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HIV
:Definition
HIV affects specific cells of the immune system, called CD4 cells, or T cells. Over time, if left untreated, HIV can destroy so many of
these cells that the body cant fight off infections and disease.
However, with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled.
Treatment for HIV is called antiretroviral therapy or ART. It involves
taking a combination of HIV medicines (called an HIV regimen)
.every day
- Asymptomatic stage, which averages 8 to 10 years (this period is
affected by the nature of the virus, the host immune reaction, or
external factors that may delay or accelerate the process).
:Brief Epidemiology
new HIV cases (2,956 in Saudi nationals and 7,261 in non- 10,217
Saudis) were reported. Africans of Sub-Saharan Africa origin
accounting for 3,982/7,261 (53%) of non-Saudi cases constituted:
Ethiopians (2,271), Nigerians (1,048), and Sudanese nationals (663).
The overall average annual incidence was <4 cases per 100,000;
1.5 cases per 100,000 for Saudis (range 0.52.5), and 13.2 per
100,000 for non-Saudis (range 5.719.0). Notifications increased
yearly from 2000 for both groups until a plateau was reached in
.2006 at 1,390 new cases
Etiological Factors:
By having sex.
By sharing needles.
Virulence
Infectivity
Prevalence
HIV-1
High
High
Global
HIV-2
Lower
Low
West Africa
Clinical Stage
Primary HIV
Infection
Asymptomatic
Asymptomatic
Clinical Stage
1
Clinical Stage
2
Herpes zoster
Angular cheilitis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Clinical Stage
3
weight)
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Chronic herpes simplex infection (orolabial, genital, or anorectal site for >
Clinical Stage
4
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Kaposi sarcoma
HIV encephalopathy
Chronic isosporiasis
Transmission of HIV:
Strongly associated
Less commonly associated
Seen in HIV infection
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
lesions strongly
infection
infection
infection
Bacterial infections
Bacterial infections
Candidosis
Erythematous
Pseudomembrano
us
Mycobacterium
avium-intracellulare
Mycobacterium
Actinomyces
israelii
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella
tuberculosis
pneumonia
Hairy leukoplakia
Melanotic
hyperpigmentation
Cat-scratch disease
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
lesions strongly
infection
infection
infection
Kaposis sarcoma
Necrotizing (ulcerative)
Drug-reactions
stomatitis (Figure
(Figure55)
Ulcerative
erythema
multiforme
lichenoid
toxic
epidermolysis
Non-Hodgkins
lymphoma
Epithelioid (bacillary)
angiomatosis
Unilateral or
bilateral swelling of
major salivary
glands
Periodontal disease
Thrombocytopenic purpura
Linear gingival
erythema
Cryptococcus
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
lesions strongly
infection
infection
infection
Necrotizing
neoformans
gingivitis
Necrotizing
Geotrichum
candidum
periodontitis
Histoplasma
capsulatum
Mucoraceae
(mucormycosis,
zygomycosis)
Aspergillus
flavus
Neurological
otherwise specified)
disturbances
Facial palsy
Trigeminal
neuralgia
Viral infections
Herpes simplex
virus
Viral infections
Cytomegaloviru
s
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
lesions strongly
infection
infection
infection
Human
papillomavirus
Molluscum
contagiosum
lesions
Condyloma
acuminatum
Focal
epithelial
hyperplasia
Verruca
vulgaris
Herpes
zoster
Varicella
References:-
http://www.klass.org.my/en/newsroom/global/ashm/dentists_and_hiv_may2011.pdf
https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/what-is-hiv-aids/
http://www.who.int/occupational_health/activities/5pepguid.pdf
Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014 Jul-Aug; 4(Suppl 2): S94S98.doi: 10.4103/21419248.138020Dental Practice, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission and Occupational
Risks: Views from a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria
http://aidsetc.org/guide/hiv-classification-cdc-and-who-staging-systems
https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/how-you-get-hiv-aids/index.html