Pharyngeal (branchial)

apparatus component
Branchial arch 1: mandibular arch

Branchial arch 2, hyoid arch

Branchial arch 3
Branchial arch 4/6
Branchial pouch, groove, and
membrane 1
Branchial pouch 2
Branchial pouch 3
Branchial pouch 4
Floor of pharynx

Adult derivative
Muscles of mastication
Meckels cartilage serves as the guide for the formation of the mandible
mainly by intramembranous ossification
Trigeminal nerve, cranial nerve V
Mandibular prominences form: lower lip, lower face, mandible
Maxillary prominences form: middle face, upper lip sides, secondary
palate, maxilla
Tuberculum impar (median tongue bud) AND lateral lingual swellings
(distal tongue buds) form anterior 2/3 of tongue
Lateral palatine processes (palatine shelves) form secondary palate
Muscles of facial expression
Reicherts cartilage forms hyoid bone
Facial nerve, cranial nerve VII
Glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve IX
Copula (hypobranchial eminence) forms posterior 2/3 of tongue
Vagus nerve, cranial nerve X
Structures of the ear
Palatine tonsils
Inferior parathyroid glands and thymus
Superior parathyroid glands
Ultimobranchial body becomes parafollicular cells of thyroid
Thyroid gland begins as thyroid diverticulum
Descends to neck connected via the thyroglossal duct
Adult remnant is the foramen cecum of the tongue

Embryologic structures involved in orofacial development

Name of structure
Frontonasal prominence
Intermaxillary segment
Intermaxillary process
Globular process
Maxillary prominence
Maxillary process
Mandibular prominence
Mandibular process
Lateral palatine process
Palatine shelves
Palatal shelves
Lateral lingual swellings
Distal tongue buds
Tuberculum impar
Median tongue bud
Hypobranchial eminence
Copula

Derivatives
Upper 1/3 of face
Philtrum of lip, dorsum of nose,
primary palate embryologically
Premaxilla in adult
Middle 1/3 of face
Maxilla
Lower 1/3 of face
Mandible
Secondary palate embryologically
Maxilla in adult
Anterior 2/3 of tongue, oral tongue
Line of merger called median
lingual sulcus
Merges with lateral lingual swellings
to form anterior 2/3 of tongue
Posterior 1/3 on tongue, base or
root of tongue, pharyngeal tongue
Line of merger with anterior 2/3 is
called the sulcus terminalis

Origin
NOT of pharyngeal arch origin
Mesenchyme/neural crest
Frontonasal prominence,
merging of medial nasal
prominences
First pharyngeal arch
First pharyngeal arch
Maxillary prominences, first
pharyngeal arch
First pharyngeal arch

First pharyngeal arch

Third pharyngeal arch

Meckels cartilage

Guides formation of mandible, but

does not contribute to formation of
mandible except for endochondral
ossification of the condyle

Stage or structure associated with

odontogenesis
Dental lamina
Vestibular lamina
Successional lamina
Ectomesenchyme
Dental papilla
Dental follicle (sac)
Inner enamel (dental) epithelium
Stratum intermedium
Stellate reticulum
Outer enamel (dental) epithelium
Enamel knot
Morphodifferentiation
Histodifferentiation
Apposition

First pharyngeal arch

Function or characteristic
Ectoderm derived, forms enamel organ, ameloblasts, crown
enamel
NO tooth derivatives, forms lining of the vestibule of the oral
cavity
The dental lamina of succedaneous teeth, ectoderm derived
Mesoderm (mesenchyme) of pharyngeal arch 1 plus cranial
neural crest cells. Forms all tissues of the tooth and periodontium
EXCEPT for enamel
Ectomesenchyme, forms dentin and pulp
Ectomesenchyme, forms periodontal ligament, cemenum,
alveolar bone
Cells of enamel organ, become ameloblasts, secrete enamel
Cells of enamel organ, lots of alkaline phosphatase, contribute to
enamel mineralization
Cells of enamel organ, lots of extracellular matrix between cells
Between enamel organ and dental follicle
Cluster of inner enamel epithelial cells, determines crown shape
and cusp number
The physiological or functional process of the determination of the
shape of the enamel organ, and thus the tooth crown
The physiological or functional process of the differentiation of
ameloblasts, odontoblasts, etc. from precursor cells of the tooth
germ
The successive deposition of the mineralized tissues dentin and
enamel during formation of the crown of the tooth

