2015 Flux Conference

Electromagnetic study of a transformer Thursday 15 October

Presented by: Sbastien CORRECHER

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

Losses in transformers

Losses in transformers can be divided in:

No-load losses ((measured with transformer energized
g
at rated voltage
g and open-circuited)
p
)
Load losses (measured with transformer short-circuited and energized at reduced voltage, rated current)
Distribution transformers losses shall not exceed maximum values depending on rated power
Examples:
Rated power

Rated
voltage

Max no-load
losses

Max load
losses

100 kVA

15000 / 400 V

280 W

2050 W

400 kVA

20000 / 410 V

750 W

5500 W

1000 kVA

20000 / 400 V

1550 W

9000 W

2500 kVA

10500 / 420 V

3600 W

23000 W

Trends are reducing the load and no-load losses

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Losses in transformers

No-load losses depend on quality of magnetic steel and size of magnetic core easy to calculate before
manufacturing
Load losses depend on conductor resistivity, conductor size, geometry of winding, quality of steel
parts, difficult to calculate before manufacturing
DC losses in windings easy to calculate
DC losses in connections easy to calculate
Eddy losses in windings easy to calculate for wires, difficult to calculate for foils
Eddy losses in connections difficult to calculate
Eddy losses in mechanical steel parts difficult to calculate

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Case of study
Dry-type, Cast Resin Transformer
Rated power: 2500 kVA
Rated voltages: 10500 / 420 V
LV winding technology: foils 11502,5 mm
HV winding technology: strips 651,25 mm

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Type of windings
LV winding technology: foils 11502,5 mm
Foils 11502,5 mm, aluminium
12 turns

HV winding technology
strips 651,25 mm, aluminium
546 turns, 39 turns per pancake

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Modeling performed
Optional Subtitle Goes Here

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

2D axisymmetric

2D axisymmetric

3D

Line conductors

Surface solid conductors

Non-meshed coils
Volume solid conductors
DC losses in windings expected

DC losses in windings expected

DC losses in connections expected

Eddy losses in windings expected

Eddy losses in windings expected

Eddy losses in connections expected

Source of chart information, notes and other footnotes can be listed here.

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Eddy losses in mechanical steel parts

expected

Case 1: 2D axisymmetric, line conductors

Optional Subtitle Goes Here

One phase modeled

Assuming
g no interaction between two adjacent
j
coils

Short-circuit test
Current source feeding LV circuit, 3436 A
HV circuit
circ it short-circuited
short circ ited

Two computations
0,5 Hz DC losses
50 Hz Eddy losses in windings

1591990 nodes
Detail of mesh

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Case 1: 2D axisymmetric, line conductors

Results

Case 1

DC llosses iin LV winding

i di

7068 W

Measurements

7426 W
DC losses in LV connections

DC losses in HV winding

9119 W

Eddy losses in LV winding

607 W

Eddy losses in LV connections

9364 W

4613 W
Eddy losses in HV winding

645 W

Eddy losses in mechanical steel parts

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Case 2: 2D axisymmetric, surface conductors

Optional Subtitle Goes Here

One phase modeled

Assuming
g no interaction between two adjacent
j
coils

Short-circuit test
Current source feeding LV circuit, 3436 A
HV circuit
circ it short-circuited
short circ ited

Two computations
0,5 Hz DC losses
50 Hz Eddy losses in windings

2423885 nodes
Detail of mesh

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Case 2: 2D axisymmetric, surface conductors

Results

Case 2

DC llosses iin LV winding

i di

7045 W

Measurements

7426 W
DC losses in LV connections

DC losses in HV winding

9089 W

Eddy losses in LV winding

712 W

Eddy losses in LV connections

9364 W

4613 W
Eddy losses in HV winding

1065 W

Eddy losses in mechanical steel parts

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Comparison between cases 1 and 2

Results

Case 1

Case 2

DC llosses iin LV winding

i di

7068 W

7045 W

Measurements

7426 W
DC losses in LV connections

DC losses in HV winding

9119 W

9089 W

Eddy losses in LV winding

607 W

712 W

Eddy losses in LV connections

9364 W

4613 W
Eddy losses in HV winding

645 W

1065 W

Eddy losses in mechanical steel parts

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 11

Case 3: 3D, surface conductors

Optional Subtitle Goes Here

Three phases modeled

Non-meshed coils
Steel parts modeled as massive conductors
LV connections modeled as massive conductors

Short circuit test

Short-circuit
Current source feeding LV circuit, 3436 A
HV circuit short-circuited

One computation
50 Hz Eddy losses in mechanical steel parts, DC+Eddy losses in LV
connections

2627225 nodes
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Case 3: 3D axisymmetric, surface conductors

Results

Case 3

DC llosses iin LV winding

i di

Measurements

7426 W
DC losses in LV connections
767 W
Eddy losses in LV connections
Eddy losses in mechanical steel parts

556 W

Eddy losses in LV winding

Eddy losses in HV winding

DC losses in HV winding

4613 W

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9364 W

Compilation of cases 2 and 3

Results

Case 2+3

DC llosses iin LV winding

i di

7045 W

Measurements

7500 W

7426 W

2590 W

4613 W

9089 W

9364 W

DC losses in LV connections
767 W
Eddy losses in LV connections
Eddy losses in mechanical steel parts

556 W

Eddy losses in LV winding

712 W

Eddy losses in HV winding

1065 W

DC losses in HV winding

9089 W

Load losses

19234 W

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 14

21403 W

Going further

Study of load losses in LV connections

Improve
p
modeling
g of contact foil / connections

DC llosses iin LV winding

i di

Case 2+3

Expected

7045 W

7045 W

Computation at 0 Hz to give DC losses

DC losses in LV connections

Compare with computation at 50 Hz

740 W
767 W

Eddy losses in LV connections

Modeling of mechanical structure with

impedance surface

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1200 W

Eddy losses in mechanical steel parts

556 W

1200 W

Eddy losses in LV winding

712 W

712 W

Eddy losses in HV winding

1065 W

1065 W

DC losses in HV winding

9089 W

9089 W

Load losses

19234 W

21050 W

Questions?

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THANK YOU.
YOU

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