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Types of protection:
1.
Unit schemes
2.
Non-unit schemes
Unit type schemes protect a specific area of the system, i.e., a transformer, transmission line, generator or bus
bar.
The unit protection schemes is based on Kerchiefs current law the sum of the currents entering an area of the
system must be zero. Any deviation from this must indicate an abnormal current path. In these schemes, the
effects of any disturbance or operating condition outside the area of interest are totally ignored and the protection
must be designed to be stable above the maximum possible fault current that could flow through the protected
area.
The non-unit schemes, while also intended to protect specific areas, have no fixed boundaries. As well as
protecting their own designated areas, the protective zones can overlap into other areas. While this can be very
beneficial for backup purposes, there can be a tendency for too great an area to be isolated if a fault is detected
by different non unit schemes.
The most simple of these schemes measures current and incorporates an inverse time characteristic into the
protection operation to allow protection nearer to the fault to operate first.
This is the simplest of the ways to protect a line and therefore widely used.
It owes its application from the fact that in the event of fault the current would increase to a value several times
greater than maximum load current.
It has a limitation that it can be applied only to simple and non costly equipments.
The general practice is to employ a set of two or three over current relays and a separate over current relay for
single line to ground fault. Separate earth fault relay provided makes earth fault protection faster and more
sensitive.
Earth fault current is always less than phase fault current in magnitude. Therefore, relay connected for earth fault
protection is different from those for phase to phase fault protection.
Type of Fault
Operation of Relay
A relay that operates or picks up when its current exceeds a predetermined value (setting value) is called Over
Current Relay.
Over current protection protects electrical power systems against excessive currents which are caused by short
circuits, ground faults, etc. Over current relays can be used to protect practically any power system elements, i.e.
transmission lines, transformers, generators, or motors.
For feeder protection, there would be more than one over current relay to protect different sections of the feeder.
These over current relays need to coordinate with each other such that the relay nearest fault operates first. Use
time, current and a combination of both time and current are three ways to discriminate adjacent over current
relays.
2.
3.
Phase faults
4.
Earth faults
5.
Winding faults
Short-circuit currents are generally several times (5 to 20) full load current. Hence fast fault clearance is always
desirable on short circuits.
The protection should not operate for starting currents, permissible over current, current surges. To achieve this,
the time delay is provided (in case of inverse relays).
Dependability / reliability
Security / stability
In order for an over current protective device to operate properly, over current protective device ratings must be
properly selected. These ratings include voltage, ampere and interrupting rating.
If the interrupting rating is not properly. Selected, a serious hazard for equipment and personnel will exist. Current
limiting can be considered as another over current protective device rating, although not all over current protective
devices are required to have this characteristic
Voltage Rating: The voltage rating of the over current protective device must be at least equal to or greater than
the circuit voltage. The over current protective device rating can be higher than the system voltage but never
lower.
Ampere Rating: The ampere rating of a over current protecting device normally should not exceed the current
carrying capacity of the conductors As a general rule, the ampere rating of a over current protecting device is
selected at 125% of the continuous load current
Over current protection protects against excessive currents or currents beyond the acceptable current ratings,
which are resulting from short circuits, ground faults and overload conditions.
While, the overload protection protects against the situation where overload current causes overheating of the
protected equipment.
The over current protection is a bigger concept So that the overload protection can be considered as a subset of
over current protection.
The over current relay can be used as overload (thermal) protection when protects the resistive loads, etc.,
however, for motor loads, the over current relay cannot serve as overload protection Overload relays usually have
a longer time setting than the over current relays.
Moderately Inverse
Extremely Inverse
Definite current relay operate instantaneously when the current reaches a predetermined value.
Coordination of definite-current relays is based on the fact that the fault current varies with the position of the fault
because of the difference in the impedance between the fault and the source
The relay located furthest from the source operate for a low current value
The operating currents are progressively increased for the other relays when moving towards the source.
In this type, two conditions must be satisfied for operation (tripping), current must exceed the setting value and
the fault must be continuous at least a time equal to time setting of the relay. Modern relays may contain more
than one stage of protection each stage includes each own current and time setting.
For Operation of Definite Time Over Current Relay operating time is constant
Its operation is independent of the magnitude of current above the pick-up value.
It has pick-up and time dial settings, desired time delay can be set with the help of an intentional time delay
mechanism.
Easy to coordinate.
Drawback of Relay:
The continuity in the supply cannot be maintained at the load end in the event of fault.
It is not suitable for long distance transmission lines where rapid fault clearance is necessary for stability.
Relay have difficulties in distinguishing between Fault currents at one point or another when fault impedances
between these points are small, thus poor discrimination.
Main protection to outgoing feeders and bus couplers with adjustable time delay setting.
In this type of relays, operating time is inversely changed with current. So, high current will operate over current
relay faster than lower ones. There are standard inverse, very inverse and extremely inverse types.
Discrimination by both Time and Current. The relay operation time is inversely proportional to the fault current.
Inverse Time relays are also referred to as Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) relay
The operating time of an over current relay can be moved up (made slower) by adjusting the time dial setting.
The lowest time dial setting (fastest operating time) is generally 0.5 and the slowest is 10.