Dentin cell or structure

Function or characteristic

Odontoblast
Derived from dental papilla
Needs inner enamel epithelium for odontoblasts to form
In the erupted vital tooth, there is a single row of columnar odontoblasts that
are active as long as the tooth is healthy
Cell bodies located in the pulp
Cell processes are within dentinal tubules that may run from DEJ or CEJ to
the tooth surface

Pre-dentin

The organic fibrillar matrix of dentin that contains collagen type I fibers

Dentin

Contains hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals at 70% average

Pattern of dentin formation

Dentin secretion is called apposition, the crown stage of odontogenesis
Dentin formation starts at the occlusal or incisal surface of a crown and
proceeds apically (cervically)
Once crown dentin is formed, root dentin formation begins
Dentin under cusps is the oldest dentin in a tooth
Dentinal tubules
Contain an odontoblastic process, an axon, dentinal fluid, collagen
Primary curves (S-curves) reflect the migration of odontoblasts as they
secreted dentin
Primary curves are more numerous and have a greater curvature in the
crown compared to the root
Dentinal tubules impart a porosity to dentin, may allow bacteria to get to the
pulp
Primary dentin

Mantle dentin

Closest to the enamel or cementum, dentin formed first

Odontoblasts are highly secretory during formation of primary dentin
Primary dentin closest to the enamel or the cementum

Secondary dentin
Physiological dentin, dentin formed after the tooth erupts and comes into
occlusion
Odontoblasts secrete dentin continuously throughout the life of a tooth, but
at a slow rate
Histologically, the interface between primary and secondary dentin can be
seen because the angle of the dentinal tubules changes here
Circumpulpal dentin

Intertubular dentin
Peritubular OR intratubular
dentin

All dentin that is NOT mantle dentin, includes both primary and secondary
dentin, represents the bulk of dentin in an erupted vital tooth
Dentin around and between dentinal tubules
Dentin lining the dentinal tubules
MOST HIGHLY mineralized type of dentin (hypermineralized)

Sclerotic dentin

Globular dentin

Deposition of minerals within the dentinal tubules, leading to the complete

blocking or occlusion of the tubules, results in transparent dentin
May be a phenomenon to protect dentin from bacterial invasion
Dentin in the form of calcospheres or globules, the form of dentin at the
beginning of mineralization, located at the mineralization front between predentin and dentin

Interglobular dentin
Regions of hypomineralized dentin between globular dentin
Most likely to be located at boundary of mantle and circumpulpal dentin, or
in dentin formed during periods of vitamin D deficiency or high fluoride
exposure
Tertiary dentin
Reactive dentin
Reparative dentin

Tomes granular layer

Dead tracks

Incremental lines of von

Ebner
Contour lines of Owen
Neonatal line

General term for the dentin formed in an erupted tooth that has been
damaged, infected, or subjected to restoration proceedures
Tertiary dentin formed by pre-existing odontoblasts that were not killed by
the damage done to the tooth
Tertiary dentin formed by NEW odontoblasts, most likely from the
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells found in the pulp
Histological feature of dentin located beneath the dentinocementum junction
Histological feature of dentin seen only in ground tooth sections
Represent empty dentinal tubules that are filled with air, appear black
Histological feature of dentin, represent 5 day increments of odontoblast
activity and secretion of dentin
Histological feature of dentin, represent physiological alterations in dentin
formation while tooth was still in the oral cavity (not erupted)
An exceptionally prominent contour line of Owen in the crown dentin
Represents a disruption in odontoblast activity during birth

