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KINETICS OF A PARTICLE
FORCE AND ACCELERATION
NEWTON`S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
The linear momentum:
If a particle of mass m is moving with a velocity v , the linear momentum is defined by :
P = mv
The linear momentum is a vector quantity of a magnitude mv and its direction is the same
as that of the velocity. If the path of the particle is a planar curve , then , the linear
momentum vector is resolved into two orthogonal components along the x and y axes if
Cartesian coordinates are used.
Py = m y&
Px = mv x = m x&
x
Py = mv y = my&
Px = m x&
y
x
O
In the case of intrinsic coordinates, the linear momentum is a vector which is being tangent
to the path at any instant , so, both its magnitude and direction are varying with the time.
s
O
F =
F2
F1
d
d P d ( m v ) dm
=
=v
+m v .
dt
dt
dt
dt
dm
If the particl`s mass m is constant then,
=0
dt
F3
d
= m v = ma.
dt
ma
External forces
Effective force
the effective force of a particle m a is equivalent to the resultant of the external forces
law is applied in the two orthogonal directions according to the used system of coordinates.
In the case of Cartesian coordinates , there will be the following two equations of motion:
FX
= ma x = m &x&
Fy
m&y&
F y = ma y = m&y&
Fx
y
O
m&x&&
y
O
x
Effective forces
External forces
where x.. is the horizontal component of acceleration and y.. is the vertical one.
For the case of intrinsic coordinates, the two equations of motion will be :
Ft
= ma t
Fn
= ma n
Fn
s
ma n
Ft
External forces
ma t
O
Effective forces
Steps of solution:
To apply Newton`s second law for the solution of a problem , the following steps are
executed :
1. Assume that the particle is at its general position and indicate all the external forces
to which it is subjected.
2. Apply Newton`s second law ( the equivalence between the external forces and the
effective forces ) to determine the acceleration.
3. Integrate the acceleration with the substitution of the associated initial conditions to
determine the velocity and the position.
Example ( 1 ):
A block of 2 - kg mass starts to move down an inclined
= 15 , d = 9 m , g = 10 m/s2.
Solution:
Kinematics:
considering that the point A from which the particle starts its motion is to be the origin,
then ,
x 0 = 0 , v 0 = v A = 6 m / s , x B = d = 9 m , v B = 3m / s .
Substituting in the equations of constant acceleration motion :
v 2 = v 02 + 2 a ( x x 0 )
( 3 ) 2 = ( 6 ) 2 + 2a( 9 0 )
ma
18a = 9 36 = 27
Effective forces
a = 1.5 m / s 2 .
v0 = 6 m / s
Kinetics:
mg sin
v B = 3m / s
x
External forces
mg cos
mg
Fy = 0
N mg cos = 0
N = mg cos .
ma = mg sin N = mg sin mg cos
a = g sin g cos
g sin a 10 sin 15 ( 1.5 )
=
=
= 0.42
g cos
10 cos 15
Example ( 2 ) :
A block of weight 500 N is moving down a rough
surface for which the coefficient of kinetic friction
v 0 = 3m / s
P = 200 t
30
Solution:
Kinetics:
Applying the equilibrium equation in the y direction:
Fy
=0
v 0 = 3m / s
mg sin 30
P
N
x
Kinematics:
30
mg cos 30
mg
dv
= 4 t + 2.4
dt
dv = ( 4 t + 2.4 )dt
a=
dv = ( 4 t + 2.4 )dt
3
v 3 = 2 t 2 + 2.4 t
v = ( 2 t 2 + 2.4 t + 3 )m / s
when t = 2 sec.
v = 15.8 m/s.
Example ( 3 ) :
The elevator E has a mass of 500 kg and the counterweight
A has a mass of 150 kg. If the motor applies a constant force
of
B
A
Solution:
Kinetics:
Fy
= ma
1500 T1 = 150 a
T1
T1
TB
T1
TB
(1)
T1 = 1500 150 a
TB=5000N
B
ma = F y
500 a = T1 + 5000 5000
TB
(2)
T1 = 500 a
From the two equations (1 ) and ( 2 ) , we obtain:
T1
5000N
1500N
a = 2.31 m/s2
500a
Kinematics:
a = constant = 2.31 m/s2,
5000N
T1
T1
v0 = 0
v = v 0 + at
v = 0 + 2.31 * 3 = 6.93m / s
150a
5000N
1500N
Example ( 4 ) :
Solution:
T=8300N
ma = F y
750 a = 8300 7500
a = 1.067 m / s 2 .
7500N
mg = 750N
75a
ma = F y
75 a = R 750
R = 750 + 75 a
R = 750 + 75 * 1.067
R = 830 N .
Example ( 5 ) :
If block B is raised up a distance of 0.4 m in 2 seconds from rest,
determine the magnitude of the horizontal force P. All surfaces are
15
P
A
Solution :
There is a relation between the horizontal motion of block A and the vertical motion of
block B , this relation is derived as follows:
If block A is displaced horizontally to be at a position x , the corresponding position of
block B will be y where
y
= tan 15
x
y = 0.268 x
15
200aB
200N
a B = 0.268a A
RB
For block B :
Kinematics:
Nsin15
N
Ncos15
15
v0 = 0 , y0 = 0 ,
40aA
t = 2 sec ., y = 0.4 m
y y0 = v 0 t +
1 2
at
2
Nsin15
P
a B = 0.2 m / s 2 .
From equation ( 1 ),
a A = 0.75 m / s 2 .
Kinetics:
Fy
=0
Ncos15
1
0.4 = 0 + a B ( 2 ) 2
2
RA
400N
20 a B = N cos 15 200
N = 211.2 Newtons .
For block A:
Fx
= ma A
40 a A = P N sin 15.
20m
Solution:
Considering that point A is an origin
m &x& = 0
m&y& = mg
mg
y
External forces
10
m x&&
&x& = 0 ,
&y& = g
m&y&
Effective forces
x& o = v 0 = 20 m / s , y& o = 0 , x o = 0 , yo = 0.
&& and &y& , we obtain :
Integrating each of x
x = 20 t
y=
1 2
gt
2
1
* 10 * t 2
2
t = 2 sec .
20 =
x B = 20 * 2 = 40 m , x B = 20 m / s , y B = 10 * 2 = 20 m / s
v B = 20 2 m / s , = 45.
y
Example ( 7 ) :
6m
The 10kg particle slides down the curved ramp for which the
x2
y=
8
Solution :
The Cartesian equation of the path is given
y=
x2
8
From the Cartesian equation, the slope of the curve ( dy/dx = tan ) and
the radius of curvature at point A ( x = 6 m ) are determined as follows:
A
x
11
tan =
dy
)x = 6 = 1.5
dx
dy 2
1 + ( dx )
=
d2y
= 56.3
3/ 2
= 23.44 m
dx 2
mg sin
A
mg cos
x
mg
ma N = N mg cos
N = 10 *
N =m
v2
+ mg cos
25
+ 100 cos 56.3 = 66.14 Newtons
23.44
ma t = mg sin N
10 a t = 100 sin 56.3 0.2 * 66.14
at = 7 m / s 2 .
where at is the rate of increase of the velocity at point A.