It gives inverse time current characteristics at lower values of fault current and definite time characteristics at
higher values
An inverse characteristic is obtained if the value of plug setting multiplier is below 10, for values between 10 and
20 characteristics tend towards definite time characteristics.
The accuracy of the operating time may range from 5 to 7.5% of the nominal operating time as specified in the
relevant norms.
The uncertainty of the operating time and the necessary operating time may require a grading margin of 0.4 to 0.5
seconds.
used when Fault Current is dependent on generation of Fault not fault location
Application:
Most frequently used in utility and industrial circuits. especially applicable where the fault magnitude is mainly
dependent on the system generating capacity at the time of fault
Used where there is a reduction in fault current, as the distance from source increases.
Suitable if there is a substantial reduction of fault current as the fault distance from the power source increases.
Very inverse over current relays are particularly suitable if the short-circuit current drops rapidly with the distance
from the substation.
The grading margin may be reduced to a value in the range from 0.3 to 0.4 seconds when over current relays with
very inverse characteristics are used.
It has more inverse characteristics than that of IDMT and very inverse over current relay.
The operating time of a time over current relay with an extremely inverse time-current characteristic is
approximately inversely proportional to the square of the current
The use of extremely inverse over current relays makes it possible to use a short time delay in spite of high
switching-in currents.
Application:
Suitable for protection of distribution feeders with peak currents on switching in (refrigerators, pumps, water
heaters and so on).
Particular suitable for grading and coordinates with fuses and re closes
The main application of long time over current relays is as backup earth fault protection.
When the power system is not radial (source on one side of the line), an over current relay may not be able to
provide adequate protection. This type of relay operates in on direction of current flow and blocks in the opposite
direction.
Three conditions must be satisfied for its operation: current magnitude, time delay and directionality. The
directionality of current flow can be identified using voltage as a reference of direction.
Motor Protection:
used only when the cost of over current relays are not justified
On some sub transmission lines where the cost of distance relaying cannot be justified.
primary ground-fault protection on most transmission lines where distance relays are used for phase faults
For ground back-up protection on most lines having pilot relaying for primary protection.
Over Current relaying is very well suited to distribution system protection for the following reasons:
Very often the relays do not need to be directional and hence no PT supply is required.
It is possible to use a set of two O/C relays for protection against inter-phase faults and a separate Over Current
Transformer Protection:
Line Protection:
Distribution Protection:
For 3-phase faults the over current relays in all the 3-phases act.
For phase to phase faults the relays in only the affected phases operate.
For single line to ground faults only the relay in the faulty phase gets the fault current and operates.
Even then with 3 Over current Relay, the sensitivity desired and obtainable with earth leakage over current relays
cannot be obtained in as much as the high current setting will have to be necessarily adopted for the Over current
Relay to avoid operation under maximum load condition.
Over current relays generally have 50% to 200% setting while earth leakages over current relays have either 10%
to 40% or 20% to 80% current settings.
One important thing to be noted here is that the connection of the star points of both the C.T. secondarys and
relay windings by a neutral conductor should be made.
A scheme without the neutral conductor will be unable to ensure reliable relay operation in the event of single
phase to earth faults because the secondary current in this case (without star-point interconnection) completes its
circuit through relay and C.T. windings which present large impedance. This may lead to failure of protection and
sharp decrease in reduction of secondary currents by CTs.
It is not sufficient if the neutral of the CTs and neutral of the relays are separately earthed. A conductor should be
run as stated earlier.
(2) 3 No O/C Relay+ 1 No E/F Relay for Over Current and Earth Fault Protection:
The scheme of connection for 3 Nos Over current Relay 1 No Earth Fault Relay is shown in figure.
Under normal operating conditions and three phase fault conditions the current in the 3-phase are equal and
symmetrically displaced by 12 Deg. Hence the sum of these three currents is zero. No current flow through the
earth fault relay.
In case of phase to phase faults (say a short between R and Y phases) the current flows from R-phase up to the
point of fault and return back through Y phase. Thus only O/L relays in R and Y phases get the fault and operate.
Only earth faults cause currents to flow through E/L relay. A note of caution is necessary here. Only either C.T
secondary star point of relay winding star point should be earthed.
Earthing of both will short circuit the E/L relay and make it inoperative for faults.
(3) 2 No O/C Relay + 1 No E/F Relay for Over Current and Earth Fault Protection:
The two over current relays in R&B phases will respond to phase faults. At least one relay will operate for fault
involving two phase.
This is an economical version of 3-O/L and 1-E/L type of protection as one overcurrent relay is saved. With the
protection scheme as shown in Figure complete protection against phase and ground fault is afforded
For protection of various equipment of Extra High Voltage class, the Star point on secondarys of CT should be
made as follows for ensuring correct directional sensitivity of the protection scheme
Generator Protection:
For example, in line protection, if P1 is towards bus then S2s are to be shorted and if P2 is towards bus then
S1s are to be shorted.
Protection
(A) 2 No Over Current and one no Earth Fault IDMT relays
11 KV Feeders
Station ( Irrespective of
Capacity)
Source: http://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2013/01/01/types-of-overcurrent-relay/