Enamel cell or structure

Function or characteristic

Enamel organ

Derived from dental lamina (ectoderm), forms crown enamel

Inner enamel epithelial cells

Morphogenic stage of ameloblasts
Organizing stage of ameloblasts
Formative stage of ameloblasts

Part of the enamel organ, differentiate into ameloblasts under the

influence of dentin and odontoblasts
Inner enamel epithelial cells touching basement membrane
between enamel organ and dental papilla become preameloblasts
Cells become columnar and polarize secretory end near the
basement membrane and nucleus away from it
Aprismatic enamel is secreted at the basement membrane, forms
the dentinoenamel junction

Secretory stage of ameloblasts

The Tomes process is formed at the end of the ameloblast near the
dentinoenamel junction
Enamel rods and interrod enamel is formed
Rod and interrod enamel differs only in the orientation of HAP
crystals
Maturation stage (maturative
stage) of ameloblasts

Protective or desmolytic stage of

ameloblasts

Enamel matrix

Enamel
Enamel formation
Bands of Hunter-Schreger

Enamel cross striations

Striae of Retzius

No enamel matrix is secreted, the existing matrix is mineralized to

96% by the cyclic removal of water and proteins and the addition of
calcium and phosphate to form HAP crystals

Ameloblasts shrink in size, and all four cell layers of the enamel
organ collapse and flatten on to the surface of the enamel to form
the reduced enamel epithelium (REE). REE remains with the tooth
for the rest of development, then forms the initial junctional
epithelium via its fusion with oral epithelium during eruption.

Contains enamelins, amelogenins, and ameloblastin

NO collagen in enamel matrix
Immediately mineralized to about 30%
96% HAP crystals
NO collagen
Enamel is first formed at the occlusal or incisal region of the crown
and proceeds cervically to the cervical loop
Histological feature of enamel, alternating dark and light bands with
polarized or reflected light. Represent the orientation of enamel
rods during the preparation of the ground tooth sections
Histological feature of enamel that represents the daily elongation
of HAP crystals
Histological feature of enamel that represents 7-9 days of HAP
crystal (enamel crystal) elongation

Enamel lamellae or cracks

Enamel tufts
Enamel spindle

Gnarled enamel
Perikymata
Fluorapatite

Cementum cell or structure

A broad striae of Retzius in enamel, represents a physiological

distruption in enamel formation because of birth
An enamel defect that begins at the enamel surface and which may
extend all the way through the enamel into dentin
They may contain enamel proteins, salivary protein, or debris
Fan-shaped hypomineralized structures that are attached to the
DEJ and extend into enamel
Represent odontoblastic processes that start at the DEJ and extend
a short distance into the enamel. Enamel mineralizes around the
processes
A region of twisted enamel rods at the tooth cusps
Represent the surface manifestations of striae of Retizus. They are
seen as linear, parallel surface depressions
Fluoride ion can substitute for the hydroxyl groups in
hydroxyapatite, forming fluorapatite. Fluroapaptite is more resistantto
acid solubilization

Characteristic or Function

13

Neonatal line

Cementoblasts
Cementocytesq
Pre-cementum or cementoid
Cementum
Intrinsic fibers
Extrinsic fibers
Acellular extrinsic fiber
cementum (AEFC)
Cellular intrinsic fiber cementum
(CIFC)
Cementum distribution

Incremental lines
Reversal lines
Cementoenamel junction
Cementicles
Hypercementosis
HERS cell or structure
HERS = Hertwigs epithelial root
sheath
Root dentin formation
Root cementum formation
Epithelial rests of Malassez
Root length
Number of roots
Dilaceration
Accessory root canal
Lateral canal
Exposed root dentin
Enamel pearl

