mode 2 by substituting the
substation component reliability indices from Table 4.1
The estimated value of reliability in mode 2
= [L1 B1 L2 B2) HV Bus B3 T2 LV Bus
=
0.974753298
81
Mode 4
The successful operation of sectionalized single bus bar configuration
logic during B5 off in mode 4 is shown in Figure 4.7.
Current output
AND
AND
AND
Current flow to (T2)
Transformer
(T1) Transformer
allowsCurrent to flow
AND
AND
Current flow to
(B3 )Breaker allows breaker (B4)
current flow
Current flow
to Breaker (B3)
HV Bus allows
Current flow to
HV Bus
Current to flow
AND
AND
AND
(B1)Breaker allows
current toi flow
Current flow to
Breaker (B2)
AND
AND
Figure 4.7
ANAND
AND
AND
AND
Current flow to
HV Bus
82
A reliability value is estimated in Mode 4 by substituting substation
component reliability indices from Table 4.1
The estimated value of reliability in mode 4
=
T2)] LV BUS.
0.993917857
Mode 5
Model 5 is a logic of operation in Mode 3 OR Mode 4.
The reliability value in mode 5
=
Mode 3 Mode 4
0.999362604 0.993917857
0.99999612
Figure 4.8.
83
L1
L2
HV Bus no 1
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
HV Bus no 2
T2
T1
LV Bus
84
Current Output
AND
LV Bus allows current to flow
OR
AND
AND
Current flow to Line (L1)
(L1) Line allows current to flow
Figure.4.9
Current flow to
Line (L2)
0.999000499
85
Mode 2
Successful operation of logic for Breaker and a half bus bar
configuration during transformer T2 and HV Bus bar no 1 in operation, when
HV bus bar no 2 and transformer T1 are not available is shown in Figure 4.10.
Current Output
AND
Current flow to LV Bus
AND
Current flow to Breaker (B9)
OR
AND
(B7) Breaker allows
current to flow
AND
(Current to flow to HV Bus no 1
AND
AND
(Current to flow to Line (L1)
Current flow to Line (L2)
Figure 4.10 Logic for breaker and half bus bar configuration during T2
and HV bus bar no1 in operation
86
A reliability value is estimated in mode 2 by substituting the
substation component reliability indices from Table 4.1.
The estimated value of reliability in mode 2
=
0.999000499
Mode 3
Operation of Breaker and half configuration in
Mode 1 Mode 2
Mode 3 is a logic of operation in mode 1 OR mode 2.
The reliability value in mode 3
= Mode 1 Mode 2
= 0.999000499 0.999000499
= 0.999999001
Mode 4
Successful operation of logic for Breaker and a half bus bar
configuration during transformer T1 and HV Bus bar no 2 in operation, when
HV bus bar no.1 and transformer T2 are not available is shown in Figure 4.11.
87
Current Output
AND
OR
AND
HV bus no 2 allows
current flow
AND
AND
AND
AND
Figure 4.11 Logic for breaker and half bus bar configuration during T1
and HV bus bar no2 operation
A reliability value is estimated in mode 4 by substituting the substation
component reliability indices from Table 4.1
88
The estimated value of reliability in mode 4
OR
Current flow to Transformer (T 2)
AND
Current flow to Breaker (B11)
Current flow to Transformer (T 2)
AND
Current flow to HV Bus no 2
HV bus no 2 allows
current flow
AND
Current flow to Breaker (B10)
AND
AND
Current flow to Breaker (B8)
Current flow to
Breaker (B9)
AND
AND
2)
Figure 4.12 Logic for breaker and half bus bar configuration during T2
and HV bus bar no2 in operation
89
A reliability value is estimated in mode 5 by substituting the substation
component reliability indices from Table 4.1.
The estimated value of reliability in mode 5
= (L2B9 L1 B8 B10 HV Bus no 2 B11) T2 LV BUS
= (L2 B9 L1 *B8 *B10 *HV Bus No2 *B11)* T2 * LV BUS
= 0.980989071
Mode 6
Operation of Breaker and half configuration in
Mode 4 Mode 5
Mode 6 is a logic of operation in mode 4 OR mode 5.
The reliability value in mode 6
= Mode 4
Mode 5
= 0.980989071 0.980989071
= 0.999638585
Mode 7
Operation of Breaker and half configuration in
Mode 3 Mode 6
Mode 7 is a logic of operation in Mode 3 OR Mode 5. The reliability
value in mode 7
90
=
Mode 3 Mode 6
0.999999001 0.999638585
1.0
Figure 4.13
L1
L2
HV Bus no 1
B12
B13
B14
B15
B16
B17
B18
B19
HV Bus no 2
T2
T1
LV Bus
91
Figure 4.13 consists of two main buses, both are normally
energized. Between the main buses are two breakers and one circuit. This
arrangement allows for any breaker to be removed from service without
interruption to its circuit. A fault on either of the main bus may not cause
circuit outage. A breaker failure will result in the loss of only one circuit. A
double bus bar double breaker configuration has higher reliability and operational
flexibility. However it is highest in cost due to the requirement of two breakers per
circuit.