Cuboidal cells located on the surface of cementum facing the PDL

Cells surrounded by mineralized cementum.
Cells reside in lacunae and have cell processes within canaliculi
Canaliculi are polarized towards the PDL for nutrient support
Organic fibrillar cementum matrix, contains collagen type I and many
proteins similar to bone
Mineralized with HAP crystals to 45-65%, using an average of 50%
results in cementum with the mineral content closed to bone
Collagen type I fibers secreted by cementoblasts
Collagen type I fibers, also called Sharpeys fibers. Secreted by PDL
fibroblasts. These are the fibers found in the PDL that insert into the
cementum
Covers cervical 2/3 of the root. The function is to anchor the root of
the tooth to the PDL via the Sharpeys fibers of the PDL
Located at tooth furcation, apical portion of root, old resorption
lacunae, root fracture sites. Not as important in tooth attachment as
AEFC, but can form quickly to repair cementum damage
Cementum is thickest apically
It is deposited slowly throughout the life of the tooth, mainly as
cellular cementum
Cellular cementum compensates for occlusal wear
Indicate the periodic appositional growth of cementum
Indicate the resorption of cementum, site of deposition of new
cementum
Cementum overlaps enamel at the CEJ in 60% of sections examined
Cementum and enamel form a butt joint or meet end to end in 30%
There is a gap between enamel and cementum in 10%
A globular mass of cementum found free in the PDL, attached to the
cementum surface or embedded in cementum
Excessive deposition of cementum on the root surface
Function or characteristic
A bilayer of inner enamel epithelium and outer enamel
epithelium growing from the cervical loop following the
completion of crown enamel and dentin formation
The inner enamel epithelium of HERS induces the formation of
odontoblasts from dental papilla
Following root dentin formation, HERS degenerates
Cells of the dental follicle contact the root dentin, become
cementoblasts, and form cementum
Islands of HERS cells that do not degenerate
Remain in the PDL in the erupted tooth
May form periapical cysts
HERS determines the length of the root by continual
proliferation of inner and outer enamel epithelium
Determined by the epithelial diaphgram of HERS
Results from unequal proliferation of the cells of the diaphragm
An extreme bend in a root, caused by dislocation of HERS from
the developing root surface
Results from a disruption in HERS prior to the formation of root
dentin leading to exposed pulp
Results from a lack of HERS degeneration, so cementoblasts
cannot contact the forming root to secrete cementum on the
dentin
Ectopic deposition of enamel along the root by inner enamel
epithelial cells of HERS

Characteristic or Function
Alveolar bone
structure/TMJ
Alveolar process
Alveolar bone proper, Cancellous bone, Cortical plate
Basal bone
Cancellous bone and cortical plate that supports the alveolar process
Alveolar bone proper The compact bone immediately surrounding the tooth, bone of the alveolar socket
Lamina dura
Radiographic term for alveolar bone proper, radiopaque line around the root
Bundle bone
Histological term for alveolar bone proper, site where Sharpeys fibers of the PDL
insert into the tooth
Cribriform plate
Anatomical term for alveolar bone proper, refers to the foramina in the bone that
allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through to the tooth
Alveolar bone
Bone is remodeled more frequently and more easily than cementum
remodeling
Pressure or compression results in bone resorption
Tension results in bone formation
Mandible formation
The majority of the mandible forms around Meckels cartilage by
intramembranous ossification, the condyle continues to form by endochondral
ossification because it is a secondary hyaline cartilage until about age 30
TMJ
Articulating surfaces are covered by dense fibrous connective tissue especially in
aged persons
In persons under age 30 hyaline cartilage will be present
The most vascular and highly innervated region of the articular disc is the
bilaminar zone

Pulp component or cell

Embryological derivation
Major cell type
Pulp cell: odontoblast

Undifferentiated mesenchymal
cell
Dentin-pulp complex
Brannstroms hydrodynamic
theory of dentin sensitivity
A delta (AS) fibers
C fibers

Characteristic or Function
Dental papilla, ectomesenchyme
Fibroblast, functions to produce the extracellular matrix
Collagen type I fibers predominate
Pulpal fibrosis is accumulation of collagen fibers
Odontoblast cell bodies are at the dentin-pulp interface
Odontoblasts form reactive dentin (tertiary dentin) if a minor injury
occurs to tooth that does not expose pulp
Odontoblasts continually produce secondary dentin
Can become odontoblasts and form reparative dentin (tertiary dentin)
following a severe tooth injury that exposes pulp and kills the
preexisting odontoblasts
Nerves enter from apical foramen
Form the subodontoblastic plexus (of Rashkow) under odontoblasts
Axons travel within dentinal tubules
Based on the movement of fluid in dentinal tubules
All sensations are perceived as pain
Myelinated and fast-conducting axons
Sharp, well-localized pain that goes away when the stimulus is
removed
Unmyelinated and slow-conducting axons
Dull, poorly localized, throbbing pain that may be associated with
inflammation

Pulp stones or denticles

Calcified tissue in pulp formed by odontoblasts

True, false, attached, and free pulp stones

PDL component or cell

Embryological derivation
PDL fibroblasts

Characteristic or Function
Dental follicle (sac), ectomesenchyme
Produce collagen type I fibers of the principal fiber groups
Produce extrinsic fibers (Sharpeys fibers) that insert into bone and
cementum to anchor the PDL principal fiber groups
Collagen type I fibers mainly, also collagen type III
Oxytalan fibers, a type of elastic fiber
Alveolar crest group: Cementum to bone
Horizontal group: Cementum to bone
Oblique group: Cementum to bone
Apical group: Cementum to bone
Interradicular group: Cementum to bone
Transseptal group: Cementum to cementum
Most numerous PDL principal fiber group, so most important for PDL
anchorage of tooth to alveolar bone
Ruffini encapsulated nerve ending is the primary mechanoreceptor

Extracellular matrix
PDL principal fiber groups

Oblique group
Mechanoreceptors

Gingiva component or cell

Marginal gingiva
Attached gingiva
Interdental gingiva
Sulcular epithelium
Crevicular epithelium
Oral epithelium
Junctional epithelium

Characteristic or Function
Free gingiva, free gingival margin, free marginal gingival
Gingiva nearest the surface of the tooth, but not attached to the tooth
Gingiva firmly attached to alveolar bone and tooth cementum
Extends from free gingival groove to the mucogingival junction
Gingiva that fills the interdental spaces
Stratified sqamous parakeratinized or nonkeratinized epithelium
Relatively nonpermeable epithelium lining one side of the gingival
sulcus
Main function is protection
Stratified squamous orthokeratinized or parakeratinized epithelium
On oral side of both marginal and attached gingival
Main function is protection
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
Basal cells attach to external basal lamina on lamina propria side with
hemidesmosomes
Suprabasal cells attach to the tooth surface with inner basal lamina
and hemidesmosomes
Very permeable epithelium allowing for bidirectional movement of
fluids, cells, bacteria and cell/bacterial secretions

Epithelial attachment

Internal basal lamina plus hemidesmosomes, the structures that

function to attach the junctional epithelium to the tooth
Junctional epithelium arises from ectoderm initially as the reduced
enamel epithelium as it peels back along the sides of the erupting
tooth. This is called initial junctional epithelium
Oral and sulcular epithelium arise from ectoderm

Embryological origin

Gingivodental group of fibers

Circular group

Dentogingival group
Dentoperiosteal group
Alveologingival group

Location
Gingival fibers located coronal to the PDL transseptal fibers that run in
a circumferential or semicircular manner around the teeth. They
encircle the teeth.
Fibers that are inserted into cementum of the root surface as Sharpeys
fibers and then fan out from the root surface subjacent to the junctional
epithelium and coronal to the alveolar crest into the gingival tissues
Fibers that are inserted into cementum of the root surface, run over the
alveolar crest, and insert into the periosteum of alveolar bone
Fibers that arise at the alveolar crest and fan out into the free and
attached gingiva