Current Output
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
Figure 4.14 Logic for Double bus bar double breaker configuration
during T1 and HV bus no 1 in operation
92
Mode 1
Successful operation logic for double bus bar and double breaker
configuration during transformer T1 and HV Bus bar no 1 in operation when
HV bus bar 2 and transformer T2 are not available is shown in figure 4.14. A
reliability value is estimated in mode 1 by substituting the substation component
reliability indices from Table 4.1
The estimated value of reliability in Mode 1
= (L1 B12 L2 B15) HV BUS no 1 B13 T1 LV Bus
= (L1*B12 L2*B15)*HV BUS No 1* B13 *T1* LV Bus.
= 0.974753298.
Mode 2
Successful operational logic for double bus bar and double breaker
configuration during transformer T2 in operation and HV Bus bar no 1 when,
HV bus bar no 2 and transformer T1 are not available is shown in figure 4.15.
A reliability value is estimated in mode 2 by substituting the substation
component reliability indices from Table 4.1
The estimated value of reliability in Mode 2
= (L1 B12 L2 B15) HV bus no1 B14 T2 LV bus.
= (L1 *B12 L2 *B15) *HV bus no 1* B14 *T2 *LV bus.
= 0.974753298.
93
Current Output
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
Figure 4.15 Logic for Double bus bar double breaker configuration
during T2 and HV bus no 1 in operation
94
Mode 3
Operation of Breaker and half configuration in
Mode 1 Mode 2
Mode 3 is a logic of operation in mode 1 OR mode 2.
The reliability value in mode 3
=
Mode 1 Mode 2
0.974753298 0.974753298
0.999362605
Mode 4
Successful operation logic for double bus bar and double breaker
configuration during transformer T1 and HV Bus bar no 2 in operation, when
bus bar no 1and transformer T2 are not available is shown in Figure 4.16.
A reliability value is estimated in mode 4 by substituting the substation
component reliability indices from Table 4.1
The estimated value of reliability in mode 4
= (L1 B16 L2 B19) HV bus no 2 B17 T1 LV bus.
= (L1 *B16 L2* B19) *HV bus no 2* B17.*T1 *LV bus.
= 0.974753298
95
Current Output
AND
AND
AND
AND
Figure 4.16 Logic for double bus bar double breaker configuration
during T1 and HV bus no2 in operation
Mode 5
Successful operation logic for double bus bar and double breaker
configuration during transformer T2 and HV Bus bar no 2 in operation when
HV bus bar no. 1
Figure 4.17.
96
Current Output
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
Current to flow to B19
AND
Figure 4.17 Logic for double bus bar double breaker configuration
during T2 and HV bus no2 in operation
97
A reliability value is estimated in mode 5 by substituting the substation
component reliability indices from Table 4.1
The estimated value of reliability in mode 5
= (L1 B16 L2 B19) HV BUS no 2 B18 T2 LV BUS
= (L1*B16 L2 *B19) *HV BUS no 2 *B18 *T2 *LV BUS.
= 0.974753298
Mode 6
Operation of double bus bar double breaker configuration in Mode
4 Mode 5
Mode 3 Mode 6
Mode 3 Mode 6
98
= 0.999362605 0.999362605
= 0.999999594.
A reliability value of = 0.999999594 is obtained for double bus bar
double breaker configuration.
4.7
Configuration
Breaker and a half bus bar
Double bus bar double breaker
Sectionalized single bus bar
Single bus bar
Estimated
Estimating reliability
reliability value as per
value as per proexisting method
posed method
0.99644632
0.994296328
0.95513747
0.94657901
1.00000000
0.999999594
0.99999612
0.999362604
99
for double bus bar double breaker configuration, whereas Daniel Nack
method estimates a value of 0.994296328. The proposed method estimates
reliability value of 0.99999612 for sectionalized single bus bar configuration,
whereas Daniel Nack method estimates a value of 0.95513747. The proposed
method estimates reliability value of 0.999362604 for single bus bar
configuration, where as Daniel Nack method estimates a value of 0.94657901.
Daniel Nack failure values for various substation configurations
were less than 0.01.Lower numerical values obtained for failure will tend to
encourage approximations. The failure values are converted to reliability
values for comparing with the proposed method. Therefore these minor
differences may be due to the effect of approximations. The proposed SPM
method has estimated reliability close to one and thus avoided approximations.
Hence, the proposed reliability estimates are more accurate. In addition,
proposed SPM has less computational time. It is easy to understand as it is
based on Boolean logic.
4.8
CONCLUSION
The proposed method of SCADA short term forecasting improves
100
x
field,
for
continuity
of
power
supply.
The