Oral cavity
Inner lip
Labial mucosa

Classification
Lining mucosa

Salivary gland
Labial mixed minor
glands

Cheek
Buccal mucosa
Floor of mouth
Ventral tongue

Lining mucosa

Buccal mixed minor

glands

Lining mucosa
Lining mucosa

Alveolar mucosa Lining mucosa

covering alveolar
bone
Soft palate, oral
Lining mucosa
surface

Lingual mucous
minor glands at the
base of the tongue
None
Minor mucous
palatine (palatal)
glands

Other characteristics
Transition from skin (orthokeratinized)
to labial mucosa (nonkeratinized) is the
red or vemillion border
Areas in the oral cavity with a lining
mucosa allow for uptake or absorption
of some medications because the
epithelium and lamina propria is
relatively thin

Gingiva

Masticatory
mucosa

Hard palate

Masticatory
mucosa

Dorsal tongue

Specialized
mucosa

None

Minor mucous
palatine glands in the
glandular zone,
adipose tissue in the
fatty zone
Minor lingual mucous
glands at the base of
the tongue

Sulcular epithelium is parakeratinized

or nonkeratinized
Oral epithelium is ortho or
parakeratinized
Junctional epithelium is nonkeratinized
Mucoperiosteum: The epithelium with
underlying lamina propria is directly
attached to the bones of the palate with
no intervening muscle
Specialized mucosa is keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium with
papillae and taste buds

Lining mucosa means the epithelium is stratified squamous nonkeratinized

Masticatory mucosa means the epithelium is stratified squamous parakeratinized or
orthokeratinized
Specialized mucosa means the epithelium has papillae and is keratinized
Serous means the gland contains cells that secrete a watery protein-rich product
Mucous means the gland contains cells that secrete mucins that hydrate to mucus in the oral
cavity
Mixed means the gland contains cells that secrete both a serous and a mucus product

Major salivary gland component

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
Intercalated duct
Striated duct

Myoepithelial cells

Tongue component
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papillae

Foliate papillae

Function or characteristic
All serous-secreting, main duct is Stensens duct
Accumulates fat with age
Mixed gland with a predominance of serous cells, main duct is
Whartons duct, major contributor to unstimulated saliva
Most commonly affected by sialolithiasis
Mixed gland with a predominance of mucous cells, ducts are ducts
of Rivinius or Bartholin
Simple cuboidal epithelium, first to receive secretions from salivary
duct cells
Simple columnar epithelium with basal striations, modifies saliva
Removes Na and Cl ions from saliva, adds potassium and
bicarbonate saliva
Salivary flow rates determine the concentrations of these ions
Contractile properties function to squeeze products from cells

Function or characteristic
On dorsal surface of anterior 2/3 of tongue
Most numerous, spikes of keratinized epithelium pointing towards
the pharynx, no taste buds
Anterior 2/3 of tongue between the filiform papillae
Blood vessels close to surface impart red color
Some taste buds
Taste bud innervation: Facial nerve
Anterior 2/3 of tongue, on lateral aspect
Some taste buds
Taste bud innervation: Facial nerve

Circumvallate papillae

Base of tongue
Ventral tongue

Gland
Salivary
Sweat
Sebaceous
von Ebner

Largest in size and fewest in number

At the sulcus terminalis, junction of anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of
tongue
Many taste buds, innervation of taste buds is the glossopharyngeal
Serous glands of von Ebner are associated with these papillae
The only purely serous minor salivary gland
No lingual papillae
Lingual minor salivary glands are all mucous
Lymphatic tissue as nodules
No papillae or taste buds
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

Classification
Exocrine
Compound tubuloalveolar
Exocrine
Simple coiled tubular
Exocrine
Simple acinar
Exocrine
Compound tubuloalveolar

Location
Oral cavity

Method of secretion
Eccrine or merocrine

Dermis of skin

Eccrine or merocrine

With hair follicles

Holocrine

Lamina propria of
circumvallate
papillae

Eccrine or merocrine